EP1867220A1 - Procede et dispositif pour generer un flux thermique charge de particules - Google Patents
Procede et dispositif pour generer un flux thermique charge de particulesInfo
- Publication number
- EP1867220A1 EP1867220A1 EP06726217A EP06726217A EP1867220A1 EP 1867220 A1 EP1867220 A1 EP 1867220A1 EP 06726217 A EP06726217 A EP 06726217A EP 06726217 A EP06726217 A EP 06726217A EP 1867220 A1 EP1867220 A1 EP 1867220A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- injector
- plasma
- plasma jet
- particle
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/0006—Investigating plasma, e.g. measuring the degree of ionisation or the electron temperature
- H05H1/0012—Investigating plasma, e.g. measuring the degree of ionisation or the electron temperature using electromagnetic or particle radiation, e.g. interferometry
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
- H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
- H05H1/24—Generating plasma
- H05H1/26—Plasma torches
- H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
- H05H1/42—Plasma torches using an arc with provisions for introducing materials into the plasma, e.g. powder or liquid
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and a device for generating a particle-laden heat flux for characterizing materials subjected to severe thermal environments.
- spacecraft such as probes are subjected to various assaults (micrometeorites, ultraviolet radiation and ionizing agents, etc.).
- assaults micrometeorites, ultraviolet radiation and ionizing agents, etc.
- a particularly severe source of aggression for the structure of such a probe appears during atmospheric re-entry. Indeed, the probe is then subjected to abrasive thermal aggressions related to the presence of solid or liquid particles in the atmosphere of the star and the
- Powder propellants which have a relatively large proportion of alumina particles in their jet.
- These gases are typically generated either by glow discharge type sources or by inductively coupled plasma sources. The higher the energies of these sources, the more they can provide a very hot gas in large quantities, controlled and constant for carrying out tests on representative samples, i.e. of large sizes.
- US Pat. No. 3,893,335 Discloses a device for simulating the conditions of re-entry into a particle-laden atmosphere.
- This device supplies a hot air flow generated by an arc plasma to a nozzle, the flow at the outlet of this nozzle being directed towards the sample to be analyzed.
- particles with high velocities of up to 6000 m / s are injected into the hot air stream downstream of this nozzle.
- these particles are accelerated independently of the hot air flow at a speed determined by the operator.
- This simulation method therefore requires particularly complex and bulky means to accelerate the particles solid at such speeds but also poses problems mixing two very hypersonic gas streams.
- the present invention proposes a method and a device for generating a heat flux loaded with simple particles in their design and in their operating mode to simulate in a controlled manner the heat flows loaded with particles representative of powder propellants or planetary reentries in order to characterization of standard size samples for the space and / or aeronautical field.
- the subject of the invention is a method for generating a heat flux charged with particles, these particles being at least partially directed on an object, into which a carrier gas and particles are injected from at least one injector. of particles having at least one exit port, in a plasma jet directed from the end of a plasma source outwardly along a major axis, the plasma jet having a core.
- the axial and radial positions of this particle injector are adjusted with respect to the main axis and the inclination of this injector with respect to an axis perpendicular to the main axis, and the momentum is controlled particles at the nozzle outlet to drive the particles evenly into the core of the plasma jet so that said particles acquire at a variable distance D from the end of the plasma source a maximum average speed, and
- this distance D is determined from the end of the plasma source and the object is positioned at approximately this distance D.
- the particle velocities in propellant jets of solid propellant rockets can reach from 1000 m / s to 3000 m / s.
- the object to be characterized is positioned in the jet of plasma charged particles, in the vicinity of where the average particle velocity is maximum, this speed being adjustable. This ensures that the sample is placed at a place where the particles have acquired a medium speed sufficient for characterization.
- the object of the invention is therefore achieved on the one hand by adjusting the amount of movement of the particles at the outlet of at least one injector and by controlling the position of said outlet orifice to make the plasma jet charged of particles as homogeneous as possible, and secondly by determining the position D, variable along the main axis, where the particles acquire a maximum average speed so as to position the object to be characterized around this place .
- the present invention also relates to the following features which should be considered in isolation or in all their technically possible combinations:
- the maximum average velocity of the particles is measured and the speed of the plasma jet is adjusted to a determined speed value
- the average trajectory of the particles of the outlet orifice of the injector and in the plasma jet is determined by using a first optical detector so as to adjust the position and inclination of this injector and to adjust the momentum particle average at the exit of the particle injector,
- the average speed of each particle is measured by illuminating this particle at at least three different times by using a light source generating pulses of light, and detecting in a single image the corresponding reflected light using a second optical detector, the second optical detector and the light source being synchronized.
- the invention also relates to a device for generating a charged thermal flux of particles comprising:
- a plasma source comprising a plasma source end having a main axis along which a plasma jet is directed outwards
- At least one particle injector having at least one outlet orifice, said particle injector being intended for injecting a carrier gas and particles into the piasma jet.
- this device comprises:
- a support that can be divided in two directions in order to position said injector axially and radially with respect to said main axis and inclination means for controlling the angular position of said injector with respect to an axis perpendicular to said main axis,
- a first optical detector and display means for detecting the mean trajectory of the particles from the exit of the injector and in the plasma jet, and means for determining the average speed of said particles.
- the present invention also relates to the following characteristics which should be considered in isolation or in all their technically possible combinations: the particles are chosen from the group comprising Al 2 O 3; , SiO 2 ,
- the injector comprises a flow regulator for controlling the flow of the carrier gas used to inject the particles so as to control the average amount of movement of these particles at the outlet of the injector,
- the particle size is between about 20 and 40 micrometers
- the concentration of particles is between about 0.001 and 40 percent by mass of the plasma jet, the concentration of particles is between about 20 and 40 percent by weight of the plasma jet.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the device for generating a charged particle flux according to another embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 schematically shows the average trajectories followed by the particles as a function of the arc current associated with a volume flow rate of air for a particular mode of implementation of the invention
- FIG. 4 schematically shows the distribution of the mean particle velocities (m / s) along the principal axis as a function of the applied arc current (A), the distance on the x-axis being measured from the end of the plasma source (in mm).
- FIG. 1 shows a device for generating a particle-laden heat flux according to one embodiment of the invention.
- This device comprises a plasma source 1 comprising a source end having a main axis 2.
- the plasma source 1 is advantageously a plasma torch.
- the plasma torch is an AQTIL plasma torch marketed by EADS ST.
- This high-power torch comprises two coaxial copper tubular electrodes between which the plasma gas is injected with a large tangential velocity. The electrodes are cooled with water. This torch can advantageously operate stably in a wide range of current intensity and air flow rates.
- the source of piasma 1 produces a plasma jet 3 directed outwards along this main axis 2.
- a sample 4 placed along this main axis 2 receives the plasma jet 3.
- the device comprises at least one particle injector 5 having at least one exit orifice 6.
- This particle injector 5 is intended to inject a carrier gas and particles into the plasma jet at the outlet of the plasma source 1
- the carrier gas of the particles is used to
- the flow rate of the carrier gas is set according to the nature of the particles, its particle size distribution and also the power dissipated in the plasma jet 3. However, this flow rate remains constant. very low compared to the flow rate of the plasma jet 3 so that the perturbation generated by penetration of the particles is negligible. As an illustration, for a volume flow of air between 1500 and 8000 l / min, the volume flow rate of the carrier gas is less than 20 l / min.
- the device comprises several injectors 5 distributed homogeneously around the plasma jet 3. The number of injectors 5 is advantageously between 2 and 8.
- the injector 5 may comprise a flow regulator for controlling the flow of the carrier gas used to inject the particles so as to control the average amount of movement of these particles at the outlet of the injector 5.
- a support 8 movable in two directions allows axially and radially position the injector 5 with respect to the main axis 2 of the end of the plasma source 1 and tilting means to control its angular position with respect to an axis perpendicular to the axis 7 main 2 ( Figure 2).
- the support 8 is, for example, an arm mounted on a displacement table in a plane xy parallel to the main axis 2, It also makes it possible to adjust the position of the outlet orifice 6 of this injector 5 along the axis perpendicular 7 to Main Tax 2. The movement of this arm can be motorized or not.
- the tilting means of the injector make it possible to incline it by an angle between 0 ° and 90 ° towards the end of the plasma source 1.
- the size of the particles is between about 20 and 40 microns and their concentration is between about 0.001 and 40 percent by weight of the plasma jet.
- the particle concentration will rather be between about 20 and 40 percent by mass of the plasma jet.
- the particles are advantageously chosen from the group comprising Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , FeOH, Fe 3 O 4 and combinations thereof.
- Particles AI 2 O 3 and SiO 2 are preferred in simulations of a powder propellant, whereas particles of FeOH, Fe 3 O 4 are preferred for simulations of atmospheric re-entry and, in particular, of returned to the Martian atmosphere.
- Other particles could be implemented to simulate other environments.
- the device comprises a first optical detector 9, for example an infrared video camera and display means such as a screen for detecting and visualizing the average trajectory of the particles from the outlet orifice 6 of the injector 5 and in the jet of plasma 3.
- a first optical detector 9 for example an infrared video camera
- display means such as a screen for detecting and visualizing the average trajectory of the particles from the outlet orifice 6 of the injector 5 and in the jet of plasma 3.
- the device comprises means for determining the average speed of said particles.
- These means advantageously comprise a light source 10 generating pulses of light and a second optical detector 11.
- the second optical detector 11 and the light source 10 are synchronized.
- the light source 10 is a semiconductor laser source and the second optical detector 11 is a fast camera for recording images at high speeds.
- This camera 11 is capable of detecting low light intensities. Since this camera 11 is for example a CCD camera having a line-column matrix of pixels, each measurement is assigned at least one coordinate x representing the distance of the particle along the main axis 2 with respect to the end of the plasma source 1 at a time t.
- the speed of each particle is measured by illuminating the particles at at least three different times.
- the average speed of each particle is then obtained by relating the distance traveled by the particle measured between two measurement points by the time separating two successive pulses of the light source 10.
- the CCD camera remains open during the at least three exposures so as to visualize the three or more positions of the particles on one and the same image by superposition.
- the information collected by this second detector 11 is advantageously used with those of the first detector to determine the average trajectory of the particles from the outlet of the injector (s) 5 and in the plasma jet 3.
- the device may comprise a sample holder 12, which is incunable so that the surface of this sample 4 forms an angle between 0 ° and 90 ° with respect to the main axis 2 of the end of the plasma source 1.
- this sample holder 12 is suitable to receive samples 4 of standard size, that is to say of a size representative of the elements implemented as structural elements of a coating thermal of a spacecraft for example.
- the present invention thus lends itself to so-called “inclined board” tests, representative of the sides of the reentry vehicles or thrusters when the heat flow is partly tangential to the surface of the materials. In “inclined board”, a square sample with a minimum size of 300 mm by 300 mm is used as standard, and a sample with a minimum diameter of 25 mm is used as "breakpoint".
- FIG. 2 shows a device of the invention according to another embodiment. Elements with the same references as in Figure 1 represent the same objects.
- This device differs from that of FIG. 1, in that the end of the plasma source 1 is connected to a vacuum chamber 13 in which the plasma jet 3 is directed.
- This chamber 13 is pumped by a unit of pumping.
- This pumping unit comprises for example at least one high-speed primary pump.
- On the enclosure 13 is mounted at least one metering valve 14 connected to a metering device pumped for example by a primary pump, and a pressure gauge for introducing a gas into this chamber 13 by means of the metering valve 14 and of the dosing device.
- This gas is for example CO 2 .
- This device also comprises a diffuser 15 for discharging the plasma jet 3.
- the injector 5 is positioned to inject the particles from bottom to top.
- the invention also relates to a method for generating a charged heat flux of particles, the particles being at least partially directed on an object 4.
- a carrier gas and particles are injected from at least one particle injector. 5 having at least one outlet port 6 in a plasma jet 3.
- This plasma jet 3 is directed from the end of a plasma source 1 outwardly along a main axis 2.
- This jet of plasma 3 has a heart.
- this particle injector 5 The axial and radial positions of this particle injector 5 are then adjusted with respect to the main axis 2 and the inclination of this injector 5 with respect to an axis perpendicular to said main axis 2 and the average amount of movement of the particles at the outlet orifice 6 of the injector 5 for homogeneously driving the particles in the core of the plasma jet 3.
- the outlet orifice 6 of the injector 5 is positioned in the jet of plasma 3, the temperature of the jet of plasma 3 being lower than the melting temperature of the constituent material of the injector 5.
- the average trajectory of the particles of the outlet orifice 6 of the injector 5 and in the plasma jet 3 is determined by using a first optical detector 9, for example an infrared video camera.
- the particles acquire at a variable distance D from the end of the plasma source 1 a maximum average speed.
- the distance D of the end of the plasma source 1 is then determined and the object 4 to be characterized is positioned at this distance D.
- the object to be characterized can also be positioned up to a position D 'of the iong of the plasma. main axis 2, from this position D, the position D 'being such that the particles still have a speed approximately equal to at least 90% of the determined maximum average particle speed.
- this maximum average speed is measured and the speed of the piasma jet is adjusted to a determined speed value.
- This adjustment of the speed of the plasma jet 3 can be achieved by adding a nozzle to the end of the plasma source 1, or by increasing the electrical operating power of the plasma source 1, or by adapting the composition of the plasma carrier gas generating the plasma.
- a gas chosen from the group comprising H 2 , CO 2 and N 2 is used .
- Figure 3 shows an embodiment of the invention for alumina powders with a plasma torch.
- the outlet orifice 6 of the injector 5 is placed at a distance h of 14 mm from the end of the plasma torch 1 along the main axis 2 and at a height I 2 of 24 mm along an axis perpendicular to this main axis 2.
- the injector 5 is not inclined with respect to this axis perpendicular to the main axis 2.
- This figure 2 shows the average trajectories of the particles from the outlet of the injector and in the plasma jet for a carrier gas of 6 L / min, as a function of the arc current (A) used to generate the piasma torch associated with a volume flow rate of the piasma torch (l / min) .
- the first curve Ci (cross) is obtained for a torque 450 A-7700 rpm
- the second curve C 2 solid triangle
- the third curve C 3 (cercie) is obtained for a torque of 180 A-1700 l / min.
- Ci curve unlike the other two curves C 2 and C 3 for which the average trajectories cut the main axis 2 to about 100 mm from the end of the plasma source 1.
- the momentum of the jet is too large compared to that related to the radial flow at the outlet of the injector.
- Figure 4 shows in a particular implementation mode the distribution of average particle velocities along the main axis as a function of the arc current (A).
- the abscissa axis 16 which represents the position of the particles along the principal axis (mm), has as its point of origin 17 the end of the plasma source and the ordinate axis 18 represents the average speed of the particles (m / s).
- the powders used are particles of alumina and the plasma source is an AQTIL plasma torch.
- the first curve Si (diamond) is obtained for a current of 450 A arc
- the second curve S 2 rectangle
- the third curve S 3 (triangle) is obtained for 180 A arc current.
- the invention can be implemented as a device for thermal spraying of particles for the deposition of coatings, for example metal, on a surface.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Plasma Technology (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0550693A FR2883411B1 (fr) | 2005-03-17 | 2005-03-17 | Procede et dispositif pour generer un flux thermique charge de particules |
| PCT/FR2006/050193 WO2006097649A1 (fr) | 2005-03-17 | 2006-03-03 | Procede et dispositif pour generer un flux thermique charge de particules |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1867220A1 true EP1867220A1 (fr) | 2007-12-19 |
| EP1867220B1 EP1867220B1 (fr) | 2015-02-25 |
Family
ID=35058539
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP06726217.0A Expired - Lifetime EP1867220B1 (fr) | 2005-03-17 | 2006-03-03 | Procede et dispositif pour generer un flux thermique charge de particules |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1867220B1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2883411B1 (fr) |
| RU (1) | RU2404552C2 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2006097649A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3060693B1 (fr) * | 2013-10-25 | 2018-06-27 | United Technologies Corporation | Système de pulvérisation à plasma avec buse de milieu de revêtement ajustable |
| CN108534983B (zh) * | 2016-10-08 | 2020-01-21 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | 阵列吹气式气动光学模拟装置 |
| CN108426695B (zh) * | 2017-12-14 | 2020-08-14 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | 一种高超声速三维激波结构观测方法 |
| DE102018210115A1 (de) * | 2018-06-21 | 2019-12-24 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Justierbarer Injektorhalter für die Einstellung des Spritzflecks beim thermischen Beschichten und Verfahren |
| DE102023111775A1 (de) * | 2023-05-05 | 2024-11-07 | Elringklinger Ag | Verfahren, System und Verwendung zur Ermittlung der Beständigkeit eines Materials und/oder eines Prüfkörpers |
| CN120160788B (zh) * | 2025-03-24 | 2025-12-12 | 中国航天空气动力技术研究院 | 一种模拟空气组分低NOx等离子体射流建立方法 |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IT1041579B (it) * | 1974-09-03 | 1980-01-10 | Cockerill | Dispositivo di distribuzione di una polvere metallica in una fiamma per l applicazione di un rivestimento metallico |
| DE3435748A1 (de) * | 1984-09-28 | 1986-04-10 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Verfahren und einrichtung zum beschichten von werkstuecken durch thermisches spritzen, insbesondere durch plasmaspritzen |
| US5047612A (en) * | 1990-02-05 | 1991-09-10 | General Electric Company | Apparatus and method for controlling powder deposition in a plasma spray process |
| US5233153A (en) * | 1992-01-10 | 1993-08-03 | Edo Corporation | Method of plasma spraying of polymer compositions onto a target surface |
| RU2092981C1 (ru) * | 1996-05-29 | 1997-10-10 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Технопарк ЛТА" | Плазмотрон для напыления порошковых материалов |
| DE10025161A1 (de) * | 2000-05-23 | 2001-11-29 | Joma Chemicals As Limingen | Werstoff und Verfahren zum Herstellen einer korrosions-und verschleißfesten Schicht durch thermisches Spitzen |
| US6478234B1 (en) * | 2001-06-18 | 2002-11-12 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Adjustable injector assembly for melted powder coating deposition |
| RU2220518C1 (ru) * | 2002-05-29 | 2003-12-27 | Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных испытаний оптико-электронных приборов и систем | Способ получения потока микрочастиц и устройство для его осуществления |
-
2005
- 2005-03-17 FR FR0550693A patent/FR2883411B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-03-03 WO PCT/FR2006/050193 patent/WO2006097649A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2006-03-03 EP EP06726217.0A patent/EP1867220B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2006-03-03 RU RU2007138508/06A patent/RU2404552C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2006097649A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RU2007138508A (ru) | 2009-04-27 |
| EP1867220B1 (fr) | 2015-02-25 |
| RU2404552C2 (ru) | 2010-11-20 |
| WO2006097649A1 (fr) | 2006-09-21 |
| FR2883411B1 (fr) | 2007-06-15 |
| FR2883411A1 (fr) | 2006-09-22 |
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