EP1820841A1 - Lubrication - Google Patents
Lubrication Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1820841A1 EP1820841A1 EP06125006A EP06125006A EP1820841A1 EP 1820841 A1 EP1820841 A1 EP 1820841A1 EP 06125006 A EP06125006 A EP 06125006A EP 06125006 A EP06125006 A EP 06125006A EP 1820841 A1 EP1820841 A1 EP 1820841A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mass
- lubricating
- oil
- composition
- base oil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 title description 3
- 239000002199 base oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 28
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 28
- -1 aliphatic carboxylic esters Chemical class 0.000 description 23
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 20
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010689 synthetic lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004034 viscosity adjusting agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- CIRMGZKUSBCWRL-LHLOQNFPSA-N (e)-10-[2-(7-carboxyheptyl)-5,6-dihexylcyclohex-3-en-1-yl]dec-9-enoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCC1C=CC(CCCCCCCC(O)=O)C(\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O)C1CCCCCC CIRMGZKUSBCWRL-LHLOQNFPSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-KTKRTIGZSA-N 1-oleoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerol Natural products OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlormequat chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCl UHZZMRAGKVHANO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 2
- VJHINFRRDQUWOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioctyl sebacate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC VJHINFRRDQUWOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCO LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010696 ester oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010688 mineral lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 2
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001748 polybutylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000008442 polyphenolic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N suberic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCC(O)=O TYFQFVWCELRYAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011044 succinic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 2
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-SSDOTTSWSA-M (2r)-2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound CCCC[C@@H](CC)C([O-])=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-SSDOTTSWSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RDAGYWUMBWNXIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzene Chemical class CCCCC(CC)CC1=CC=CC=C1CC(CC)CCCC RDAGYWUMBWNXIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YEYQUBZGSWAPGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-di(nonyl)benzene Chemical class CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1CCCCCCCCC YEYQUBZGSWAPGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RLPSARLYTKXVSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethanamine Chemical compound CC(N)C1=CN=CS1 RLPSARLYTKXVSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-decene Chemical class CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical class CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXBCBTDQIULDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)COCC(CO)(CO)CO TXBCBTDQIULDIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PTJWCLYPVFJWMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[[3-hydroxy-2-[[3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)COCC(CO)(CO)COCC(CO)(CO)CO PTJWCLYPVFJWMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)CO YIWUKEYIRIRTPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003504 2-oxazolinyl group Chemical class O1C(=NCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- NUCFNMOPTGEHQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-2h-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine Chemical compound C1=NC=C2C(Br)=NNC2=C1 NUCFNMOPTGEHQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CLPFFLWZZBQMAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-5-yl)benzonitrile Chemical compound C1=CC(C#N)=CC=C1C1N2C=NC=C2CCC1 CLPFFLWZZBQMAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910011255 B2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Di-n-octyl phthalate Natural products CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCCC MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTJFFFGAUHQWII-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dibutyl adipate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OCCCC XTJFFFGAUHQWII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000004443 Ricinus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trimethylolpropane Chemical compound CCC(CO)(CO)CO ZJCCRDAZUWHFQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-ethylcaproic acid Natural products CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010775 animal oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004074 biphenyls Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WLLCYXDFVBWGBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(8-methylnonyl) nonanedioate Chemical compound CC(C)CCCCCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCCCCCC(C)C WLLCYXDFVBWGBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001639 boron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N diboron trioxide Chemical compound O=BOB=O JKWMSGQKBLHBQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940100539 dibutyl adipate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LTYMSROWYAPPGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl sulfide Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1SC1=CC=CC=C1 LTYMSROWYAPPGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KWKXNDCHNDYVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecylbenzene Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1 KWKXNDCHNDYVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013020 final formulation Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011087 fumaric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-HXUWFJFHSA-N glycerol monolinoleate Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](O)CO RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-HXUWFJFHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002314 glycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical class [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010699 lard oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003137 locomotive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003879 lubricant additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005078 molybdenum compound Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002752 molybdenum compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010705 motor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentyl glycol Chemical compound OCC(C)(C)CO SLCVBVWXLSEKPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FATBGEAMYMYZAF-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(N)=O FATBGEAMYMYZAF-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FATBGEAMYMYZAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N oleicacidamide-heptaglycolether Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(N)=O FATBGEAMYMYZAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005325 percolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940116351 sebacate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L sebacate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000003079 shale oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001911 terphenyls Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JZALLXAUNPOCEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecylbenzene Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1 JZALLXAUNPOCEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCO UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/28—Esters
- C10M2207/287—Partial esters
- C10M2207/289—Partial esters containing free hydroxy groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2215/08—Amides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/02—Viscosity; Viscosity index
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
- C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
- C10N2020/085—Non-volatile compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/04—Detergent property or dispersant property
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
- C10N2030/42—Phosphor free or low phosphor content compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
- C10N2030/43—Sulfur free or low sulfur content compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/40—Low content or no content compositions
- C10N2030/45—Ash-less or low ash content
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/252—Diesel engines
- C10N2040/253—Small diesel engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
- C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
- C10N2040/255—Gasoline engines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions
- C10N2070/02—Concentrating of additives
Definitions
- This invention relates to the lubrication of direct engine injection (e.g. fuel-stratified) combustion engines.
- Direct injection engines are those in which fuel is injected inside the cylinders of the engine, thereby enabling the amount of fuel burned and the timing of injection to be controlled precisely.
- a problem with such engines is that deposits tend to build up on the intake valves to unacceptable levels thereby interfering with the closing, motion and sealing of the valves. The efficiency of the engine is thus reduced and maximum power is limited. This is particularly evident in those engines utilising closed crankcase ventilation.
- WO2004/094573 A1 describes a way of addressing the above-described problem of intake valve deposits by employing a lubricating oil composition
- a lubricating oil composition comprising a base oil mixture, the base oil mixture comprising (i) a Group III oil, a Group IV oil, or a mixture thereof, in combination with (ii) a synthetic ester oil, the weight ratio of (i) to (ii) being from about 0.2:1 to about 6:1.
- each of the lubricating oil compositions contains a friction modifier.
- a lubricating oil composition is employed that is substantially free of any ashless organic friction modifier and that comprises a base oil of low Noack volatility.
- this invention comprises a method of reducing intake valve deposits in a direct injection internal combustion engine which comprises lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition that is substantially free of any ashless organic friction modifier and that comprises a major amount of base oil of lubricating viscosity having a Noack volatility of less than 12 mass %.
- the engine has closed crankcase ventilation.
- the invention comprises the use of a major amount of base oil of lubricating viscosity and having a Noack volatility of less than 12 mass % in a lubricating oil composition that is substantially free of any ashless organic friction modifier to reduce intake valve deposits in a direct injection internal combustion engine lubricated by the composition.
- the invention is applicable to a range of direct injection internal combustion engines such as compression-ignited and spark-ignited two- or four-cylinder reciprocating engines.
- Examples include engines for passenger cars, light commercial vehicles and heavy duty on-highway trucks; engines for aviation, power-generation, locomotive and marine equipment; and heavy duty off-highway engines such as may be used for agriculture, construction and mixing.
- the composition is substantially free of any ashless organic friction modifier.
- “Substantially free” means that the composition contains no more than adventitious or trace amounts of such friction modifier and that are insufficient to exercise friction modification in operation of composition.
- the amount of ashless friction modifier is zero or is so low that its presence has no significant or practical effect on the performance of the composition.
- the composition may contain less than 0.1, suitably less than 0.01, such as 0 to 0.0075, mass %. Most preferably, the composition contains none, i.e. 0 mass %, of such friction modifier.
- Friction modification means the lowering of coefficients of friction by means of a boundary lubricant additive, a friction modifier, hence improving fuel economy.
- ashless in respect of the friction modifier is meant a non-metallic organic material that forms substantially no ash on combustion. It is to be contrasted with metal-containing, and hence ash-forming, materials.
- ashless organic friction modifiers in the sense of this invention include the following:
- the base oil in the composition has a Noack volatility of less than 12 mass %.
- Noack volatility is measured according to the procedure of ASTM D5800 and is the evaporative loss of an oil, reported in mass %, after one hour at 250°C.
- the Noack volatility of the base oil is less than 12, more preferably in the range of 4 to 11, mass %.
- the Noack volatility of the composition is less than 10, preferably less than 9, mass %.
- the invention may be employed using compositions having low levels of one or more of sulfated ash, phosphorus and sulfur.
- the composition may, for example, contain up to 1.2, preferably up to 1.0, more preferably up to 1.0, mass % of sulfated ash, based on the total mass of the composition. It may, for example, contain up to 0.1, preferably up to 0.08, more preferably up to 0.06, mass % of phosphorus, expressed as atoms of phosphorus, based on the total mass of the composition. It may, for example, contain up to 0.4, preferably up to 0.2, mass % of sulfur expressed as atoms of sulfur, based on the total mass of the composition.
- composition may have a 0W-X, 5W-X, 15W-X or 20W-X viscosity grade according to the SAE J300 classification, where X is 20, 30, 40 or 50.
- base oil is the primary liquid constituent of the composition into which additives and possibly other oils are blended. It has been discussed above in terms of its Noack volatility. The following further comments are now made.
- a base oil may be selected from natural (vegetable, animal or mineral) and synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof. It may range in viscosity from light distillate mineral oils to heavy lubricating oils such as gas engine oil, mineral lubricating oil, motor vehicle oil and heavy duty diesel oil. Generally the viscosity of the oil ranges from 2 to 30, especially 5 to 20, mm 2 s -1 at 100°C.
- Natural oils include animal and vegetable oils (e.g. castor and lard oil), liquid petroleum oils and hydrorefined, solvent-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic and mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types. Oils of lubricating viscosity derived from coal or shale are also useful base oils.
- Synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g. polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylenes, poly (1-hexenes), poly (1-octenes), poly (1-decenes)); alkylbenzenes (e.g. dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di (2-ethylhexyl)benzenes); polyphenols (e.g. biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenols); and alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and derivatives, analogues and homologues thereof.
- hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g. polybutylenes,
- Another suitable class of synthetic lubricating oils comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g. phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebasic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkylmalonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids) with a variety of alcohols (e.g. butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol).
- dicarboxylic acids e.g. phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebasic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dim
- esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, and the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid.
- Esters useful as synthetic oils also include those made from C 5 to C 12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols, and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol and tripentaerythritol.
- the base oil is not a Fischer-Tropsch derived base oil.
- Unrefined, refined and re-refined oils can be used in the compositions of the present invention.
- Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source without further purification treatment.
- a shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations a petroleum oil obtained directly from distillation or ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process and used without further treatment would be unrefined oil.
- Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties. Many such purification techniques, such as distillation, solvent extraction, acid or base extraction, filtration and percolation are known to those skilled in the art.
- Re-refined oils are obtained by processes similar to those used to obtain refined oils applied to refined oils which have been already used in service. Such re-refined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils and often are additionally processed by techniques for approval of spent additive and oil breakdown products.
- base oil examples include gas-to liquid (“GTL”) base oils, i.e. the base oil may be an oil derived from Fischer-Tropsch-synthesised hydrocarbons made from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide using a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. These hydrocarbons typically require further processing in order to be useful as a base oil. For example, they may, by methods known in the art, be hydroisomerized; hydrocracked and hydroisomerized; dewaxed; or hydroisomerized and dewaxed.
- GTL gas-to liquid
- Base oil may be categorised in Groups 1 to V according to the API EOLCS 1509 definition.
- the base oil of lubricating viscosity is provided in a major amount, in combination with a minor amount of additives such as described hereinafter, constituting the composition.
- This preparation may be accomplished by adding the additive directly to the oil or by adding it in the form of a concentrate thereof to disperse or dissolve the additive.
- Additives may be added to the base oil by any method known to those skilled in the art, either prior to, contemporaneously with, or subsequent to, addition of other additives.
- the composition of the invention suitably has a TBN of 13 or less. For example, it is less than 10, such as in the range of 4 to 9.
- oil-soluble or “dispersible”, or cognate terms, used herein do not necessarily indicate that the compounds or additives are soluble, dissolvable, miscible, or are capable or being suspended in the oil in all proportions. They do mean, however, that they are, for instance, soluble or stably dispersible in oil to an extent sufficient to exert their intended effect in the environment in which the oil is employed. Moreover, the additional incorporation of other additives may also permit incorporation of higher levels of a particular additive, if desired.
- composition includes, as indicated above, one or more additives to provide certain performance characteristics.
- additives to provide certain performance characteristics.
- the following which are known in the art:
- Dispersants including ashless dispersants, whose primary function is to hold solid and liquid contaminants in suspension.
- Detergents in the form of metal salts of acidic organic compounds one of whose functions to reduce piston deposits and which normally have acid-neutralising properties.
- Anti-oxidants for example in the form of aromatic amines or hindered phenols.
- Anti-wear agents such as metal (e.g. Zn) salts of dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates.
- Metal-containing friction modifiers such as molybdenum compounds. (Preferably, these are absent).
- additives may include one or more of rust and corrosion inhibitors, pour point depressants, anti-foaming agents, emulsifiers and demulsifiers, and viscosity modifiers.
- each of the additive components may be incorporated into the base oil in any convenient way.
- each of the additive components can be added directly to the base oil by dispersing or dissolving it in the base oil at the desired level of concentration. Such blending may occur at ambient temperature or at an elevated temperature.
- all the additives except for the viscosity modifier and the pour point depressant are blended into a concentrate or additive package (as mentioned above), that is subsequently blended into base oil to make the finished lubricating oil composition.
- the concentrate will typically be formulated to contain the additive(s) in proper amounts to provide the desired concentration in the final formulation when the concentrate is combined with a predetermined amount of a base oil.
- the concentrate is preferably made in accordance with the method described in US Patent 4,938,880 . That patent describes making a pre-mix of ashless dispersant and metal detergents that is pre-blended at a temperature of at least about 100°C. Thereafter, the pre-mix is cooled to at least 85°C and the additional components are added.
- the final crankcase lubricating oil formulation may employ from 2 to 20, preferably 4 to 18, and most preferably 5 to 17, mass % of the concentrate or additive package, the remainder being base oil.
- crankcase lubricating oil compositions were prepared. Each composition contained one or more dispersants, metal detergents, anti-wear agents, anti-oxidants and viscosity modifiers. Two of the compositions, being examples of the invention (Examples 1 and 2), were free of any ashless, organic friction modifier. The other two compositions, being reference examples for comparison purposes (Examples A and B), contained 0.2 mass % of glycerol monooleate friction modifier and 0.1 mass % of oleamide friction modifier. The base oil of each composition was blended to generate Noack volatilities stated in the table below.
- composition had comparable measured properties, e.g. P(0.06 mass %), sulphated ash (0.60 mass %), TBN (6) and KV100 (12.2 mm 2 s- 1 ), with the exception of Noack volatility.
- Footnote - The results shown are the ratios of the measured weights of the intake valve deposits to the maximum limit of intake value deposits permitted by the test. Thus, a lower value indicates a better result; a value below one indicates performance within the permitted limit and a value greater than one indicates performance outside the permitted limit.
- Example A Comparing the results of Examples 1 and 2 together, with the result of Example A shows that, at constant Noack volatility, the presence of the ashless organic friction modifiers in A has given rise to sufficient deterioration in performance in the test.
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Abstract
Description
- This invention relates to the lubrication of direct engine injection (e.g. fuel-stratified) combustion engines.
- Direct injection engines are those in which fuel is injected inside the cylinders of the engine, thereby enabling the amount of fuel burned and the timing of injection to be controlled precisely. A problem with such engines is that deposits tend to build up on the intake valves to unacceptable levels thereby interfering with the closing, motion and sealing of the valves. The efficiency of the engine is thus reduced and maximum power is limited. This is particularly evident in those engines utilising closed crankcase ventilation.
-
WO2004/094573 A1 describes a way of addressing the above-described problem of intake valve deposits by employing a lubricating oil composition comprising a base oil mixture, the base oil mixture comprising (i) a Group III oil, a Group IV oil, or a mixture thereof, in combination with (ii) a synthetic ester oil, the weight ratio of (i) to (ii) being from about 0.2:1 to about 6:1. It is to be noted that, in the examples of the aforesaid patent specification, each of the lubricating oil compositions contains a friction modifier. - The present invention addresses the above problem in an alternative way: a lubricating oil composition is employed that is substantially free of any ashless organic friction modifier and that comprises a base oil of low Noack volatility.
- Thus, in a first aspect, this invention comprises a method of reducing intake valve deposits in a direct injection internal combustion engine which comprises lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition that is substantially free of any ashless organic friction modifier and that comprises a major amount of base oil of lubricating viscosity having a Noack volatility of less than 12 mass %. Preferably, the engine has closed crankcase ventilation.
- In a second aspect, the invention comprises the use of a major amount of base oil of lubricating viscosity and having a Noack volatility of less than 12 mass % in a lubricating oil composition that is substantially free of any ashless organic friction modifier to reduce intake valve deposits in a direct injection internal combustion engine lubricated by the composition.
- In this specification, the following words and expressions, if and when used, have the meanings ascribed below:
- "active ingredient" or "(a.i.)" refers to additive material that is not diluent or solvent;
- "comprising" or any cognate word specifies the presence of stated features, steps, or integers or components, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, integers, components or groups thereof; the expressions "consists of" or "consists essentially of" or cognates may be embraced within "comprises" or cognates, wherein "consists essentially of" permits inclusion of substances not materially affecting the characteristics of the composition to which it applies;
- "major amount" means in excess of 50 mass % of a composition;
- "minor amount" means less than 50 mass % of a composition;
- "TBN" means total base number as measured by ASTM D2896.
- Furthermore in this specification:
- "phosphorus content" is as measured by ASTM D5185;
- "sulphated ash content" is as measured by ASTM D874;
- "sulphur content" is as measured by ASTM D2622;
- "KV100" means kinematic viscosity at 100°C as measured by ASTM D445.
- Also, it will be understood that various components used, essential as well as optimal and customary, may react under conditions of formulation, storage or use and that the invention also provides the product obtainable or obtained as a result of any such reaction.
- Further, it is understood that any upper and lower quantity, range and ratio limits set forth herein may be independently combined.
- The features of the invention relating, where appropriate, to each and all aspects of the invention, will now be described in more detail as follows:
- The invention is applicable to a range of direct injection internal combustion engines such as compression-ignited and spark-ignited two- or four-cylinder reciprocating engines. Examples include engines for passenger cars, light commercial vehicles and heavy duty on-highway trucks; engines for aviation, power-generation, locomotive and marine equipment; and heavy duty off-highway engines such as may be used for agriculture, construction and mixing.
- As stated above, the composition is substantially free of any ashless organic friction modifier. "Substantially free" means that the composition contains no more than adventitious or trace amounts of such friction modifier and that are insufficient to exercise friction modification in operation of composition. For example, the amount of ashless friction modifier is zero or is so low that its presence has no significant or practical effect on the performance of the composition. The composition may contain less than 0.1, suitably less than 0.01, such as 0 to 0.0075, mass %. Most preferably, the composition contains none, i.e. 0 mass %, of such friction modifier.
- Friction modification means the lowering of coefficients of friction by means of a boundary lubricant additive, a friction modifier, hence improving fuel economy.
- By "ashless" in respect of the friction modifier is meant a non-metallic organic material that forms substantially no ash on combustion. It is to be contrasted with metal-containing, and hence ash-forming, materials.
- Examples of ashless organic friction modifiers in the sense of this invention include the following:
- (1) ashless (metal-free), nitrogen-free organic friction modifiers that include esters formed by reacting carboxylic acids and anhydrides with alkanols. Such friction modifiers include aliphatic carboxylic acids, aliphatic carboxylic esters of polyols, such as glycerol esters of fatty acids, for example, glycerol oleate, boric esters of glycerol fatty acid monoesters, esters of long chain polycarboxylic acids with diols, for example, the butane diol ester of a dimerized unsaturated fatty acid, aliphatic phosphonates, aliphatic phosphates, aliphatic thiophosphates, aliphatic thiophosphonates, aliphatic thiophosphates and oxazoline compounds. The aliphatic group usually contains at least eight carbon atoms so as to render the compound oil soluble. Esters of carboxylic acids and anhydrides with alkanols are described in
US Patent No. 4,702,850 . Examples of other conventional organic friction modifiers are described by M. Belzer in the "Journal of Tribology" (1992), Vol. 114, pp. 675-682 and M. Belzer and S. Jahanmir in "Lubrication Science" (1988), Vol. 1, pp. 3-26. - (2) ashless aminic friction modifiers that include oil-soluble aliphatic amines, alkoxylated mono- and di-amines and aliphatic fatty acids amindes. One common class of such metal-free, nitrogen-containing friction modifier comprises ethoxylated amines. These amines may, for example, be in the form of an adduct or reaction product with a boron compound such as a boric oxide, boron halide, metaborate, boric acid or a mono-, di- or tri-alkyl borate. Other aminic friction modifiers include alkoxylated alkyl-substituted mono-amines, diamines and alkyl ether amines, for example, ethoxylated tallow amine and ethoxylated tallow ether amine and aliphatic carboxylic ester-amides. Examples of fatty acid esters and amides as friction modifiers are described in
US Patent No. 3,933,659 . - As stated above, the base oil in the composition has a Noack volatility of less than 12 mass %. Noack volatility is measured according to the procedure of ASTM D5800 and is the evaporative loss of an oil, reported in mass %, after one hour at 250°C.
- Preferably, the Noack volatility of the base oil is less than 12, more preferably in the range of 4 to 11, mass %.
- Also, it is preferred that the Noack volatility of the composition is less than 10, preferably less than 9, mass %.
- Further, the invention may be employed using compositions having low levels of one or more of sulfated ash, phosphorus and sulfur. Thus, the composition may, for example, contain up to 1.2, preferably up to 1.0, more preferably up to 1.0, mass % of sulfated ash, based on the total mass of the composition. It may, for example, contain up to 0.1, preferably up to 0.08, more preferably up to 0.06, mass % of phosphorus, expressed as atoms of phosphorus, based on the total mass of the composition. It may, for example, contain up to 0.4, preferably up to 0.2, mass % of sulfur expressed as atoms of sulfur, based on the total mass of the composition.
- Furthermore, the composition may have a 0W-X, 5W-X, 15W-X or 20W-X viscosity grade according to the SAE J300 classification, where X is 20, 30, 40 or 50.
- The base oil, sometime referred to as basestock, is the primary liquid constituent of the composition into which additives and possibly other oils are blended. It has been discussed above in terms of its Noack volatility. The following further comments are now made.
- A base oil may be selected from natural (vegetable, animal or mineral) and synthetic lubricating oils and mixtures thereof. It may range in viscosity from light distillate mineral oils to heavy lubricating oils such as gas engine oil, mineral lubricating oil, motor vehicle oil and heavy duty diesel oil. Generally the viscosity of the oil ranges from 2 to 30, especially 5 to 20, mm2s-1 at 100°C.
- Natural oils include animal and vegetable oils (e.g. castor and lard oil), liquid petroleum oils and hydrorefined, solvent-treated mineral lubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic and mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types. Oils of lubricating viscosity derived from coal or shale are also useful base oils.
- Synthetic lubricating oils include hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g. polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylenes, poly (1-hexenes), poly (1-octenes), poly (1-decenes)); alkylbenzenes (e.g. dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di (2-ethylhexyl)benzenes); polyphenols (e.g. biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenols); and alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and derivatives, analogues and homologues thereof.
- Another suitable class of synthetic lubricating oils comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g. phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acids and alkenyl succinic acids, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebasic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkylmalonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids) with a variety of alcohols (e.g. butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol). Specific examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, and the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethylhexanoic acid.
- Esters useful as synthetic oils also include those made from C5 to C12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols, and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol and tripentaerythritol.
- Preferably, the base oil is not a Fischer-Tropsch derived base oil.
- Unrefined, refined and re-refined oils can be used in the compositions of the present invention. Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source without further purification treatment. For example, a shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations, a petroleum oil obtained directly from distillation or ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process and used without further treatment would be unrefined oil. Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties. Many such purification techniques, such as distillation, solvent extraction, acid or base extraction, filtration and percolation are known to those skilled in the art. Re-refined oils are obtained by processes similar to those used to obtain refined oils applied to refined oils which have been already used in service. Such re-refined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils and often are additionally processed by techniques for approval of spent additive and oil breakdown products.
- Other examples of base oil are gas-to liquid ("GTL") base oils, i.e. the base oil may be an oil derived from Fischer-Tropsch-synthesised hydrocarbons made from synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide using a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. These hydrocarbons typically require further processing in order to be useful as a base oil. For example, they may, by methods known in the art, be hydroisomerized; hydrocracked and hydroisomerized; dewaxed; or hydroisomerized and dewaxed.
- Base oil may be categorised in Groups 1 to V according to the API EOLCS 1509 definition.
- The base oil of lubricating viscosity is provided in a major amount, in combination with a minor amount of additives such as described hereinafter, constituting the composition. This preparation may be accomplished by adding the additive directly to the oil or by adding it in the form of a concentrate thereof to disperse or dissolve the additive. Additives may be added to the base oil by any method known to those skilled in the art, either prior to, contemporaneously with, or subsequent to, addition of other additives. The composition of the invention suitably has a TBN of 13 or less. For example, it is less than 10, such as in the range of 4 to 9.
- The terms "oil-soluble" or "dispersible", or cognate terms, used herein do not necessarily indicate that the compounds or additives are soluble, dissolvable, miscible, or are capable or being suspended in the oil in all proportions. They do mean, however, that they are, for instance, soluble or stably dispersible in oil to an extent sufficient to exert their intended effect in the environment in which the oil is employed. Moreover, the additional incorporation of other additives may also permit incorporation of higher levels of a particular additive, if desired.
- The composition includes, as indicated above, one or more additives to provide certain performance characteristics. As examples there may be mentioned the following, which are known in the art:
- Dispersants, including ashless dispersants, whose primary function is to hold solid and liquid contaminants in suspension.
- Detergents in the form of metal salts of acidic organic compounds one of whose functions to reduce piston deposits and which normally have acid-neutralising properties.
- Anti-oxidants, or oxidation inhibitors, for example in the form of aromatic amines or hindered phenols.
- Anti-wear agents such as metal (e.g. Zn) salts of dihydrocarbyl dithiophosphates.
- Metal-containing friction modifiers such as molybdenum compounds. (Preferably, these are absent).
- Other additives may include one or more of rust and corrosion inhibitors, pour point depressants, anti-foaming agents, emulsifiers and demulsifiers, and viscosity modifiers.
- The individual additives may be incorporated into the base oil in any convenient way. Thus, each of the additive components can be added directly to the base oil by dispersing or dissolving it in the base oil at the desired level of concentration. Such blending may occur at ambient temperature or at an elevated temperature.
- Preferably, all the additives except for the viscosity modifier and the pour point depressant are blended into a concentrate or additive package (as mentioned above), that is subsequently blended into base oil to make the finished lubricating oil composition. The concentrate will typically be formulated to contain the additive(s) in proper amounts to provide the desired concentration in the final formulation when the concentrate is combined with a predetermined amount of a base oil.
- The concentrate is preferably made in accordance with the method described in
US Patent 4,938,880 . That patent describes making a pre-mix of ashless dispersant and metal detergents that is pre-blended at a temperature of at least about 100°C. Thereafter, the pre-mix is cooled to at least 85°C and the additional components are added. - The final crankcase lubricating oil formulation may employ from 2 to 20, preferably 4 to 18, and most preferably 5 to 17, mass % of the concentrate or additive package, the remainder being base oil.
- The invention will now be described in the following examples which are not intended to limit the scope of the claims hereof.
- Four 5W-30 crankcase lubricating oil compositions were prepared. Each composition contained one or more dispersants, metal detergents, anti-wear agents, anti-oxidants and viscosity modifiers. Two of the compositions, being examples of the invention (Examples 1 and 2), were free of any ashless, organic friction modifier. The other two compositions, being reference examples for comparison purposes (Examples A and B), contained 0.2 mass % of glycerol monooleate friction modifier and 0.1 mass % of oleamide friction modifier. The base oil of each composition was blended to generate Noack volatilities stated in the table below.
- Each composition had comparable measured properties, e.g. P(0.06 mass %), sulphated ash (0.60 mass %), TBN (6) and KV100 (12.2 mm2s-1), with the exception of Noack volatility.
- Each composition was tested using the VW FSI intake valve deposit test using a 1.4L 77KW direct injection gasoline engine with closed crankcase ventilation. The inlet valves were weighed before the test and after the test to determine the weight of deposit formed. The results are expressed in the table below.
Example Noack Volatility (mass %) Ratio Deposits/maximum limit (Calculated) Base Oil (Measured) Composition 1 10.6 7.8 0.974 2 10.1 7.8 0.984 A 10.1 8.1 1.468 B 12.2 10.7 2.238 - Footnote - The results shown are the ratios of the measured weights of the intake valve deposits to the maximum limit of intake value deposits permitted by the test. Thus, a lower value indicates a better result; a value below one indicates performance within the permitted limit and a value greater than one indicates performance outside the permitted limit.
- Comparing the results of Examples 1 and 2 together, with the result of Example A shows that, at constant Noack volatility, the presence of the ashless organic friction modifiers in A has given rise to sufficient deterioration in performance in the test.
- Comparing the results of Examples A and B shows that, at the same level of ashless organic friction modifiers, increase in Noack volatility in moving from Example A to Example B has given rise to deterioration in performance.
Claims (8)
- A method of reducing intake valve deposits in a direct injection internal combustion engine which comprises lubricating the engine with a lubricating oil composition that is substantially free of any ashless organic friction modifier and that comprises a major amount of base oil of lubricating viscosity having a Noack volatility of less than 12 mass %.
- A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the Noack volatility is less than 11 mass %.
- A method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2 wherein the Noack volatility is in the range of 4 to 11 mass %.
- A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3 wherein the lubricating oil composition contains up to 0.1, preferably up to 0.08, more preferably up to 0.06, mass % of phosphorus, expressed as atoms of phosphorus.
- A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 4 wherein the lubricating oil composition contains up to 1.2, preferably up to 1.0, more preferably up to 0.8, mass % of sulphated ash.
- A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5 wherein the lubricating oil composition contains up to 0.4, preferably up to 0.2, mass % of sulfur, expressed as atoms of sulfur.
- A method as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6 wherein the lubricating oil composition has a 0W-X, 5W-X, 15W-X or 20W-X viscosity grade according to the SAE J300 classification, wherein X is 20, 30, 40 or 50.
- The use of a major amount of a base oil of lubricating viscosity and having a Noack volatility of less than 12 mass % in a lubricating oil composition that is substantially free of any ashless organic friction modifier to reduce intake valve deposits in a direct injection internal combustion engine lubricated by the composition.
Priority Applications (1)
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EP06125006.4A EP1820841B1 (en) | 2006-02-14 | 2006-11-29 | Use for reducing intake valve deposits |
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EP06101638 | 2006-02-14 | ||
EP06125006.4A EP1820841B1 (en) | 2006-02-14 | 2006-11-29 | Use for reducing intake valve deposits |
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EP1820841B1 EP1820841B1 (en) | 2018-10-31 |
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Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020137636A1 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2002-09-26 | Hartley Rolfe J. | Lubricating oil composition |
EP1318189A1 (en) * | 2001-12-06 | 2003-06-11 | Infineum International Limited | Dispersants and lubricating oil compositions containing same |
WO2004003113A1 (en) * | 2002-06-26 | 2004-01-08 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Lubricant composition |
WO2004094573A1 (en) | 2003-04-04 | 2004-11-04 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Method of reducing intake valve deposits in a direct injection engine |
EP1505144A1 (en) * | 2003-08-07 | 2005-02-09 | Infineum International Limited | A lubricating oil composition |
-
2006
- 2006-11-29 EP EP06125006.4A patent/EP1820841B1/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20020137636A1 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2002-09-26 | Hartley Rolfe J. | Lubricating oil composition |
EP1318189A1 (en) * | 2001-12-06 | 2003-06-11 | Infineum International Limited | Dispersants and lubricating oil compositions containing same |
WO2004003113A1 (en) * | 2002-06-26 | 2004-01-08 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Lubricant composition |
WO2004094573A1 (en) | 2003-04-04 | 2004-11-04 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Method of reducing intake valve deposits in a direct injection engine |
EP1505144A1 (en) * | 2003-08-07 | 2005-02-09 | Infineum International Limited | A lubricating oil composition |
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