EP1861029A2 - Stabilisation de facettes articulaires - Google Patents

Stabilisation de facettes articulaires

Info

Publication number
EP1861029A2
EP1861029A2 EP06737538A EP06737538A EP1861029A2 EP 1861029 A2 EP1861029 A2 EP 1861029A2 EP 06737538 A EP06737538 A EP 06737538A EP 06737538 A EP06737538 A EP 06737538A EP 1861029 A2 EP1861029 A2 EP 1861029A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
facet joint
facet
stabilization
anchoring means
vertebra
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP06737538A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1861029A4 (fr
Inventor
Chester Sutterlin Iii
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Zyga Technology Inc
Original Assignee
Sutterlin III, Chester
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Sutterlin III, Chester filed Critical Sutterlin III, Chester
Publication of EP1861029A2 publication Critical patent/EP1861029A2/fr
Publication of EP1861029A4 publication Critical patent/EP1861029A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/70—Spinal positioners or stabilisers ; Bone stabilisers comprising fluid filler in an implant
    • A61B17/7062—Devices acting on, attached to, or simulating the effect of, vertebral processes, vertebral facets or ribs ; Tools for such devices
    • A61B17/7064—Devices acting on, attached to, or simulating the effect of, vertebral facets; Tools therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84—Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A61B17/86—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
    • A61B17/864—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor hollow, e.g. with socket or cannulated
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00—Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/56—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58—Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws, setting implements or the like
    • A61B17/68—Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84—Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A61B17/86—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
    • A61B17/8685—Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor comprising multiple separate parts
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30—Joints
    • A61F2/44—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs
    • A61F2/4405—Joints for the spine, e.g. vertebrae, spinal discs for apophyseal or facet joints, i.e. between adjacent spinous or transverse processes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to spinal devices introduced percutaneously through tissue to an access point on the spine in a minimally invasive, low trauma manner, to provide therapy to the spine.
  • the devices may be deployed in situ to supplement physiologic structures of the spine through instrumentation cannula that are generally introduced via a posterior approach into a surgically prepared space.
  • the spinal devices may be used to augment and stabilize one or more facet joints on the posterior of the spinal column.
  • the spinal column is a complex system of bone segments (vertebral bodies and other bone segments) that are in most cases separated from one another by discs in the intervertebral spaces (sacral and coccygeal vertebrae are an exception).
  • Figure 1 shows the various segments of a human spinal column as viewed from the side.
  • a "motion segment" is composed of adjacent vertebrae, i.e., an inferior and a superior vertebra, and the intervertebral disc space separating the two vertebrae, whether denucleated space or with intact or damaged spinal discs.
  • Each motion segment contributes to the overall flexibility of the spine and contributes to the overall ability of the spine to provide support for the movement of the trunk and head.
  • the vertebrae of the spinal cord are conventionally subdivided into several sections. Moving from the head to the tailbone, the sections are cervical 104, thoracic 108, lumbar 112, sacral 116, and coccygeal 120. While often called a column, individual vertebrae are not aligned so that they form a traditional column. Instead, the spine is composed of a number of curved segments. When vertebrae degrade, the degraded vertebrae may alter the desirable curvature of the spine in undesirable ways. [0005] The individual vertebral bodies within the sections are identified by number starting at the vertebral body closest to the head.
  • anterior refers to in front of the spinal column (ventral), and posterior refers to behind the column (dorsal); cephalad means towards the patient's head (sometimes “superior”); caudal (sometimes “inferior”) refers to the direction or location that is closer to the feet.
  • the individual motion segments within the spinal columns allow movement within constrained limits and provide protection for the spinal cord.
  • the discs are important to bear and distribute the large forces that pass through the spinal column as a person walks, bends, lifts, or otherwise moves.
  • one or more discs in the spinal column will not operate as intended.
  • the reasons for disc problems range from a congenital defect, disease, injury, or degeneration attributable to aging. Often when the discs are not operating properly, the height between adjacent vertebral bodies is reduced and this causes additional problems including pain.
  • Many solutions have been proposed to address defects in the shape or operation of discs between vertebral bodies in the spine. However, the stack of discs and vertebral bodies on the anterior side of the spine is not the entirety of the spine.
  • the present disclosure addresses treatments for joints to the posterior of the spinal column.
  • Vertebrae differ from person to person and from top to bottom of the spinal column within a particular person.
  • the size, shape, and angular projections of the protrusions (called processes) from the vertebrae vary considerably from these examples that are typical of the lumbar section of the spine.
  • FIG 2 is a top perspective view of a single vertebra 204.
  • the vertebra has a hard outer shell of cortical bone 284 and an interior of cancellous bone 288.
  • the spinal cord (not shown) is protected in the spinal foramen 292 formed by the two pedicles 212, 216 and the two laminae 220, 224. Extending from the pedicles are two transverse processes 228, 232. Extending from the midline of the vertebra where the two laminae meet is the spinous process 236. These three processes serve as connection points for ligaments and muscle.
  • Vertebrae move relative to one other in order to allow the spine to bend forward
  • These joints are called facet joints.
  • Most vertebrae have four facet joints. Two facet joints between a particular vertebra and the adjacent cephalad vertebra and two facet joints between the particular vertebra and the adjacent caudal vertebra.
  • the components of the facet joints are the superior articular process 240 and 244 and the inferior articular process 248 and 252.
  • Figure 3 is a rear perspective view of a motion segment 200 with a lower (more caudal) vertebra 204 and a higher (more cephalad) vertebra 304.
  • the anterior portion of the vertebra is the vertebral body 208, 308.
  • Between the two vertebral bodies 208 308 is a disc
  • a neuralfor amen 356 (sometimes neural foramen) is partially visible in Figure 3. There is another neuralforamen on the opposite side.
  • the neuralforamina provide a passage for the nerves connecting to the spinal cord. If this passage way is constricted, the constriction called stenosis of the neuralforamina can cause pain or other neural symptoms.
  • FIG. 4 is a posterior view of the sacral 116, and coccygeal 120 sections of a spine.
  • the five individual vertebrae fuse together to form a sacrum 404 and four vertebrae fuse together to form the coccyx 408. While fused together, the initially distinct vertebrae of the sacrum are sometimes referenced.
  • the Sl vertebra is the top vertebra in the sacrum 404 and is adjacent to the L5 vertebra that is the most caudal of the five lumbar section vertebrae.
  • the inferior articular processes of the L5 vertebra engage with the articular processes 412 and 416 of the sacrum 404. These processes are effectively the superior articular processes of the Sl vertebra.
  • Figure 5 is an enlarged cross section of a facet joint 500 between a superior articular process 504 and an inferior articular process 508 of an adjacent more cephalad vertebra.
  • the facet joints are synovial joints; each facet joint having two opposing bony surfaces 504 and 508 with cartilage 512 between them and a joint capsule 516 around the facet. More specifically, synovial fluid 520 is contained inside the facet joint 500 by the joint capsule 516, a watertight sac of soft tissue and ligaments that fully surrounds and encloses the facet joint, which keeps the joint surfaces lubricated.
  • the ends of the superior articular process 504 and the inferior articular process 508 make up the synovial facet joint 500 are normally covered with articular, hyaline cartilage 512 that allows the bones to glide against one another providing the flexibility that allows the movement of vertebrae relative to one another.
  • This mal-aligned vertebrae may impinge in the spaces for the spinal cord and the nerves running outward from the spinal cord.
  • the reduction in space called stenosis may cause pain, numbness, or other problems.
  • additional therapies applicable to facet joints to stabilize and perhaps augment the facet joint to alleviate problems without initial resort to the more radical therapies of replacing the facet joint with a prosthetic joint or fixation of the facet joint and the inherent loss of natural movement of that motion segment.
  • the use of the less radical treatment options disclosed below may be followed by a more radical treatment option at a later date should the need for treatment evolve to require the more radical treatment.
  • Facet joint stabilization may be implemented using stabilization band that maintains tension between two anchors.
  • the stabilization band may be retained in any one of a number of ways including the use of an anti-slip device such as a mechanically deformed crimp that abuts one of the anchors.
  • Facet joint augmentation may be implemented by dilating to impose distraction between components of the facet joint and inserting a facet joint spacer before adding a facet joint stabilization assembly.
  • the facet joint augmentation may include connecting a tail section of the facet joint spacer to the first anchor used in the facet joint stabilization assembly.
  • Facet joint immobilization may be implemented by inserting a fastener across the facet joint and into the vertebra so that the assembled fastener expands inside the vertebra.
  • the facet joint immobilization may be implemented by installing the fastener through both a stabilization band and the facet joint being immobilized.
  • Figure 1 is a side view of a human spine.
  • Figure 2 is a top perspective view of a single vertebra.
  • Figure 3 is a rear perspective view of a motion segment 200 with a lower (more caudal) vertebra 204 and a higher (more cephalad) vertebra 304.
  • Figure 4 is a posterior view of the sacral 116, and coccygeal 120 sections of a spine.
  • Figure 5 is an enlarged cross section of a facet joint.
  • Figure 6 is a rear perspective view of a motion segment with an implementation of a facet joint stabilization assembly.
  • Figure 7 A shows details of a cannulated slit screw adapted to be driven into an appropriate bore hole and expanded by the insertion of an expander pin.
  • Figure 7B is a side view of an anchor after insertion of the expander pin.
  • Figure 8A is a side view of an illustration of an implementation with a first anchor 804 engaged with a stabilization band 808 through a pre-formed opening 812.
  • Figure 8B is a top view of the facet joint stabilization assembly in Figure 8 A.
  • Figure 9 is a perspective view of the distal end of an implementation of a facet joint dilator 900.
  • Figure 10 is a caudal entry view of a facet joint without the joint capsule.
  • Figure 11 is a caudal entry view of an implanted facet joint spacer 1104 retained by a facet joint stabilization assembly 1108 including a first anchor 1112 and a stabilization band 1116.
  • Figure 12 is a view of an implementation of a facet joint augmentation assembly.
  • Figure 13 is a view of an implementation of a facet joint spacer insertion tool 1304 with two arms 1308 with concave inner faces holding a facet joint spacer 1312 with a tail section 1316.
  • Figure 14 is a side view of the same facet joint spacer insertion tool 1304 with a facet joint spacer 1312 shown with dashed lines behind arm 1308.
  • Figure 15 illustrates the step of inserting a bottom portion 1504 of a first anchor through the pre- formed hole 1320 in the tail section 1316.
  • Figure 16 illustrates additional steps subsequent to those shown in Figure 15 for one implementation.
  • Figure 17 illustrates the step in this implementation of moving the free end of the stabilization band 1220 away from the first anchor 1704 and over the inferior articular process 1008 towards the site for the placement of the second anchor.
  • Figure 18 illustrates the steps in this implementation of placing the bottom portion 1804 of the second anchor into the vertebra.
  • Figure 19 illustrates the steps of this implementation to pull on the stabilization band 1220 to move a portion of the stabilization band through the connector plate 1812 that is connected to the second anchor 1904.
  • Figure 2OA is a lateral view of a spine of a patient receiving rigid fixation of the left side L5-S1 facet joint 2004 (shown without the facet joint capsule).
  • Figure 2OB shows the same spine from a posterior view.
  • Figure 21 is a side view of a spine of a patient in prone position after receipt of a facet joint stabilization assembly.
  • a motion segment will have two facet joints, one on each side. Most vertebrae will be involved with four facet joints, two joints with the adjacent more cephalad vertebra and two joints with the adjacent more caudal vertebra. While the therapies described below may be implemented bilaterally, the surgeon may find it appropriate to apply a particular therapy to one facet joint and not to the corresponding facet joint.
  • Figure 6 introduces a first form of therapy for a facet joint, a facet joint stabilization assembly 600.
  • assembly refers to multiple components, which may or may not be contiguous, and that individual components may themselves be configured as sub-assemblies that in turn include a plurality of components.
  • a facet stabilization band 604 is anchored between a first anchor 608 and a second anchor 612.
  • the first and second anchors may be a number of different types of anchors and the first anchor may operate based on a different concept than the second anchor.
  • both anchors are engaged with vertebrae using fasteners that traverse the hard dense cortical bone 284 into the cancellous bone 288 beneath.
  • the facet stabilization band 604 may pass through a portion of the second anchor 612. As the stabilization band is pulled through the portion of the second anchor 612, a tensile force will be introduced on the portion of the stabilization band between the first anchor and the second anchor that will tend to pull the two anchors closer together if the spinal column will allow the movement.
  • the selection of the points of placement of the two anchors allows the surgeon to promote movement of the inferior and superior articular processes of a facet joint relative to one another.
  • the surgeon can effectively reposition the two components of the facet joint and thus influence the relative position of the two vertebrae that meet at the facet joint. This repositioning can impact the curvature of the spine and at least partially correct for curvature that deviates from the anatomically desirable curvature.
  • Releasing the stabilization band 604 may remove the tensile force and the force that maintains the relative position of the two articular processes for that facet joint.
  • a retainer 616 that engages the stabilization band 604 to prevent movement back through the second anchor 612 towards the first anchor 608 may be used to prevent the release of the stabilization band 604.
  • the retainer After the stabilization band 604 is engaged with the retainer 616 the retainer is positioned so that the retainer cannot move such as by placing the retainer abutting the second anchor and sizing the retainer so that it cannot pass through the second anchor.
  • a portion of the stabilization band may be removed such as by cutting the stabilization band near the retainer as indicated by arrow 620.
  • Figure 6 helps illustrate concepts relevant to a facet joint stabilization assembly
  • Figure 6 is by no means exhaustive of the many variations in how the facet joint stabilization assembly may be implemented.
  • the facet joint 500 receiving therapy in Figure 6 is a facet joint between two lumbar vertebrae. While adjustments may need to be made for size and angles, a facet joint stabilization assembly may be applied between the L5 vertebra and the sacrum, or on a more cephalad motion segment involving the cervical or dorsal portions of the spine. (See 104 and 108 of Figure 1). As mentioned above, the therapy may be applied bilaterally to a pair of facet joints between two vertebrae. Facet joint stabilization assemblies may be applied to more than one motion segment.
  • the first anchor is shown in Figure 6 as anchored by a fastener into the same vertebra as the superior articular process.
  • the first anchor may be placed into a more caudal vertebra including one of the components of the sacrum 404. If the facet joint receiving therapy is a facet joint between the L5 vertebra and the Sl vertebra of the sacrum, then the first anchor may be placed into the sacrum either close to the facet joint or further down the sacrum into something other than the Sl vertebra.
  • the sacrum has a number of foramina.
  • the first anchor may be a foraminal hook that is adapted to hook into one of the sacral foramen.
  • the first anchor may be a laminal hook that is adapted to engage the one of the laminae. Hooks are viable as anchors as the hook will be under tension after the stabilization band is pulled and retained.
  • the first anchor may be a bone screw known in the art including a cortical bone screw, a cancellous bone screw, and a facet screw.
  • the cortical bone 284 is difficult to screw into but the bone screw may use self-tapping threads.
  • the anchor may engage a bore that is created in the vertebra such as through use of a drill or a punch.
  • the first anchor may include any of the permanent surgical fasteners such as staples known in the art that are suitable to engage the first end of the stabilization band and cortical bone. Surgical fasteners that are intended to dissolve after a period of time are not likely to be selected by a surgeon for use in this application.
  • the anchor may engage the vertebra at a variety of locations depending on the desired placement of the anchors.
  • the anchor may be placed in the pedicle.
  • the depth of the anchor should be selected to ensure that the anchor does not impinge on any part of the spinal canal and thus damage or irritate the spinal cord or the nerves running from the spinal cord.
  • the anchor may also engage: the spinous process; the laminae; pars interarticularis (between lamina and pedicle); articular processes, and other suitable structures.
  • the fasteners may be cannulated along the long axis so as to be adapted for delivery over a guide wire.
  • the fasteners used in anchors may use snap pins that engage a portion of the anchor that is adapted to receive and retain the snap pin.
  • a first part of the anchor is engaged with the cortical bone perhaps through a previously created bore hole in the cortical bone.
  • the snap pin engages the item to be anchored and is extended into the first part of the anchor where the snap pin is retained, thus anchoring the item to be anchored to the first part of the anchor which is in-turn anchored in the vertebra.
  • the fasteners used in anchors may be adapted to expand a portion of the anchor within the vertebra to increase the purchase of the anchor, thus making it less likely that the anchor will pull out .
  • Figure 7 A shows details of a cannulated slit screw 708 adapted to be driven into an appropriate bore hole and expanded by the insertion of an expander pin 704 as shown in Figure 7B.
  • the base 708 of the anchor is initially effectively a threaded rod.
  • the external threads 712 (illustrated here conceptually as the actual thread choice is not limited to a particular type of bone threads) are sized to engage the outer surface of the bore in the bone.
  • the thread may have discontinuities 714 between the base fingers 718.
  • Introduction of the expander pin 704 splays the base fingers 718.
  • the end cap 722 of the expander pin 704 extends beyond the splayed base fingers 718 and the base fingers 718 engage with a shoulder 722 so that the expander pin 704 is locked in place.
  • Other implementations may use an expander tip that is threaded so that the upper portion of the expander tip engages with corresponding female threads in the interior of the anchor base.
  • An implementation using threaded engagement between the anchor components would not need an end cap with a shoulder in order to lock the expander pin in place.
  • Figure 6 shows the first anchor to be caudal to the facet joint receiving therapy.
  • the first anchor may be cephalad to the facet joint with the second anchor being caudal.
  • the first anchor may be connected to the vertebra 304 with the inferior articular process that is part of the facet joint receiving therapy.
  • the first anchor may be connected to a more cephalad vertebra.
  • the second anchor may be connected in the same locations and manners as the first anchor.
  • the only restriction on the placement of the second anchor is that it must work with the placement of the first anchor so that tension on the stabilization band provides the desired movement of the anchors towards each other.
  • the first anchor serves to anchor a first end of the stabilization band.
  • the first anchor must engage with a portion of the spinal column and must engage with the first end of the stabilization band.
  • One way is for a portion of the anchor (such as a snap pin or a bone screw) to pass through a pre-formed hole in the first end of the stabilization band.
  • the pre-formed hole may be created as part of the manufacturing process of the stabilization band or during preparations for insertion of the stabilization band before it is introduced into the body.
  • the pre-formed hole may be added to the stabilization band in situ but before the insertion of a portion of the anchor through the stabilization band.
  • a portion of the anchor such as a bone screw may be driven through the first end of the stabilization band to create a hole through the stabilization band.
  • a portion of the anchor may engage the first end of the stabilization band.
  • the first anchor may have an integral retainer or one that abuts the first anchor.
  • a first anchor may be made from the same components as a second anchor and retainer, described in more detail below. The retainer may be applied to the end of the stabilization band and the stabilization band may pass through the first anchor before passing through a portion of the second anchor.
  • the combination of the second anchor and the retainer serves to allow the stabilization band to be moved relative to the second anchor and then to retain the moved stabilization band so that it cannot move relative to the second anchor to release the tension pulling the first anchor and the second anchor towards each other.
  • One implementation is to have an eyelet, channel, or an equivalent added to the second anchor so that a portion of the stabilization band may be pulled through the second anchor.
  • a second anchor may use a channel that does not completely encircle a portion of the stabilization band as long as the channel allows the stabilization band to move through the channel and constrains the stabilization band from moving in a direction substantially perpendicular to the long axis of the stabilization band, the channel is sufficient.
  • a second anchor may have a U-shaped component that is mechanically deformed after a stabilization band is moved into the open end of the U-shaped channel such that the channel constrains the stabilization band but may not totally encircle or surround a portion of the stabilization band.
  • Figure 8A is a side view of an illustration of an implementation with a first anchor 804 engaged with a stabilization band 808 through a pre-formed opening 812.
  • a second anchor 816 is shown with a integral channel 820 through which the stabilization band may pass.
  • a retainer 824 may be slid down the second end of the stabilization band 828 until the retainer is abutting the second anchor 816. This movement of the retainer 824 to contact the second anchor 816 may be performed before the stabilization band 808 is moved relative to the second anchor (or before a tool is used to move the two anchors towards one another). Alternatively, the retainer 824 may be moved after the stabilization band 808 has been moved relative to the second anchor 816 in order to retain the new position of the stabilization band 808 relative to the second anchor 816.
  • Figure 8B is a top view of the facet joint stabilization assembly in Figure 8A. Note that after pulling on the second end of the stabilization band (See Figure 8A) the first anchor 804 is now closer to the second anchor 816. In order to prevent the stabilization band from moving back through the channel 820 towards the first anchor, the retainer is used to hold the stabilization band.
  • the retainer is used to hold the stabilization band.
  • One of skill in the art will recognize that the use of many methods of retaining the position of the stabilization band relative to the second anchor may allow for some small movement of the stabilization band as the retainer engages with the stabilization band. There may be some movement of the retainer with respect to the second anchor that releases a small portion of the tension between the retainer and the first anchor.
  • the retainer may be a crimp that is mechanically deformed to alter the crimp from a channel that allows the stabilization band from passing through it, to a channel that does not allow the stabilization band to pass through it.
  • the retainer may be some other type of anti- slip device.
  • the crimp may be a U-shaped channel that is slipped onto the stabilization band and mechanically deformed so that the stabilization band will not move relative to the deformed U-shaped channel under the expected loading.
  • Another implementation may use a retainer that has a channel with interdigitating teeth that are slanted to allow passage of the stabilization band in a first direction (away from the first anchor and second anchor) and resist movement of the stabilization band in the second direction (back towards the first and second anchor).
  • Some surgeons may prefer implementations that allow the stabilization band to move in both directions relative to the retainer until the retainer is altered, other surgeons may prefer retainers that only allow motion of the stabilization band in one direction.
  • anti-slip mechanisms are known in the art and may be used in retainers that encircle or substantially surround a portion of the stabilization band.
  • Cam-based devices may be used to allow motion in one direction as the stabilization band rotates the cam out of the way when moving in a first direction but causes the cam to engage the stabilization band and resist movement in the opposite direction.
  • the retainer may be integral to the second anchor rather than an independent component.
  • the stabilization band may be retained relative to the second anchor by tying a knot in the stabilization band so that is cannot pass through the second anchor.
  • the stabilization band may be tied to the second anchor to retain the relative position of the stabilization band.
  • the stabilization band may be retained relative to the second anchor by anchoring a portion of the stabilization band with a third anchor or by tying a portion of the stabilization band to a vertebral body.
  • Another therapy that may be applied to a facet joint is to augment the facet joint with a facet joint spacer to increase the distance between the inferior articular process and the superior articular process.
  • This is know as distraction.
  • Increasing the distance between the inferior articular process of one vertebra and the superior articular process of an adjacent more caudal vertebra will alter the relative positions of two vertebrae and may alter the loading on the disc that lies between the vertebral bodies of the two vertebrae. Increasing this distance may also separate two painful facet joint surfaces.
  • Increasing the distance between the inferior articular process of one vertebra and the superior articular process of an adjacent more caudal vertebra may also enlarge a stenotic spinal canal and stenotic neuralforamina to relieve compressed nerves.
  • Insertion of a wedge shaped joint capsule spacer into the facet joint may allow for additional control upon the imposed relative movement of the inferior articular process relative to the superior articular process of the facet joint.
  • Figure 9 is a perspective view of the distal end of an implementation of a facet joint dilator 900.
  • distal/proximal are taken with respect to the hand of the surgeon.
  • the facet joint dilator has a foot 904 that may have a tapered leading edge 908.
  • the facet joint dilator may have a concave face 912 and a convex face 916 to emulate the shape at point of entry of the facet joint.
  • the angle between the foot 904 and the shaft 920 may be approximately perpendicular as shown in Figure 9 but it may be some other angle including a simple extension of the shaft (a zero degree angle).
  • the choice of angle between the foot and the shaft is driven by the access angle in order to access and dilate the facet joint.
  • the access angle will vary depending on the particular motion segment at issue and the approach used by the surgeon.
  • the dilator may be implemented with a flat face rather than a pair of convex and concave faces based on the geometry of the facet joint to be dilated.
  • the dilator may be implemented so that the depth of the dilator beyond the tapered leading edge continues to increase along the foot towards the connection of the foot and the shaft.
  • the dilator may be part of a set of dilators so that a series of dilators may be inserted in sequence to progressively increase the amount of imposed dilation of the facet joint.
  • the dilator shaft may be in the range of between 4 millimeters and 12 millimeters and more often between 8 millimeters and 10 millimeters. When the foot is perpendicular to the shaft, the length of the foot may be between 5 millimeters and 15 millimeters.
  • Figure 10 is a caudal entry view of a facet joint without the joint capsule. (See element 516 in Figure 5). The rear edge of the superior articular process 1004 is shown by a dashed line running through the inferior articular process 1008. Target line 1012 shows a place for the dilator.
  • the facet joint capsule may be opened using a knife blade, an electrocautery process, a curette, an elevator, or other probe.
  • the insertion of a dilator through the facet joint capsule and into the facet joint to dilate the facet joint is facilitated if the dilator foot is lubricious (slippery).
  • the dilator foot may be made of a lubricious material such as a polytetrafluoroethylene polymer including material sold under the Teflon trademark. Some implementations of the dilator foot may be treated with a surface coating to lubricate the surface.
  • a spacer may be inserted to retain and possibly increase the distraction between the inferior articular process and the superior articular process.
  • the spacer may be shaped to include a wedge angle to distract part of the facet joint more than another part of the facet joint or to substantially mirror a physiological wedge angle that exists between the surfaces of the inferior articular process and the superior articular process.
  • the facet joint spacer may be made of a hibricious material such as a polytetrafiuoroethylene polymer including material sold under the Teflon trademark.
  • the facet joint spacer may be made of an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) or some other material (as described below).
  • UHMWPE ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene
  • the facet joint spacer may be coated with a lubricant.
  • the dimensions of the facet joint spacer may be in the range from between about 0.05 millimeters to about 6 millimeters in height often sized to achieve 0.05 millimeters to 4 millimeters of distraction; from between about 5 millimeters to about 15 millimeters in length, and often between about 8 millimeters to about 12 millimeters in length; from between about 5 millimeters to about 12 millimeters in width and often between about 8 millimeters to about 10 millimeters in width.
  • FIG. 11 is a caudal entry view of an implanted facet joint spacer 1104 retained by a facet joint stabilization assembly 1108 including a first anchor 1112 and a stabilization band 1116.
  • Figure 12 is a view of an implementation of a facet joint augmentation assembly.
  • facet joint 1204 is augmented with a facet joint spacer 1208 that has a tail section 1212 that extends out of the facet joint.
  • the tail section may have a preformed hole that is engaged by the first anchor 1216 along with the pre-formed hole in the first end of the stabilization band 1220.
  • the tail section need not have a pre-formed hole as a hole may be added in situ, an anchor component may be driven through the tail section, or the tail section may be engaged with the first anchor in a manner not needing a component to pass through the tail section such as a clamp mechanism or one of the various anti-slip mechanism discussed elsewhere.
  • the stabilization band 1220 runs through a channel 1228 in the second anchor 1224 and is retained in a tensioned position by a mechanically deformed crimp 1232. The stabilization band 1220 may be cut close to the crimp to leave a new second end 1236 of the stabilization band.
  • Figure 13 illustrates an implementation of a facet joint spacer insertion tool 1304 with two arms 1308 with concave inner faces holding a facet joint spacer 1312 with a tail section 1316.
  • the tail section 1316 has a pre-formed hole 1320.
  • Figure 14 is a side view of the same facet joint spacer insertion tool 1304 with a facet joint spacer 1312 shown with dashed lines behind arm 1308.
  • the facet joint spacer 1312 may have a tapered leading edge and shown here with tail section 1316.
  • the assembly process includes moving the loaded facet joint spacer insertion tool 1304 in proximity to the dilated facet joint 1404.
  • the assembly process further includes inserting the loaded facet joint spacer insertion tool 1304 into the facet joint 1404 and then extending the tail section 1316.
  • Figure 15 illustrates the step of inserting a bottom portion 1504 of a first anchor through the pre-formed hole 1320 in the tail section 1316.
  • the bottom portion 1504 of the first anchor may be inserted into a previously formed bore in the vertebra.
  • the bottom portion 1504 of the first anchor is shown here as engaged with the first end of the stabilization band 1220 as the bottom portion 1504 passes through a pre-formed hole in the stabilization band.
  • the bottom portion 1504 of the first anchor is shown here as a threaded cannulated fastener with threaded fingers at the implanted end of the bottom portion 1504 of the first anchor.
  • Figure 16 illustrates the steps in this implementation of inserting the second portion 1604 of the first anchor to splay the fingers at the inserted end of the bottom portion 1504 of the first anchor.
  • Figure 17 illustrates the step in this implementation of moving the free end of the stabilization band 1220 away from the first anchor 1704 and over the inferior articular process 1008 towards the site for the placement of the second anchor.
  • Figure 18 illustrates the steps in this implementation of placing the bottom portion 1804 of the second anchor into the vertebra.
  • the implementation may insert the bottom portion 1804 in a pre-formed bore hole.
  • the bottom portion 1804 of the second anchor may be the same as the bottom portion 1504 of the first anchor.
  • An expander pin 1808 passes through one side of a connector plate 1812 and the loose end of the stabilization band 1220 passes through the other side of the connector plate 1812. Insertion of the expander pin 1808 into the bottom portion 1804 of the second anchor will splay the fingers at the inserted end of the bottom portion 1504 of the second anchor.
  • Crimp 1232 may be slid down the stabilization band 1220 until the crimp 1232 abuts the second anchor.
  • Figure 19 illustrates the steps of this implementation to pull on the stabilization band 1220 to move a portion of the stabilization band through the connector plate 1812 that is connected to the second anchor 1904.
  • tension is applied that pulls the second anchor 1904 towards the first anchor and the tension pulls the first anchor towards the second anchor.
  • the crimpl232 may be mechanically deformed to retain the stabilization band 1220 to maintain the tensile force between the first anchor and the crimp 1232 that abuts the connection plate 1812 of the second anchor 1904.
  • the excess portion 1908 of the stabilization band 1220 may be cut and removed.
  • Figure 2OA is a lateral view of a spine of a patient receiving rigid fixation of the left side L5-S1 facet joint 2004 (shown without the facet joint capsule).
  • Figure 2OB shows the same spine from a posterior view. Surgical procedures on the posterior of the spine are frequently performed on a patient lying prone on the operating table.
  • the rigid fixation may be applied bilaterally by applying fixation to the right side L5-S1 facet joint (not shown).
  • the L5-S1 facet joint lies between an inferior articular process of the L5 vertebra 2008 and an articular process of the sacrum 2012 (See Figure 4) that effectively acts as the superior articular process.
  • the fixation device 2016 may be inserted along the line of approach 2020 that comes close to the caudal edge of the L4 spinous process 2024.
  • the fixation device may be inserted through a previously placed stabilization band from a facet joint stabilization assembly (not shown in Figure 20).
  • the fixation device may be inserted through a previously placed facet joint insert.
  • the fixation device may be placed in an appropriately sized and previously formed bore that may be made by drilling or other processes known in the art.
  • the fixation device may include a first component that has external threads to engage the vertebra and is capable of being expanded when a second component is inserted into a cavity in the long axis of the first component. The expansion may be the splaying of fingers of the first component as the second component is inserted into the embedded first component.
  • FIG. 21 is a side view of a spine of a patient in prone position after receipt of a facet joint stabilization assembly.
  • the sacrum 2104, L5 vertebra 2108, and L4 vertebra 2112 are of interest in this Figure.
  • the first anchor 2150 is inserted across the L5/S1 facet joint 2116 visible in this view.
  • the stabilization band 2154 runs through a portion of the second anchor 2158 and a retainer 2162.
  • first anchor 2150 serves to immobilize the facet joint 2116 and assist in the therapy applied to facet joint 2120 on the left side of the L4/L5 motion segment.
  • implementations may include certain materials that may enhance visualization of implant assembly components and instrumentation for their deployment via radio-imaging (e.g., fluoroscopy). It will be understood that such enhancing materials (e.g., Ta; barium sulfate powders, etc.) may be incorporated into the formation of certain metal or polymeric materials in the device assemblies and may be incorporated into tools sets used to deploy the various components.
  • radio-imaging e.g., fluoroscopy
  • the various components may be made from biocompatible materials where, the term "biocompatible” refers to an absence of chronic inflammation response or cytotoxicity when or if physiological tissues are in contact with, or exposed to (e.g., wear debris) the materials and devices.
  • the materials used may be selected to be one or more of the following: sterilizable; visible; imageable, e.g., fluoroscopically; or via CT (computed tomography), or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), with this last-named imaging technique mandating that materials be substantially free of Fe (iron).
  • materials may use contrast media (e.g., iodine) or other materials (e.g., Ta; Ti, barium sulfate) when and where needed and appropriate, to supplement or modify radiolucency or radio-opaqueness.
  • contrast media e.g., iodine
  • other materials e.g., Ta; Ti, barium sulfate
  • Materials may be configured to include biocompatible materials that meet ISO 10993 standards for long-term implants, are able to withstand, without wear, long term normal ranges of physiological loading (i.e., over the lifetime of the implant, or up to about 40 X 10 6 cycles) of between about 1250 Newtons (N) (280 lbf) and 2250N (500 lbf) axial compression; 100 N (25 lbf) and 450N (100 lbf) of both lateral and sagittal shear, respectively, through full ROM.
  • N Newtons
  • 2250N 500 lbf
  • axial compression 100 N (25 lbf) and 450N (100 lbf)
  • certain components may be designed to tolerate short term (e.g., over about 20 continuous cycles) maximum physiological loads through foil range of motion of about 8000 Newtons (N) (1800 lbf) axial compression; about 2000 N (450 lbf) lateral shear; and about 3000 N (675 lbf) sagittal shear, without failing.
  • N Newtons
  • the biomechanical properties of components used in the various therapies described above may be designed to substantially match those of native structures, to functionally enable the assemblies to substantially mimic physiologic load distribution and dissipation; prevent ongoing transition syndrome degeneration while exhibiting sufficient resistance to fatigue and shear forces to preclude device wear and material fragmentation.
  • the facet joint spacers and snap lock pins may be fabricated from medical grade cross-linked UHMWPE; medical grade polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) such as that commercially available from Invibio Inc., in Lancashire, United Kingdom, or polyether-ketone-ketone (PEKK) available from Coors-Tech Corporation, in Colorado, or alternatively, conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA); or other suitable polymers.
  • PEEK medical grade polyether-ether-ketone
  • PEKK polyether-ketone-ketone
  • PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
  • Anchor components such as cannulated screws may be formed from among high strength (high tensile strength, high fatigue strength), wear and abrasion resistant metal alloys (for example: MP35N; Elgiloy,TM a super alloy of cobalt chrome; Co-Cr alloy such as StelliteTM; Ti6A14V alloy, and nitride coated Ti alloys).
  • high strength high tensile strength, high fatigue strength
  • wear and abrasion resistant metal alloys for example: MP35N; Elgiloy,TM a super alloy of cobalt chrome; Co-Cr alloy such as StelliteTM; Ti6A14V alloy, and nitride coated Ti alloys.
  • the components and tools may be introduced after a blunt-tipped stylet is introduced percutaneously through a guide pin introducer under fluoroscopic guidance and safely enables advancement of the guide pin introducer through the soft tissue of the posterior access track up to the target site on a spinal vertebral body.
  • the stylet is withdrawn from the guide pin introducer now positioned in place at the target site, and a beveled guide pin, often of about 0.09 inch to about 0.125 inch of outer diameter is inserted, with its handle attached by engagement means of a hex and thumb screw lock, into the guide pin introducer, forming a guide pin-guide pin introducer assembly.
  • the beveled tip at the distal end of the guide pin is advanced through the dorsal fascia of the spinous process at the target site of the vertebral body.
  • the guide pin is advanced through the intervening soft tissue to the L5-S1 facet joints (left side first).
  • the thumb screw is loosened and the guide pin handle is removed from the guide pin's proximal end, to enable attachment of the guide pin extension.
  • the guide pin introducer is then removed without disturbing the guide pin.
  • a cannulated dilator e.g., about 6 millimeter in diameter
  • a cannulated dilator is inserted over the guide pin extension and its distal end is advanced over the guide wire to the vertebral body target site.
  • the process is sequentially repeated inserting larger a cannulated dilator, and then the dilator is swept to expose the target L5-S1 bone surface.
  • the dilator is part of an assembly in engagement with a tapered dilator sheath, respectively inserted over the guide pin and advanced to the target facet joint site.
  • a series of dilators of up to 20 millimeter in diameter are often used. Thus, dilators in 4 millimeter increments from 6 millimeters up to 20 millimeters in diameter.
  • the dilator handle is then disengaged from the sheath and the dilator is withdrawn over the guide pin, leaving the dilator sheath in place, to preserve trajectory.
  • the guide pin is then removed to enable insertion of a 2 millimeter drill for subsequent deployment of facet anchors through the dilator sheath.
  • the drill is used to drill (through the large dilator sheath down to bony surface) into the L5-S1 facet joint cortical bone to accommodate, anchors such as titanium alloy facet screws of between about 2 millimeters to about 6 millimeters in length and often about 2 millimeters in diameter.
  • the guide pin is inserted through the dilator sheath, and the exchange bushing is inserted over the pin, over the dilator sheath and advanced to the target site.
  • the exchange cannula is inserted over the exchange bushing, and left in place following subsequent removal of the bushing.
  • the dilator is then inserted into the dilator sheath, to engage and remove it.
  • components such as the facet joint spacers; cannulated anchors and snap lock pin assemblies are introduced over the guide wire and through the exchange system, i.e., by deploying the distal end of the left anchor component by means of insertion over the proximal end of the extended guide pin and into the pre-drilled hole.
  • the 2-piece, first anchor is put into place, the second anchor is put into place; the stabilization band is tensioned and retained using a crimp tube then cut.
  • the surgical access may be conducted by methods other than the posterior approach referenced-above, including open surgical procedures from any access orientation, and that each of the therapies to the spine discussed above may be conducted on more than one motion segments traversed by at least one working channel, with deployment of appropriate implants and with post-procedural surgical closure.
  • implant components e.g., anchors, snap lock pins; stabilization bands, facet joint spacers, facet joint dilators, facet joint spacer tools
  • Some implementations may seek to severely limit the movement of the facet joint and may employ a substantially inelastic stabilization band that does not increase length appreciably in response to load. This may be used with or without an anchor driving through the facet joint to stabilize the joint.
  • Kits may be provided that include all of the components necessary for deploying one of the therapies described above.
  • the kits may also include some or all of the necessary dilators and insertion tools.
  • the kits may include components and tools in a variety of sizes and configurations to address the variations in facet joints from one portion of a spine to another, from one patient to another, and to address irregularities that may be present from degeneration of the facet joint.

Abstract

L'invention concerne divers modes de réalisation permettant de traiter des facettes articulaires reliant des vertèbres et qui comprennent: A) un dispositif de stabilisation de facettes articulaires utilisant une bande de stabilisation qui maintient une tension entre deux ancres. La bande de stabilisation peut être retenue de diverses manières, y compris au moyen d'un dispositif antiglissement tel qu'un élément de serrage mécaniquement déformé aboutant l'une des ancres. B) L'augmentation d'une facette articulaire, obtenue par l'expansion de celle-ci et l'insertion d'un espaceur de facette articulaire avant l'ajout d'un ensemble stabilisation de facette articulaire. L'augmentation d'une facette articulaire comprend l'étape consistant à relier une partie queue de l'espaceur de facette articulaire à la première ancre utilisée dans l'ensemble stabilisation de facette articulaire. C) L'immobilisation d'une facette articulaire, mise en oeuvre par l'insertion d'un élément de fixation traversant la facette articulaire et pénétrant la vertèbre, de sorte l'élément de fixation assemblé se déploie à l'intérieur de la vertèbre.
EP06737538A 2005-03-08 2006-03-08 Stabilisation de facettes articulaires Withdrawn EP1861029A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US65962905P 2005-03-08 2005-03-08
PCT/US2006/008376 WO2006096803A2 (fr) 2005-03-08 2006-03-08 Stabilisation de facettes articulaires

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EP1861029A2 true EP1861029A2 (fr) 2007-12-05
EP1861029A4 EP1861029A4 (fr) 2010-12-22

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EP (1) EP1861029A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP4852680B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2645248A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2006096803A2 (fr)

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US20060235391A1 (en) 2006-10-19
WO2006096803A2 (fr) 2006-09-14
US8696707B2 (en) 2014-04-15
CA2645248A1 (fr) 2006-09-14
EP1861029A4 (fr) 2010-12-22
WO2006096803A3 (fr) 2007-01-25
JP4852680B2 (ja) 2012-01-11
JP2008532642A (ja) 2008-08-21

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