EP1928503B1

EP1928503B1 - Process for preparing maytansinoid antibody conjugates

Info

Publication number: EP1928503B1
Application number: EP06801436A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Yong Dai; Yong Wang; Shengjin Jin; Deborah H. Meshulam; Godfrey W. Amphlett
Original assignee: Immunogen Inc
Current assignee: Immunogen Inc
Priority date: 2005-08-24
Filing date: 2006-08-14
Publication date: 2012-10-03
Anticipated expiration: 2026-08-14
Also published as: US20190030177A1; CA2893252A1; IL226985A0; CN101267841A; CR9742A; ES2390826T3; BRPI0615049B1; MX2008002597A; US9789204B2; CA3190867A1; JP5738248B2; AU2006283726B2; IL189461A0; US20230158168A1; CA2620343A1; AU2006283726C1; CA3000520C; KR20080034476A; US20110021744A1; IL282138B2

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention pertains to a process for preparing conjugates of substantially high purity and stability, wherein the conjugates comprise an antibody chemically coupled to a maytansinoid.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The treatment of cancer has progressed significantly with the development of pharmaceuticals that more efficiently target and kill cancer cells. To this end, researchers have taken advantage of cell-surface receptors and antigens selectively expressed by cancer cells to develop drugs based on antibodies that bind the tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigens. In this regard, cytotoxic molecules such as bacteria and plant toxins, radionuclides, and certain chemotherapeutic drugs have been chemically linked to monoclonal antibodies that bind tumor-specific or tumor-associated cell surface antigens (see, e.g., International Patent Applications WO 00/02587 , WO 02/060955 , and WO 02/092127 , U.S. Patents 5,475,092 , 6,340,701 , and 6,171,586 , U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0004210 A1 , and Ghetie et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 112: 267-277 (1988)). Such compounds are typically referred to as toxin, radionuclide, and drug "conjugates," respectively. Often they also are referred to as immunoconjugates, radioimmunoconjugates, and immunotoxins. Tumor cell killing occurs upon binding of the drug conjugate to a tumor cell and release or/and activation of the cytotoxic activity of the drug. The selectivity afforded by drug conjugates minimizes toxicity to normal cells, thereby enhancing tolerability of the drug in the patient.
Processes for conjugating antibodies to sulfhydryl-containing cytotoxic agents such as maytansinoids have been described previously (see, e.g., U.S. Patents 5,208,020 , 5,416,064 , and 6,441,163 and international applications WO 03/057163 and WO 02/098897 ). For example, U.S. Patents 5,208,020 and 5,416,064 disclose a process for manufacturing antibody-maytansinoid conjugates wherein the antibody is first modified with a heterobifunctional reagent such as described in U.S. Patents 4,149,003 , 4,563,304 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0241174 A1 . U.S. Patents 5,208,020 and 5,416,064 further describe conjugation of a modified antibody with an excess of a sulfhydryl-containing cytotoxic agent at pH 7, followed by purification on Sephadex™ G25 chromatography columns. Purification of antibody-drug conjugates by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) also has been described (see, e.g., Liu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 93: 8618-8623 (1996), and Chari et al., Cancer Research, 52: 127-131 (1992)).
The processes that have been previously described for manufacture of the antibody-drug conjugates are complex because they are encumbered with steps that are cumbersome to perform or produce immunoconjugates that are less pure or less stable than optimally desired. For example, conjugation at a pH of between 6.0 and 6.5 is not optimal for producing pure and stable conjugates. In addition, the conjugation reactions under these conditions are generally slow and inefficient, leading to a requirement for excessive time and material usage.
It would be desirable to modify or eliminate one or more manufacturing steps without compromising product quality, such as purity and/or stability. It would be further desirable to have additional purification options than those that have been so far described inasmuch as some options will be more efficacious with certain combinations of cell binding agents, linkers, and drugs, than with others.
In view of the foregoing, there is a need in the art to develop improved methods of preparing cell-binding agent-drug conjugate compositions that are of substantially high purity and at the same time have greater stability.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a process for preparing a conjugate of substantially high purity and stability comprising a cell-binding agent chemically coupled to a drug, wherein the cell-binding agent is an antibody and the drug is a maytansinoid. The process comprises (a) contacting an antibody with a bifunctional crosslinking reagent to covalently attach a linker to the antibody and thereby prepare a first mixture comprising antibodies having linkers bound thereto, (b) subjecting the first mixture, to tangential flow filtration, adsorptive chromatography, adsorptive filtration, selective precipitation, or combination thereof, and thereby prepare a purified first mixture of antibodies having linkers bound thereto, (c) conjugating a maytansinoid to the antibodies having linkers bound thereto in the purified first mixture by reacting the antibodies having linkers bound thereto with a maytansinoid in a solution having a pH of 4 to 9 to prepare a second mixture comprising (i) antibody chemically coupled through the linker to the maytansinoid (ii) free maytansinoid, and (iii) reaction by-products, and (d) subjecting the second mixture to tangential flow filtration, to purify the antibodies chemically coupled through the linkers to the maytansinoid from the other components of the second mixture and thereby prepare a purified second mixture.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Cell-binding agent-drug conjugates of substantially high purity and stability can be used for treating diseases because of the high purity and stability of the conjugates. Compositions comprising an antibody, chemically coupled to a maytansinoid, are described in, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0241174 A1 . In this context, substantially high purity is considered to be: (a) greater than 90%, preferably greater than 95%, of conjugate species are monomeric, and/or (b) free drug level in the conjugate preparation is less than 2% (relative to total drug).
In this respect, the inventive process comprises (a) modifying the antibody with a bifunctional crosslinking reagent to covalently attach a linker to the antibody and thereby prepare a first mixture comprising antibodies having linkers bound thereto, (b) subjecting the first mixture to tangential flow filtration, adsorptive chromatography, adsorptive filtration, selective precipitation, or combinations thereof, to purify the antibodies having linkers bound thereto from other components of the first mixture and thereby prepare a purified first mixture of antibodies having linkers bound thereto, (c) conjugating a maytansinoid to the antibodies having linkers bound thereto in the purified first mixture by reacting the antibodies having linkers bound thereto with the maytansinoid in a solution having a pH of 4 to 9 to prepare a second mixture comprising (i) antibody chemically coupled through the linker to the maytansinoid, (ii) free maytansinoid, and (iii) reaction by-products, and (d) subjecting the second mixture to tangential flow filtration to remove the non-conjugated maytansinoid, reactants, and by-products, as well as to obtain substantially purified antibody maytansinoid conjugates.
Preferably, tangential flow filtration (TFF, also known as cross flow filtration, ultrafiltration and diafiltration) and/or adsorptive chromatography resins are utilized in the first purification step. It is preferred that the adsorptive chromatography resin is a non-ion exchange resin. In other preferred embodiments, TFF is utilized in both purification steps, or alternatively, an adsorptive chromatography resin is utilized in the first purification step, and TFF is utilized in the second purification step. A combination of TFF and an adsorptive chromatography resin can be utilized in the first purification step as well.
Any suitable TFF systems may be utilized, including a Pellicon type system (Millipore, Billerica, MA), a Sartocon Cassette system (Sartorius AG, Edgewood, NY), and a Centrasette type system (Pall Corp., East Hills, NY).
Any suitable adsorptive chromatography resin may be utilized. Preferred adsorptive chromatography resins include resins for hydroxyapatite chromatography, hydrophobic charge induction chromatography (HCIC), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), ion exchange chromatography, mixed mode ion exchange chromatography, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), dye ligand chromatography, affinity chromatography, reversed phase chromatography, and combinations thereof. Examples of suitable hydroxyapatite resins include ceramic hydroxyapatite (CHT Type I and Type II, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA), HA Ultrogel hydroxyapatite (Pall Corp., East Hills, NY), and ceramic fluoroapatite (CFT Type I and Type II, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). An example of a suitable HCIC resin is MEP Hypercel resin (Pall Corp., East Hills, NY). Examples of suitable HIC resins include Butyl-Sepharose, Hexyl-Sepaharose, Phenyl-Sepharose, and Octyl Sepharose resins (all from GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ), as well as Macro-prep Methyl and Macro-Prep t-Butyl resins (Biorad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Examples of suitable ion exchange resins include SP-Sepharose, CM-Sepharose, and Q-Sepharose resins (all from GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ), and Unosphere S resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Examples of suitable mixed mode ion exchangers include Bakerbond ABx resin (JT Baker, Phillipsburg NJ). Examples of suitable IMAC resins include Chelating Sepharose resin (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ) and Profinity IMAC resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Examples of suitable dye ligand resins include Blue Sepharose resin (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ) and Affi-gel Blue resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA). Examples of suitable affinity resins include Protein A Sepharose resin (e.g., MabSelect, GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ), where the cell binding agent is an antibody, and lectin affinity resins, e.g. Lentil Lectin Sepharose resin (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ), where the antibody bears appropriate lectin binding sites. Alternatively an antibody specific to the conjugated antibody may be used. Such an antibody can be immobilized to, for instance, Sepharose 4 Fast Flow resin (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ). Examples of suitable reversed phase resins include C4, C8, and C18 resins (Grace Vydac, Hesperia, CA).
In accordance with the present method, a first mixture is produced comprising the antibody having linkers bound thereto, as well as reactants and other by-products. Purification of the modified antibody from reactants and by-products is carried out by subjecting the first mixture to a purification process. In this regard, the first mixture can be purified using tangential flow filtration (TFF), e.g., a membrane-based tangential flow filtration process, adsorptive chromatography, adsorptive filtration, or selective precipitation. This first purification step provides a purified first mixture, i.e., an increased concentration of the antibodies having linkers bound thereto and a decreased amount of unbound bifunctional crosslinking reagent, as compared to the first mixture prior to purification in accordance with the present process.
After purification of the first mixture to obtain a purified first mixture of antibodies having linkers bound thereto, a maytansinoid is conjugated to the antibodies having linkers bound thereto in the first purified mixture by reacting the antibodies having linkers bound thereto with a maytansinoid in a solution having a pH from 4 to 9, whereupon a second mixture comprising (i) the antibody chemically coupled through the linker to the maytansinoid, (ii) free maytansinoid, and (iii) reaction by-products is produced. While the conjugation reaction is performed at a pH of 4 to pH 9, the reaction is preferably performed at a pH of 6 or below or at a pH of 6.5 or greater, most preferably at a pH of 4 to 6 or at a pH of 6.5 to 9, and especially at a pH of 4 to less than 6 or at a pH of greater than 6.5 to 9. When the conjugation step is performed at a pH of 6.5 or greater, some sulhydryl-containing maytansinoid may be prone to dimerize by disulfide-bond formation. Removal of trace metals and/or oxygen from the reaction mixture, as well as optional addition of antioxidants or the use of linkers with more reactive leaving groups, or addition of maytansinoid in more than one aliquot, may be required to allow for efficient reaction in such a situation.
The inventive method may optionally include the addition of sucrose to the conjugation step used in the present method to increase solubility and recovery of the antibody maytansinoid conjugates. Desirably, sucrose is added at a concentration of about 0.1% (w/v) to about 20% (w/v) (e.g., about 0.1% (w/v), 1% (w/v), 5% (w/v), 10% (w/v), 15% (w/v), or 20% (w/v)). Preferably, sucrose is added at a concentration of about 1% (w/v) to 10% (w/v) (e.g., about 2% (w/v), about 4% (w/v), about 6% (w/v), or about 8% (w/v)). In addition, the conjugation reaction also can comprise the addition of a buffering agent Any suitable buffering agent known in the art can be used. Suitable buffering agents include, for example, a citrate buffer, an acetate buffer, a succinate buffer, and a phosphate buffer.
Following the conjugation step, the second mixture is subjected to tangential flow filtration (TFF), e.g., a membrane-based tangential flow filtration process. This second purification step provides a purified second mixture, i.e., an increased concentration of the antibodies chemically coupled through the linkers to the maytansinoid and a decreased amount of one or more other components of the second mixture, as compared to the second mixture prior to purification in accordance with the present process.
Antibodies include monoclonal antibodies and fragments thereof.
The term "antibody," as used herein, refers to any immunoglobulin, any immunoglobulin fragment, such as Fab, F(ab')₂, dsFv, sFv, diabodies, and triabodies, or immunoglobulin chimera, which can bind to an antigen on the surface of a cell (e.g., which contains a complementarity determining region (CDR)). Any suitable antibody can be used. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the selection of an appropriate antibody will depend upon the cell population to be targeted. In this regard, the type and number of cell surface molecules (i.e., antigens) that are selectively expressed in a particular cell population (typically and preferably a diseased cell population) will govern the selection of an appropriate antibody for use in the composition. Cell surface expression profiles are known for a wide variety of cell types, including tumor cell types, or, if unknown, can be determined using routine molecular biology and histochemistry techniques.
The antibody can be polyclonal or monoclonal, but is most preferably a monoclonal antibody. As used herein, "polyclonal" antibodies refer to heterogeneous populations of antibody molecules, typically contained in the sera of immunized animals. "Monoclonal" antibodies refer to homogenous populations of antibody molecules that are specific to a particular antigen. Monoclonal antibodies are typically produced by a single clone of B lymphocytes ("B cells"). Monoclonal antibodies may be obtained using a variety of techniques known to those skilled in the art, including standard hybridoma technology (see, e.g., Köhler and Milstein, Eur. J. Immunol., 5: 511-519 (1976), Harlow and Lane (eds.), Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, CSH Press (1988), and C.A. Janeway et al. (eds.), Immunobiology, 5th Ed., Garland Publishing, New York, NY (2001)). In brief, the hybridoma method of producing monoclonal antibodies typically involves injecting any suitable animal, typically and preferably a mouse, with an antigen (i.e., an "immunogen"). The animal is subsequently sacrificed, and B cells isolated from its spleen are fused with human myeloma cells. A hybrid cell is produced (i.e., a "hybridoma, which proliferates indefinitely and continuously secretes high titers of an antibody with the desired specificity in vitro. Any appropriate method known in the art can be used to identify hybridoma cells that produce an antibody with the desired specificity. Such methods include, for example, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot analysis, and radioimmunoassay. The population of hybridomas is screened to isolate individual clones, each of which secretes a single antibody species to the antigen. Because each hybridoma is a clone derived from fusion with a single B cell, all the antibody molecules it produces are identical in structure, including their antigen binding site and isotype. Monoclonal antibodies also may be generated using other suitable techniques including EBV-hybridoma technology (see, e.g., Haskard and Archer, J. Immunol. Methods, 74(2): 361-67 (1984), and Roder et al., Methods Enzymol., 121: 140-67 (1986)), bacteriophage vector expression systems (see, e.g., Huse et al., Science, 246: 1275-81 (1989)), or phage display libraries comprising antibody fragments, such as Fab and scFv (single chain variable region) (see, e.g., U.S. Patents 5,885,793 and 5,969,108 , and International Patent Applications WO 92/01047 and WO 99/06587 ).
The monoclonal antibody can be isolated from or produced in any suitable animal, but is preferably produced in a mammal, more preferably a mouse or human, and most preferably a human. Methods for producing an antibody in mice are well known to those skilled in the art and are described herein. With respect to human antibodies, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that polyclonal antibodies can be isolated from the sera of human subjects vaccinated or immunized with an appropriate antigen. Alternatively, human antibodies can be generated by adapting known techniques for producing human antibodies in non-human animals such as mice (see, e.g., U.S. Patents 5,545,806 , 5,569,825 , and 5,714,352 , and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0197266 A1 ).
While being the ideal choice for therapeutic applications in humans, human antibodies, particularly human monoclonal antibodies, typically are more difficult to generate than mouse monoclonal antibodies. Mouse monoclonal antibodies, however, induce a rapid host antibody response when administered to humans, which can reduce the therapeutic or diagnostic potential of the antibody-drug conjugate. To circumvent these complications, a monoclonal antibody preferably is not recognized as "foreign" by the human immune system.
To this end, phage display can be used to generate the antibody. In this regard, phage libraries encoding antigen-binding variable (V) domains of antibodies can be generated using standard molecular biology and recombinant DNA techniques (see, e.g., Sambrook et al. (eds.), Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 3rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (2001)). Phage encoding a variable region with the desired specificity are selected for specific binding to the desired antigen, and a complete human antibody is reconstituted comprising the selected variable domain. Nucleic acid sequences encoding the reconstituted antibody are introduced into a suitable cell line, such as a myeloma cell used for hybridoma production, such that human antibodies having the characteristics of monoclonal antibodies are secreted by the cell (see, e.g., Janeway et al., supra, Huse et al., supra, and U.S. Patent 6,265,150 ). Alternatively, monoclonal antibodies can be generated from mice that are transgenic for specific human heavy and light chain immunoglobulin genes. Such methods are known in the art and described in, for example, U.S. Patents 5,545,806 and 5,569,825 , and Janeway et al., supra.
Most preferably the antibody is a humanized antibody. As used herein, a "humanized" antibody is one in which the complementarity-determining regions (CDR) of a mouse monoclonal antibody, which form the antigen binding loops of the antibody, are grafted onto the framework of a human antibody molecule. Owing to the similarity of the frameworks of mouse and human antibodies, it is generally accepted in the art that this approach produces a monoclonal antibody that is antigenically identical to a human antibody but binds the same antigen as the mouse monoclonal antibody from which the CDR sequences were derived. Methods for generating humanized antibodies are well known in the art and are described in detail in, for example, Janeway et al., supra, U.S. Patents 5,225,539 , 5,585,089 and 5,693,761 , European Patent No. 0239400 B1 , and United Kingdom Patent No. 2188638 . Humanized antibodies can also be generated using the antibody resurfacing technology described in U.S. Patent 5,639,641 and Pedersen et al., J. Mol. Biol., 235: 959-973 (1994). While the antibody employed in the conjugate of the composition most preferably is a humanized monoclonal antibody, a human monoclonal antibody and a mouse monoclonal antibody, as described above, are also within the scope of the invention.
Antibody fragments that have at least one antigen binding site, and thus recognize and bind to at least one antigen or receptor present on the surface of a target cell, also are within the scope of the invention. In this respect, proteolytic cleavage of an intact antibody molecule can produce a variety of antibody fragments that retain the ability to recognize and bind antigens. For example, limited digestion of an antibody molecule with the protease papain typically produces three fragments, two of which are identical and are referred to as the Fab fragments, as they retain the antigen binding activity of the parent antibody molecule. Cleavage of an antibody molecule with the enzyme pepsin normally produces two antibody fragments, one of which retains both antigen-binding arms of the antibody molecule, and is thus referred to as the F(ab')₂ fragment. Reduction of a F(ab')₂ fragment with dithiothreitol or mercaptoethylamine produces a fragment referred to as a Fab' fragment. A single-chain variable region fragment (sFv) antibody fragment, which consists of a truncated Fab fragment comprising the variable (V) domain of an antibody heavy chain linked to a V domain of a light antibody chain via a synthetic peptide, can be generated using routine recombinant DNA technology techniques (see, e.g., Janeway et al., supra). Similarly, disulfide-stabilized variable region fragments (dsFv) can be prepared by recombinant DNA technology (see, e.g., Reiter et al., Protein Engineering, 7: 697-704 (1994)). Antibody fragments in the context of the invention, however, are not limited to these exemplary types of antibody fragments. Any suitable antibody fragment that recognizes and binds to a desired cell surface receptor or antigen can be employed. Antibody fragments are further described in, for example, Parham, J. Immunol., 131: 2895-2902 (1983), Spring et al., J. Immunol., 113: 470-478 (1974), and Nisonoff et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 89: 230-244 (1960). Antibody-antigen binding can be assayed using any suitable method known in the art, such as, for example, radioimmunoassay (RIA), ELISA, Western blot, immunoprecipitation, and competitive inhibition assays (see, e.g., Janeway et al., supra, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0197266 A1 ).
In addition, the antibody can be a chimeric antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof. By "chimeric" it is meant that the antibody comprises at least two immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof, obtained or derived from at least two different species (e.g., two different immunoglobulins, such as a human immunoglobulin constant region combined with a murine immunoglobulin variable region). The antibody also can be a domain antibody (dAb) or an antigen binding fragment thereof, such as, for example, a camelid antibody (see, e.g., Desmyter et al., Nature Struct. Biol., 3: 752, (1996)), or a shark antibody, such as, for example, a new antigen receptor (IgNAR) (see, e.g., Greenberg et al., Nature, 374: 168 (1995), and Stanfield et al., Science, 305: 1770-1773 (2004)).
Any suitable antibody can be used in the context of the invention. For example, the monoclonal antibody J5 is a murine IgG2a antibody that is specific for Common Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Antigen (CALLA) (Ritz et al., Nature, 283: 583-585 (1980)), and can be used to target cells that express CALLA (e.g., acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells). The monoclonal antibody MY9 is a murine IgG1 antibody that binds specifically to the CD33 antigen (Griffin et al., Leukemia Res., 8: 521 (1984)), and can be used to target cells that express CD33 (e.g., acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells).
Similarly, the monoclonal antibody anti-B4 (also referred to as B4) is a murine IgG1 antibody that binds to the CD19 antigen on B cells (Nadler et al., J. Immunol., 131: 244-250 (1983)), and can be used to target B cells or diseased cells that express CD 19 (e.g., non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells and chronic lymphoblastic leukemia cells). N901 is a murine monoclonal antibody that binds to the CD56 (neural cell adhesion molecule) antigen found on cells of neuroendocrine origin, including small cell lung tumor, which can be used in the conjugate to target drugs to cells of neuroendocrine origin. The J5, MY9, and B4 antibodies preferably are resurfaced or humanized prior to their use as part of the conjugate. Resurfacing or humanization of antibodies is described in, for example, Roguska et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 969-73 (1994).
In addition, the monoclonal antibody C242 binds to the CanAg antigen (see, e.g., U.S. Patent 5,552,293 ), and can be used to target the conjugate to CanAg expressing tumors, such as colorectal, pancreatic, non-small cell lung, and gastric cancers. HuC242 is a humanized form of the monoclonal antibody C242 (see, e.g., U.S. Patent 5,552,293 ). The hybridoma from which HuC242 is produced is deposited with ECACC identification Number 90012601. HuC242 can be prepared using CDR-grafting methodology (see, e.g., U.S. Patents 5,585,089 , 5,693,761 , and 5,693,762 ) or resurfacing technology (see, e.g., U.S. Patent 5,639,641 ). HuC242 can be used to target the conjugate to tumor cells expressing the CanAg antigen, such as, for example, colorectal, pancreatic, non-small cell lung, and gastric cancer cells.
To target ovarian cancer and prostate cancer cells, an anti-MUC1 antibody can be used in the conjugate. Anti-MUC1 antibodies include, for example, anti-HMFG-2 (see, e.g., Taylor-Papadimitriou et al., Int. J. Cancer, 28: 17-21 (1981)), hCTM01 (see, e.g., van Hof et al., Cancer Res., 56: 5179-5185 (1996)), and DS6. Prostate cancer cells also can be targeted with the conjugate by using an anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) such as J591 (see, e.g., Liu et al., Cancer Res., 57: 3629-3634 (1997)). Moreover, cancer cells that express the Her2 antigen, such as breast, prostate, and ovarian cancers, can be targeted using the antibody trastuzumab. Anti-IGF-IR antibodies that bind to insulin-like growth factor receptor also can be used in the conjugate.
Particularly preferred antibodies are humanized monoclonal antibodies, examples of which include huN901, huMy9-6, huB4, huC242, trastuzumab, bivatuzumab, sibrotuzumab, and rituximab (see, e.g., U.S. Patents 5,639,641 and 5,665,357 , U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/424,332 (which is related to U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0118183 A1 ), International Patent Application WO 02/16401 , Pedersen et al., supra, Roguska et al., supra, Liu et al., supra, Nadler et al., supra, Colomer et al., Cancer Invest., 19: 49-56 (2001), Heider et al., Eur. J. Cancer, 31A: 2385-2391 (1995), Welt et al., J. Clin. Oncol., 12: 1193-1203 (1994), and Maloney et al., Blood, 90: 2188-2195 (1997)). Most preferably, the antibody is the huN901 humanized monoclonal antibody or the huMy9-6 humanized monoclonal antibody. Other preferred antibodies include CNTO95, huDS6, huB4, and huC242. Other humanized monoclonal antibodies are known in the art and can be used in connection with the present process.
Maytansinoid includes maytansinol. Maytansinoids are compounds that inhibit microtubule formation and are highly toxic to mammalian cells. Examples of suitable maytansinoids include those having a modified aromatic ring and those having modifications at other positions. S uch maytansinoids are described in, for example, U.S. Patents 4,256,746 , 4,294,757 , 4,307,016 , 4,313,946 , 4,315,929 , 4,322,348 , 4,331,598 , 4,361,650 , 4,362,663 , 4,364,866 , 4,424,219 , 4,371,533 , 4,450,254 , 5,475,092 , 5,585,499 , 5,846,545 , and 6,333,410 .
Examples of maytansinoids having a modified aromatic ring include: (1) C-19-dechloro ( U.S. Patent 4,256,746 ) (prepared by LAH reduction of ansamytocin P2), (2) C-20-hydroxy (or C-20-demethyl) +/-C-19-dechloro ( U.S. Patents 4,361,650 and 4,307,016 ) (prepared by demethylation using Streptomyces or Actinomyces or dechlorination using LAH), and (3) C-20-demethoxy, C-20-acyloxy (-OCOR), +/-dechloro ( U.S. Patent 4,294,757 ) (prepared by acylation using acyl chlorides).
Examples of maytansinol analogs having modifications of positions other than an aromatic ring include: (1) C-9-SH ( U.S. Patent 4,424,219 ) (prepared by the reaction of maytansinol with H₂S or P₂S₅), (2) C-14-alkoxymethyl (demethoxy/CH₂OR) ( U.S. Patent 4,331,598 ), (3) C-14-hydroxymethyl or acyloxymethyl (CH₂OH or CH₂OAc) ( U.S. Patent 4,450,254 ) (prepared from Nocardia), (4) C-15-hydroxy/acyloxy ( U.S. Patent 4,364,866 ) (prepared by the conversion of maytansinol by Streptomyces), (5) C-15-methoxy ( U.S. Patents 4,313,946 and 4,315,929 ) (isolated from Trewia nudiflora), (6) C-18-N-demethyl ( U.S. Patents 4,362,663 and 4,322,348 ) (prepared by the demethylation of maytansinol by Streptomyces), and (7) 4,5-deoxy ( U.S. Patent 4,371,533 ) (prepared by the titanium trichloride/LAH reduction of maytansinol).
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the conjugate utilizes the thiol-containing maytansinoid DM1, also known as N^2'-deacetyl-N^2'-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine. The structure of DM1 is represented by formula (I):
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the conjugate utilizes the thiol-containing maytansinoid DM4, also known as N^2'-deacetyl-N^2'-(4-methyl-4-mercapto-1-oxopentyl)-maytansine, as the cytotoxic agent. The structure of DM4 is represented by formula (II):
Other maytansines may be used in the context of the invention, including, for example, thiol and disulfide-containing maytansinoids bearing a mono or di-alkyl substitution on the carbon atom bearing the sulfur atom. Particularly preferred is a maytansinoid having at the C-3 position (a) C-14 hydroxymethyl, C-15 hydroxy, or C-20 desmethyl functionality, and (b) an acylated amino acid side chain with an acyl group bearing a hindered sulfhydryl group, wherein the carbon atom of the acyl group bearing the thiol functionality has one or two substituents, said substituents being CH₃, C₂H₅, linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, substituted phenyl, or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical, and further wherein one of the substituents can be H, and wherein the acyl group has a linear chain length of at least three carbon atoms between the carbonyl functionality and the sulfur atom.
Additional maytansines for use in the context of the invention include compounds represented by formula (III):
wherein Y' represents
(CR₇R₈)_l(CR₉=CR₁₀)_pC≡C_qA_o(CR₅R₆)_mD_u(CR₁₁=CR₁₂)r₍C≡C)_sB_t(CR₃R₄)_n-CR₁R₂SZ, wherein R₁ and R₂ are each independently CH₃, C₂H₅, linear alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, substituted phenyl or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical, and wherein R₂ also can be H,
wherein A, B, D are cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl having 3-10 carbon atoms, simple or substituted aryl, or heterocyclic aromatic, or heterocycloalkyl radical,
wherein R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ are each independently H, CH₃, C₂H₅, linear alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, substituted phenyl or heterocyclic aromatic, or heterocycloalkyl radical,
wherein I, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, and t are each independently zero or an integer from 1 to 5, provided that at least two of l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s and t are not zero at any one time, and wherein Z is H, SR or COR, wherein R is linear alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or simple or substituted aryl or heterocyclic aromatic, or heterocycloalkyl radical.
Preferred embodiments of formula (III) include compounds of formula (III) wherein (a) R₁ is H, R₂ is methyl and Z is H, (b) R₁ and R₂ are methyl and Z is H, (c) R₁ is H, R₂ is methyl, and Z is -SCH₃, and (d) R₁ and R₂ are methyl, and Z is -SCH₃.
Such additional maytansines also include compounds represented by formula (IV-L), (IV-D), or (IV-D,L):
wherein Y represents (CR₇R₈)_l(CR₅R₆)_m(CR₃R₄)_nCR₁R₂SZ,
wherein R₁ and R₂ are each independently CH₃, C₂H₅, linear alkyl, or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, substituted phenyl, or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical, and wherein R₂ also can be H,
wherein R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each independently H, CH₃, C₂H₅, linear alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, substituted phenyl, or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical,
wherein l, m, and n are each independently an integer of from 1 to 5, and in addition n can be zero,
wherein Z is H, SR, or COR wherein R is linear or branched alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or simple or substituted aryl or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical, and wherein May represents a maytansinoid which bears the side chain at C-3, C-14 hydroxymethyl, C-15 hydroxy, or C-20 desmethyl.
Preferred embodiments of formulas (IV-L), (IV-D) and (IV-D,L) include compounds of formulas (IV-L), (IV-D) and (IV-D,L) wherein (a) R₁ is H, R₂ is methyl, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each H, 1 and m are each 1, n is 0, and Z is H, (b) R₁ and R₂ are methyl, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈ are each H, l and m are 1, n is 0, and Z is H, (c) R₁ is H, R₂ is methyl, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each H, 1 and m are each 1, n is 0, and Z is -SCH₃, or (d) R₁ and R₂ are methyl, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈ are each H, 1 and m are 1, n is 0, and Z is -SCH₃.
Preferably the cytotoxic agent is represented by formula (IV-L).
Additional preferred maytansines also include compounds represented by formula (V):
wherein Y represents (CR₇R₈)_l(CR₅R₆)_m(CR₃R₄)_nCR₁R₂SZ,
wherein R₁ and R₂ are each independently CH₃, C₂H₅, linear alkyl, or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, substituted phenyl or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical, and wherein R₂ also can be H,
wherein R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each independently H, CH₃, C₂H₅, linear alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, substituted phenyl, or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical,
wherein 1, m, and n are each independently an integer of from 1 to 5, and in addition n can be zero, and
wherein Z is H, SR or COR, wherein R is linear alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or simple or substituted aryl or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical.
Preferred embodiments of formula (V) include compounds of formula (V) wherein (a) R₁ is H, R₂ is methyl, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each H; and m are each 1; n is 0; and Z is H, (b) R₁ and R₂ are methyl; R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈ are each H, l and m are 1; n is 0; and Z is H, (c) R₁ is H, R₂ is methyl, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each H, 1 and m are each 1, n is 0, and Z is -SCH₃, or (d) R₁ and R₂ are methyl, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈ are each H, l and m are 1, n is 0, and Z is - SCH₃.
Still further preferred maytansines include compounds represented by formula (VI-L), (VI-D), or (VI-D,L):
wherein Y₂ represents (CR₇R₈)_l(CR₅R₆)_m(CR₃R₄)_nCR₁R₂SZ₂,
wherein R₁ and R₂ are each independently CH₃, C₂H₅, linear alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, substituted phenyl or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical, and wherein R₂ also can be H,
wherein R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each independently H, CH₃, C₂H₅, linear cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, substituted phenyl or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical,
wherein l, m, and n are each independently an integer of from 1 to 5, and in addition n can be zero,
wherein Z₂ is SR or COR, wherein R is linear alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or simple or substituted aryl or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical, and wherein May is a maytansinoid.
Additional preferred maytansines include compounds represented by formula (VII):
wherein Y₂ represents
(CR₇R₈)_l(CR₉=CR₁₀)_p(C≡C)_qA_o(CR₅R₆)_mD_u(CR₁₁=CR₁₂)_r(C≡C)_sB_t(CR₃R₄)_nCR₁R₂SZ₂, wherein R₁ and R₂ are each independently CH₃, C₂H₅, linear branched or alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, substituted phenyl or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical, and in addition R₂ can be H,
wherein A, B, and D each independently is cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, simple or substituted aryl, or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical, wherein R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ are each independently H, CH₃, C₂H₅, linear alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, phenyl, substituted phenyl or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical,
wherein l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, and t are each independently zero or an integer of from I to 5, provided that at least two of l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s and t are not zero at any one time, and wherein Z₂ is SR or -COR, wherein R is linear alkyl or alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, branched or cyclic alkyl or alkenyl having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or simple or substituted aryl or heterocyclic aromatic or heterocycloalkyl radical.
Preferred embodiments of formula (VII) include compounds of formula (VII), wherein R₁ is H and R₂ is methyl.
In order to link a drug or prodrug to an antibody, a linking group is used. Suitable linking groups are well known in the art and include disulfide groups, acid labile groups, photolabile groups, peptidase labile groups, and esterase labile groups. Preferred linking groups are disulfide groups. For example, conjugates can be constructed using a disulfide exchange reaction between an antibody and a drug or prodrug. Drug molecules also can be linked to a cell-binding agent through an intermediary carrier molecule such as serum albumin.
In accordance with the present process, the antibody is modified by reacting a bifunctional crosslinking reagent with the antibody, thereby resulting in the covalent attachment of a linker molecule to the antibody. As used herein, a "bifunctional crosslinking reagent" is any chemical moiety that covalently links an antibody to a maytansinoid . In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a portion of the linking moiety is provided by the maytansinoid. In this respect, the maytansinoid comprises a linking moiety that is part of a larger linker molecule that is used to join the antibody to the maytansinoid. For example, to form the maytansinoid DM1, the side chain at the C-3 hydroxyl group of maytansine is modified to have a free sulfhydryl group (SH). This thiolated form of maytansine can react with a modified antibody to form a conjugate. Therefore, the final linker is assembled from two components, one of which is provided by the crosslinking reagent, while the other is provided by the side chain from DM1.
Any suitable bifunctional crosslinking reagent can be used in connection with the present process, so long as the linker reagent provides for retention of the therapeutic, e.g., cytotoxicity, and targeting characteristics of the maytansinoid and the antibody, respectively. Preferably, the linker molecule joins the maytansinoid to the antibody through chemical bonds (as described above), such that the maytansinoid and the antibody are chemically coupled (e.g., covalently bonded) to each other. Preferably, the linking reagent is a cleavable linker. More preferably, the linker is cleaved under mild conditions, i.e., conditions within a cell under which the activity of the maytansinoid is not affected. Examples of suitable cleavable. linkers include disulfide linkers, acid labile linkers, photolabile linkers, peptidase labile linkers, and esterase labile linkers. Disulfide containing linkers are linkers cleavable through disulfide exchange, which can occur under physiological conditions. Acid labile linkers are linkers cleavable at acid pH. For example, certain intracellular compartments, such as endosomes and lysosomes, have an acidic pH (pH4-5), and provide conditions suitable to cleave acid labile linkers. Photo labile linkers are useful at the body surface and in many bodycavities that are accessible to light. Furthermore, infrared light can penetrate tissue. Peptidase labile linkers can be used to cleave certain peptides inside or outside cells (see e.g., Trouet et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 79: 626-629 (1982), and Umemoto et al., Int. J. Cancer, 43: 677-684 (1989)).
Preferably the maytansinoid is linked to a antibody through a disulfide bond. The linker molecule comprises a reactive chemical group that can react with the antibody. Preferred reactive chemical groups for reaction with the antibody are N-succinimidyl esters and N-sulfosuccinimidyl esters. Additionally the linker molecule comprises a reactive chemical group, preferably a dithiopyridyl group, that can react with the drug to form a disulfide bond. Particularly preferred linker molecules include, for example, N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP) (see, e.g., Carlsson et al., Biochem. J., 173: 723-737 (1978)), N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)butanoate (SPDB) (see, e.g., U.S. Patent 4,563,304 ), N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)pentanoate (SPP) (see, e.g., CAS Registry number 341498-08-6), and other reactive cross-linkers which are described in U.S. Patent 6,913,748 .
While cleavable linkers preferably are used in the inventive method, a non-cleavable linker also can be used to generate the above-described conjugate. A non-cleavable linker is any chemical moiety that is capable of linking a maytansinoid to a antibody in a stable, covalent manner. Thus, non-cleavable linkers are substantially resistant to acid-induced cleavage, light-induced cleavage, peptidase-induced cleavage, estrase-induced cleavage, and disulfide bond cleavage, at conditions under which the maytansinoid or the antibody remains active.
Suitable crosslinking reagents that form non-cleavable linkers between a maytansinoid and the antibody are well known in the art. Examples of non-cleavable linkers include linkers having an N-succinimidyl ester or N-sulfosuccinimidyl ester moiety for reaction with the cell-binding agent, as well as a maleimido- or haloacetyl-based moiety for reaction with the drug. Crosslinking reagents comprising a maleimido-based moiety include N-succinimidyl 4-(maleimidomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylate (SMCC), N-succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane-1-carboxy-(6-amidocaproate), which is a "long chain" analog of SMCC (LC-SMCC), κ-maleimidoundecanoic acid N-succinimidyl ester (KMUA), γ-maleimidobutyric acid N-succinimidyl ester (GMBS), ε-maleimidocaproic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (EMCS), m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS), N-(α-maleimidoacetoxy)-succinimide ester (AMAS), succinimidyl-6-(β-maleimidopropionamido)hexanoate (SMPH), N-succinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)-butyrate (SMPB), and N-(p-maleimidophenyl)isocyanate (PMPI). Cross-linking reagents comprising a haloacetyl-based moiety include N-succinimidyl-4-(iodoacetyl)-aminobenzoate (SIAB), N-succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA), N-succinimidyl bromoacetate (SBA), and N-succinimidyl 3-(bromoacetamido)propionate (SBAP).
Other crosslinking reagents lacking a sulfur atom that form non-cleavable linkers can also be used in the present process. Such linkers can be derived from dicarboxylic acid based moieties. Suitable dicarboxylic acid based moieties include α,ω-dicarboxylic acids of the general formula (IX):

HOOC-X_l-Y_n-Z_m-COOH (IX),

wherein X is a linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, Y is a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl group bearing 3 to 10 carbon atoms, Z is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group bearing 6 to 10 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group wherein the hetero atom is selected from N, O or S, and wherein 1, m, and n are each 0 or 1, provided that 1, m, and n are all not zero at the same time.
Many of the non-cleavable linkers disclosed herein are described in detail in U.S. Patent Application No. 10/960,602 , which corresponds to U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0169933 A1 .
Alternatively, as disclosed in U.S. Patent 6,441,163 B1 , the maytansinoid can be first modified to introduce a reactive ester suitable to react with an antibody. Reaction of these maytansinoids containing an activated linker moiety with an antibody provides another method of producing a cleavable or non-cleavable antibody maytansinoid conjugate.
Additional information concerning maytansinoids, cytotoxic agents comprising same, drug conjugates, and related preparation methods is disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 11/352,121 and U.S. Patent Application No. 10/849,136 , which corresponds to U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0235840 A1 .

EXAMPLE 1

This example demonstrates the purification of an antibody modified with a heterobifunctional modification reagent using TFF.
The huN901 monoclonal antibody (final concentration of 8 mg/ml) was incubated with N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)pentanoate (SPP, 5.6-fold molar excess) for approximately 180 minutes at 20° C in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 50 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, and 5% ethanol. In a first group, the reaction mixture was purified using a column of Sephadex™ G25F resin equilibrated and eluted in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) containing 50 mM NaCl and 2 mM EDTA. In a second group, the reaction mixture was purified using a Pellicon XL TFF system (Millipore, Billerica, MA), and the antibody was diafiltered (5 volumes) into 50 mM potassium phosphate, 50 mM NaCl (pH 6.5), and 2 mM EDTA using a 10,000 molecular weight cutoff membrane (Ultracel™ regenerated cellulose membrane, Millipore, Billerica, MA). Both samples were conjugated with DM1 (1.7 fold molar excess over the unbound linker) for 18 hours at pH 6.5 in potassium phosphate buffer containing 50 mM NaCl and a final concentration of 3% DMA.
In both groups, yields were determined spectrophotometrically (wavelength 280 nm) for the combined modification and purification step. Linker/antibody ratios were also determined by treatment with dithiothreitol to release pyridine-2-thione, which has an extinction coefficient of 8,080 M^-1cm^-1 at 343 nM. Drug/antibody ratios were determined spectrophotometrically (wavelengths of 280 nm and 252 nm) for the conjugation step. In addition, the removal of SPP-related small molecule species was measured by Hisep HPLC.

The resulting data are set forth in Table 1.

Table 1: Purification Methods for Modified huN901 Using G-25F versus TFF

		Sephadex™ G25F Resin	TFF
Modification Step	Step yield	94 %	98 %
	Linker/Antibody ratio	4.9	4.9
	SPP-related small molecules	0.2%	0.2%
Conjugation Step	Drug/Antibody ratio	3.7	3.7

As shown in Table 1, the use of TFF yields drug conjugate product of at least equivalent quality to the nonadsorptive chromatography (G25) process while being more convenient and scaleable.

EXAMPLE 2

This example demonstrates the purification of an antibody modified with a heterobifunctional modification reagent using adsorptive chromatography.
The huB4 antibody was modified with N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)butanoate (SPDB, 5.4 fold molar excess) for 120 minutes at room temperature in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) containing 50 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, and 5% ethanol. In a first group, the reaction mixture was purified using the Sephadex™ G25F resin as described in Example 1. In a second group, the reaction mixture was loaded onto a column of ceramic hydroxyapatite (CHT, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA), which was equilibrated in 12.5 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) and eluted with 80 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5).
In both groups, yields and linker/antibody ratios were determined as described in Example 1. The first group had a 91% yield and 4.2 linker/antibody ratio. The second group had a 89% yield and a 4.2 linker/antibody ratio.
The CNTO95 antibody (final concentration of 10 mg/ml) was modified with N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)butanoate (SPDB, 4.5 fold molar excess) for 120 minutes at 20° C in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 2.7 % sucrose and 5% ethanol. In a first group, the reaction mixture was purified using Sephadex™ G25F resin in 12.5 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) containing 12.5 mM NaCl and 0.5 mM EDTA. In a second group, the reaction mixture was loaded onto a column of SP Sepharose Fast Flow (GE Healthcare, Piscataway, NJ), which was equilibrated in 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) and eluted with 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5), containing 50 mM NaCl.
In both groups, yields and linker/antibody ratios were determined as described in Example 1. The first group had an 96% yield and 4.0 linker/antibody ratio. The second group had a 97% yield and a 4.1 linker/antibody ratio.
The data obtained in this example demonstrate that adsorptive chromatography can be used to purify an antibody modified with a heterobifunctional modification reagent.

EXAMPLE 3

This example demonstrates the beneficial effects of conjugating a modified antibody with a drug at a pH of above 6.5.
In a first experiment, CNTO95 antibody was modified and purified as described in Example 2. The modified antibody was then divided into two groups. In the first group, conjugation was performed in 12.5 mM potassium phosphate at pH 6.5 containing 12.5 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, 3% DMA, and 1.7 fold molar excess drug per linker at 20° C. In the second group, the conjugation reaction was at pH 7.5. The conjugated antibody was purified over NAP-10 columns.

The drug/antibody ratio was measured for both groups. The resulting data are set forth in Table 2.

Table 2: Drug/Antibody Ratio at Conjugation Reaction of pH 6.5 versus 7.5

Reaction Time (hours)	Drug/Antibody Ratio at Conjugation Reaction pH 6.5	Drug/Antibody Ratio at Conjugation Reaction pH 7.5
0.5	-	3.0
1	2.3	3.4
1.5	-	3.5
2	2.8	3.5
2.75	-	3.6
3.5	3.2	3.6
5	3.4	3.7

As shown by the data set forth in Table 2, conjugation proceeds faster at pH 7.5 than at pH 6.5.
In a second experiment, huB4 humanized monoclonal antibody was modified with either (a) a 4.9-fold molar excess of SPDB relative to antibody, or (b) a 4.8-fold molar excess of SPDB relative to antibody. In both situations, reaction was in 50 mM potassium phosphate, 50 mM potassium chloride, and 2 mM EDTA (pH 6.5) in 5% ethanol for a total of 120 minutes at room temperature. Sample (a) was purified over a column of Sephade™ G25F resin equilibrated in 50 mM potassium phosphate, 50 mM sodium chloride, and 2 mM EDTA at pH 6.5. Sample (b) was purified equivalently except that the chromatography buffer was adjusted to pH 7.5. Both samples were conjugated with DM4 (1.7 fold molar excess over bound linker) for 18 hours at room temperature in a final concentration of dimethylacetamide (DMA) of 3%.
Thus, sample (a) was conjugated at pH 6.5, and sample (b) was conjugated at pH 7.5. The samples were then purified over a column of Sephadex™ G25F resin equilibrated in 9.6 mM potassium phosphate and 4.2 mM sodium chloride at pH 6.5. Both samples were incubated at 4° C for up to 7 months and subjected to analysis of released free drug at intervals. The resulting data are set forth in Table 3. Table 3: Release of Free Drug Over Time from Samples Conjugated at pH 6.5 and 7.5

Time (months) pH 6.5 Conjugation pH 7.5 Conjugation

0 1.0 0.8

1.5 1.8 1.0

2.5 3.2 1.9

7 4.0 2.8
As shown by the data set forth in Table 3, release of free drug is substantially slower from sample (b) that had been conjugated at pH 7.5 relative to sample (a) that had been conjugated at pH 6.5. Accordingly, drug conjugate product prepared at pH 7.5 is shown to be more stable with respect to release of free drug over time as compared to the drug conjugate product prepared at pH 6.5. The conjugation at pH 7.5 also shows a better drug incorporation than at pH 6.5, thereby requiring less drug to be used.

EXAMPLE 4

This example demonstrates the beneficial effects of conjugating a modified antibody with a drug at a pH of below 6.0.
The huN901 monoclonal antibody (final concentration of 8 mg/ml) was incubated with N-succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridyldithio)pentanoate (SPP, 5.6-fold molar excess) for approximately 180 minutes at 20° C in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 50 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, and 5% ethanol. In a first group, the reaction mixture was purified using a column of Sephadex™ G25F resin equilibrated and eluted in 50 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 50 mM NaCl and 2 mM EDTA. In a second group, the reaction mixture was purified using a column of Sephadex™ G25F resin equilibrated and eluted in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) containing 50 mM NaCl and 2 mM EDTA. Both samples were conjugated with DM4 (1.7-fold molar excess over bound linker) for 3, 19, 25, 48, and 120 hours at room temperature in a final concentration of dimethylacetamide (DMA) of 3%.
Thus, the first group of samples was conjugated in 50 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 50 mM NaCl and 2 mM EDTA, and the second group of samples was conjugated in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), containing 50 mM NaCl and 2 mM EDTA. The samples were then purified using a column of Sephadex™ G25F resin equilibrated and eluted in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) containing 50 mM NaCl.
In both groups, linker/antibody ratios were determined by treatment with dithiothreitol to release pyridine-2-thione, which has an extinction coefficient of 8,080 M^-1cm^-1 at 343 nM. Drug/antibody ratios were determined spectrophotometrically (wavelengths of 280 nm and 252 nm) for the conjugation step.
The first group had a 4.3 linker/antibody ratio. The second group had a 4.2 linker/antibody ratio.
The drug/antibody ratios over time for the two groups are set forth in Table 4. Table 4: Rate of Incorporation of DM1 into SPP-modified huN901 as a Function of Conjugation pH

Reaction Time (hours) Drug/Antibody Ratio (mol/mol)

pH 5.0 Conjugation pH 6.5 Conjugation

3 2.43 2.97

19 3.38 3.28

25 3.41 NT

48 3.46 3.17

120 3.44 2.85
As is apparent from the data set forth in Table 4, conjugate that is made by conjugating the modified antibody with the drug at a pH of 5.0 reaches a higher and more stable level of bound drug during the course of the conjugation reaction than conjugate made at a conjugation pH of 6.5. In addition to increased stability, the results indicate that a higher drug/antibody level is achieved upon conjugation at pH 5.0 than when using the same amount of drug at a conjugation pH of 6.5, thereby indicating more efficient usage of drug at pH 5.0.
In both groups, the conjugate monomer amounts were determined over time. The resulting data are set forth in Table 5. Table 5: Effect of Conjugation pH on Level of Conjugate Monomer During Conjugation of SPP-modified huN901 with DM1

Reaction Time (hours) Conjugate Monomer (%)

pH 5.0 Conjugation pH 6.5 Conjugation

3 98.5 98.0

19 98.8 98.2

25 99.1 NT

48 99.2 98.3

120 99.2 97.8
As is apparent from the data set forth in Table 5, conjugate that is made by conjugating the modified antibody with the drug at a pH of 5.0 has a higher level of conjugate monomer than conjugate made at a conjugation pH of 6.5.

EXAMPLE 5

This example further demonstrates benefits of conjugating a drug to a modified antibody at a pH of less than 6.
BIWA 4 antibody was modified with SPP (molar excess of SPP as shown in Table 6) for 120-140 minutes at room temperature in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), 50 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, and 5% ethanol. Aliquots of modified antibody were purified on separate NAP 25 columns equilibrated in buffers having various pH values (pH 4.6 - 6.5). The pH 4.6 - 5.9 buffers were composed of 35 mM sodium citrate, 150 mM sodium chloride, and 2 mM EDTA. The pH 6.5 buffer was PBS with 2 mM EDTA.
Modified antibody at each pH was conjugated with DM1 (1.7 fold molar excess over linker) in dimethylacetamide (DMA, final concentration of 3%). After incubation for 17-18 hours at room temperature, the conjugated antibody samples were purified by chromatography on NAP 25 columns equilibrated in PBS (pH 6.5). Linker/antibody ratios (L/A in Table 6) were determined by treatment with dithiothreitol to release pyridine-2-thione, which has an extinction coefficient of 8,080 M¹cm^-1 at 343 nM. Drug/antibody ratios were determined spectrophotometrically (wavelengths of 280 nm and 252 nm) for the conjugation step. Conjugate monomer, high molecular weight species, and low molecular weight species were determined by SEC-HPLC using a TSKG3000SWXL column equilibrated and developed in 0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.2 M potassium chloride and 20% isopropanol.

The results of this analysis are set forth in Table 6.

Table 6: Drug Conjugate Product Characteristics Relative to pH

Buffer	SPP Molar Excess	L/A	D/A	Monomer (%)	High MW (%)	Low MW (%)	Conjugation Step Yield (%)
pH 4.6	4.7	3.8	3.6	97.5	2.2	0.4	74
pH 5.1	4.4	4.7	3.6	97.6	1.9	0.6	75
pH 5.6	5.0	4.9	3.6	97.7	1.5	0.8	85
pH 5.9	5.5	5.3	3.7	96.4	2.3	1.4	76
pH6.5	6.6	6.4	3.7	95.1	2.8	1.9	71

The data set forth in Table 6 demonstrate that conjugation of SPP-modified BIWA 4 with DM1 was efficient at a pH below 6.0, compared with conjugation at pH 6.5. The amounts of linker and drug, specifically SPP linker and DM1, required to reach a particular final drug/antibody ratio was reduced at lower pH. In addition, levels of conjugate monomer, high molecular weight species, and low molecular weight species were more optimal, and yields were improved, at lower pH.

Reference EXAMPLE 6

This example demonstrates that the step for purifying the modified antibody may optionally be eliminated. The drug may be added simultaneously with the bifunctional modifying reagent or at some later time.
In an example of addition of drug after the modifying reagent, the humanized monoclonal antibody CNTO95 was modified at a concentration of 20 mg/mL with the bifunctional modifying reagent SPDB at a molar excess of SPDB over antibody of 4.6 for 120 min at 20° C. The modification buffer was 44 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 5.3% sucrose and 5% ethanol. One aliquot of the modified antibody was purified over Sephadex™ G25F resin (standard four-step process), equilibrated and eluted in 12.5 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 12.5 mM NaCl, and was subsequently conjugated with DM4 (1.7 fold molar excess of drug over bound linker) at a final modified antibody concentration of 10 mg/mL in 12.5 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) containing 12.5 mM NaCl and 10% DMA for 20 hours at room temperature. A second aliquot of the modified antibody was conjugated immediately at the end of the 120 minute modification reaction (three-step process), without being further purified.
The protein and buffer concentrations of the modification reaction mixture were adjusted to yield a modified protein concentration of 10 mg/mL and a buffer composition of 28 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.5) containing 5.9 mM NaCl and 2.7% sucrose. DM4 was then added (1.7 fold molar excess over starting SPDB), and DMA was adjusted to a final concentration of 10%. After 20 hours incubation at room temperature, both aliquots of conjugated antibody were purified on Sephadex™ G25F resin equilibrated in 10 mM histidine and 10% sucrose at pH 5.5
Linker/antibody ratios (L/A) were determined by treatment with dithiothreitol to release pyridine-2-thione, which has an extinction coefficient of 8,080 M^-1cm^-1 at 343 nM. Drug/antibody (D/A) ratios and yield were determined spectrophotometrically (wavelengths of 280 nm and 252 nm) for the conjugation step. Percentages of monomer were assayed by SEC-HPLC. Percentages of free drug were assayed by HPLC on a Hisep column. The results of these analyses are set forth in Table 7. Table 7: Optional Elimination of Purification Step for Modified Antibody

Parameters 4-step Process 3-step Process

Starting SPDB 4.6 x 4.6 x

L/A 4.1 Not Determined

D/A 3.9 4.0

Yield 79% 91%

% Monomer 95.8% 96.1%

% Free Drug 2.4% 1.1%

EXAMPLE 7

This example demonstrates an improved means of purifying antibody that has been modified with a heterobifunctional modification reagent and then conjugated with a maytansinoid.
The huN901 antibody modified with SPP(7 fold molar excess) and purified on Sephadex™ G25F resin, as described in Example 1, was conjugated with the maytansinoid DM1 (1.7 fold molar excess over linker, dissolved in dimethylacetamide (DMA), 3% final concentration).
A first sample of conjugate was purified by standard chromatography on Sephadex™ G25F resin in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 6.5).
A second conjugate sample was purified by a Pellicon XL TFF system (Millipore, Billerica, MA), as described in Example 1
A third conjugate sample was purified using a column of MEP Hypercell resin equilibrated in 50 mM Tris (pH 8.0), and eluted with 50 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.0).
A fourth conjugate sample was purified using a column of UNOsphere S resin equilibrated in 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.5) and eluted with 0.2 M NaCl and 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.5).
A fifth conjugate sample was purified using a column of CHT resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) equilibrated in 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.5) and eluted with 0.3 M NaCl and 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.5).
A sixth conjugate sample was purified using a column of SP Sepharose resin equilibrated in 35 mM sodium citrate, 10 mM sodium chloride (pH 5.0), and eluted with 0.25 M NaCl, 35 mM sodium citrate (pH 5.0).
Conjugate monomer was determined by SEC-HPLC using a column of TSKG3000SW_XL resin equilibrated and developed in 0.2 M potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, containing 0.2 M potassium chloride and 20% isopropanol. The conjugation step yield was determined by dividing the yield of conjugated antibody by the amount of modified antibody that was conjugated (determined spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 280 nm).

The results of these analyses are set forth in Table 8.

Table 8: Conjugation Purification Step Comparison

Conjugate Sample	Conjugation Purification Step	Conjugate Monomer %	Step Yield %
1 (control)	G25F resin	93.2	86
2 (invention)	TFF	92.8	85
3 (invention)	MEP Hypercell resin	94.5	74
4 (invention)	UNOsphere resin	96.3	81
5 (invention)	CHT resin	97.9	72
6 (invention)	SP Sepharose resin	95.1	81

The results in Table 8 show that all of the inventive purification methods (groups 2-6) gave similar yields to those obtained with the control process (group 1). Each inventive chromatographic method yielded an improvement in the level of conjugate monomer and may be readily scaled up.
In addition to CHT (ceramic hydroxyapatite), CFT (ceramic fluoroapatite) also can be used under similar chromatographic conditions. Alternatively both the CHT and CFT resins may be used in non-adsorptive mode so that the desired product (substantially monomeric conjugate) is not retained by the resins, whereas high molecular weight species are retained and thereby separated from the desired product.
Although a standard buffer/solvent composition for conjugation comprises 3 % DMA, 50 mM potassium phosphate, 50 mM NaCl, and 2 mM EDTA at pH 6.5 (as utilized in Example 1), other compositions are more compatible with some of the chromatographic steps described herein and provide other benefits relative to the standard process. For instance, conjugation may be performed in 3% DMA, 12.5 mM potassium phosphate, 12.5 mM NaCl, and 0.5 mM EDTA at pH 6.5. Under these conditions, the amount of DM4 incorporated relative to the amount of linker incorporated in huB4 antibody was about 10% higher than for the standard conditions. In addition, these conditions are more compatible with loading onto resins such as cation exchange and CHT resins.
The use of the terms "a" and "an" and "the" and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms "comprising," "having," "including," and "containing" are to be construed as open-ended terms unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.

Claims

A process for preparing an antibody-maytansinoid conjugate comprising the steps of:
(a) contacting an antibody with a bifunctional crosslinking reagent to covalently attach a linker to the antibody and thereby prepare a first mixture comprising antibodies having linkers bound thereto,

(b) subjecting the first mixture to tangential flow filtration, selective precipitation, adsorptive filtration, or an adsorptive chromatography resin and thereby prepare a purified first mixture of antibodies having linkers bound there to,

(c) conjugating a maytansinoid to the antibodies having linkers bound thereto in the purified first mixture by reacting the antibodies having linkers bound thereto with a maytansinoid in a solution having a pH of 4 to 9 to prepare a second mixture comprising (i) antibody chemically coupled through the linker to the maytansinoid, (ii) free maytansinoid, and (iii) reaction by-products, and

(d) subjecting the second mixture to a tangential flow filtration to purify the antibodies chemically coupled through the linkers to the maytansinoid from the other components of the second mixture and thereby prepare a purified second mixture of antibodies chemically coupled through the linkers to the maytansinoid.
The process of claim 1, wherein the solution in step (c) has a pH of from 4 to 6.0.
The process of claim 1, wherein the solution in step (c) has a pH of from 6.5 to 9.
The process of claim 1, wherein the solution in step (c) has a pH of less than 6.0 or a pH of greater than 6.5.
The process of any of claims 1-4, wherein the solution in step (c) comprises sucrose.
The process of any of claims 1-5, wherein the solution in step (c) further comprises a buffering agent selected from the group consisting of a citrate buffer, an acetate buffer, a succinate buffer, and a phosphate buffer.
The process of any of claims 1-6, wherein the antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
The process of claim 7, wherein the antibody is a humanized monoclonal antibody.
The process of claim 8, wherein the antibody is selected from the group consisting of huN901, huMy9-6, huB4, huC242, trastuzumab, bivatuzumab, sibrotuzumab, CNTO95, huDS6, and rituximab.
The process of claim 9, wherein the antibody is trastuzumab.
The process of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the maytansinoid comprises a thiol group.
The process of claim 11, wherein the maytansinoid is DM1.
The process of claims 11, wherein the maytansinoid is DM4.
The process of any of claims 1-13, wherein the antibody is chemically coupled to the maytansinoid via chemical bonds selected from the group consisting of disulfide bonds, acid labile bonds, photolabile bonds, peptidase labile bonds, thioether bonds, and esterase labile bonds.
The process of any of Claims 1 to 14, wherein the first mixture is subjected to tangential flow filtration in step (b).