EP1846531B1 - Compositions de fluides pour spotting et procedes associes - Google Patents

Compositions de fluides pour spotting et procedes associes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1846531B1
EP1846531B1 EP05823714A EP05823714A EP1846531B1 EP 1846531 B1 EP1846531 B1 EP 1846531B1 EP 05823714 A EP05823714 A EP 05823714A EP 05823714 A EP05823714 A EP 05823714A EP 1846531 B1 EP1846531 B1 EP 1846531B1
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Prior art keywords
phase fluid
drill string
isobutyl
water soluble
spotting
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EP05823714A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1846531A1 (fr
Inventor
Jay P. Deville
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Halliburton Energy Services Inc
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Halliburton Energy Services Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
    • C09K8/32—Non-aqueous well-drilling compositions, e.g. oil-based
    • C09K8/36—Water-in-oil emulsions
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B31/00—Fishing for or freeing objects in boreholes or wells
    • E21B31/035—Fishing for or freeing objects in boreholes or wells controlling differential pipe sticking
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2208/00—Aspects relating to compositions of drilling or well treatment fluids
    • C09K2208/02—Spotting, i.e. using additives for releasing a stuck drill

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to fluids useful in subterranean applications and more particularly, to spotting fluid compositions that may be useful in subterranean applications for addressing, inter alia, drill string sticking problems.
  • Drill string sticking is a phenomenon in which a drill string or a portion of a drill string cannot be moved within a well bore. That is, a drill string or a portion of a drill string may experience sticking such that it cannot be rotated, reciprocated, or both. Drill string sticking is generally considered the most expensive and greatest lost-time problem in drilling.
  • differential sticking usually occurs when a drill string becomes embedded in, among other things, the filter cake contained within a subterranean formation, e.g ., a permeable formation.
  • a drill string can be become stuck in a well bore ( e.g., in the filter cake) by a pressure differential between the hydrostatic pressure of the well bore mud and the formation pressure. This difference in pressures is sometimes referred to as "overbalance pressure.”
  • the sticking force exerted on a drill string can be considerable when the overbalance pressure is exerted over a large portion of the drill string.
  • Methods used to alleviate a stuck portion of a drill string have included methods such as lowering the hydrostatic pressure in a well bore, applying a shock force just above the stuck point by mechanical jarring, placing a spotting fluid next to the stuck zone, or some combination of the above.
  • Lowering the hydrostatic pressure of the well bore to free stuck pipe is one alternative, but this solution has drawbacks in that it may compromise well control.
  • application of a shock force to the pipe does not suffice to free the stuck pipe. Therefore, quick application of a spotting fluid is usually recommended as a solution for freeing stuck pipe. Indeed, the most common approach is to place a spot of oil, oil-base mud, or special spotting fluid in the stuck zone of drill string.
  • Spotting fluids may act to assist in reducing the differential sticking problem encountered by drill strings by, among other things, acting as a lubricant and/or by dehydrating the filter cake formed around the stuck portion of the drill string.
  • a variety of spotting fluids have been heretofore used to address the problem of stuck pipe.
  • One of the drawbacks of some of the spotting fluids heretofore used is that certain components of the spotting fluid may not be compatible with higher environmental standards of some regions.
  • some spotting fluids use emulsifying agents that are not compatible with stricter environmental regulations of the North Sea region or other regions. Consequently, operators in some regions may have to resort to using less desirable spotting fluids that may be less effective or forego the use of spotting fluids entirely.
  • the present invention relates to fluids useful in subterranean applications and more particularly, to spotting fluid compositions that may be useful in subterranean applications for addressing, inter alia, drill string sticking problems.
  • An example of a method of reducing drill string sticking comprises: providing a spotting fluid composition comprising a water insoluble external phase fluid, a water soluble internal phase fluid, and an ether carboxylic acid emulsifying agent; introducing the spotting fluid to the vicinity of a desired portion of a drill string; and allowing the spotting fluid to interact with a portion of material surrounding the desired portion of the drill string.
  • Another example of a method of reducing differential sticking of a drill string comprises: providing a spotting fluid composition comprising an emulsion formed by the reaction product of a water insoluble external phase fluid wherein the water insoluble external phase fluid comprises isobutyl oleate, a water soluble internal phase fluid wherein the water soluble internal phase fluid comprises glycerin, an ether carboxylic acid emulsifying agent wherein the ether carboxylic acid is defined by the following formula: where n is a positive integer: 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 8, and where R is any hydrocarbon group having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; introducing the spotting fluid composition to the vicinity of a desired portion of a drill string; and allowing the spotting fluid to interact with a portion of material surrounding a desired portion of the drill string.
  • the present invention relates to fluids useful in subterranean applications and more particularly, to spotting fluid compositions that may be useful in subterranean applications for addressing, inter alia, drill string sticking problems.
  • the compositions and methods of the present invention may be particularly useful for use as spotting fluids for addressing drill strung sticking problems.
  • the spotting fluid compositions of the present invention have desirable rheological and environmental properties for performing such operations.
  • the spotting fluid compositions of the present invention may act to assist in reducing the differential sticking problem encountered by drill strings by, among other things, acting as a lubricant and/or by dehydrating the filter cake formed around the stuck device.
  • the term drill string includes, but is not limited to, drill pipes, drill collars, drill bits, stabilizers, reamers, casing, tubing, and other tools which may experience sticking problems down hole.
  • the spotting fluid compositions of the present invention comprise a water insoluble external phase fluid, a water soluble internal phase fluid, and an ether carboxylic acid emulsifying agent.
  • the water soluble internal phase fluid may form an emulsion with the water insoluble external phase fluid with the ether carboxylic acid emulsifying agent.
  • a water insoluble external phase fluid may form a continuous phase surrounding a dispersed water soluble internal phase fluid.
  • Components that may optionally be added to the spotting fluid composition include, but are not limited to, viscosifiers, weighting agents, wetting agents, or a mixture thereof.
  • the water insoluble external phase fluid may comprise any oleaginous fluid normally immiscible with water.
  • water insoluble external phase fluids include, but are not limited to, fatty acid esters, mineral oil, linear alpha olefins, internal olefins, n-paraffins, diesel oil, kerosene, or a mixture thereof.
  • the water insoluble external phase fluid preferably remains in a liquid and nonvolatile state throughout its use.
  • fatty acid esters useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, fatty acid esters of the formula, ROR', where R represents fatty acids of carbon chains from C 8 to C 20 and R' is any C 1 to C 18 carbon chain, such as for example, methyl oleate, ethyl oleate, isobutyl oleate, isobutyl linoleate, and isobutyl linolenate.
  • the water insoluble external phase fluid may function by acting as a semipermeable membrane for osmotic dehydration of the filter cake and/or by providing additional lubrication, which may assist the freeing of stuck drill string.
  • the water soluble internal phase fluid may comprise any fluid that has a low water activity coefficient, preferably less than about 0.8.
  • suitable water soluble internal phase fluids include, but are not limited to, brines, diols, triols, and water soluble polyols.
  • suitable brines useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, sodium chloride brines, calcium chloride brines, potassium chloride brines, or mixtures thereof.
  • suitable diols useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and other diols of the formula, R(OH) 2 , where R is any C 2 to C 6 carbon chain.
  • triols useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, glycerin and triols of the formula, R(OH) 3 , where R is any C 2 to C 6 carbon chain.
  • the water soluble internal phase fluid may, among other functions, exhibit an osmotic character due to its low water activity coefficient and thus, may assist in the dehydration of filter cake and other material surrounding a drill string.
  • the ether carboxylic acid emulsifying agent may comprise any suitable ether carboxylic acid.
  • the ether carboxylic acid emulsifying agent may be described by Formula 1 below: where n is a positive integer: 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 8, and where R comprises any hydrocarbon group having from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms that, for example, may comprise a linear or branched alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkylaryl, aryl alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkyl ether, aryl ether, alkyl aryl ether, amides, esters, or a mixture thereon.
  • R is C 18 H q , where q is an integer: 0 ⁇ q ⁇ 38. It is within the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure to determine the appropriate amount of emulsifier to add to achieve a desirable emulsion. In certain embodiments, the emulsifying agent may be effective in amount less than about 2% by weight of the spotting fluid composition.
  • a viscosifier optionally may be added to the spotting fluid composition, among other reasons, to adjust the rheological behavior of the fluid.
  • the amount of viscosifier may be varied according to the weight of the spotting fluid used to achieve acceptable rheological properties.
  • the viscosifier may include clay, organophilic clay, sodium montmorillonite clay, attapulgite clay, high molecular weight biopolymer polysaccharides, cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, or a mixture thereof.
  • the amount of viscosifier to add to achieve a desired rheological behavior of the spotting fluid is within the skill of a person of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure.
  • a weighting agent may optionally be added to the spotting fluid composition, among other reasons, to adjust the density or weight of the fluid.
  • Weighting agents useful in certain embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to, barite, bentonite, hematite, hausmannite, ilmenite, calcium carbonate, iron, iron carbonate, or a mixture thereof
  • the amount of weighting agent to add to achieve a desired density of the spotting fluid is within the skill of a person of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure.
  • a wetting agent may optionally be added to the spotting fluid composition, among other reasons, to adjust the degree of wetting, otherwise known as "wettability," of the fluid. Wettability refers to the adhesive tension between a liquid and a surface. By modifying the wettability of a spotting fluid, desired performance of the spotting fluid may be obtained.
  • Wetting agents useful in certain embodiments of the present invention include, but are not limited to, lecithin, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl aryl sulfonates, alkyl ammonium salts, alkyl trimethylammonium chlorides, branched alkyl ethoxylated alcohols, phenol-formaldehyde nonionic resin blends, cocobetaines, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, imidazolines, alpha olefin sulfonates, linear alkyl ethoxylated alcohols, trialkyl benzylammonium chlorides, ethoxylated nonyl phenol phosphate esters, cationic surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, alkyl phosphonate surfactants, xylenes, saturated biphenyl-xylene admixtures, heavy aromatic naphthas, heavy aromatic solvents, tetralene, tetrahydroquino
  • the amount of wetting agent to add to achieve a desired wettability of the spotting fluid is within the skill of a person of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure.
  • the wetting agent may be present in the spotting fluid composition in an amount of less than about 5% by weight of the spotting fluid composition.
  • a method of reducing drill string sticking comprises providing a spotting fluid composition comprising a water insoluble external phase fluid, a water soluble internal phase fluid, and an ether carboxylic acid emulsifying agent; introducing the spotting fluid to the vicinity of a desired portion of a drill string; and allowing the spotting fluid to interact with a portion of material surrounding the desired portion of the drill string.
  • the delivery of the spotting fluid to the vicinity of a desired portion of the drill string may be accomplished by a variety of methods known by a person of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure.
  • a spotting fluid composition suitable for use with the present invention may be prepared using 60.36% isobutyl oleate by weight of the composition; 37.9% glycerin by weight of the composition; 0.29% by weight of the composition of an oil wetting lecithin-based additive, commercially available under the trademark, DRILTREAT ® from Baroid Drilling Fluids Corporation, Houston, Texas; and 1.45% emulsifying agent by weight of the composition where the emulsifying agent is an ether carboxylic acid of the Formula 1: where n is a positive integer: 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 8, and where R is C 18 H q , where q is an integer: 0 ⁇ q ⁇ 38.
  • each barrel of Base Spotting Fluid X contained: 0.68 bbl isobutyl oleate, 0.29 bbl of a glycerol, commercially available under the trademark, BARACTIVE ® from Baroid Drilling Fluids Corporation, Houston, Texas ; 1 lb DRILTREAT ® , and 5 lb emulsifying agent.
  • the emulsifying agent used in Base Spotting Fluid X is an ether carboxylic acid of the formula, where n is a positive integer: 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 8, and where R is C 18 H q , where q is an integer: 0 ⁇ q ⁇ 38.
  • organophilic bentonite clay referenced in Tables 1-4 below is commercially available under the trademark, GELTONE II ® from Baroid Drilling Fluids Corporation, Houston, Texas. This organophilic bentonite clay, which imparts viscosity and suspension properties to oil-based drilling fluids, has been treated with an amine compound to promote its dispersion/yield in oils. TABLE 1.
  • SPOTTING FLUID COMPOSITION I (AT 12 LB/GAL DENSITY) Sample Mark A Base Spotting Fluid X, bbl 0.86 GELTONE II ® , lbs 6 Barite, lbs 210 Hot rolled @ 150°F, hr ---- 16 16 Hot rolled @ 250°F, hr ---- ---- 16 Stirred, min 30 15 15 Temperature, °F 120 120 120 Plastic viscosity, cP 36 36 38 Yield point, lb/100 ft 2 14 12 5 10 Sec gel, lb/100 ft 2 8 7 5 10 Min gel, lb/100 ft 2 10 8 7 Electrical stability, v 311 255 389 Fann 35 dial readings 600 rpm 86 84 81 00 rpm 50 48 43 200 rpm 37 36 32 100 rpm 24 22 19 6 rpm 8 8 5 3 rpm 7 6 4 TABLE 2.
  • Tables 1-4 show that each of the various formulations possess desirable rheological properties at each of the respective formulation densities.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des fluides et des procédés associés utiles dans des applications souterraines. Plus particulièrement, elle propose des procédés pour réduire l'adhérence de rames de forage, qui consistent à fournir une composition de fluide pour spotting comprenant un fluide à phase externe insoluble dans l'eau, un fluide à phase interne soluble dans l'eau et un agent émulsifiant d'acide d'éther carboxylique ; à introduire du fluide pour spotting au voisinage d'une partie souhaitée d'une rame de forage ; et à laisser le fluide pour spotting interagir avec une partie du matériau entourant la partie souhaitée du fluide pour spotting de la rame de forage. Les compositions proposées peuvent être utiles dans des applications souterraines pour traiter, entre autres, les problèmes d'adhérence des rames de forage. Des composants facultatifs supplémentaires peuvent être utilisés, tels que des améliorants de viscosité, des agents alourdissants et des agents donnant du mouillant.

Claims (18)

  1. Procédé de réduction du coincement d'un train de tiges comprenant les étapes consistant à : fournir une composition de fluide pour spotting comprenant un fluide constituant une phase externe insoluble dans l'eau, un fluide constituant une phase interne soluble dans l'eau, et un émulsifiant de type éther-acide carboxylique ; introduire le fluide pour spotting à proximité d'une partie souhaitée d'un train de tiges ; et laisser le fluide pour spotting interagir avec une partie du matériau entourant la partie souhaitée du train de tiges.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le fluide constituant la phase externe insoluble dans l'eau comprend au moins l'un des composés suivants : un ester d'acide gras, une huile minérale, une alpha oléfine linéaire, une oléfine interne, une n-paraffine, du carburant diesel, du kérosène, de l'oléate de méthyle, de l'oléate d'éthyle, de l'oléate d'isobutyle, du linoléate d'isobutyle, du linolénate d'isobutyle ou un mélange de ceux-ci.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 dans lequel le fluide constituant la phase interne soluble dans l'eau comprend au moins l'un des composés suivants : de la glycérine, de la saumure, un diol, un triol, un polyol soluble dans l'eau, une saumure de chlorure de sodium, une saumure de chlorure de calcium, une saumure de chlorure de potassium, de l'éthylène glycol, du propylène glycol ou un mélange de ceux-ci.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 3 dans lequel le fluide constituant la phase externe insoluble dans l'eau comprend au moins l'un des composés suivants : un ester d'acide gras, une huile minérale, une alpha oléfine linéaire, une oléfine interne, une n-paraffine, du carburant diesel, du kérosène, de l'oléate de méthyle, de l'oléate d'éthyle, de l'oléate d'isobutyle, du linoléate d'isobutyle, du linolénate d'isobutyle ou un mélange de ceux-ci.
  5. Procédé selon la revendication 1 dans lequel l'éther-acide carboxylique est défini par la formule suivante :
    Figure imgb0009
     dans laquelle n représente un nombre entier positif: 1 ≤ n ≤ 8, et où R représente un groupe hydrocarboné comportant de 1 à 30 atomes de carbone.
  6. Procédé selon la revendication 5 dans lequel le fluide constituant la phase interne soluble dans l'eau comprend de la glycérine.
  7. Procédé selon la revendication 5 dans lequel le fluide constituant la phase interne soluble dans l'eau comprend au moins l'un des composés suivants : de la glycérine, une saumure, un diol, un triol, un polyol soluble dans l'eau, une saumure de chlorure de sodium, une saumure de chlorure de calcium, une saumure de chlorure de potassium, de l'éthylèneglycol, du propylèneglycol ou un mélange de ceux-ci.
  8. Procédé selon la revendication 5 dans lequel le fluide constituant la phase externe insoluble dans l'eau comprend au moins l'un des composés suivants : un ester d'acide gras, une huile minérale, une alpha oléfine linéaire, une oléfine interne, une n-paraffine, du carburant diesel, du kérosène, de l'oléate de méthyle, de l'oléate d'éthyle, de l'oléate d'isobutyle, du linoléate d'isobutyle, du linolénate d'isobutyle ou un mélange de ceux-ci.
  9. Procédé selon la revendication 8 dans lequel le fluide constituant la phase interne soluble dans l'eau comprend de la glycérine.
  10. Procédé selon la revendication 8 dans lequel le fluide constituant la phase interne soluble dans l'eau comprend un fluide ayant un coefficient d'activité de l'eau inférieur à environ 0,8.
  11. Procédé selon la revendication 8 dans lequel le fluide constituant la phase interne soluble dans l'eau comprend au moins l'un des composés suivants : un ester d'acide gras, une huile minérale, une alpha oléfine linéaire, une oléfine interne, une n-paraffine, du carburant diesel, du kérosène, de l'oléate de méthyle, de l'oléate d'éthyle, de l'oléate d'isobutyle, du linoléate d'isobutyle, du linolénate d'isobutyle ou un mélange de ceux-ci.
  12. Procédé selon la revendication 5 dans lequel la composition de fluide pour spotting comprend en outre un agent de viscosité.
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 12 dans lequel l'agent de viscosité comprend au moins l'un des composés suivants : de l'argile, une argile organophile, une argile montmorillonite de sodium, une argile attapulgite, un polysaccharide biopolymère de haut poids moléculaire, de la cellulose, de l'hydroxyéthylcellulose ou un mélange de ceux-ci.
  14. Procédé selon la revendication 5 dans lequel la composition de fluide pour spotting comprend en outre un agent de charge.
  15. Procédé selon la revendication 14 dans lequel l'agent de charge comprend au moins l'un des composés suivants : de la baryte, de la bentonite, de l'hématite, de l'hausmannite, de l'ilménite, du carbonate de calcium, du fer, du carbonate de fer ou un mélange de ceux-ci.
  16. Procédé selon la revendication 5 dans lequel la composition de fluide pour spotting comprend en outre un agent mouillant.
  17. Procédé selon la revendication 16 dans lequel l'agent mouillant comprend au moins l'un des composés suivants : de la lécithine, un sulfonate d'alkyle, un sulfonate d'alkylaryle, un sel d'alkylammonium, un chlorure d'alkyltriméthylammonium, un alcool alkyl éthoxylé ramifié, un mélange de résines non ioniques de phénol-formaldéhyde, une cocobétaïne, du dioctyl-sulfosuccinate de sodium, une imidazoline, une alpha oléfine-sulfonate, un alcool alkyl éthoxylé linéaire, un chlorure de trialkylbenzylammonium, un ester nonylphénol-phosphate éthoxylé, un tensioactif cationique, un tensioactif non ionique, un alkylphosphonate tensioactif, un xylène, un mélange xylène-biphényle saturé, un naphta aromatique lourd, un solvant aromatique lourd, du tétralène, de la tétrahydroquinoline, du tétrahydronaphtalène ou un mélange de ceux-ci.
  18. Procédé de réduction du coincement différentiel d'un train de tiges comprenant les étapes consistant à :
    fournir une composition de fluide pour spotting comprenant une émulsion composée d'un fluide constituant une phase externe insoluble dans l'eau dans lequel le fluide constituant la phase externe insoluble dans l'eau comprend de l'oléate d'isobutyle,
    d'un fluide constituant une phase interne soluble dans l'eau dans lequel le fluide constituant la phase interne soluble dans l'eau comprend de la glycérine, d'un émulsifiant de type éther-acide carboxylique dans lequel l'éther-acide carboxylique est défini par la formule suivante :
    Figure imgb0010
     dans laquelle n représente un nombre entier positif: 1 ≤ n ≤ 8, et où R représente un groupe hydrocarboné comportant de 1 à 30 atomes de carbone ;
    introduire la composition de fluide pour spotting à proximité d'une partie souhaitée d'un train de tiges ; et
    laisser le fluide pour spotting interagir avec une partie du matériau entourant la partie souhaitée du train de tiges.
EP05823714A 2005-01-18 2005-12-30 Compositions de fluides pour spotting et procedes associes Expired - Fee Related EP1846531B1 (fr)

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US11/037,402 US8048828B2 (en) 2005-01-18 2005-01-18 Spotting fluid compositions and associated methods
PCT/GB2005/005099 WO2006077372A1 (fr) 2005-01-18 2005-12-30 Compositions de fluides pour spotting et procedes associes

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EP1846531B1 true EP1846531B1 (fr) 2011-03-16

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EP (1) EP1846531B1 (fr)
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DK (1) DK1846531T3 (fr)
NO (1) NO20074004L (fr)
WO (1) WO2006077372A1 (fr)

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US7670423B2 (en) * 2005-06-03 2010-03-02 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Cement composition comprising environmentally compatible defoaming agents and methods of use
US7273103B2 (en) * 2005-06-03 2007-09-25 Halliburtoncenergy Services, Inc. Cement compositions comprising environmentally compatible defoaming agents and methods of use
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US20060160705A1 (en) 2006-07-20
DE602005026999D1 (de) 2011-04-28
US8048828B2 (en) 2011-11-01
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WO2006077372A1 (fr) 2006-07-27
EP1846531A1 (fr) 2007-10-24
NO20074004L (no) 2007-10-17

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