EP1789410A1 - Methylene dipiperidine derivatives - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to novel methylene dipiperidine derivatives having pharmacological activity, processes for their preparation, to compositions containing them and to their use in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Description

NOVEL COMPOUNDS

The present invention relates to novel methylene dipiperidine derivatives having pharmacological activity, processes for their preparation, to compositions containing them and to their use in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

US 2003/119817 (A. Mehta) describes a series of substituted phenyl oxazolidinone compounds which are claimed to be useful in the treatment of microbial infection. WO 99/37304 (Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Pharmaceuticals Inc) and WO 01/07436 (Aventis Pharmaceuticals Products Inc) both describe a series of substituted oxoazaheterocyclyl Factor Xa inhibitors. WO 2002/79753 (Lion Bioscience AG) describes a series of 2- aminobenzoxazole derivatives which are claimed to be useful in the treatment of melanocortin receptor associated conditions e.g. inflammation. WO 2002/43762 and WO 00/59510 (Pfizer Prod Inc) both describe a series of heterocyclyl substituted pyrimidine derivatives which are claimed to be useful in the treatment of diabetes. JO 4018-071 -A (Sumitomo Seiyaku KK) describes a series of bis-piperidine derivatives which are claimed to be acetylcholine esterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

The histamine H3 receptor is predominantly expressed in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), with minimal expression in peripheral tissues except on some sympathetic nerves (Leurs et al., (1998), Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 19, 177-183). Activation of H3 receptors by selective agonists or histamine results in the inhibition of neurotransmitter release from a variety of different nerve populations, including histaminergic and cholinergic neurons (Schlicker et al., (1994), Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 8, 128-137). Additionally, in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that H3 antagonists can facilitate neurotransmitter release in brain areas such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, relevant to cognition (Onodera et al., (1998), In: The Histamine H3 receptor, ed Leurs and Timmerman, pp255- 267, Elsevier Science B.V.). Moreover, a number of reports in the literature have demonstrated the cognitive enhancing properties of H3 antagonists (e.g. thioperamide, clobenpropit, ciproxifan and GT-2331 ) in rodent models including the five choice task, object recognition, elevated plus maze, acquisition of novel task and passive avoidance (Giovanni et al., (1999), Behav. Brain Res. 104, 147-155). These data suggest that novel H3 antagonists and/or inverse agonists such as the current series could be useful for the treatment of cognitive impairments in neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders.

The present invention provides, in a first aspect, a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

(I) wherein:

R¹ represents aryl, heteroaryl,-aryl-X-aryl, -aryl-X-heteroaryl, -aryl-X-heterocyclyl, - heteroaryl-X-heteroaryl, -heteroaryl-X-aryl or -heteroaryl-X-heterocyclyl; wherein said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl groups of R¹ may be optionally substituted by one or more (e.g. 1, 2 or 3) substituents which may be the same or different, and which are selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, oxo, haloC_1-6 alkyl, polyhaloCi-6 alkyl, haloC_1-6 alkoxy, polyhaloC_1-6 alkoxy, C_1-6 alkyl, C_1-6 alkoxy, C_1-6 alkylthio, C_1-6 alkoxyC_1-6 alkyl, C_3-7 cycloalkylC_1-6 alkoxy, C_1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C_1-6 alkylsulfinyl, C_1-6 alkylsulfonyloxy, C_1-6 alkylsulfonylC_1-6 alkyl, C_1-6 alkylsulfonamidoCi_-6 alkyl, C_1-6 alkylamidoC_1-6 alkyl, phenyl, phenylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyloxy, phenyloxy, phenylsulfonamido, phenylcarboxamido, phenoyl, or a group -COR¹⁵, -COOR¹⁵, NR¹⁵R¹⁶, - CONR¹⁵R¹⁶, -NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, -NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶Or -SO₂NR¹⁵R¹⁶, wherein R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ independently represent hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl, haloC_1-6 alkyl, polyhaloC_1-6 alkyl or C_3-6 cycloalkyl or together form a heterocyclic ring;

X represents a bond, O, CO, SO₂, OCH₂ or CH₂O;

R² represents C_1-8 alkyl, C_3-6 alkenyl, C_3-6 alkynyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl, C_5-6 cycloalkenyl or -C_{1- 4}alkyl-C_3-6 cycloalkyl; wherein said C_3-6 cycloalkyl groups of R² may be optionally substituted by one or more (e.g. 1 , 2 or 3) substituents which may be the same or different, and which are selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_1-4 alkyl or polyhaloCi_-6 alkyl groups; each R³ and R⁴ group independently represents C_1-4 alkyl; m and n independently represents 0, 1 or 2; or solvates thereof.

In one aspect, the invention provides compounds of formula (I) wherein:

R¹ represents aryl, heteroaryl, -aryl-X-aryl, -aryl-X-heteroaryl, -aryl-X-heterocyclyl, - heteroaryl-X-heteroaryl, -heteroaryl-X-aryl or -heteroaryl-X-heterocyclyl; wherein said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl groups of R¹ may be optionally substituted by one or more (e.g. 1 , 2 or 3) substituents which may be the same or different, and which are selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, oxo, haloC_1-6 alkyl, polyhaloC_1-6 alkyl, halod-e alkoxy, polyhaloC_1-6 alkoxy, Ci_-6 alkyl, C_1-6 alkoxy, C_1-6 alkylthio, C_1-6 alkoxyC_1-6 alkyl, C_3-7 cycloalkylC_1-6 alkoxy, C_1-6 alkanoyl, C_1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, C_1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C_1-6 alkylsulfinyl, C_1-6 alkylsulfonyloxy, C_1-6 alkylsulfonylC_1-6 alkyl, C_1-6 alkylsulfonamidoC^ alkyl, C_1-6 alkylamidoC_1-6 alkyl, aryl, arylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyloxy, aryloxy, arylsulfonamido, arylcarboxamido, aroyl, or a group -COR¹⁵, -COOR¹⁵, NR¹⁵R¹⁶, - CONR¹⁵R¹⁶, -NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, -NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶Or -SO₂NR¹⁵R¹⁶, wherein R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ independently represent hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl, haloC_1-6 alkyl, polyhaloC_1-6 alkyl or C_3-6 cycloalkyl or together form a heterocyclic ring; X represents a bond, O, CO, SO₂, OCH₂ or CH₂O;

R² represents C_3-8 alkyl, C_3-6 alkenyl, C_3-6 alkynyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl, C_5-6 cycloalkenyl or -C_{1- 4}alkyl-C_3-6 cycloalkyl; wherein said C_3-6 cycloalkyl groups of R² may be optionally substituted by one or more (e.g. 1 , 2 or 3) substituents which may be the same or different, and which are selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_1-4 alkyl or polyhaloC^ alkyl groups; each R³ and R⁴ group independently represents C_1-4 alkyl; m and n independently represents O, 1 or 2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another embodiment when R¹ represents -heteroaryl, -heteroaryl-X-aryl, -heteroaryl-X- heteroaryl or -heteroaryl-X-heterocyclyl, the heteroaryl group attached directly to the piperidine is other than benzoxazol-2-yl.

In a further embodiment, in which R² represent C_1-6 alkyl or C_3-6 cycloalkyl, R¹ is other than pyrimidin-4-yl.

In yet another embodiment in which R¹ represents -heteroaryl, R² does not represent - methyl-C_3-6 cycloalkyl.

The term 'C_1-6 alkyl' as used herein as a group or a part of the group refers to a linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of such groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl or hexyl and the like.

The term 'C_2-6 alkenyl' as used herein refers to a linear or branched hydrocarbon group containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds and having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.

Examples of such groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl or hexenyl and the like.

The term 'C_1-6 alkoxy' as used herein refers to an -0-C_1-6 alkyl group wherein C_1-6 alkyl is as defined herein. Examples of such groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy or hexoxy and the like.

The term 'C_3-8 cycloalkyl' as used herein refers to a saturated monocyclic hydrocarbon ring of 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples of such groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl and the like. The term 'halogen' as used herein refers to a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.

The term 'haloC_1-6 alkyl' as used herein refers to a C_1-6 alkyl group as defined herein wherein one hydrogen atom is replaced with halogen. An example of such a group includes fluoroethyl. The term 'polyhaloC_1-6 alkyl' as used herein refers to a C_1-6 alkyl group as defined herein wherein at least two hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen. Examples such groups include trifluoromethyl or trifluoroethyl and the like.

The term 'halo C_1-6 alkoxy' as used herein refers to a C_1-6 alkoxy group as herein defined wherein one hydrogen atom is replaced with halogen. An examples of such a group includes fluoromethoxy. The term 'polyhaloC_1-6 alkoxy' as used herein refers to a C_1-6 alkoxy group as defined herein wherein at least two hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen. Examples such groups include difluoromethoxy or trifluoromethoxy and the like.

The term 'C_1-6 alkylamidoC_1-6 alkyl' as used herein encompasses the group -C_1-6 alkyl- CONH-C_1-6 alkyl, and the group -C_1-6 alkyl-NHCO-C_1-6 alkyl.

The term 'aryl' as used herein refers to a C_6-12 monocyclic or bicyclic hydrocarbon ring wherein at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of such groups include phenyl, naphthyl or tetrahydronaphthalenyl and the like.

The term 'aryloxy' as used herein refers to an -O-aryl group wherein aryl is as defined herein. Examples of such groups include phenoxy and the like.

The term 'heteroaryl' as used herein refers to a 5-6 membered monocyclic aromatic or a fused 8-10 membered bicyclic aromatic ring, which monocyclic or bicyclic ring contains 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. Examples of such monocyclic aromatic rings include thienyl, furyl, furazanyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyranyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl and the like. Examples of such fused aromatic rings include quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pteridinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, azaindolyl, indolizinyl, indazolyl, purinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, furopyridinyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzoimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoisothiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl and the like.

The term 'heterocyclyl' refers to a 4-7 membered monocyclic ring or a fused 8-12 membered bicyclic ring which may be saturated or partially unsaturated, which monocyclic or bicyclic ring contains 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur. Examples of such monocyclic rings include pyrrolidinyl, azetidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, dioxolanyl, dioxanyl, oxathiolanyl, oxathianyl, dithianyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, diazepanyl, azepanyl and the like. Examples of such bicyclic rings include indolinyl, isoindolinyl, benzopyranyl, quinuclidinyl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl and the like.

In one embodiment, R¹ represents -aryl, -heteroaryl, -aryl-X-heteroaryl or heteroaryl-X- heteroaryl.

In one embodiment in which R¹ represents -aryl-X-heteroaryl or -heteroaryl-X-heteroaryl and the aryl or heteroaryl linked to the nitrogen atom of the piperidine group is a 6 membered ring, the bond to X is in the para position relative to the attachment to the linkage to the nitrogen atom of the piperidine group.

In one aspect, the aryl or heteroaryl groups of R¹ may optionally be substituted by one or more (e.g. 1 , 2 or 3) substituents which may be the same or different, and which are selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, Ci_-6 alkyl, polyhaloC_1-6 alkyl, or a group -COR¹⁵, -COOR¹⁵ Or -CONR¹⁵R¹⁶, wherein R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ independently represent, hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, isopropyl or tert-butyl) or polyhaloC_1-6 alkyl (e.g. trifluoromethyl).

In one embodiment in which R¹ represents -aryl or -heteroaryl, wherein the aryl and heteroaryl groups are six membered rings that are substituted by one substitutent, the substituent is in the para position relative to the attachment to X.

In a more particular embodiment, R¹ represents:

-aryl (e.g. phenyl) optionally substituted by a -COR¹⁵ (e.g. -COMe or -COCF₃) or halogen (e.g. fluorine) group;

-heteroaryl (e.g. pyrid-2-yl, pyrid-3-yl, pyrid-4-yl, pyrazin-2-yl, pyridazin-3-yl, pyrimidin-5-yl or quinolin-6-yl) optionally substituted by a cyano, C_1-6 alkyl (e.g. methyl), polyhaloC_1-6 alkyl (e.g. -CF₃), -CONR¹⁵R¹⁶ (e.g. -CON(H)(Me), -CON(H)(Et), -C0N(H)(i-

Pr), -COR¹⁵ (e.g. -COMe) or -COOR¹⁵ (e.g. -COOt-Bu) group;

-aryl-X-heteroaryl (e.g.-phenyl-oxadiazolyl) optionally substituted by a halogen (e.g. fluorine) or Ci_-6 alkyl (e.g. methyl); or -heteroaryl-X-heteroaryl (e.g. -pyridyl-oxadiazolyl) optionally substituted by a C_1-6 alkyl (e.g. methyl) group.

More particularly, R¹ represents:

-aryl (e.g. phenyl) optionally substituted by a -COR¹⁵ (e.g. -COMe or -COCF₃); -heteroaryl (e.g. pyrid-2-yl, pyrid-3-yl, pyrazin-2-yl, pyridazin-3-yl or pyrimidin-5-yl) optionally substituted by a cyano, polyhaloCi_-6 alkyl (e.g. -CF₃), -CONR¹⁵R¹⁶ (e.g. - CON(H)(Me), -CON(H)(Et), -CON(H)(J-Pr)₁ -COR¹⁵ (e.g. -COMe) or -COOR¹⁵ (e.g. - COOH, -COOMe or -COOt-Bu) group;

-aryl-X-heteroaryl (e.g.-phenyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl), wherein the aryl group is optionally substituted by a halogen (e.g. fluorine), and wherein the heteroaryl group is optionally substituted by C_1-6 alkyl (e.g. methyl); or

-heteroaryl-X-heteroaryl (e.g. -pyrid-3-yl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl) optionally substituted on the terminal heteroaryl group by a C_1-6 alkyl (e.g. methyl) group.

Even more particularly, R¹ represents -heteroaryl (e.g. pyrid-3-yl or pyrazin-2-yl) optionally substituted by a cyano, -

CONR¹⁵R¹⁶ (e.g. -CON(H)(Me), -CON(H)(Et) or -CON(H)(J-Pr)) or -COR¹⁵ (e.g. -COMe) group; or

-aryl-X-heteroaryl (e.g. -phenyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl) optionally substituted on the aryl group by a halogen (e.g. fluorine), and optionally substituted on the heteroaryl group by a C_1-6 alkyl (e.g. methyl) group); or

-heteroaryl-X-heteroaryl (e.g. -pyrid-3-yl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl) optionally substituted on the terminal heteroaryl group by a C_1-6 alkyl (e.g. methyl) group.

Most particularly, R¹ represents -pyrazin-2-yl or pyrid-3-yl optionally substituted by -CONR¹⁵R¹⁶ (e.g. -CON(H)(Me),

-CON(H)(Et) or -CON(H)(i-Pr)) or -COR¹⁵ (e.g. -COMe) group;

-pyrid-3-yl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl optionally substituted on the oxadiazolyl group by a C_1-6 alkyl (e.g. methyl) group; or

-phenyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl optionally substituted on the phenyl group by a halogen (e.g. fluorine) and optionally substituted on the oxadiazolyl group by a C_1-6 alkyl (e.g. methyl) group.

In another embodiment, X represents a bond.

In a further embodiment, R² represents C_1-8 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl or isopropyl), C_3-6 cycloalkyl (e.g. cyclobutyl), C_1-4alkyl-C_3-ecycloalkyl (e.g. cyclopropylmethyl).

In a more particular embodiment, R² represents isopropyl or cyclobutyl, particularly cyclobutyl.

In one embodiment, m and n both represent O.

In one aspect, the invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ represents aryl, heteroaryl, -aryl-X-heteroaryl, or -heteroaryl-X-heteroaryl; wherein said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl groups of R¹ may optionally be substituted by one or more (e.g. 1 , 2 or 3) substituents which may be the same or different, and which are selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, Ci_-6 alkyl, polyhaloC_1-6 alkyl, or a group -COR¹⁵, -COOR¹⁵ or -CONR¹⁵R¹⁶; X represents a bond;

R² represents C_1-8 alkyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl or -Ci-₄alkyl-C_3-6 cycloalkyl; m and n represent O; or solvates thereof.

Compounds according to the invention include examples E1-E36 as shown below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

More particularly, compounds according to the invention include:

5-{4-[(1-Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-Λ/-(1-methylethyl)-2- pyrazinecarboxamide (E6);

5-{4-[(1-cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-N-ethyl-2-pyrazinecarboxamide (E9); 5-(4-{[1-(1-Methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1-piperidinyl)-2-(3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5- yl)pyridine (E15);

1 -[3-fluoro-4-(3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl]-4-{[1 -(1 -methylethyl)-4- piperidinyl]methyl}piperidine (E16);

5-{4-[(1-cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-2-(3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5- yl)pyridine (E17);

1-[5-(4-{[1-(1-Methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1-piperidinyl)-2-pyridinyl]ethanone (E23); and

1-(5-{4-[(1-Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-2-pyridinyl)ethanone (E24); and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.

Most particularly, compounds according to the invention include:

5-{4-[(1 -Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1 -piperidinyl}-Λ/-(1 -methylethyl)-2- pyrazinecarboxamide (E6); and

5-(4-{[1 -(1 -Methylethyl)-4-pipehdinyl]methyl}-1 -piperidinyl)-2-(3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5- yl)pyridine (E15); and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.

A pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt can be formed by reaction of a compound of formula (I) with a suitable inorganic or organic acid (such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, succinic, maleic, formic, acetic, propionic, fumaric, citric, tartaric, lactic, benzoic, salicylic, glutamaic, aspartic, p-toluenesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, naphthalenesulfonic such as 2- naphthalenesulfonic, or hexanoic acid), optionally in a suitable solvent such as an organic solvent, to give the salt which is usually isolated for example by crystallisation and filtration. A pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of formula (I) can comprise or be for example a hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, succinate, maleate, formate, acetate, propionate, fumarate, citrate, tartrate, lactate, benzoate, salicylate, glutamate, aspartate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, naphthalenesulfonate (e.g. 2- naphthalenesulfonate) or hexanoate salt.

The invention includes within its scope all possible stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric forms of the salts of the compounds of formula (I) including hydrates and solvates.

Certain compounds of formula (I) are capable of existing in stereoisomeric forms. It will be understood that the invention encompasses all geometric and optical isomers of these compounds and the mixtures thereof including racemates. Tautomers also form an aspect of the invention.

The present invention also provides a process for the preparation of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which process comprises:

(a) reacting a compound of formula (II)

(H) wherein R², R³, R⁴, m and n are as defined above, with a compound of formula R¹-l_\ wherein R¹ is as defined above and L¹ represents a suitable leaving group, such as a halogen atom (e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine); or

(b) deprotecting a compound of formula (I) or converting groups which are protected; and optionally thereafter

(c) interconversion from one compound of formula (I) to another.

Process (a) typically comprises the use of a suitable base, such as potassium carbonate in a suitable solvent such as dimethylsulfoxide, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, N₁N- dimethylformamide or acetonitrile at elevated temperature. Alternatively, process (a) may be carried out with a suitable catalyst system in the presence of a suitable base such as sodium t-butoxide, caesium carbonate or potassium phosphate in a solvent such as o- xylene, dioxane or toluene, under an inert atmosphere, optionally at an elevated temperature. Suitable catalyst systems include tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) and 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2'-(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl, bis(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium and 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2'-(N,N- dimethylamino)biphenyl, tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) and xantphos, acetato(2'-di-t-butylphosphino-1 ,1 '-biphenyl-2-yl)palladium (II), palladium(ll) acetate and BINAP, or palladium(ll) acetate and 2,8,9-triisobutyl-2,5,8,9-tetraaza-1- phosphabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane.

In process (b), examples of protecting groups and the means for their removal can be found in T. W. Greene 'Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis' (J. Wiley and Sons, 1991). Suitable amine protecting groups include sulfonyl (e.g. tosyl), acyl (e.g. acetyl, 2\2',2'- trichloroethoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or t-butoxycarbonyl) and arylalkyl (e.g. benzyl), which may be removed by hydrolysis (e.g. using an acid such as hydrochloric acid) or reductively (e.g. hydrogenolysis of a benzyl group or reductive removal of a 2',2',2'- trichloroethoxycarbonyl group using zinc in acetic acid) as appropriate. Other suitable amine protecting groups include trifluoroacetyl (-COCF₃) which may be removed by base catalysed hydrolysis or a solid phase resin bound benzyl group, such as a Merrifield resin bound 2,6-dimethoxybenzyl group (Ellman linker), which may be removed by acid catalysed hydrolysis, for example with trifluoroacetic acid.

Process (c) may be performed using conventional interconversion procedures such as epimerisation, oxidation, reduction, alkylation, nucleophilic or electrophilic aromatic substitution, ester hydrolysis or amide bond formation. Examples of transition metal mediated coupling reactions useful as interconversion procedures include the following:

Palladium catalysed coupling reactions between organic electrophiles, such as aryl halides, and organometallic reagents, for example boronic acids (Suzuki cross-coupling reactions); Palladium catalysed amination and amidation reactions between organic electrophiles, such as aryl halides, and nucleophiles, such as amines and amides; Copper catalysed amidation reactions between organic electrophiles (such as aryl halides) and nucleophiles such as amides; and Copper mediated coupling reactions between phenols and boronic acids.

Compounds of formula (II) may be prepared in accordance with the following procedure:

wherein R², R³, R⁴, m and n are as defined above, L² represents a suitable leaving group such as a halogen atom (e.g. bromine), and P¹ represents a suitable protecting group such as t-butoxycarbonyl.

Step (i) comprises the use of a borane such as 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane in a solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, followed by treatment with a suitable palladium catalyst such as [1 ,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(ll), complex with dichloromethane (1 :1), in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate in a suitable solvent such as N,N-dimethylformamide, at elevated temperature.

Step (ii) is carried out under reductive conditions using hydrogen gas with a platinum catalyst in a solvent such as ethanol at a suitable temperature such as room temperature.

Step (iii) may be performed by reacting a compound of formula (Vl) with a compound of formula R²-L³ wherein R² is as defined above and L³ represents a suitable leaving group such as a halogen atom or a sulfonate. Where L³ represents halogen (e.g. iodine) or a sulfonate (e.g. methylsulfonate), step (iii) typically comprises the use of a suitable base such as potassium carbonate in a solvent such as acetonitrile optionally at elevated temperature.

Step (iii) may also be performed by reacting a compound of formula (Vl) with a compound of formula R²¹C=O, capable of converting an NH group to an NR² group. Step (iii) typically takes place, under reductive conditions e.g. using sodium triacetoxyborohydride and a suitable base such as triethylamine, in a solvent such as DCM. Step (iv) is a deprotection reaction where the conditions depend on the nature of the group P¹. Process (b) describes processes for removing protecting groups. Removal of a P¹ tert- butoxycarbonyl group can be performed under acidic conditions e.g. using 4N HCI in a suitable solvent such as dioxane.

Compounds of formula (III), (IV), R¹-L¹, R²-L³ and R²O=O are either known in the literature or can be prepared by analogous methods.

Compounds of formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts have affinity for and are antagonists and/or inverse agonists of the histamine H3 receptor and are believed to be of potential use in the treatment of neurological diseases including Alzheimer's disease, dementia (including Lewy body dementia and vascular dementia), age-related memory dysfunction, mild cognitive impairment, cognitive deficit, epilepsy, pain of neuropathic origin including neuralgias, neuritis and back pain, and inflammatory pain including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute inflammatory pain and back pain, migraine, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke and sleep disorders (including narcolepsy and sleep deficits associated with Parkinson's disease); psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (particularly cognitive deficit of schizophrenia), attention deficit hypereactivity disorder, depression, anxiety and addiction; and other diseases including obesity and gastro¬ intestinal disorders.

It will also be appreciated that compounds of formula (I) are expected to be selective for the histamine H3 receptor over other histamine receptor subtypes, such as the histamine H1 receptor. Generally, compounds of the invention may be at least 10 fold selective for H3 over H1 , such as at least 100 fold selective.

Thus the invention also provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a therapeutic substance in the treatment or prophylaxis of the above disorders, in particular cognitive impairments in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative disorders.

The invention further provides a method of treatment or prophylaxis of the above disorders, in mammals including humans, which comprises administering to the sufferer a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another aspect, the invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the treatment of the above disorders. When used in therapy, the compounds of formula (I) are usually formulated in a standard pharmaceutical composition. Such compositions can be prepared using standard procedures.

Thus, the present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of the above disorders which comprises the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Compounds of formula (I) may be used in combination with other therapeutic agents, for example medicaments claimed to be useful as either disease modifying or symptomatic treatments of Alzheimer's disease. Suitable examples of such other therapeutic agents may be agents known to modify cholinergic transmission such as 5-HT₆ antagonists, M1 muscarinic agonists, M2 muscarinic antagonists or acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. When the compounds are used in combination with other therapeutic agents, the compounds may be administered either sequentially or simultaneously by any convenient route.

The invention thus provides, in a further aspect, a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof together with a further therapeutic agent or agents.

The combinations referred to above may conveniently be presented for use in the form of a pharmaceutical formulation and thus pharmaceutical formulations comprising a combination as defined above together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient comprise a further aspect of the invention. The individual components of such combinations may be administered either sequentially or simultaneously in separate or combined pharmaceutical formulations.

When a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof is used in combination with a second therapeutic agent active against the same disease state the dose of each compound may differ from that when the compound is used alone. Appropriate doses will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention, which may be prepared by admixture, suitably at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, is usually adapted for oral, parenteral or rectal administration and, as such, may be in the form of tablets, capsules, oral liquid preparations, powders, granules, lozenges, reconstitutable powders, injectable or infusible solutions or suspensions or suppositories. Orally administrable compositions are generally preferred.

Tablets and capsules for oral administration may be in unit dose form, and may contain conventional excipients, such as binding agents, fillers, tabletting lubricants, disintegrants and acceptable wetting agents. The tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice.

Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspension, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be in the form of a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), preservatives, and, if desired, conventional flavourings or colorants.

For parenteral administration, fluid unit dosage forms are prepared utilising a compound of the invention or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a sterile vehicle. The compound, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can be either suspended or dissolved in the vehicle. In preparing solutions, the compound can be dissolved for injection and filter sterilised before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing.

Advantageously, adjuvants such as a local anaesthetic, preservatives and buffering agents are dissolved in the vehicle. To enhance the stability, the composition can be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum. Parenteral suspensions are prepared in substantially the same manner, except that the compound is suspended in the vehicle instead of being dissolved, and sterilisation cannot be accomplished by filtration. The compound can be sterilised by exposure to ethylene oxide before suspension in a sterile vehicle. Advantageously, a surfactant or wetting agent is included in the composition to facilitate uniform distribution of the compound.

The composition may contain from 0.1% to 99% by weight, preferably from 10 to 60% by weight, of the active material, depending on the method of administration. The dose of the compound used in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders will vary in the usual way with the seriousness of the disorders, the weight of the sufferer, and other similar factors. However, as a general guide suitable unit doses may be 0.05 to 1000 mg, more suitably 0.1 to 200 mg and even more suitably 1.0 to 200 mg, and such unit doses may be administered more than once a day, for example two or three a day. Such therapy may extend for a number of weeks or months.

The following Descriptions and Examples illustrate the preparation of compounds of the invention. An Emrys™ Optimizer microwave reactor was employed for reactions carried out with microwave heating. Where indicated, Varian Mega BE (10g) SCX columns or lsolute Flash SCX-2 (2Og) columns were used for the work-up of reactions. Crude mixtures were applied to the column, non-polar materials were washed off with methanol, and the desired amines were eluted with ammonia in methanol.

Description 1 1 ,1-Dimethylethyl 4-(4-pyridinylmethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylate (D1)

9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (101.5ml of a 0.5M solution in tetrahydrofuran) was added to a degassed sample of Λ/-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-methylene piperidine (may be prepared as described in A. Palani et al., J. Med. Chem., 2002, 45: 3145) (10g) and the resultant solution heated at reflux for 1h. After cooling to room temperature the reaction mixture was then added to a mixture of 4-bromopyridine (7.23g), [1 ,1'- bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(ll), complex with dichloromethane (1 :1) (1.14g), K₂CO₃ (8.42g), N,N-dimethylformamide (100ml) and water (10ml), and the resultant mixture heated at 60⁰C for 3h. After cooling to room temperature, another charge of [1 ,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(ll), complex with dichloromethane (1:1) (1.14g) was added to the reaction and heated at 6O⁰C overnight. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into water, the pH was adjusted to 11 by the addition of 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide and extracted into ethyl acetate. Combined organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to give the crude pyridine as a brown viscous oil. Chromatography [silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate in hexanes, 0- 100%] gave the title compound (D1 ) as a pale yellow oil (7.5g).

Description 2

1 ,1 -Dimethylethyl 4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)-1 -piperidinecarboxylate (D2)

1 ,1-Dimethylethyl 4-(4-pyridinylmethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 1 ) (11.4g) was dissolved in ethanol (200ml) and acetic acid

(2.36ml). Platinum oxide (2g) was added under a blanket of argon, and the reaction shaken under hydrogen at 50psi for 18h. After carefully filtering off the platinum catalyst, the solvent was evaporated and the residue redissolved in ethyl acetate (50ml) and washed with saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (50ml). The aqueous phase was extracted into ethyl acetate (2χ50ml) and the combined organics dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to give the title compound (D2) as white solid (9.4g).

Description 3

1 ,1 -Dimethylethyl 4-{[1 -(1 -methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1 -piperidinecarboxylate (D3)

1 ,1-Dimethylethyl 4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 2) (3g), isopropyl iodide (3.2ml) and K₂CO₃ (2.94g) were combined in acetonitrile (70ml) and the reaction mixture heated at 5O⁰C overnight. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature, filtered and evaporated. The residue was dissolved in diethylether (50ml) and washed successively with water (50ml), saturated sodium thiosulphate solution (50ml), saturated brine (50ml) and dried (Na₂SO₄). The solvent was evaporated to give the title compound (D3) as a pale yellow oil (3.1g). Description 4

1 -(1 -Methylethyl)-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (D4)

1 ,1-Dimethylethyl 4-{[1-(1-methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1-piperidinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 3) (3.1g) was stirred in a solution of HCI-Dioxane (100ml, 4M) for 2.5h. The solvent was evaporated and the resultant yellow solid was dissolved in saturated potassium carbonate (25ml). The solution was extracted into dichloromethane (3χ50ml) and the combined organics dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to give the title compound (D4) as a pale yellow oil (1.8g).

Description 5

1 ,1 -Dimethylethyl 4-[(1 -cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1 -piperidinecarboxylate (D5)

1 ,1-Dimethylethyl 4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 2) (4.8g), cyclobutanone (3.81 ml) and triethylamine (4.7ml) were stirred in DCM (200ml) at room temperature. After 10min sodium triacetoxyborohydride (7.2g) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was evaporated and redissolved in dichloromethane (50ml). After washing with saturated potassium carbonate solution (2χ50ml), saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (2χ50ml) and saturated brine (50ml) the organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to give the title compound (D5) as a colourless solid (5.72g).

Description 6

1 -Cyclobutyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (D6)

1 ,1-Dimethylethyl 4-[(1-cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 5) (5.7g) was stirred in a solution of HCI-Dioxane (100ml, 4M) for 1 h. The solvent was evaporated and the resultant yellow solid was dissolved in saturated potassium carbonate (25ml). The solution was extracted into dichloromethane (3χ50ml) and the combined organics dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to give the title compound (D6) as a pale yellow oil which solidified on standing (3.04g).

Description 7

1 ,1-Dimethylethyl 4-[(1 -ethyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1 -piperidinecarboxylate (D7)

1 ,1-Dimethylethyl 4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 2) (2g), ethyl iodide (0.57ml) and K₂CO₃ (1.96g) were combined in acetonitrile (70ml) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3h. The reaction was filtered to remove solids and the solvent evaporated to give the title compound (D7) as a yellow solid (2.5g).

Description 8

1 -Ethyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (D8) 1,1-Dimethylethyl 4-[(1-ethyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1 -piperidinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 7) (2.5g) was stirred in a solution of HCI-Dioxane (70ml, 4M) for 2h. The solvent was evaporated and the resultant hydrochloride salt was dissolved in saturated potassium carbonate (25ml). The solution was extracted into DCM (3x50ml) and the combined organics dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to give the title compound (D8) (1.48g).

Description 9

1 ,1 -Dimethylethyl 4-{[1 -(cyclopropylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1 - piperidinecarboxylate (D9)

1 ,1 -Dimethylethyl 4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)-1 -piperidinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 2) (2.Og), cyclopropyl carboxaldehyde (1.6ml) and triethylamine (1.99ml) were stirred in dichloromethane (70ml) at room temperature. After 10min sodium triacetoxyborohydride (3.1g) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was washed with saturated potassium carbonate solution (2χ50ml), saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (2χ50ml) and saturated brine (50ml). The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to give the title compound (D9) (2.0g).

Description 10

1 -(Cyclopropylmethyl)-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (D10)

1 , 1 -Dimethylethyl 4-{[1 -(cydopropylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1 -piperidinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 9) (2.Og) was stirred in a solution of HCI-

Dioxane (700ml, 4M) for 2h. The solvent was evaporated and the resultant yellow solid was dissolved in saturated potassium carbonate (25ml). The solution was extracted into dichloromethane (3χ50ml) and the combined organics dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated to give the title compound (D10) (1.0g).

Description 11

S-Bromo-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (D11)

5-Bromo-2-cyanopyridine (95.Og, 0.519 mol) was added portionwise with stirring over 2min to concentrated hydrochloric acid (650ml) at rt. The solution was stirred at rt for 25min and then it was heated at 110⁰C for 4.5h under an atmosphere of argon. The solution was then allowed to cool to rt over 4h and the resulting white crystals were filtered and washed with de-ionised water (4 x 200ml). The solid was then suspended in toluene (500ml) and the mixture evaporated to dryness. This was repeated with more toluene (500ml) and the resulting white powder was dried under vacuum at 50⁰C for 18h to give the title compound (D11 ) (74.4g). MS electrospray (-ve ion) 200 and 202 (M-H'). ¹ H NMR δ (DMSO-d6): 13.40 (1 H, br.s), 8.82 (1 H, d, J=2.5Hz), 8.25 (1 H, dd, J=8, 2.5Hz), 7.98 (1 H, d, J=8Hz).

Description 12

1,1 -Dimethylethyl 5-bromo-2-pyridinecarboxylate (D12) A suspension of δ-bromo^-pyridinecarboxylic acid (may be prepared as described in

Description 11 ) (68.Og) in tert-butanol (680ml) and pyridine (190ml) was stirred vigorously at rt for 0.5h under argon. 4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride (153.7g) was then added portionwise over 10min to give a thick white mixture which gradually dissolved over 2h to give a dark brown solution. After 4.5h at rt the reaction mixture was poured slowly with stirring onto a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate (136g) in water (11). Stirring was continued for 18h at rt. The product was then extracted into diethyl ether (2 x 11) and the combined extracts were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a solid. This was treated with toluene (11) and the mixture was evaporated to dryness. This was repeated twice more with toluene (2 x 11) to give a pink solid which was dried in vacuo overnight to give 80.Og of product. Recrystallisation from acetone/ water gave the pure title compound (D12) (66.8g). MS electrospray (+ve ion) 281 (MNa⁺). ¹H NMR δ CDCI₃: 8.79 (1 H, s), 7.90 (2H, s), 1.64 (9H, s).

Description 13

4-Bromo-Λ/-[(1 -(dimethylamino)ethylidene]benzamide (D13)

4-Bromobenzamide (51.48g) was heated in Λ/,Λ/-dimethylacetamide dimethylacetal (165ml) at 120⁰C for 2h. The solution was allowed to cool overnight and the product crystallised as pale yellow needles, which were collected by filtration, washed on the filter with diethyl ether and dried overnight at 40⁰C in vacuo to give the title compound (D13) (57.84g). ¹H NMR δ[ DMSO-d6]: 2.26 (3H, s), 3.13 (3H, s), 3.14 (3H, s), 7.61 (2H, d, J = 8.6Hz), 7.94 (2H, d, J = 8.6Hz).

Description 14

5-(4-Bromophenyl)-3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole (D14)

Method A

4-Bromo-Λ/-[(1-(dimethylamino)ethylidene]benzamide (may be prepared as described in Description 13) (57.8g) was treated with a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (19.6g) in 1 M NaOH solution (350ml). Dioxane (350ml) and glacial acetic acid (450ml) were added, and the resulting solution was stirred at 25°C for 30min and then at 90⁰C for 3h. After cooling overnight, the crystalline product (colourless needles) was collected by filtration, washed with dilute aqueous acetic acid and water and dried at 50⁰C in vacuo to give the title compound (D14). Concentration of the filtrate yielded a second crop of product, spectroscopically identical to the first, which was collected and dried as before (46.1g total). ¹H NMR δ [CDCI₃]: 2.48 (3H, s), 7.67 (2H, d, J = 8.4Hz), 7.98 (2H, d, J = 8.4Hz); (MH)⁺ = 239, 241. Method B 4-Bromobenzamide (5.3g) and Λ/,Λ/-dimethylacetamide dimethylacetal (35ml) were heated together at 125°C for 2h. The reaction was allowed to cool to rt and the liquid evaporated to give a pale yellow solid. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (2.2g) in 1 N NaOH solution (36ml) was added, followed by dioxane (36ml) then AcOH (48ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 30min then heated at 90°C for 3h. The reaction was allowed to cool to rt and saturated aqueous K₂CO₃ solution (100ml) was added followed by DCM (200ml) before filtering. The organic phase was separated from the mixture, then saturated brine (100ml) was added and the aqueous phase was extracted into EtOAc (200ml). The combined organic phases were dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to give a brown solid. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, step gradient 10-50% EtOAc in hexanes) to give the title compound (D14) as a white solid (2.9g). LCMS electrospray (+ve) 239, 241 (MH⁺).

Description 15

5-(4-Bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazole (D15)

4-Bromo-3-fluorobenzoic acid (10.09g) was heated at reflux in thionyl chloride (100ml) for 4h and then allowed to cool. The mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue re- evaporated with dichloromethane (2x) to give the acid chloride as a light brown oil. This was added dropwise to vigorously stirred, ice-cooled concentrated aqueous ammonia (100ml) and the precipitated product was collected by filtration, washed on the filter with water and dried at 40⁰C in vacuo to give 4-bromo-3-fluorobenzamide as a white solid (9.13g). This material and Λ/,Λ/-dimethylacetamide dimethylacetal (27ml) were heated together at 120⁰C for 2h. The reaction was allowed to cool to rt and the liquid evaporated in vacuo to give a brown gum which was partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and ethyl acetate. The organic extract was washed with water and brine, dried and evaporated to give the acylamidine intermediate as a gum which solidified in vacuo, overnight (12.3 g). This intermediate was treated with a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (4.16g) in 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (74.2ml), dioxane (75ml) and glacial acetic acid (95ml). The reaction mixture was first stirred at rt for 30min then heated at 9O⁰C for 3h. On cooling a first crop of crystals was filtered off and dried in vacuo at 50⁰C to give the title compound (D15) (5.5g). The filtrate afforded a second crop of crystals (2.1g). LCMS electrospray (+ve) 257 and 259 (MH⁺).

Description 16

5-(4-Bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazole (D16)

4-Bromo-2-fluorobenzoic acid (5.27g) was heated at reflux in thionyl chloride (50ml) for 4h and then allowed to cool. The mixture was evaporated in vacuo and the residue re- evaporated with dichloromethane (2x) to give the acid chloride as a light brown oil. This was added dropwise to vigorously stirred, ice-cooled concentrated aqueous ammonia (50ml) and when addition was complete the mixture was stirred for 5min and then extracted with ethyl acetate (3x). The combined organic extracts were washed with water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to give 4-bromo-2-fluorobenzamide as a white solid (4.72g). This material and Λ/,Λ/-dimethylacetamide dimethylacetal (17ml) were heated together at 120⁰C for 2h. The reaction was allowed to cool to rt and the liquid evaporated in vacuo to give a brown gum which was partitioned between saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate and ethyl acetate. The organic extract was washed with water and brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to a gum. This was purified by chromatography (silica gel, eluant hexane/ethyl acetate) to give the acylamidine intermediate as a gum which solidified in vacuo (4.15g). Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.32g) in 1 N sodium hydroxide solution (23.5ml) was added, followed by dioxane (23.5ml) then acetic acid (30ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 30min then heated at 90⁰C for 3h. The reaction was allowed to cool to rt and poured into water. The pH was adjusted to ~9 by addition of solid NaHCO₃ and the precipitated product was collected by filtration, washed on the filter with water and dried at 40⁰C in vacuo to give the title compound (D16) as a greyish-brown solid (2.82g). LCMS electrospray (+ve) 257 and 259 (MH⁺).

Description 17

5-Bromo-2-(3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)pyridine (D17)

A suspension of 5-bromo-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (may be prepared as described in Description 11 ) (4.5g) and carbonyl diimidazole (3.97g) in tetrahydrofuran was heated at reflux for 1.5h. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, followed by evaporation of the tetrahydrofuran and replacing it with toluene (40ml) as solvent. Acetamidoxime (4.95g) was added and the reaction mixture heated at 80⁰C for 18h. The mixture was allowed to cool and diluted with ethyl acetate (60ml) before washing sequentially with water (2x50ml), 2N sodium hydroxide (2χ50ml), water (2χ50ml) and saturated brine (2χ50ml). The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to give the crude oxadiazole, which was recrystallised from hot ethanol / methanol to afford the title compound (D17) as colourless crystals (3.4g). LCMS electrospray (+ve) 240 and 242 (MH⁺).

Description 18

1 ,1 -Dimethylethyl 4-[(1 -methyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1 -piperidinecarboxylate (D18) 1 ,1-Dimethylethyl 4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)-1 -piperidinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 2) (1.5g), and LiAIH₄ (26.6ml of 1 M solution in tetrahydrofuran) were combined in tetrahydrofuran (10ml) and the reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for 10min before cooling to O⁰C in an ice/water bath. Ethyl formate (5ml) was then added dropwise. The reaction was then quenched with 3N sodium hydroxide solution. The solid precipitate formed was filtered and washed with more tetrahydrofuran. The combined organics were dried over Na₂SO₄, and evaporated to give the title compound (D18) (1.1g).

Description 19 1-Methyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (D19)

1 , 1 -Dimethylethyl 4-{[1 -(1 -methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1 -piperidinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 3) (3.1g) was stirred in a solution of HCI- Dioxane (50ml, 4M) for 2h. The solvent was evaporated and the product was dissolved in saturated potassium carbonate (25ml). The solution was extracted into dichloromethane (3^χ50ml) and the combined organics dried (Na₂SO₄) and evaporated to give the title compound (D19) (0.658g).

Example 1 Methyl 5-{4-[(1 -cyclobutyM-piperidinyOmethylJ-i -piperidinyl}-2-pyrazinecarboxylate

1-Cyclobutyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 6) (0.59g), methyl 5-chloro-2-pyrazinecarboxylate (0.43g) and potassium carbonate (0.69g) were dissolved in acetonitrile (5ml) and heated at 120°C for 10min in the microwave reactor, followed by a further 15min. The crude mixture was passed through an SCX column (1Og, eluting with methanol [80ml] then 2N NH₃ in methanol [8OmI]). The basic fractions were evaporated to give the title compound (E1 ) as a yellow solid (0.665g). MS electrospray (+ion) 373 (MH⁺)

Example 2

Methyl 5-(4-{[1-(1-methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1-piperidinyl)-2- pyrazinecarboxylate (E2)

1-(1-Methylethyl)-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 4) (0.5Og), methyl 5-chloro-2-pyrazinecarboxylate (0.575g) and potassium carbonate (0.615g) were dissolved in acetonitrile (5ml) and heated at 120⁰C for 5min in the microwave reactor. The crude mixture was passed through an SCX column (10g, eluting with methanol [80ml] then 2N NH₃ in methanol [8OmI]). The basic fractions were evaporated to give the title compound (E2) as a yellow crystalline solid (0.825g). MS electrospray (+ion)

361 (MH⁺)

Example 3 1,1-Dimethylethyl 5-{4-[(1-cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-2- pyridinecarboxylate (E3)

1-Cyclobutyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 6) (0.5Og), 1 ,1-dimethylethyl 5-bromo-2-pyridinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 12) (0.66g), BINAP (0.15g) and Cs₂CO₃ (1.6g) were added to toluene (20ml) under argon and the reaction mixture degassed by sequential freezing in dry ice followed by warming to room temp under vacuum (3χ). After stirring for 5 min Pd(OAc)₂ (0.05g) was added and the reaction mixture heated at 80⁰C for 2Oh. The reaction mixture was filtered and evaporated, after which chromatography (silica gel, eluting with methanol/dichloromethane, 0-20%) afforded the title compound (E3) as a solid (0.23g). MS electrospray (+ion) 414 (MH⁺)

Example 4

1 ,1 -Dimethylethyl 5-(4-{[1 -(1 -methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1 -piperidinyl)-2- pyridinecarboxylate (E4)

1-(1-Methylethyl)-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 4) (0.25g), 1,1 -dimethylethyl 5-bromo-2-pyridinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Description 12) (0.29g), BINAP (0.06g) and Cs₂CO₃ (1.82g) were added to toluene (50ml) under argon and the reaction mixture degassed by sequential freezing in dry ice followed by warming to room temp under vacuum (3χ). After stirring for 5 min Pd(OAc)₂ (0.05g) was added, degassed again, and the reaction mixture heated at 100⁰C for 24h. The reaction mixture was filtered and evaporated, after which chromatography (silica gel, eluting with methanol/dichloromethane, 0-20%) afforded the title compound (E4) as a yellow solid (0.25g). MS electrospray (+ion) 424 (MNa⁺)

Example 5 5-{4-[(1-Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-2-pyrazinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride (E5)

Methyl 5-{4-[(1 -cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1 -piperidinyl}-2-pyrazinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Example 1 ) (0.665g) was dissolved in cone. HCI and heated at reflux for 1.5h. The reaction mixture was evaporated, then re-evaporated from toluene (3x1 OmI) to afford the crude acid hydrochloride salt (E5) as a yellow solid (0.705g). MS electrospray (+ion) 359 (MH⁺)

Example 6 S^-KI-CyclobutyM-piperidinyOmethyll-i-piperidiny^-Λ/^i-methylethyl)^- pyrazinecarboxamide (E6)

Step 1 : 5-{4-[(1-cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-2-pyrazinecarbonyl chloride

5-{4-[(1 -CyclobutyW-piperidinylJmethylJ-i -piperidinylj^-pyrazinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride (may be prepared as described in Example 5) (0.7g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (50ml) with oxalyl chloride (0.64ml) and dimethylformamide (0.001ml). After 1 h the reaction mixture was evaporated and the resultant yellow foam re-evaporated from dichloromethane (3χ20ml) to give the crude acid chloride, which was used in the next step immediately.

Step 2: 5-{4-[(1-Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-Λ/-(1-methylethyl)-2- pyrazinecarboxamide

5-{4-[(1-Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-2-pyrazinecarbonyl chloride (0.67g) was dissolved in dichloromethane (20ml) and added dropwise to a stirred solution of isopropylamine (1.53ml) in dichloromethane (10ml) over 1h. The reaction was allowed to stir for a further 15h before the mixture was evaporated. Chromatography (silica gel, eluting with [2N NH₃ in methanol]/dichloromethane, 0-10%) afforded the carboxamide, which was recrystallised from ethyl acetate/ethanol to give the title compound (E6) (0.2g). MS electrospray (+ion) 400 (MH⁺).¹ H NMR δ (CDCI₃): 8.82 (1 H, d, J=1.2Hz)₁ 7.93 (1 H, d, J=1.2 Hz),7.28 (1H, d, J=9.6 Hz), 4.42 (2H, d, J=13.2 Hz), 4.25 (1H, m), 2.90 (2H, m) 2.69 (1 H, m), 2.10-1.81 (5H, m), 1.80-1.60 (8H, m, obscured by H₂O), 1.44-1.32 (4H, m), 1.31- 1.14 (11 H, m).

Examples 7-9 (E7-E9)

Examples 7-9 were prepared using an analogous process to that described in Examples 5 and 6 from either methyl 5-{4-[(1-cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-2- pyrazinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Example 1 ) or methyl 5-(4-{[1-(1- methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1-piperidinyl)-2-pyrazinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Example 2) and the amine indicated in the table below. All compounds displayed ¹H-NMR and mass spectral data that were consistent with structure.

Example 10

5-{4-[(1-Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid tris trifluoroacetate (E10)

1 , 1 -Dimethylethyl 5-{4-[(1 -cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1 -piperidinyl}-2- pyridinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Example 3) (0.23g) was dissolved in aqueous trifluoroacetic acid (20ml) and stirred at room temperature for 16h. The reaction mixture was evaporated, then re-evaporated from toluene (3χ1 OmI) to afford the crude acid

(E10) as a yellow solid (0.264g). MS electrospray (+ion) 358 (MH⁺)

Example 11

5-{4-[(1-Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-Λ/-methyl-2- pyridinecarboxamide (E11)

Step 1 : 5-{4-[(1 -Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1 -piperidinyl}-2-pyridinecarbonyl chloride hydrochloride 5-{4-[(1-Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid tris trifluoroacetate (may be prepared as described in Example 10) (0.264g) was dissolved in DCM (20ml) with oxalyl chloride (0.2ml) and dimethylformamide (1 drop). After 3h the reaction mixture was evaporated and the resultant yellow foam re-evaporated from dichloromethane (3χ20ml) to give the crude acid chloride, which was used in the next step immediately.

Step 2: 5-{4-[(1 -Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1 -piperidinyl}-Λ/-methyl-2- pyridinecarboxamide

5-{4-[(1-Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1-piperidinyl}-2-pyridinecarbonyl chloride hydrochloride (may be prepared as described in Example 11 , step 1 ) was dissolved in dichloromethane (10ml) and added dropwise to a stirred solution of methylamine (1.57ml of a 2M solution in tetrahydrofuran) in dichloromethane (10ml) cooled to 0⁰C over 1 h. The reaction was allowed to stir for a further 3h before the mixture was evaporated. Chromatography (silica gel, eluting with methanol/dichloromethane, 0-20%) afforded the title compound (E11 ) (0.13g). MS electrospray (+ion) 371 (MH⁺).¹ H NMR δ (CDCI₃): 8.14 (1 H, d, J=2.8 Hz), 8.01 (1 H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.75 (1 H, m), 7.19 (1 H, dd, J=2.8, 8.8 Hz), 3.80 (2H, m), 3.00 (4H, m), 2.82 (3H, m), 2.19-1.21 (21 H, m obscured by H₂O)

Example 12 Λ/-Methyl-5-(4-{[1 -(1 -methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1 -piperidinyl)-2-

pyridinecarboxamide (E12)

/V-Methyl-5-(4-{[1-(1-methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1-piperidinyl)-2-pyridinecarboxarnide was prepared using an analogous process to that described in Examples 10 and 11 from 1 ,1 -dimethylethyl 5-(4-{[1 -(1 -methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1 -piperidinyl)-2- pyridinecarboxylate (may be prepared as described in Example 4) and methylamine. The compound displayed ¹H-NMR and mass spectral data that were consistent with structure. MS electrospray (+ion) 359 (MH⁺).

Example 13

1 -(1 -Methylethyl)-4-({1 -[4-(3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl]-4- piperidinyl}methyl)piperϊdine (E13)

Sodium tert-butoxide (0.134g) was added to a solution of 1-(1-methylethyl)-4-(4- piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 4) (0.25g), 5-(4- bromophenyl)-3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazole (may be prepared as described in Description 14) (0.223g) and acetato(2'-di-tert-butylphosphino-1 ,1'-biphenyl-2-yl)palladium(ll) (0.017g) in toluene (30ml). The reaction was heated under argon at 5O⁰C overnight then at 80°C for a further 48h, after which the reaction mixture was allowed to cool and was evaporated. Chromatography (silica gel, eluting with [2N NH₃ in methanolj/dichloromethane, 0-10%) afforded the oxadiazole which was further purified by passing through an SCX column (10g, eluting with methanol [80ml] then 2N NH₃ in methanol [8OmI]) to afford the title compound (E13) (0.08Og). MS electrospray (+ion) 383 (MH⁺).¹ H NMR δ (CDCI₃): 7.94 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 6.92 (2H, d, J=9.2 Hz), 3.85 (2H, d, J=12.8 Hz), 2.88 (4H, m), 2.43 (3H, s), 2.10 (2H, m), 1.84-1.51 (7H, m), 1.42-1.17 (6H, m), 1.04 (6H, d, J=6.4 Hz)

Example 14

1 -[2-Fluoro-4-(3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)phenyl]-4-{[1 -(1 -methylethyl)-4- piperidinyl]methyl}piperidine (E14)

Sodium terf-butoxide (0.084g) was added to a solution 1-(1-methylethyl)-4-(4- piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 4) (0.156g), 5-(4- bromo-3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazole (may be prepared as described in Description 15) (0.15Og) and acetato(2'-di-te/f-butylphosphino-1 ,1 '-biphenyl-2- yl)palladium(ll) (0.023g) in toluene (10ml). The reaction mixture was heated under argon at 80⁰C overnight. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was passed through an SCX column (10g, eluting with methanol [80ml] then 2N NH₃ in methanol [8OmI]) to afford the title compound (E14) (0.065g). MS electrospray (+ion) 401 (MH⁺).¹ H NMR δ (CDCI₃): 7.79 (1 H, dd, J=2, 8 Hz), 7.73 (1 H, dd, J=2, 13.6 Hz), 7.00 (1 H, t, J=8.6 Hz), 3.62 (2H, m), 2.90 (2H, m), 2.84-2.69 (3H, m), 2.44 (3H, s), 2.12 (2H, m), 1.77 (2H, m), 1.69 (2H, m), 1.56 (1H, m), 1.42-1.22 (7H, m), 1.05 (6H, d)

Example 15

5-(4-{[1 -(1 -Methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1 -piperidinyl)-2-(3-methyl-1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-5-yl)pyridine (E15)

5-Bromo-2-(3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)pyridine (maybe prepared as described in Description 17) (0.242g) tris(dibenzylidineacetone)dipalladium(0) (0.055g) and 2- dicyclohexylphosphino-2'-(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl (0.092g) were added to degassed dioxane (5ml). After 15min 1-(1-methylethyl)-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 4) (0.15Og) and sodium terf-butoxide (0.097g) were added and the reaction mixture heated under argon at 90⁰C for 6h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was passed through an SCX column (10g, eluting with methanol [80ml] then 2N NH₃ in methanol [8OmI]) to afford the crude oxadiazole.

Chromatography (silica gel, eluting with (2M NH^methanoiydichloromethane, 0-20%) afforded the title compound (E15) (0.088g).

MS electrospray (+ion) 384 (MH⁺).¹ H NMR δ (CDCI₃): 8.40 (1H, d, J=2.8 Hz), 7.98 (1H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.18 (1 H, dd, J=2.8, 14.8 Hz), 3.89 (2H, app. d, J=13.2 Hz), 2.95-2.86 (4H, m),

2.69 (1 H, sep, J=6.4 Hz), 2.47 (3H₁ s), 2.09 (2H, dt, J=2, 11.6 Hz), 1.83-1.80 (2H, m), 1.70-

1.63 (2H, m), 1.37-1.17 (8H, m) and 1.04 (6H, d, J=6.4 Hz)

Examples 16-20 (E16-E20) Examples 16 to 20 were prepared using an analogous process to that described in

Example 15 from either 1 -cyclobutyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 6), 1-(1-methylethyl)-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 4), 1-ethyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 8), 1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4-(4- piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 10) or 1-methyl- 4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (D19) and 5-bromo-2-(3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-5- yl)pyridine (D17), 5-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazole (D16) or 5-(4- bromophenyl)-3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazole (D14). Compounds displayed ¹H-NMR and mass spectral data that were consistent with structure.

Example 21

5-(4-{[1 -(1 -Methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1 -piperidinyl)-2-pyridinecarbonitrile

5-Bromo-2-pyridinecarbonitrile (0.49g), tris(dibenzylidineacetone)dipalladium(0) (0.102g) and 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2'-(N,N-dimethylamino)biphenyl (0.132g) were added to degassed DME (20ml). After 15min 1-(1-methylethyl)-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 4) (0.5g) and potassium phosphate (0.134g) were added and the reaction mixture heated at 80⁰C for 5h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was passed through an SCX column (2Og, eluting with methanol [80ml] then 2N NH₃ in methanol [8OmI]) to afford the crude nitrile. Chromatography (silica gel, eluting with methanol/dichloromethane, 0-20%) afforded the title compound (E21 ) (0.3g). MS electrospray (+ion) 327 (MH⁺).¹ H NMR δ (CDCI₃): 8.28 (1 H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 7.47 (1 H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.05 (1 H, dd, J=3.2, 8.4 Hz), 3.85 (2H, m,), 2.94-2.87 (4H, m), 2.75 (1 H, m), 2.14 (2H, m), 1.80 (2H, m), 1.71-1.58 (3H, m), 1.37-1.19 (7H, m), 1.06 (6H, d, J=6.8 Hz).

Example 22

5-{4-[(1 -Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1 -piperidinyl}-2-pyridinecarbonitrile (E22)

Example 22 was prepared using an analogous process to that described in Example 21 from 1-cyclobutyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 6) and δ-bromo^-pyridinecarbonitrile. The compound displayed ¹H-NMR and mass spectral data that were consistent with structure. MS electrospray (+ion) 339 (MH⁺).

Example 23

1-[5-(4-{[1-(1-Methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1-piperidinyl)-2-pyridinyl]ethanone

5-(4-{[1-(1-Methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1-piperidinyl)-2-pyridinecarbonitrile (may be prepared as described in Example 21) (0.25g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (5ml) and cooled to 0⁰C. MeMgBr (7.7ml of 2M solution in diethyl ether) was added and the reaction mixture allowed to warm to room temperature for 3h. Saturated ammonium chloride solution (10ml) was added, the precipitate was removed by filtration and the mixture evaporated. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (2ml), then chromatography (silica gel, eluting with [2N NH₃ in methanol]/dichloromethane, 0-20%) afforded the title compound (E23) (0.045g). MS electrospray (+ion) 344 (MH⁺).¹ H NMR δ (CDCI₃): 8.26 (1 H, d, J=2.8 Hz), 7.93 (1 H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.13 (1 H, dd, J=3, 9 Hz), 3.85 (2H, m), 2.93-2.86 (4H, m), 2.69 (1 H, m), 2.64 (3H, s), 2.10 (2H₁ m), 1.79 (2H, m), 1.66-1.57 (3H, m obscured by H₂O), 1.39-1.23 (7H, m), 1.05 (6H, d).

Example 24

1 -(5-{4-[(1 -Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1 -piperidinyl}-2-pyridinyl)ethanone (E24)

Example 24 was prepared using an analogous process to that described in Example 23 from S^-^i-Cyclobutyl^-piperidinyOmethyll-i-piperidinylJ^-pyridinecarbonitrile (may be prepared as described in Example 22). ¹H-NMR and mass spectral data were consistent with structure. MS electrospray (+ion) 356 (MH⁺).

Example 25

1 -(4-{4-[(1 -Cyclobutyl-4-piperidinyl)methyl]-1 -piperidinyl}phenyl)ethanone (E25)

1-Cyclobutyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 6) (0.15g), 4-fluoroacetophenone (0.133g) and potassium carbonate (0.177g) were dissolved in DMSO (2ml) and heated at 120⁰C for 7min in the microwave reactor. The crude reaction mixture was passed through an SCX column (1Og, eluting with methanol [80ml] then 2N NH₃ in methanol [8OmI]). Chromatography of the crude ketone (silica gel, eluting with methanol/dichloromethane, 0-25%) afforded the title compound (E25) (0.05g). MS electrospray (+ion) 355 (MH⁺).

Examples 26-32 (E26-E32)

Examples 26-32 were prepared using an analogous process to that described in Example 25 from either 1-cyclobutyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 6), 1-(1-methylethyl)-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 4), 1 -ethyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 8), 1-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4-(4- piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 10) or 1-methyl- 4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (D19), and either 4-fluoroacetophenone, 2,2,2,4'- tetrafluoroacetophenone or 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-1-ethanone. Compounds displayed ¹H- NMR and mass spectral data that were consistent with structure.

Examples 33-34 (E33-E34)

Examples 33-34 were prepared using an analogous process to that described in Example 25 from either 1-cyclobutyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 6) or 1-(1-methylethyl)-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 4) and 3-chloro-6-trifluoromethylpyridazine (may be prepared as described in Goodman, Allan J.; Stanforth, Stephen P.; Tarbit, Brian. Tetrahedron (1999), 55(52), 15067-15070). Compounds displayed ¹H-NMR and mass spectral data that were consistent with structure.

Example 35

S^-KI-CyclobutyM-piperidinyOmethylJ-i-piperidiny^^^trifluoromethyOpyrimidine

(E35)

1-Cyclobutyl-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 6) (0.15g), 5-bromo-2-trifluoromethylpyrimidine (may be prepared as described in F. Cottet and M. Schlosser, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2002, 327) (0.129g), tris(dibenzylidineacetone)dipalladium(0) (0.053g), 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2'-(N,N- dimethylamino)biphenyl (0.088g) and sodium terf-butoxide (0.092g) were added to dioxane (2ml) and heated at 120⁰C for 14min in the microwave reactor. The crude reaction mixture was passed through an SCX column (1Og, eluting with methanol [80ml] then 2N NH₃ in methanol [8OmI]). Chromatography (silica gel, eluting with methanol/dichloromethane, 0- 20%) afforded the title compound (E35) (0.08g). MS electrospray (+ion) 383 (MH⁺).

Example 36

5-(4-{[1 -(1 -Methylethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl}-1 -piperidinyl)-2-

(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (E36)

Example 36 was prepared using an analogous process to that described in Example 35 from 1-(1-methylethyl)-4-(4-piperidinylmethyl)piperidine (may be prepared as described in Description 4) and 5-bromo-2-trifluoromethylpyrimidine (may be prepared as described in F. Cottet and M. Schlosser, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2002, 327). ¹H-NMR and mass spectral data were consistent with structure. MS electrospray (+ion) 371 (MH⁺).

Abbreviations BINAP 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1 , 1 '-binaphthyl

DCM dichloromethane

DME 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane

DMF N,N-dimethylformamide

DMSO dimethylsulfoxide

EtOAc ethyl acetate h hour min minutes rt room temperature

TFA trifluoroacetic acid

THF tetrahydrofuran

SCX strong cation exchange

MP-NCO macroporous polystyrene isocyanate resin

Biological Data

A membrane preparation containing histamine H3 receptors may be prepared in accordance with the following procedures:

(i) Generation of histamine H3 cell line DNA encoding the human histamine H3 gene (Huvar, A. et al. (1999) MoI. Pharmacol.

55(6), 1101-1107) was cloned into a holding vector, pCDNA3.1 TOPO (InVitrogen) and its cDNA was isolated from this vector by restriction digestion of plasmid DNA with the enzymes BamH1 and Not-1 and ligated into the inducible expression vector pGene (InVitrogen) digested with the same enzymes. The GeneSwitch™ system (a system where in transgene expression is switched off in the absence of an inducer and switched on in the presence of an inducer) was performed as described in US Patent nos: 5,364,791 ; 5,874,534; and 5,935,934. Ligated DNA was transformed into competent DH5α E. coli host bacterial cells and plated onto Luria Broth (LB) agar containing Zeocin™ (an antibiotic which allows the selection of cells expressing the sh ble gene which is present on pGene and pSwitch) at 50μg ml^"1. Colonies containing the re-ligated plasmid were identified by restriction analysis. DNA for transfection into mammalian cells was prepared from 250ml cultures of the host bacterium containing the pGeneH3 plasmid and isolated using a DNA preparation kit (Qiagen Midi-Prep) as per manufacturers guidelines (Qiagen). CHO K1 cells previously transfected with the pSwitch regulatory plasmid (InVitrogen) were seeded at 2x10e6 cells per T75 flask in Complete Medium, containing Hams F12

(GIBCOBRL, Life Technologies) medium supplemented with 10% v/v dialysed foetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, and hygromycin (100μg ml^'1), 24 hours prior to use. Plasmid DNA was transfected into the cells using Lipofectamine plus according to the manufacturers guidelines (InVitrogen). 48 hours post transfection cells were placed into complete medium supplemented with 500μg ml^"1 Zeocin™.

10-14 days post selection 1OnM Mifepristone (InVitrogen), was added to the culture medium to induce the expression of the receptor. 18 hours post induction cells were detached from the flask using ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA; 1 :5000; InVitrogen), following several washes with phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 and resuspended in Sorting Medium containing Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), without phenol red, and supplemented with Earles salts and 3% Foetal Clone Il (Hyclone). Approximately 1x 10e7 cells were examined for receptor expression by staining with a rabbit polyclonal antibody, 4a, raised against the N-terminal domain of the histamine H3 receptor, incubated on ice for 60 minutes, followed by two washes in sorting medium. Receptor bound antibody was detected by incubation of the cells for 60 minutes on ice with a goat anti rabbit antibody, conjugated with Alexa 488 fluorescence marker (Molecular Probes). Following two further washes with Sorting Medium, cells were filtered through a 50μm Filcon™ (BD Biosciences) and then analysed on a FACS Vantage SE Flow Cytometer fitted with an Automatic Cell Deposition Unit. Control cells were non-induced cells treated in a similar manner. Positively stained cells were sorted as single cells into 96-well plates, containing Complete Medium containing 500μg ml^"1 Zeocin™ and allowed to expand before reanalysis for receptor expression via antibody and ligand binding studies. One clone, 3H3, was selected for membrane preparation.

(ii) Membrane preparation from cultured cells

All steps of the protocol are carried out at 4°C and with pre-cooled reagents. The cell pellet is resuspended in 10 volumes of homogenisation buffer (5OmM N-2- hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), 1mM ethylenediamine tetra- acetic acid (EDTA), pH 7.4 with KOH, supplemented with 10e-6M leupeptin (acetyl-leucyl- leucyl-arginal; Sigma L2884), 25μg/ml bacitracin (Sigma B0125), , 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and 2x10e-6M pepstain A (Sigma)). The cells are then homogenised by 2 x 15 second bursts in a 1 litre glass Waring blender, followed by centrifugation at 50Og for 20 minutes. The supernatant is then spun at 48,00Og for 30 minutes. The pellet is resuspended in homogenisation buffer (4X the volume of the original cell pellet) by vortexing for 5 seconds, followed by homogenisation in a Dounce homogeniser (10-15 strokes). At this point the preparation is aliquoted into polypropylene tubes and stored at -80⁰C.

(Mi) Generation of histamine H1 cell line

The human H1 receptor was cloned using known procedures described in the literature [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1994, 201(2), 894]. Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing the human H1 receptor were generated according to known procedures described in the literature [Br. J. Pharmacol. 1996, 117(6), 1071].

Compounds of the invention may be tested for in vitro biological activity in accordance with the following assays:

(I) Histamine H3 functional antagonist assay (method A)

For each compound being assayed, in a solid white 384 well plate, is added:- (a) 5μl of test compound diluted to the required concentration in 10% DMSO (or 5μl 10% DMSO as a control); and

(b) 30μl bead/membrane/GDP mix prepared by mixing Wheat Germ Agglutinin Polystyrene LeadSeeker® (WGA PS LS) scintillation proximity assay (SPA) beads with membrane (prepared in accordance with the methodology described above) and diluting in assay buffer (2OmM N-2-Hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) + 10OmM NaCI + 1OmM MgCI₂, pH7.4 NaOH) to give a final volume of 30μl which contains 5μg protein and 0.25mg bead per well, incubating at 4°C for 30 minutes on a roller and, just prior to addition to the plate, adding 10μM final concentration of guanosine 5' diphosphate (GDP) (Sigma; diluted in assay buffer).

The plates were then incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes on a shaker followed by addition of:

(c) 15μl 0.38nM [³⁵S]-GTPyS (Amersham; Radioactivity concentration=37MBq/ml; Specific activity=1160Ci/mmol), histamine (at a concentration that results in the final assay concentration of histamine being EC₈o).

After 2-6 hours, the plate is centrifuged for 5 min at 1500 rpm and counted on a Viewlux counter using a 613/55 filter for 5 min/plate. Data is analysed using a 4-parameter logistical equation. Basal activity used as minimum i.e. histamine not added to well.

(II) Histamine H3 functional antagonist assay (method B)

For each compound being assayed, in a solid white 384 well plate, is added:-

(a) 0.5μl of test compound diluted to the required concentration in DMSO (or 0.5μl DMSO as a control);

(b) 30μl bead/membrane/GDP mix prepared by mixing Wheat Germ Agglutinin Polystyrene LeadSeeker® (WGA PS LS) scintillation proximity assay (SPA) beads with membrane (prepared in accordance with the methodology described above) and diluting in assay buffer (2OmM N-2-Hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) + 10OmM NaCI + 1OmM MgCI₂, pH7.4 NaOH) to give a final volume of 30μl which contains 5μg protein and 0.25mg bead per well, incubating at room temperature for 60 minutes on a roller and, just prior to addition to the plate, adding 10μM final concentration of guanosine 5¹ diphosphate (GDP) (Sigma; diluted in assay buffer);

(c) 15μl 0.38nM [³⁵S]-GTPyS (Amersham; Radioactivity concentration=37MBq/ml; Specific activity=1160Ci/mmol), histamine (at a concentration that results in the final assay concentration of histamine being EC₈o). After 2-6 hours, the plate is centrifuged for 5 min at 1500 rpm and counted on a Viewlux counter using a 613/55 filter for 5 min/plate. Data is analysed using a 4-parameter logistical equation. Basal activity used as minimum i.e. histamine not added to well.

(II) Histamine H1 functional antagonist assay The histamine H1 cell line was seeded into non-coated black-walled clear bottom 384-well tissue culture plates in alpha minimum essential medium (Gibco /Invitrogen, cat no. 22561- 021), supplemented with 10% dialysed foetal calf serum (Gibco/lnvitrogen cat no. 12480- 021 ) and 2 mM L-glutamine (Gibco/lnvitrogen cat no 25030-024) and maintained overnight at 5% CO₂, 37°C.

Excess medium was removed from each well to leave 10μl. 30μl loading dye (250μM Brilliant Black, 2μM Fluo-4 diluted in Tyrodes buffer + probenecid (145 mM NaCI, 2.5 mM KCI, 1OmM HEPES, 1OmM D-glucose, 1.2 mM MgCI₂, 1.5 mM CaCI₂, 2.5 mM probenecid, pH adjusted to 7.40 with NaOH 1.0 M)) was added to each well and the plates were incubated for 60 minutes at 5% CO₂, 37⁰C.

10μl of test compound, diluted to the required concentration in Tyrodes buffer + probenecid (or 10μl Tyrodes buffer + probenecid as a control) was added to each well and the plate incubated for 30 min at 37⁰C, 5% CO₂. The plates were then placed into a FLIPR™ (Molecular Devices, UK) to monitor cell fluorescence (λ_ex= 488 nm, λ_EM= 540 nm) in the manner described in Sullivan et al. (In: Lambert DG (ed.), Calcium Signaling Protocols, New Jersey: Humana Press, 1999, 125-136) before and after the addition of 10μl histamine at a concentration that results in the final assay concentration of histamine being EC₈O-

Functional antagonism is indicated by a suppression of histamine induced increase in fluorescence, as measured by the FLIPR™ system (Molecular Devices). By means of concentration effect curves, functional affinities are determined using standard pharmacological mathematical analysis.

Results

The compounds of Examples E6-E7 and E12-E13 were tested in the histamine H3 functional antagonist assay (method A). The results are expressed as functional pK, (fpK,) values. A functional pKi is the negative logarithm of the antagonist equilibrium dissociation constant as determined in the H3 functional antagonist assay using membrane prepared from cultured H3 cells. The results given are averages of a number of experiments. These compounds exhibited antagonism > 8 fpK,. More particularly the compounds of Example E6 and E12-13 exhibited antagonism ≥ 9.0 fpK,. Even more particularly, the compound of Example E13 exhibited antagonism ≥ 9.5 fpK,.

The compounds of Examples E8-E9, E11-E12 and E14-36 were tested in the histamine H3 functional antagonist assay (method B). Again, the results are expressed as functional pK, (fpK,) values and are averages of a number of experiments. These compounds exhibited antagonism ≥ 8 fpK,. More particularly the compounds of Examples E8-E9, E11-12, E14- 18, E21-27, E29, E31 and E34 exhibited antagonism ≥ 9.0 fpK,. Even more particularly, the compounds of Examples E16, E18, E22 and E24 exhibited antagonism ≥ 9.5 fpK,.

The compounds of Examples E6-E9 and E11-E36 were tested in the histamine H1 functional antagonist assay. The results are expressed as functional pK, (fpK,) values and are averages of a number of experiments. The functional pKi may be derived from the negative logarithm of the plC50 (concentration producing 50% inhibition) in the H1 functional antagonist assay according to the Cheng-Prusoff equation (Cheng, Y.C. and Prusoff, W. H., 1973, Biochem. Pharmacol. 22, 3099-3108.). All compounds tested exhibited antagonism < 6.0 fpKj.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

(I) wherein:

R¹ represents aryl, heteroaryl,-aryl-X-aryl, -aryl-X-heteroaryl, -aryl-X-heterocyclyl, - heteroaryl-X-heteroaryl, -heteroaryl-X-aryl or -heteroaryl-X-heterocyclyl; wherein said aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclyl groups of R¹ may be optionally substituted by one or more (e.g. 1 , 2 or 3) substituents which may be the same or different, and which are selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, oxo, haloC_1-6 alkyl, polyhaloC_1-6 alkyl, haloC_1-6 alkoxy, polyhaloCi.₆ alkoxy, C_1-6 alkyl, C_1-6 alkoxy, C_1-6 alkylthio, C_1-6 alkoxyC_1-6 alkyl, C_3-7 cycloalkylC_1-6 alkoxy, C_1-6 alkylsulfonyl, C_1-6 alkylsulfinyl, C_1-6 alkylsulfonyloxy, C_1-6 alkylsulfonylC_1-6 alkyl, C_1-6 alkylsulfonamidoC_1-6 alkyl, C_1-6 alkylamidoC_1-6 alkyl, phenyl, phenylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyloxy, phenyloxy, phenylsulfonamido, phenylcarboxamido, phenoyl, or a group -COR¹⁵, -COOR¹⁵, NR¹⁵R¹⁶, - CONR¹⁵R¹⁶, -NR¹⁵COR¹⁶, -NR¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶ Or -SO₂NR¹⁵R¹⁶, wherein R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ independently represent hydrogen, C_1-6 alkyl, haloC_1-6 alkyl, polyhaloC_1-6 alkyl or C_3-6 cycloalkyl or together form a heterocyclic ring;

X represents a bond, O, CO, SO₂, OCH₂ or CH₂O;

R² represents C_1-8 alkyl, C_3-6 alkenyl, C_3-6 alkynyl, C_3-6 cycloalkyl, C_5-6 cycloalkenyl or -C_1-

₄alkyl-C_3-6 cycloalkyl; wherein said C_3-6 cycloalkyl groups of R² may be optionally substituted by one or more (e.g. 1 , 2 or 3) substituents which may be the same or different, and which are selected from the group consisting of halogen, C_1-4 alkyl or polyhaloC_1-6 alkyl groups; each R³ and R⁴ group independently represents C_1-4 alkyl; m and n independently represents O, 1 or 2; or solvates thereof.

2. A compound according to claim 1 , wherein R¹ represents -aryl, -heteroaryl, -aryl-X- heteroaryl or heteroaryl-X-heteroaryl.

3. A compound according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein X represents a bond.

4. A compound according to any preceding claim, wherein R² represents C_1-8 alkyl, C₃. 6 cycloalkyl or

5. A compound according to any preceding claim, wherein m and n both represent 0.

6. A compound according to claim 1 which is a compound of formula E1-E36 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

7. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises the compound of formula (I) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

8. A compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6 for use in therapy.

9. A compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6 for use in the treatment of neurological diseases.

10. Use of a compound as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of neurological diseases.

11. A method of treatment of neurological diseases which comprises administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

12. A pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment of neurological diseases which comprises the compound of formula (I) as defined in any one of claims 1 to 6 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.