EP1768781A1 - Moulded catalyst bodies and method for hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds - Google Patents

Moulded catalyst bodies and method for hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds

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Publication number
EP1768781A1
EP1768781A1 EP05758017A EP05758017A EP1768781A1 EP 1768781 A1 EP1768781 A1 EP 1768781A1 EP 05758017 A EP05758017 A EP 05758017A EP 05758017 A EP05758017 A EP 05758017A EP 1768781 A1 EP1768781 A1 EP 1768781A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
catalyst
oxidic material
copper
range
mixture
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP05758017A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Christophe Houssin
Henrik Junicke
Andrea Haunert
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BASF SE
Original Assignee
BASF SE
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BASF SE filed Critical BASF SE
Publication of EP1768781A1 publication Critical patent/EP1768781A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/83Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/002Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/72Copper
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/0009Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/03Precipitation; Co-precipitation
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07BGENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B41/00Formation or introduction of functional groups containing oxygen
    • C07B41/02Formation or introduction of functional groups containing oxygen of hydroxy or O-metal groups
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07CACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C29/00Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C29/132Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group
    • C07C29/136Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH
    • C07C29/147Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH of carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
    • C07C29/149Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH of carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/84Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/85Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/84Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/85Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • B01J23/88Molybdenum
    • B01J23/885Molybdenum and copper
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/84Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/85Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • B01J23/888Tungsten
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2523/00Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2982Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for the catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds having at least one carbonyl group in the presence of copper-containing catalyst tablets and the copper-containing shaped catalyst bodies of defined size per se.
  • catalytic hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds e.g. Carboxylic esters is almost always carried out in fixed bed reactors in industrial processes.
  • fixed-bed catalysts in addition to catalysts of the Raney type, especially supported catalysts, for example copper, nickel or noble metal catalysts are used.
  • US Pat. No. 3,923,694 describes a copper oxide / zinc oxide / alumina type catalyst.
  • the disadvantage of this catalyst is that it is not sufficiently stable during the reaction and therefore decomposes relatively quickly. This results in a loss of activity and a build-up of differential pressure across the reactor through the disintegrating catalyst moldings. As a result, the system must be shut down prematurely.
  • DE 198 09418.3 describes a process for the catalytic hydrogenation of a carbonyl compound in the presence of a catalyst which contains a support which contains primarily titanium dioxide and as active component copper or a mixture of copper with at least one of the metals selected from the group zinc, aluminum , Cer, ei ⁇ nem precious metal and a metal of VIII.
  • Subgroup comprises, wherein the Kupfer ⁇ surface is not more than 10 m 2 / g.
  • Preferred support materials are mixtures of titanium dioxide with aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide or aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide.
  • the catalyst material is deformed with the addition of metallic copper powder or copper flakes.
  • DE-A 195 05 347 describes quite generally a method of catalyst tablets having high mechanical strength, wherein a metal powder or a powder of a metal alloy is added to the material to be tabletted.
  • a metal powder or a powder of a metal alloy is added to the material to be tabletted.
  • aluminum powder or copper powder or copper flakes are added as metal powder.
  • the addition of aluminum powder gives a shaped article which has a lower lateral compressive strength than a shaped article which has been prepared without the addition of aluminum powder, and the molded article according to the invention showed in use as a catalyst, a poorer conversion activity than catalysts prepared without the addition of aluminum powder.
  • a hydrogenation catalyst of NiO, ZrO 2 , MoO 3 and CuO to which Cu powder was mixed during production.
  • DE 256 515 describes a process for the preparation of alcohols from synthesis gas, in which case catalysts based on Cu / Al / Zn are used, which are obtained by co-grinding and pelleting with metallic copper powder or copper flakes.
  • the main focus is on the preparation of mixtures of C 1 - to C 5 -alcohols, a process procedure being chosen in which the reaction reactor in the upper third of the layer contains a catalyst which has a higher content Copper powder or copper flakes, and contains in the lower third of a catalyst having a lower proportion of copper powder or copper flakes.
  • An object of the present invention was to provide a process and a catalyst which do not have the disadvantages of the prior art and provide processes for the catalytic hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds and catalysts, the catalysts having both high mechanical stability and high hydrogenation activity and selectivity.
  • the present invention relates to a process for the hydrogenation of an organic compound having at least one carbonyl group, in which the organic ganic compound is brought into contact in the presence of hydrogen with a shaped body in contact, which can be prepared according to a method in which
  • an oxidic material comprising copper oxide, aluminum oxide and at least one of the oxides of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium, in which the oxides of lanthanum and / or tungsten are to be preferred, is provided;
  • the shaped catalyst body contains neither zinc nor nickel oxide.
  • the shaped bodies according to the invention are used as full, impregnating, shelling and precipitation catalysts.
  • the catalyst used in the process according to the invention is characterized in that the active component copper, the component aluminum and the
  • Component of at least one of the oxides of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium preferably be precipitated with a soda solution simultaneously or successively, then dried, calcined, tabletted or pressed into the other forms and calcined again.
  • the precipitated material is subsequently dried and optionally calcined.
  • a copper salt solution and a solution of at least one salt of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium or a solution containing copper salt and at least one salt of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium onto a prefabricated alumina support ,
  • this is present as a powder in an aqueous suspension.
  • the carrier material can also be in the form of spheres, bodies or tablets.
  • a copper salt solution and a solution of at least one salt of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium or a solution containing copper salt and at least one salt of lan ⁇ , tungsten, molybdenum, Titans or zirconium, preferably with soda solution, precipitated As a template, an aqueous suspension of the support material alumina is used.
  • Precipitated precipitates resulting from A) or B) are filtered in a conventional manner and preferably washed alkali-free, as described for example in DE 198
  • Both the end products of A) and those of B) are dried at temperatures of 50 to 150 0 C, preferably at 120 0 C and then optionally optionally for 2 hours at generally 200 to 600 0 C, in particular at 300 to 500 Calcined 0 C.
  • the molding is then added the component (ii), pulverulent metallic copper, copper flakes, pulverulent cement, their mixture or a mixture thereof with graphite.
  • the dried powder obtained is then used to prepare the catalyst tablet or catalyst extrudates according to the invention with the aid of a suitable tablet press or a suitable extruder into tablets or extrudates having a diameter d less than 2.5 mm and / or a height h less than 2.5 mm . preferably d and / or h less than 2 mm, more preferably d and / or h less than 1, 0 mm, deformed.
  • the catalyst according to the invention can also be present in the form of catalyst spheres with a diameter d ⁇ 2.5 mm, preferably less than 1 mm.
  • shaped honeycomb bodies according to the invention are suitable with a cell diameter r z smaller than 2.5 mm, preferably smaller than 1 mm, which can be produced in a manner known per se from the powder described above.
  • the shaped catalyst body according to the invention is preferably used in the form of the tablets.
  • the catalyst pellets may be symmetrical, that is to say height h and diameter d are the same, or asymmetrical, that is, height h and diameter d assume different values, but d and / or h are less than 2.5 mm.
  • the ratio of e.g. maximum 1: 2 that is, the maximum value for the tablet height is twice the diameter of the tablet.
  • particular preference is given to using symmetrical catalyst tablets in which diameter d and height h are 1.5 mm.
  • the shaped catalyst body according to the invention are, preferably annealed for 2 hours at 300 to 600 0 C, particularly at 400 to 500 0 C.
  • This method of deformation in comparison to the exclusive use of graphite as Tablettie ⁇ tion aids in the usual methods, a particularly easy to carry out Ver ⁇ formation of the powder into tablets, extrudates, spheres and honeycomb bodies and provides chemically and mechanically very stable catalysts.
  • the composition of the oxide material is generally such that the proportion of copper oxide in the range of 40 to 90 wt .-%, the proportion of oxides of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium in the range of 0 to 50 wt. % and the proportion of aluminum oxide in the range up to 50 wt .-%, each be ⁇ based on the total weight of the sum of the abovementioned oxidic constituents Ie, lies, these three oxides together at least 80 wt .-% of the oxidic material after Calcination, where cement is not attributed to the oxidic material in the above sense.
  • the present invention therefore relates to a method as described above, which is characterized in that the oxidic material
  • the process according to the invention and the catalysts according to the invention are distinguished by the fact that the addition of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium in the precipitation leads to a high stability of the molding used as catalyst.
  • the oxidic material is powdered copper, copper flakes or pulverulent cement or a mixture thereof or a mixture thereof with graphite thereof in the range of 1 to 40 wt .-%, preferably in the range of 2 to 20 wt .-% and especially preferably in the range from 3 to 10% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of the oxidic material.
  • the cement used is preferably an alumina cement. More preferably, the alumina cement consists essentially of alumina and calcia, and more preferably consists of about 75 to 85 weight percent alumina and about 15 to 25 weight percent calcium oxide. Furthermore, a cement based on magnesium oxide / aluminum oxide, calcium oxide / silicon oxide and calcium oxide / aluminum oxide / iron oxide can be used.
  • the oxidic material in a proportion of at most 10 wt .-%, preferably at most 5 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the oxide Ma ⁇ terials, at least one further component which is selected from the group consisting of the elements Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd and Pt.
  • graphite is added to the oxidic material before it is molded into the shaped body if it comprises copper powder, copper flakes or cement powder or their mixture as component (ii).
  • so much graphite is added that the deformation can be better performed to form a molded body.
  • 0.5 to 5% by weight of graphite based on the total weight of the oxidic material, is added. It is immaterial whether graphite is added to the oxidic material before or after or simultaneously with the copper powder, the copper flakes or the cement powder or the mixture thereof.
  • the present invention also relates to a process as described above, which is characterized in that the oxidic material or the (ii) resulting mixture of copper, copper flakes and / or cement graphite in a proportion in the range of 0.5 to 5 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the oxidic material is added.
  • the present invention therefore further relates to a shaped body comprising
  • metallic copper powder, copper flakes or cement powder or a mixture thereof with a proportion in the range from 1 to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the oxidic material, and graphite with a content of 0.5 to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the oxidic material, the sum of the proportions of oxidic material, metallic copper powder, copper flakes or cement powder or a mixture thereof and graphite being at least 95% by weight of the molded article which is characterized in that the shaped body as a catalyst tablet or catalyst extrudate with a diameter d and / or height h ⁇ 2.5 mm, catalyst spheres with a diameter d ⁇ 2.5 mm or catalyst honeycomb body with a cell diameter r z ⁇ 2.5 mm is present. Also in this preferred embodiment, the molded article is free from zinc oxide and nickel oxide.
  • the shaped body obtained after the deformation is optionally calcined at least once over a period of generally 0.5 to 10 h, preferably 0, 5 to 2 hours.
  • the temperature in this at least one calcination step is all ⁇ common in the range of 200 to 600 0 C, preferably in the range of 250 to 500 0 C and more preferably in the range 270-400 0 C.
  • the shaped body before being filled with the hydrogenation solution with reducing gases for example hydrogen, preferably hydrogen inert gas mixtures, in particular hydrogen / nitrogen mixtures at temperatures in the range of 100 to 500 0 C, preferably in the range from 150 to 350 0 C and in particular in the range of 180 to 200 0 C prereduced.
  • reducing gases for example hydrogen, preferably hydrogen inert gas mixtures, in particular hydrogen / nitrogen mixtures at temperatures in the range of 100 to 500 0 C, preferably in the range from 150 to 350 0 C and in particular in the range of 180 to 200 0 C prereduced.
  • reducing gases for example hydrogen, preferably hydrogen inert gas mixtures, in particular hydrogen / nitrogen mixtures at temperatures in the range of 100 to 500 0 C, preferably in the range from 150 to 350 0 C and in particular in the range of 180 to 200 0 C prereduced.
  • Preference is given to using a mixture having a hydrogen content in the range from 1 to 100% by volume, particularly preferably in the range from
  • the shaped body according to the invention is activated prior to use as a catalyst in a manner known per se by treatment with reducing media.
  • the activation takes place either in advance in a reduction furnace or after installation in the reactor. If the reactor has been activated beforehand in the reduction furnace, it is installed in the reactor and fed directly under hydrogen pressure with the hydrogenation solution.
  • the preferred field of use of the shaped bodies produced by the process according to the invention is the hydrogenation of carbonyl-containing organic compounds in a fixed bed.
  • the hydrogenation can be carried out in the gas phase or in the liquid phase.
  • the hydrogenation is preferably carried out in the liquid phase, for example in the trickle or sump procedure.
  • trickle mode the liquid starting material containing the carbonyl compound to be hydrogenated is allowed to trickle over the catalyst bed arranged in the reactor, which is under hydrogen pressure, whereby a thin liquid film is formed on the catalyst.
  • hydrogen gas is introduced into the reactor flooded with the liquid reaction mixture, the hydrogen passing through the catalyst bed in ascending gas beads.
  • the solution to be hydrogenated is pumped in a straight pass over the catalyst bed.
  • a portion of the product is withdrawn continuously after passing through the reactor as a product stream and optionally passed through a second reactor, as defined above.
  • the other part of the product is recycled to the reactor together with fresh reactant containing the carbonyl compound. This procedure is referred to below as the circulation method.
  • the circulation mode of operation is preferred. It is further preferred to work in a circulation mode using a main reactor and a secondary reactor.
  • the process according to the invention is suitable for the hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds, such as e.g. Aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters or Car ⁇ bonklareanhydriden to the corresponding alcohols, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds are preferred.
  • carbonyl compounds such as e.g. Aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters or Car ⁇ bonklareanhydriden to the corresponding alcohols
  • aliphatic and cycloaliphatic saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds are preferred.
  • aromatic carbonyl compounds unwanted by-products may be formed by hydrogenation of the aromatic nucleus.
  • the carbonyl compounds may carry other functional groups such as hydroxy or amino groups. Unsaturated carbonyl compounds are generally hydrogenated to the corresponding saturated alcohols.
  • the process according to the invention is preferably used for the hydrogenation of aliphatic aldehydes, hydroxyaldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, anhydrides, lactones and sugars.
  • Preferred aliphatic aldehydes are branched and unbranched saturated and / or unsaturated C 2 -C 30 aliphatic aldehydes, such as are obtainable, for example, by oxo synthesis from linear or branched olefins with internal or terminal double bond.
  • long-chain aliphatic aldehydes are particularly suitable, as can be obtained, for example, by oxo synthesis from linea ⁇ ren ⁇ -olefins.
  • enolization products e.g. 2-ethylhexenal, 2-methylpentenal, 2,4-diethyloctenal or 2,4-dimethylheptenal.
  • Preferred hydroxyaldehydes are C 3 -C 2 -hydroxyaldehydes, as are obtainable, for example, by aldol reaction from aliphatic and cycloaliphatic aldehydes and ketones with themselves or with formaldehyde.
  • Examples are 3-hydroxypropanal, dimethylolethanal, trimethylolethanal (pentaerythritol), 3-hydroxybutanal (acetaldol), 3-hydroxy-2-ethylhexanal (butylaldol), 3-hydroxy-2-methylpentanal (propienaldol), 2-methylolpropanal, 2,2- Dimethylolpropanal, 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanal, 3-hydroxypentanal, 2-methylolbutanal, 2,2-dimethylolbutanal, hydroxypivalaldehyde.
  • Particularly preferred are hydroxypivalaldehyde (HPA) and dimethylolbutanal (DMB).
  • ketones are acetone, butanone, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, cyclohexanone, isophorone, methyl isobutyl ketone, mesityl oxide, acetophenone, propiophenone, benzophenone, benzalacetone, dibenzalacetone, benzalacetophenone, 2,3-butanedione, 2 , 4-pentanedione, 2,5-hexanedione and methyl vinyl ketone.
  • carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof preferably those having 1-20 C atoms can be reacted.
  • carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof preferably those having 1-20 C atoms can be reacted.
  • the following are to be mentioned:
  • Carboxylic acids such as, for example, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, n-valeric acid, trimethylacetic acid (“pivalic acid”), caproic acid, oenanthic acid acid, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, acrylic, methacrylic, oleic, elaidic, linoleic, linolenic, cyclohexanecarboxylic, benzoic, phenylacetic, o -toluic, m-toluic, p-toluic, Chlorobenzoic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, o-nitrobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, anthranilic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic
  • Carboxylic esters e.g. the C 1 -C 4 -alkyl esters of the abovementioned carboxylic acids, in particular methyl formate, ethyl acetate, butyric acid butyl ester, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid dialkyl esters, such as, for example, the dimethyl esters of these acids, methyl (meth) acrylate, butyricactone, caprolactone and polycarboxylic acid esters, e.g. Polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acid esters and their copolymers and polyesters, e.g. Polymethylmethacrylat, terephthalic acid esters and other engineering plastics, in particular hydrogenolyses, ie the implementation of esters to the corresponding acids and alcohols are carried out;
  • Carboxylic acid anhydrides e.g. the anhydrides of the above carboxylic acids, especially acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, benzoic anhydride and maleic anhydride;
  • Carboxylic acid amides e.g. Formamide, acetamide, propionamide, stearamide, terephthalic acid amide.
  • hydroxycarboxylic acids e.g. Milk, malic, tartaric or citric acid
  • amino acids such as e.g. Glycine, alanine, proline and arginine, and peptides are reacted.
  • Particularly preferred organic compounds are hydrogenated saturated or unsaturated carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters, carboxylic anhydrides or lactones or mixtures of two or more thereof.
  • the present invention also relates to a process as described above, which is characterized in that the organic compound is a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid ester, a carboxylic acid anhydride or a lactone.
  • the organic compound is a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid ester, a carboxylic acid anhydride or a lactone.
  • these compounds are, inter alia, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, succinic acid, succinic anhydride, adipic acid, 6-hydroxycaproic acid, 2-cyclododecylpropionic acid, the esters of the abovementioned acids, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl esters. Further examples are ⁇ -butyrolactone and caprolactone.
  • the present invention relates to a process as described above which is characterized in that the organic compound is adipic acid or an adipic acid ester.
  • the carbonyl compound to be hydrogenated may be supplied to the hydrogenation reactor alone or as a mixture with the product of the hydrogenation reaction, which may be done in undiluted form or using an additional solvent.
  • water, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and the alcohol which is formed under the reaction conditions are suitable as additional solvents.
  • Preferred solution center! are water, THF and NMP, particularly preferred is water.
  • the hydrogenation in both the bottoms and in trickle in each case preferably operated in circulation mode, is generally carried out at a temperature in the range of 50 to 350 ° C, preferably in the range of 70 to 300 0 C, particularly preferably be ⁇ preferred Range of 100 to 27O 0 C and a pressure in the range of 3 to 350 bar, preferably in the range of 5 to 330 bar, more preferably in the range of 10 to 300 bar by.
  • the catalysts according to the invention are used in processes for preparing hexanediol and / or caprolactone, as described in DE 19607954, DE 19607 955, DE 19647348 and DE 196 47 349.
  • the mechanical stability of solid catalysts and especially of the catalysts according to the invention is described by the parameter lateral pressure resistance in various states (oxidic, reduced, reduced and suspended underwater).
  • the lateral compressive strength was determined using a device of the "Z 2.5 / T 919" type from Zwick (Ulm).
  • the measurements were carried out under an atmosphere of nitrogen to avoid a re-oxidation of the catalysts.
  • solution 1 A mixture of 12.41 kg of a 19.34% copper nitrate solution, and 14.78 kg of an 8.12% aluminum nitrate solution and 1.106 kg of a 37.58% lanthanum nitrate solution x 6H 2 O were added in 1.5 I dissolved water (solution 1).
  • Solution 2 contains 60 kg of 20% NaOH anhydrous Na 2 CO 3 .
  • Solution 1 and solution 2 are passed via separate lines into a precipitation vessel which is provided with a stirrer and contains 10 l of water heated to 60.degree. By adjusting the feed rates of solution 1 and solution 2, the pH was brought to 6.2.
  • the filter cake was dried for 16 h at 12O 0 C and then calcined for 2 h at 300 0 C.
  • the catalyst powder thus obtained is precompacted with 1% by weight of graphite.
  • the compact obtained is mixed with 5% by weight of unicoat Cu sheet and subsequently with 2% by weight of graphite and pressed into tablets of 1.5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height. The tablets were finally calcined for 2 hours at 35O 0 C.
  • the catalyst thus prepared has the chemical composition 57% CuO / 28.5% Al 2 O 3 / 9.5% La 2 O 3 /5% Cu.
  • the test duration was a total of 7 days.
  • ester conversions of 99% and a hexane diol selectivity of 96.9% were detected in the reactor effluent at 190 ° C. After removal, the catalytic converter was still fully preserved and had a high mechanical stability.
  • Table 1 The search results are summarized in Table 1.
  • the comparative catalyst was prepared analogously to Catalyst 1, but pressed into tablets of 3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height.
  • the catalyst thus prepared has the chemical composition 57% CuO / 28.5% Al 2 O 3 / 9.5% La 2 O 3 /5% Cu.
  • the lateral compressive strength in the oxidic and reductive state are listed in Table 1.
  • Example 4 Hydrogenation of adipic acid dimethyl ester on the comparative catalyst
  • the test duration was a total of 7 days.
  • GC analysis were in the reactor effluent at 220 0 C and 24O 0 C Esterum accounts detected respectively 92.4% hexanediol contents of 88.8%.
  • the catalyst was still fully preserved and had a high mechanical stability. The test results are summarized in Table 1.

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Abstract

The invention relates to a method for hydrogenation of an organic compound comprising at least one carbonyl group, whereby the organic compound is brought into contact with a moulded body in the presence of hydrogen. Said body may be produced by a method in which (i) an oxidic material is prepared, comprising copper oxide, aluminium oxide, and at least one oxide of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, or zirconium, followed by (ii) addition of powdered metallic copper, copper platelets, powdered cement, graphite, mixtures or a mixture thereof with graphite to the oxidic material and (iii) moulding the mixture from (ii) to give a moulded body, characterised in that the moulded body is in the form of catalyst tablets or catalyst extrudates with a diameter d and/or height h < 2.5 mm, catalyst beads with a diameter d < 2.5 mm or catalyst honeycomb with a cell diameter r<SUB>z</SUB> < 2.5 mm.

Description

Katalysatorformkörper und Verfahren zur Hydrierung von CarbonylverbindungenCatalyst molding and process for the hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds
Beschreibungdescription
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur katalytischen Hydrierung von organischen Ver¬ bindungen, die mindestens eine Carbonylgruppe aufweisen, in Gegenwart von kupfer- haltigen Katalysatortabletten und die kupferhaltigen Katalysatorformkörpern definierter Größe an sich.The invention relates to a process for the catalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds having at least one carbonyl group in the presence of copper-containing catalyst tablets and the copper-containing shaped catalyst bodies of defined size per se.
Die katalytische Hydrierung von Carbonylverbindungen wie beispielsweise Carbonsäu¬ ren oder Carbonsäureestern nimmt in den Produktionssträngen der chemischen Grundstoffindustrie eine bedeutende Stellung ein.The catalytic hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds such as Carbonsäu¬ ren or carboxylic acid esters occupies an important position in the production lines of basic chemical industry.
Die katalytische Hydrierung von Carbonylverbindungen wie z.B. Carbonsäureestern wird in technischen Verfahren fast ausschließlich in Festbettreaktoren durchgeführt. Als Festbettkatalysatoren werden, neben Katalysatoren vom Raney-Typ, vor allem geträ- gerte Katalysatoren, beispielsweise Kupfer-, Nickel- oder Edelmetall-Katalysatoren verwendet.The catalytic hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds, e.g. Carboxylic esters is almost always carried out in fixed bed reactors in industrial processes. As fixed-bed catalysts, in addition to catalysts of the Raney type, especially supported catalysts, for example copper, nickel or noble metal catalysts are used.
Die US 3,923,694 beschreibt beispielsweise einen Katalysator vom Typ Kupferoxid / Zinkoxid / Aluminiumoxid. Der Nachteil dieses Katalysators besteht darin, dass er wäh¬ rend der Reaktion mechanisch nicht ausreichend stabil ist und daher relativ schnell zerfällt. Daraus resultiert ein Aktivitätsverlust und ein Aufbau von Differenzdruck über den Reaktor durch die zerfallenden Katalysator-Formkörper. In der Folge muss die Anlage vorzeitig abgestellt werden.For example, US Pat. No. 3,923,694 describes a copper oxide / zinc oxide / alumina type catalyst. The disadvantage of this catalyst is that it is not sufficiently stable during the reaction and therefore decomposes relatively quickly. This results in a loss of activity and a build-up of differential pressure across the reactor through the disintegrating catalyst moldings. As a result, the system must be shut down prematurely.
Die DE 198 09418.3 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur katalytischen Hydrierung einer Car- bonylverbindung in Gegenwart eines Katalysators, der einen Träger, der vornehmlich Titandioxid enthält, und als Aktivkomponente Kupfer oder ein Gemisch aus Kupfer mit mindestens einem der Metalle, ausgewählt aus der Gruppe Zink, Aluminium, Cer, ei¬ nem Edelmetall und einem Metall der VIII. Nebengruppe, umfasst, wobei die Kupfer¬ oberfläche maximal 10 m2/g beträgt. Bevorzugte Trägermaterialien sind Mischungen aus Titandioxid mit Aluminiumoxid oder Zirkonoxid oder Aluminiumoxid und Zirkonoxid. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird das Katalysatormaterial unter Zusatz von metallischem Kupferpulver oder Kupferblättchen verformt.DE 198 09418.3 describes a process for the catalytic hydrogenation of a carbonyl compound in the presence of a catalyst which contains a support which contains primarily titanium dioxide and as active component copper or a mixture of copper with at least one of the metals selected from the group zinc, aluminum , Cer, ei¬ nem precious metal and a metal of VIII. Subgroup comprises, wherein the Kupfer¬ surface is not more than 10 m 2 / g. Preferred support materials are mixtures of titanium dioxide with aluminum oxide or zirconium oxide or aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide. In a preferred embodiment, the catalyst material is deformed with the addition of metallic copper powder or copper flakes.
Die DE-A 195 05 347 beschreibt ganz allgemein ein Verfahren von Katalysatortabletten mit hoher mechanischer Festigkeit, wobei dem zu tablettirrenden Material ein Metall¬ pulver oder ein Pulver einer Metall-Legierung zugegeben wird. Unter anderem wird als Metallpulver Aluminiumpulver oder Kupferpulver oder Kupferblättchen zugegeben. Bei der Zugabe von Aluminiumpulver wird bei einem Kupferoxid / Zinkoxid / Aluminium¬ oxid-Katalysator allerdings ein Formkörper erhalten, der eine schlechtere Seitendruck¬ festigkeit aufweist als ein Formkörper, der ohne Zusatz von Aluminiumpulver herge¬ stellt wurde, und der erfindungsgemäße Formkörper zeigte bei seiner Verwendung als Katalysator eine schlechtere Konvertierungsaktivität als Katalysatoren, die ohne Zusatz von Aluminiumpulver hergestellt wurden. Ebenfalls offenbart ist dort ein Hydrierkataly¬ sator aus NiO, ZrO2, MoO3 und CuO, dem bei der Herstellung unter anderem Cu- Pulver zugemischt wurde. Über die Selektivität oder die Aktivität sind in dieser Schrift jedoch keine Angaben gemacht.DE-A 195 05 347 describes quite generally a method of catalyst tablets having high mechanical strength, wherein a metal powder or a powder of a metal alloy is added to the material to be tabletted. Among others, aluminum powder or copper powder or copper flakes are added as metal powder. at However, in the case of a copper oxide / zinc oxide / aluminum oxide catalyst, the addition of aluminum powder gives a shaped article which has a lower lateral compressive strength than a shaped article which has been prepared without the addition of aluminum powder, and the molded article according to the invention showed in use as a catalyst, a poorer conversion activity than catalysts prepared without the addition of aluminum powder. Also disclosed is a hydrogenation catalyst of NiO, ZrO 2 , MoO 3 and CuO, to which Cu powder was mixed during production. However, no information is given on selectivity or activity in this document.
Die DE 256 515 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkoholen aus Synthe¬ segas, wobei Katalysatoren auf der Basis von Cu / AI / Zn eingesetzt werden, die durch gemeinsame Vermahlung und Verpillung mit metallischem Kupferpulver oder Kupfer- blättchen gewonnen werden. Das Hauptaugenmerk liegt bei dem beschriebenen Ver- fahren auf der Herstellung von Gemischen aus C1- bis C5-Alkoholen, wobei eine Ver¬ fahrensführung gewählt wird, in dem der Reaktionsreaktor im oberen Schichtdrittel ei¬ nen Katalysator enthält, der einen höheren Anteil an Kupferpulver oder Kupferblättchen aufweist, und im unteren Drittel einen Katalysator enthält, der einen geringeren Anteil an Kupferpulver oder Kupferblättchen aufweist.DE 256 515 describes a process for the preparation of alcohols from synthesis gas, in which case catalysts based on Cu / Al / Zn are used, which are obtained by co-grinding and pelleting with metallic copper powder or copper flakes. In the process described, the main focus is on the preparation of mixtures of C 1 - to C 5 -alcohols, a process procedure being chosen in which the reaction reactor in the upper third of the layer contains a catalyst which has a higher content Copper powder or copper flakes, and contains in the lower third of a catalyst having a lower proportion of copper powder or copper flakes.
Eine Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung war es, ein Verfahren und einen Katalysator bereitzustellen, die die Nachteile des Standes der Technik nicht aufweisen und Verfah¬ ren zur katalytischen Hydrierung von Carbonylverbindungen sowie Katalysatoren be¬ reitzustellen, wobei die Katalysatoren sowohl hohe mechanische Stabilität als auch hohe Hydrieraktivität und Selektivität aufweisen.An object of the present invention was to provide a process and a catalyst which do not have the disadvantages of the prior art and provide processes for the catalytic hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds and catalysts, the catalysts having both high mechanical stability and high hydrogenation activity and selectivity.
Es wurde gefunden, dass durch die simultane Fällung von Kupfer-, Aluminium- und mindestens einer Lanthan-, Wolfram-, Molybdän-, Titan- oder Zirkoniumverbindung durch die Zugabe von metallischem Kupferpulver, Kupferblättchen oder Zementpulver oder deren Gemisch oder ein Gemisch derselben mit Graphit und durch die anschlie¬ ßende Trocknung, Calcinierung und Verformung zu Katalysatortabletten oder Katalysa- torextrudaten mit einem Durchmesser d und/oder einer Höhe h < 2,5 mm, Katalysator¬ kugeln mit einem Durchmesser d < 2,5 mm oder Wabenkörpern mit einem Zelldurch¬ messer rz kleiner 2,5 mm ein Katalysator erhalten wird, der durch die Zugabe mindes- tens einer Lanthan-, Wolfram-, Molybdän-, Titan- oder Zirkoniumverbindung sowohl zu hohen Aktivitäten und Selektivitäten sowie zu einer hohen Stabilität des Formkörpers, der als Katalysator eingesetzt wird, führt.It has been found that by the simultaneous precipitation of copper, aluminum and at least one lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium compound by the addition of metallic copper powder, copper flakes or cement powder or their mixture or a mixture thereof with graphite and by the subsequent drying, calcination and deformation to catalyst tablets or catalyst extrudates with a diameter d and / or a height h <2.5 mm, catalyst balls with a diameter d <2.5 mm or honeycomb bodies with a Zelldurch ¬ diameter r z smaller than 2.5 mm, a catalyst is obtained by the addition of at least one lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium compound both to high activities and selectivities and to a high stability of the molding, the is used as catalyst leads.
Demgemäss betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung ein Verfahren zur Hydrierung einer min- destens eine Carbonylgruppe aufweisenden organischen Verbindung, bei dem die or- ganische Verbindung in Anwesenheit von Wasserstoff mit einem Formkörper in Kon¬ takt gebracht wird, der herstellbar ist gemäß einem Verfahren, in demAccordingly, the present invention relates to a process for the hydrogenation of an organic compound having at least one carbonyl group, in which the organic ganic compound is brought into contact in the presence of hydrogen with a shaped body in contact, which can be prepared according to a method in which
(i) ein oxidisches Material, umfassend Kupferoxid, Aluminiumoxid und mindestens eins der Oxide des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zirkoniums wo¬ bei die Oxide des Lanthans und/oder Wolframs bevorzugt sein sollen, bereitge¬ stellt wird,(i) an oxidic material comprising copper oxide, aluminum oxide and at least one of the oxides of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium, in which the oxides of lanthanum and / or tungsten are to be preferred, is provided;
(ii) dem oxidischen Material pulverförmiges metallisches Kupfer, Kupferblättchen, pulverförmiger Zement oder deren Gemisch oder ein Gemisch derselben mit(ii) powdered metallic copper, copper flakes, powdered cement or mixture thereof or a mixture thereof with the oxidic material
Graphit davon zugegeben werden kann, undGraphite of which can be added, and
(iii) das aus (ii) resultierende Gemisch zu einer Katalysatortablette oder einem Kata- lysatorextrudat mit einem Durchmesser d und/oder einer Höhe h < 2,5 mm, Kata- lysatorkugeln mit einem Durchmesser d < 2,5 mm oder Katalysator-Waben¬ körper mit einem Zelldurchmesser rz < 2,5 mm verformt wird.(iii) the mixture resulting from (ii) to form a catalyst tablet or a catalyst extrudate with a diameter d and / or a height h <2.5 mm, catalyst spheres with a diameter d <2.5 mm or catalyst honeycombs ¬ body is deformed with a cell diameter r z <2.5 mm.
Von den Oxiden des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zirkoniums ist Lan¬ thanoxid bevorzugt. Der Katalysatorformkörper enthält weder Zink- noch Nickeloxid.Of the oxides of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium, lan¬ than oxide is preferred. The shaped catalyst body contains neither zinc nor nickel oxide.
In bevorzugten Ausführungsformen werden die erfindungsgemäßen Formkörper als Voll,- Tränk-, Schalen- und Fällkatalysatoren eingesetzt.In preferred embodiments, the shaped bodies according to the invention are used as full, impregnating, shelling and precipitation catalysts.
Der in dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren verwendete Katalysator zeichnet sich da- durch aus, dass die Aktivkomponente Kupfer, die Komponente Aluminium und dieThe catalyst used in the process according to the invention is characterized in that the active component copper, the component aluminum and the
Komponente mindestens eines der Oxide des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zirkoniums bevorzugt mit einer Sodalösung simultan oder nacheinander gefällt werden, im Anschluss getrocknet, calciniert, tablettiert beziehungsweise in die weiteren Formen gepresst und nochmals calciniert wird.Component of at least one of the oxides of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium preferably be precipitated with a soda solution simultaneously or successively, then dried, calcined, tabletted or pressed into the other forms and calcined again.
Insbesondere kommt folgende Fällungsmethode in Betracht:In particular, the following precipitation method is considered:
A) Eine Kupfersalzlösung, eine Aluminiumsalzlösung und eine Lösung mindestens eines Salzes des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zirkoniums oder eine Lösung, enthaltend Kupfer-, Aluminium- und mindestens eines der Salze des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zirkoniums, wird parallel oder nacheinander mit einer Sodalösung gefällt. Das gefällte Material im Anschluss getrocknet und ggf. calciniert. B) Fällung einer Kupfersalzlösung und einer Lösung mindestens eines Salzes des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zirkoniums oder einer Lösung, ent¬ haltend Kupfersalz und mindestens ein Salz des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molyb¬ däns, Titans oder Zirkoniums, auf einen vorgefertigten Aluminiumoxidträger. Die- ser liegt in einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform als Pulver in einer wässrigen Suspension vor. Das Trägermaterial kann aber auch als Kugeln, Wa¬ benkörper oder Tabletten vorliegen.A) A copper salt solution, an aluminum salt solution and a solution of at least one salt of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium or a solution containing copper, aluminum and at least one of the salts of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium precipitated in parallel or successively with a soda solution. The precipitated material is subsequently dried and optionally calcined. B) Precipitation of a copper salt solution and a solution of at least one salt of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium or a solution containing copper salt and at least one salt of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium onto a prefabricated alumina support , In a particularly preferred embodiment, this is present as a powder in an aqueous suspension. However, the carrier material can also be in the form of spheres, bodies or tablets.
B1 ) In einer Ausführungsform (I) wird eine Kupfersalzlösung und eine Lösung min- destens eines Salzes des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zirkoni¬ ums oder ein Lösung, enthaltend Kupfersalz und mindestens ein Salz des Lan¬ thans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zirkoniums, bevorzugt mit Sodalösung, gefällt. Als Vorlage wird eine wässrige Suspension des Trägermaterials Aluminiumoxid verwendet.B1) In one embodiment (I), a copper salt solution and a solution of at least one salt of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium or a solution containing copper salt and at least one salt of lan¬, tungsten, molybdenum, Titans or zirconium, preferably with soda solution, precipitated. As a template, an aqueous suspension of the support material alumina is used.
Ausgefällte Niederschläge, die aus A) oder B) resultieren, werden in üblicher Weise filtriert und vorzugsweise alkalifrei gewaschen, wie dies beispielsweise in der DE 198Precipitated precipitates resulting from A) or B) are filtered in a conventional manner and preferably washed alkali-free, as described for example in DE 198
09 418.3 beschrieben ist.09 418.3 is described.
Sowohl die Endprodukte aus A) als auch die aus B) werden bei Temperaturen von 50 bis 1500C, vorzugsweise bei 1200C getrocknet und im Anschluß ggf. vorzugsweise 2 Stunden bei im allgemeinen 200 bis 6000C, insbesondere bei 300 bis 5000C calci- niert.Both the end products of A) and those of B) are dried at temperatures of 50 to 150 0 C, preferably at 120 0 C and then optionally optionally for 2 hours at generally 200 to 600 0 C, in particular at 300 to 500 Calcined 0 C.
Als Ausgangssubstanzen für A) und/oder B) können prinzipiell alle in den bei der Auf¬ bringung verwendeten Lösungsmitteln löslichen Cu(I) und/oder Cu(ll)-Salze, wie bei¬ spielsweise Nitrate, Carbonate, Acetate, Oxalate oder Ammonium-Komplexe, analoge Aluminiumsalze und Salze des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zirkoni¬ ums verwendet werden. Besonders bevorzugt für Verfahren gemäß A) und B) wird Kupfernitrat eingesetzt.As starting substances for A) and / or B), it is possible in principle to use all the Cu (I) and / or Cu (II) salts soluble in the solvents used in the application, such as, for example, nitrates, carbonates, acetates, oxalates or ammonium Complexes, analogous aluminum salts and salts of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or Zirkoni¬ ums are used. Particularly preferred for processes according to A) and B) copper nitrate is used.
Dem oxidischen, nach der Fällung, Trocknung und ggf. Calcinierung erhaltenden Mate¬ rial wird dann die Formgebung die Komponente (ii), pulverförmiges metallisches Kup¬ fer, Kupferblättchen, pulverförmiger Zement, deren Gemisch oder ein Gemisch dersel- ben mit Graphit zugesetzt.To the oxidic material obtained after the precipitation, drying and optionally calcination, the molding is then added the component (ii), pulverulent metallic copper, copper flakes, pulverulent cement, their mixture or a mixture thereof with graphite.
Das erhaltene getrocknete Pulver wird sodann zur Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Katalysatortablette oder der erfindungsgemäßen Katalysatorextrudate mit Hilfe einer geeigneten Tablettenpresse oder eines geeigneten Extruders zu Tabletten oder Extru- daten mit einem Durchmesser d kleiner 2,5 mm und/oder einer Höhe h kleiner 2,5 mm, bevorzugt d und/oder h kleiner 2 mm, besonders bevorzugt d und/oder h kleiner 1 ,0 mm, verformt.The dried powder obtained is then used to prepare the catalyst tablet or catalyst extrudates according to the invention with the aid of a suitable tablet press or a suitable extruder into tablets or extrudates having a diameter d less than 2.5 mm and / or a height h less than 2.5 mm . preferably d and / or h less than 2 mm, more preferably d and / or h less than 1, 0 mm, deformed.
Der erfindungsgemäße Katalysator kann auch in Form von Katalysatorkugeln mit ei- nem Durchmesser d < 2,5 mm, bevorzugt kleiner 1 mm, vorliegen.The catalyst according to the invention can also be present in the form of catalyst spheres with a diameter d <2.5 mm, preferably less than 1 mm.
Weiterhin sind erfindungsgemäße Katalysator-Formkörper Wabenkörper mit einem Zelldurchmesser rz kleiner 2,5 mm, bevorzugt kleiner 1 mm geeignet, die auf an sich bekannte Weise aus dem oben beschriebenen Pulver herstellbar sind.Furthermore, shaped honeycomb bodies according to the invention are suitable with a cell diameter r z smaller than 2.5 mm, preferably smaller than 1 mm, which can be produced in a manner known per se from the powder described above.
Bevorzugt wird der erfindungsgemäße Katalysatorformkörper Form der Tabletten ein¬ gesetzt.The shaped catalyst body according to the invention is preferably used in the form of the tablets.
Die Katalysator-Tabletten können symmetrisch sein, das heißt Höhe h und Durchmes- ser d sind gleich, oder unsymmetrisch sein, das heißt Höhe h und Durchmesser d nehmen unterschiedliche Werte ein, wobei d und/oder h jedoch kleiner 2,5 mm sind. Für die unsymmetrischen Tabletten kann das Verhältnis d.h. maximal 1 :2 werden, das heißt der maximale Wert für die Tablettenhöhe entspricht dem doppelten Durchmesser der Tablette. Besonders bevorzugt werden in dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren symmetrische Katalysator-Tabletten bei denen Durchmesser d und Höhe h 1 ,5 mm betragen, eingesetzt.The catalyst pellets may be symmetrical, that is to say height h and diameter d are the same, or asymmetrical, that is, height h and diameter d assume different values, but d and / or h are less than 2.5 mm. For the unsymmetrical tablets, the ratio of e.g. maximum 1: 2, that is, the maximum value for the tablet height is twice the diameter of the tablet. In the process according to the invention, particular preference is given to using symmetrical catalyst tablets in which diameter d and height h are 1.5 mm.
Die erfindungsgemäßen Katalysator-Formkörper werden, vorzugsweise 2 Stunden, bei 300 bis 6000C, insbesondere bei 400 bis 5000C getempert. Dieses Verfahren zur Ver- formung erlaubt, im Vergleich zum ausschließlichen Einsatz von Graphit als Tablettie¬ rungshilfsmittel in den üblichen Verfahren, eine besonders leicht durchzuführende Ver¬ formung des Pulvers zu Tabletten, Extrudaten, Kugeln und Wabenkörpern und liefert chemisch und mechanisch sehr stabile Katalysatoren.The shaped catalyst body according to the invention are, preferably annealed for 2 hours at 300 to 600 0 C, particularly at 400 to 500 0 C. This method of deformation, in comparison to the exclusive use of graphite as Tablettie¬ tion aids in the usual methods, a particularly easy to carry out Ver¬ formation of the powder into tablets, extrudates, spheres and honeycomb bodies and provides chemically and mechanically very stable catalysts.
Die Zusammensetzung des oxidischen Material ist im allgemeinen so beschaffen, dass der Anteil an Kupferoxid im Bereich von 40 bis 90 Gew.-%, der Anteil an Oxiden des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zirkonimus im Bereich von 0 bis 50 Gew.-% und der Anteil an Aluminiumoxid im Bereich bis zu 50 Gew.-%, jeweils be¬ zogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der Summe der oben genannten oxidischen Bestandtei- Ie, liegt, wobei diese drei Oxide zusammen mindestens 80 Gew.-% des oxidischen Materials nach Calcinierung darstellen, wobei Zement nicht dem oxidischen Material in obigem Sinne zugerechnet wird. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung daher ein Ver¬ fahren, wie oben beschrieben, das dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass das oxidische MaterialThe composition of the oxide material is generally such that the proportion of copper oxide in the range of 40 to 90 wt .-%, the proportion of oxides of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium in the range of 0 to 50 wt. % and the proportion of aluminum oxide in the range up to 50 wt .-%, each be¬ based on the total weight of the sum of the abovementioned oxidic constituents Ie, lies, these three oxides together at least 80 wt .-% of the oxidic material after Calcination, where cement is not attributed to the oxidic material in the above sense. In a preferred embodiment, the present invention therefore relates to a method as described above, which is characterized in that the oxidic material
(a) Kupferoxid mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 50 ≤ x ≤ 80, vorzugsweise 55 ≤ x < 75 Gew.-%,(a) copper oxide in a proportion in the range of 50 ≦ x ≦ 80, preferably 55 ≦ x <75% by weight,
(b) Aluminiumoxid mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 15 ≤ y ≤35, vorzugsweise 20 ≤ y ≤ 30 Gew.-% und(b) alumina having a content in the range of 15 ≦ y ≦ 35, preferably 20 ≦ y ≦ 30 wt% and
(c) mindestens eins der Oxide des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zir¬ koniums, bevorzugt des Lanthans und/oder Wolframs, mit einem Anteil im Be¬ reich von 2 ≤ z ≤ 20, bevorzugt 3 ≤ z < 15 Gew.-%,(c) at least one of the oxides of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium, preferably of lanthanum and / or tungsten, with a proportion in the range of 2 ≦ z ≦ 20, preferably 3 ≦ z <15 wt. -%
jeweils bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Materials nach Calcinierung, wobei gilt: 80 ≤ x + y + z < 100, insbesondere 95 ≤ + y + z ≤ 100, umfasst.in each case based on the total weight of the oxidic material after calcination, where: 80 ≦ x + y + z <100, in particular 95 ≦ + y + z ≦ 100.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren und die erfindungsgemäßen Katalysatoren zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass durch die Zugabe von Lanthan, Wolfram, Molybdän, Titan oder Zirkonium bei der Fällung zu einer hohen Stabilität des Formkörpers, der als Katalysa¬ tor eingesetzt wird, führt.The process according to the invention and the catalysts according to the invention are distinguished by the fact that the addition of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium in the precipitation leads to a high stability of the molding used as catalyst.
Im allgemeinen wird dem oxidischen Material pulverförmiges Kupfer, Kupferblättchen oder pulverfö rmiger Zement oder deren Gemisch oder ein Gemisch derselben mit Gra- phit davon im Bereich von 1 bis 40 Gew.-%, bevorzugt im Bereich von 2 bis 20 Gew.-% und besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 3 bis 10 Gew.-%, jeweils bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Materials, enthält.In general, the oxidic material is powdered copper, copper flakes or pulverulent cement or a mixture thereof or a mixture thereof with graphite thereof in the range of 1 to 40 wt .-%, preferably in the range of 2 to 20 wt .-% and especially preferably in the range from 3 to 10% by weight, based in each case on the total weight of the oxidic material.
Als Zement wird vorzugsweise ein Tonerdezement eingesetzt. Besonders bevorzugt besteht der Tonerdezement im wesentlichen aus Aluminiumoxid und Calciumoxid, und besonders bevorzugt besteht er aus ungefähr 75 bis 85 Gew.-% Aluminiumoxid und ungefähr 15 bis 25 Gew.-% Calciumoxid. Ferner kann ein Zement auf Basis Magnesi¬ umoxid/Aluminiumoxid, Calciumoxid/Siliciumoxid und Calciumoxid/Aluminiumoxid/ Eisenoxid verwendet werden.The cement used is preferably an alumina cement. More preferably, the alumina cement consists essentially of alumina and calcia, and more preferably consists of about 75 to 85 weight percent alumina and about 15 to 25 weight percent calcium oxide. Furthermore, a cement based on magnesium oxide / aluminum oxide, calcium oxide / silicon oxide and calcium oxide / aluminum oxide / iron oxide can be used.
Insbesondere kann das oxidische Material in einem Anteil von höchstens 10 Gew.-%, bevorzugt höchstens 5 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Ma¬ terials, mindestens eine weitere Komponente aufweisen, die ausgewählt wird aus der Gruppe bestehend aus den Elementen Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd und Pt. In einer weiter bevorzugten Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird dem oxidischen Material vor dem Verformen zum Formkörper, wenn er Kupferpulver, Kupferblättchen oder Zementpulver oder deren Gemisch als Komponente (ii) aufweist, Graphit zugesetzt. Vorzugsweise wird soviel Graphit zugegeben, dass die Verformung zu einem Formkörper besser durchgeführt werden kann. In einer bevorzugten Ausfüh¬ rungsform werden 0,5 bis 5 Gew.-% Graphit, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Materials, zugegeben. Dabei ist es gleichgültig, ob Graphit dem oxidischen Material vor oder nach oder gleichzeitig mit dem Kupferpulver, den Kupferblättchen oder dem Zementpulver oder dem Gemisch davon zugesetzt wird.In particular, the oxidic material in a proportion of at most 10 wt .-%, preferably at most 5 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the oxide Ma¬ terials, at least one further component which is selected from the group consisting of the elements Re, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd and Pt. In a further preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, graphite is added to the oxidic material before it is molded into the shaped body if it comprises copper powder, copper flakes or cement powder or their mixture as component (ii). Preferably, so much graphite is added that the deformation can be better performed to form a molded body. In a preferred embodiment, 0.5 to 5% by weight of graphite, based on the total weight of the oxidic material, is added. It is immaterial whether graphite is added to the oxidic material before or after or simultaneously with the copper powder, the copper flakes or the cement powder or the mixture thereof.
Demgemäss betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung auch ein Verfahren, wie oben beschrie¬ ben, das dadurch gekennzeichnet, ist, dass dem oxidischen Material oder dem aus (ii) resultierendem Gemisch aus Kupfer, Kupferblättchen und/oder Zement Graphit in ei¬ nem Anteil im Bereich von 0,5 bis 5 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Materials, zugegeben wird.Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a process as described above, which is characterized in that the oxidic material or the (ii) resulting mixture of copper, copper flakes and / or cement graphite in a proportion in the range of 0.5 to 5 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the oxidic material is added.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung daher weiter¬ hin auch einen Formkörper, umfassendIn a preferred embodiment, the present invention therefore further relates to a shaped body comprising
ein oxidisches Material, dasan oxidic material that
(a) Kupferoxid mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 50 ≤ x ≤ 80, vorzugsweise 55 ≤ x ≤ 75 Gew.-%,(a) copper oxide in a proportion in the range of 50 ≦ x ≦ 80, preferably 55 ≦ x ≦ 75% by weight,
(b) Aluminiumoxid mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 15 ≤ y ≤ 35, vorzugsweise 20 ≤ y ≤ 30 Gew.-% und(b) alumina having a content in the range of 15 ≤ y ≤ 35, preferably 20 ≤ y ≤ 30 wt% and
(c) mindestens eins der Oxide des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zir¬ koniums, bevorzugt der Oxide des Lanthans und/oder Wolframs, mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 2 ≤ z ≤ 20, bevorzugt 3 bis 15 Gew.-%,(c) at least one of the oxides of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium, preferably the oxides of lanthanum and / or tungsten, in a proportion in the range of 2 ≦ z ≦ 20, preferably 3 to 15% by weight .
jeweils bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Materials nach Calcinierung, wobei gilt: 80 ≤ x + y + z ≤ 100, insbesondere 95 ≤ x + y+ z ≤ 100 umfasst,in each case based on the total weight of the oxidic material after calcination, where 80 ≦ x + y + z ≦ 100, in particular 95 ≦ x + y + z ≦ 100,
metallisches Kupferpulver, Kupferblättchen oder Zementpulver oder ein Gemisch da¬ von mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 1 bis 40 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Materials, und Graphit mit einem Anteil von 0,5 bis 5 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Materials, wobei die Summe der Anteile aus oxidischem Material, metallischem Kupferpulver, Kupferblättchen oder Zementpulver oder einem Gemisch davon und Graphit mindestens 95 Gew.-% des Formkörpers er- geben, der dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass der Formkörper als Katalysatortablette oder Katalysatorextrudat mit einem Durchmesser d und/oder einer Höhe h < 2,5 mm, Katalysatorkugeln mit einem Durchmesser d < 2,5 mm oder Katalysator-Wabenkörper mit einem Zelldurchmesser rz < 2,5 mm vorliegt. Auch in dieser bevorzugten Ausfüh- rungsform ist der Formkörper frei von Zinkoxid und Nickeloxid.metallic copper powder, copper flakes or cement powder or a mixture thereof with a proportion in the range from 1 to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the oxidic material, and graphite with a content of 0.5 to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the oxidic material, the sum of the proportions of oxidic material, metallic copper powder, copper flakes or cement powder or a mixture thereof and graphite being at least 95% by weight of the molded article which is characterized in that the shaped body as a catalyst tablet or catalyst extrudate with a diameter d and / or height h <2.5 mm, catalyst spheres with a diameter d <2.5 mm or catalyst honeycomb body with a cell diameter r z < 2.5 mm is present. Also in this preferred embodiment, the molded article is free from zinc oxide and nickel oxide.
Nach Zugabe des Kupferpulvers, der Kupferblättchen oder des Zementpulvers oder des Gemischs davon und gegebenenfalls Graphit zu dem oxidischen Material wird der im Anschluß an die Verformung erhaltene Formkörper gegebenenfalls mindestens einmal calciniert über eine Zeit von im allgemeinen 0,5 bis 10 h, bevorzugt 0,5 bis 2 Stunden. Die Temperatur bei diesem mindestens einen Calcinierschritt liegt im all¬ gemeinen im Bereich von 200 bis 6000C, bevorzugt im Bereich von 250 bis 5000C und besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 270 bis 4000C.After addition of the copper powder, the copper flakes or the cement powder or the mixture thereof and optionally graphite to the oxidic material, the shaped body obtained after the deformation is optionally calcined at least once over a period of generally 0.5 to 10 h, preferably 0, 5 to 2 hours. The temperature in this at least one calcination step is all¬ common in the range of 200 to 600 0 C, preferably in the range of 250 to 500 0 C and more preferably in the range 270-400 0 C.
Im Falle der Formgebung mit Zementpulver kann es vorteilhaft sein, den vor der Calci- nierung erhaltenen Formkörper mit Wasser zu befeuchten und anschließend zu trock¬ nen.In the case of shaping with cement powder, it may be advantageous to moisten the molding obtained before the calcination with water and then to Trock¬ NEN.
Bei Einsatz als Katalysator in der oxidischen Form wird der Formkörper vor Beschi- ckung mit der Hydrierlösung mit reduzierenden Gasen, beispielsweise Wasserstoff, vorzugsweise Wasserstoff-Inertgasgemischen, insbesondere Wasserstoff/Stickstoff¬ gemischen bei Temperaturen im Bereich von 100 bis 5000C, bevorzugt im Bereich von 150 bis 3500C und insbesondere im Bereich von 180 bis 2000C vorreduziert. Bevorzugt wird dabei ein Gemisch mit einem Wasserstoffanteil im Bereich von 1 bis 100 Vol.-%, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 1 bis 50 Vol.-% verwendet.When used as a catalyst in the oxidic form, the shaped body before being filled with the hydrogenation solution with reducing gases, for example hydrogen, preferably hydrogen inert gas mixtures, in particular hydrogen / nitrogen mixtures at temperatures in the range of 100 to 500 0 C, preferably in the range from 150 to 350 0 C and in particular in the range of 180 to 200 0 C prereduced. Preference is given to using a mixture having a hydrogen content in the range from 1 to 100% by volume, particularly preferably in the range from 1 to 50% by volume.
In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform wird der erfindungsgemäße Formkörper vor dem Einsatz als Katalysator in an sich bekannter Weise durch Behandlung mit reduzie¬ renden Medien aktiviert. Das Aktivieren erfolgt entweder vorab in einem Reduktions- ofen oder nach dem Einbau im Reaktor. Ist der Reaktor vorab im Reduktionsofen akti¬ viert worden, wird er in den Reaktor eingebaut und direkt unter Wasserstoffdruck mit der Hydrierlösung beschickt.In a preferred embodiment, the shaped body according to the invention is activated prior to use as a catalyst in a manner known per se by treatment with reducing media. The activation takes place either in advance in a reduction furnace or after installation in the reactor. If the reactor has been activated beforehand in the reduction furnace, it is installed in the reactor and fed directly under hydrogen pressure with the hydrogenation solution.
Bevorzugtes Einsatzgebiet der nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellten Formkörper ist die Hydrierung von Carbonylgruppen aufweisenden organischen Ver¬ bindungen im Festbett. Andere Ausführungsformen wie beispielsweise die Wirbelreak¬ tion mit in auf- und abwirbelnder Bewegung befindlichem Katalysatormaterial ist jedoch ebenfalls möglich. Die Hydrierung kann in der Gasphase oder in der Flüssigphase durchgeführt werden. Vorzugsweise wird die Hydrierung in flüssiger Phase durchge- führt, beispielsweise in Riesel- oder Sumpffahrweise. Bei Arbeiten in Rieselfahrweise lässt man das flüssige, die zu hydrierende Carbonyl- verbindung enthaltende Edukt in dem Reaktor, der unter Wasserstoffdruck steht, über das in diesem angeordnete Katalysatorbett rieseln, wobei sich auf dem Katalysator ein dünner Flüssigkeitsfilm ausbildet. Dagegen wird beim Arbeiten in Sumpffahrweise Wasserstoffgas in den mit der flüssigen Reaktionsmischung gefluteten Reaktor einge¬ leitet, wobei der Wasserstoff das Katalysatorbett in aufsteigenden Gasperlen passiert.The preferred field of use of the shaped bodies produced by the process according to the invention is the hydrogenation of carbonyl-containing organic compounds in a fixed bed. However, other embodiments, such as, for example, the turbulence reaction with catalyst material located in the up and downswirling motion, are likewise possible. The hydrogenation can be carried out in the gas phase or in the liquid phase. The hydrogenation is preferably carried out in the liquid phase, for example in the trickle or sump procedure. When working in trickle mode, the liquid starting material containing the carbonyl compound to be hydrogenated is allowed to trickle over the catalyst bed arranged in the reactor, which is under hydrogen pressure, whereby a thin liquid film is formed on the catalyst. In contrast, when working in the upflow mode, hydrogen gas is introduced into the reactor flooded with the liquid reaction mixture, the hydrogen passing through the catalyst bed in ascending gas beads.
In einer Ausführungsform wird die zu hydrierende Lösung im geraden Durchgang über die Katalysatorschüttung gepumpt. In einer anderen Ausführungsform des erfindungs¬ gemäßen Verfahrens wird ein Teil des Produkts nach Durchgang durch den Reaktor als Produktstrom kontinuierlich abgezogen und ggf. durch einen zweiten Reaktor, wie oben definiert, geleitet. Der andere Teil des Produkts wird zusammen mit frischem, die Carbonylverbindung enthaltendem Edukt dem Reaktor erneut zugeführt. Diese Verfah- rensweise wird im folgenden als Kreislauffahrweise bezeichnet.In one embodiment, the solution to be hydrogenated is pumped in a straight pass over the catalyst bed. In another embodiment of the inventive method, a portion of the product is withdrawn continuously after passing through the reactor as a product stream and optionally passed through a second reactor, as defined above. The other part of the product is recycled to the reactor together with fresh reactant containing the carbonyl compound. This procedure is referred to below as the circulation method.
Wird als Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens die Rieselfahrweise gewählt, ist hierbei die Kreislauffahrweise bevorzugt. Weiter bevorzugt wird in Kreis¬ lauffahrweise unter Verwendung eines Haupt- und Nachreaktors gearbeitet.If, as an embodiment of the process according to the invention, the trickle mode is selected, the circulation mode of operation is preferred. It is further preferred to work in a circulation mode using a main reactor and a secondary reactor.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren eignet sich zur Hydrierung von Carbonylverbindun- gen wie z.B. Aldehyden und Ketonen, Carbonsäuren, Carbonsäureestern oder Car¬ bonsäureanhydriden zu den entsprechenden Alkoholen, wobei aliphatische und cycloa- liphatische gesättigte und ungesättigte Carbonylverbindungen bervorzugt sind. Bei aromatischen Carbonylverbindungen kann es zur Bildung unerwünschter Nebenpro¬ dukte durch Hydrierung des aromatischen Kerns kommen. Die Carbonylverbindungen können weitere funktionelle Gruppen wie Hydroxy- oder Aminogruppen tragen. Unge¬ sättigte Carbonylverbindungen werden in der Regel zu den entsprechenden gesättig¬ ten Alkoholen hydriert. Der Begriff "Carbonylverbindungen", wie er im Rahmen der Er- findung verwendet wird, umfasst alle Verbindungen, die eine C=O-Gruppe aufweisen, mit Ausnahme anorganischer Verbindungen wie Kohlenmonoxid und Kohlendioxid, einschließlich Carbonsäuren und deren Derivaten. Selbstverständlich können auch Gemische aus zwei oder mehr als zwei Carbonylverbindungen gemeinsam hydriert werden. Ferner kann auch die einzelne, zu hydrierende Carbonylverbindung mehr als eine Carbonylgruppe enthalten.The process according to the invention is suitable for the hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds, such as e.g. Aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters or Car¬ bonsäureanhydriden to the corresponding alcohols, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds are preferred. In the case of aromatic carbonyl compounds, unwanted by-products may be formed by hydrogenation of the aromatic nucleus. The carbonyl compounds may carry other functional groups such as hydroxy or amino groups. Unsaturated carbonyl compounds are generally hydrogenated to the corresponding saturated alcohols. The term "carbonyl compounds" as used in the invention includes all compounds having a C = O group, with the exception of inorganic compounds such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, including carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Of course, mixtures of two or more than two carbonyl compounds can be hydrogenated together. Further, the single carbonyl compound to be hydrogenated may contain more than one carbonyl group.
Bevorzugt wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Hydrierung aliphatischer Aldehy¬ de, Hydroxyaldehyde, Ketone, Säuren, Ester, Anhydride, Lactone und Zucker einge¬ setzt. Bevorzugte aliphatische Aldehyde sind verzweigte und unverzweigte gesättigte und/oder ungesättigte aliphatische C2-C30-Aldehyde, wie sie beispielsweise durch Oxo- synthese aus linearen oder verzweigten Olefinen mit interner oder terminaler Doppel¬ bindung erhältlich sind. Ferner können auch oligomere Verbindungen, die auch mehr als 30 Carbonylgruppen enthalten, hydriert werden.The process according to the invention is preferably used for the hydrogenation of aliphatic aldehydes, hydroxyaldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, anhydrides, lactones and sugars. Preferred aliphatic aldehydes are branched and unbranched saturated and / or unsaturated C 2 -C 30 aliphatic aldehydes, such as are obtainable, for example, by oxo synthesis from linear or branched olefins with internal or terminal double bond. Furthermore, it is also possible to hydrogenate oligomeric compounds which also contain more than 30 carbonyl groups.
Als Beispiel für aliphatische Aldehyde sind zu nennen:As an example of aliphatic aldehydes may be mentioned:
Formaldehyd, Propionaldehyd, n-Butyraldehyd, iso-Butyraldehyd, Valeraldehyd, 2-Methylbutyraldehyd, 3-Methylbutyraldehyd (Isovaleraldehyd), 2,2-Dimethylpropio- naldehyd (Pivalinaldehyd), Capronaldehyd, 2-Methylvaleraldehyd, 3-Methylvaleral- dehyd, 4-Methylvaleraldehyd, 2-Ethylbutyraldehyd, 2,2-Dimethylbutyraldehyd, 3,3-Dimethylbutyraldehyd, Caprylaldehyd, Caprinaldehyd, Glutardialdehyd.Formaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, 3-methylbutyraldehyde (isovaleraldehyde), 2,2-dimethylpropionaldehyde (pivalaldehyde), capronaldehyde, 2-methylvaleraldehyde, 3-methylvaleraldehyde, 4- Methyl valeraldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde, 2,2-dimethylbutyraldehyde, 3,3-dimethylbutyraldehyde, caprylic aldehyde, capric aldehyde, glutardialdehyde.
Neben den genannten kurzkettigen Aldehyden sind insbesondere auch langkettige aliphatische Aldehyde geeignet, wie sie beispielsweise durch Oxosynthese aus linea¬ ren α-Olefinen erhalten werden können.In addition to the short-chain aldehydes mentioned, long-chain aliphatic aldehydes are particularly suitable, as can be obtained, for example, by oxo synthesis from linea¬ ren α-olefins.
Besonders bevorzugt sind Enalisierungsprodukte, wie z.B. 2-Ethylhexenal, 2-Methyl- pentenal, 2,4-Diethyloctenal oder 2,4-Dimethylheptenal.Especially preferred are enolization products, e.g. 2-ethylhexenal, 2-methylpentenal, 2,4-diethyloctenal or 2,4-dimethylheptenal.
Bevorzugte Hydroxyaldehyde sind C3-Ci2-Hydroxyaldehyde, wie sie beispielsweise durch Aldolreaktion aus aliphatischen und cycloaliphatischen Aldehyden und Ketonen mit sich selbst oder Formaldehyd zugänglich sind. Beispiele sind 3-Hydroxypropanal, Dimethylolethanal, Trimethylolethanal (Pentaerythrital), 3-Hydroxybutanal (Acetaldol), 3-Hydroxy-2-ethylhexanal (Butylaldol), 3-Hydroxy-2-methylpentanal (Propienaldol), 2-Methylolpropanal, 2,2-Dimethylolpropanal, 3-Hydroxy-2-methylbutanal, 3-Hydroxy- pentanal, 2-Methylolbutanal, 2,2-Dimethylolbutanal, Hydroxypivalinaldehyd. Besonders bevorzugt sind Hydroxypivalinaldehyd (HPA) und Dimethylolbutanal (DMB).Preferred hydroxyaldehydes are C 3 -C 2 -hydroxyaldehydes, as are obtainable, for example, by aldol reaction from aliphatic and cycloaliphatic aldehydes and ketones with themselves or with formaldehyde. Examples are 3-hydroxypropanal, dimethylolethanal, trimethylolethanal (pentaerythritol), 3-hydroxybutanal (acetaldol), 3-hydroxy-2-ethylhexanal (butylaldol), 3-hydroxy-2-methylpentanal (propienaldol), 2-methylolpropanal, 2,2- Dimethylolpropanal, 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanal, 3-hydroxypentanal, 2-methylolbutanal, 2,2-dimethylolbutanal, hydroxypivalaldehyde. Particularly preferred are hydroxypivalaldehyde (HPA) and dimethylolbutanal (DMB).
Bevorzugte Ketone sind Aceton, Butanon, 2-Pentanon, 3-Pentanon, 2-Hexanon, 3-Hexanon, Cyclohexanon, Isophoron, Methylisobutylketon, Mesityloxid, Acetophenon, Propiophenon, Benzophenon, Benzalaceton, Dibenzalaceton, Benzalacetophenon, 2,3-Butandion, 2,4-Pentandion, 2,5-Hexandion und Methylvinylketon.Preferred ketones are acetone, butanone, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, cyclohexanone, isophorone, methyl isobutyl ketone, mesityl oxide, acetophenone, propiophenone, benzophenone, benzalacetone, dibenzalacetone, benzalacetophenone, 2,3-butanedione, 2 , 4-pentanedione, 2,5-hexanedione and methyl vinyl ketone.
Darüber hinaus können Carbonsäuren und Derivate davon, vorzugsweise solche mit 1-20 C-Atomen umgesetzt werden. Insbesondere sind die folgenden zu nennen:In addition, carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, preferably those having 1-20 C atoms can be reacted. In particular, the following are to be mentioned:
Carbonsäuren, wie z.B. Ameisensäure, Essigsäure, Propionsäure, Buttersäure, Isobut- tersäure, n-Valeriansäure, Trimethylessigsäure ("Pivalinsäure"), Capronsäure, Önanth- säure, Caprylsäure, Caprinsäure, Laurinsäure, Myristinsäure, Palmitinsäure, Stearin¬ säure, Acrylsäure, Methacrylsäure, Ölsäure, Elaidinsäure, Linolsäure, Linolensäure, Cyclohexancarbonsäure, Benzoesäure, Phenylessigsäure, o-Toluylsäure, m-Toluyl- säure, p-Toluylsäure, o-Chlorbenzoesäure, p-Chlorbenzoesäure, o-Nitrobenzoesäure, p-Nitrobenzoesäure, Salicylsäure, p-Hydroxybenzoesäure, Anthranilsäure, p-Amino- benzoesäure, Oxalsäure, Malonsäure, Bernsteinsäure, Glutarsäure, Adipinsäüre, Pi¬ melinsäure, Korksäure, Azelainsäure, Sebacinsäure, Maleinsäure, Fumarsäure, Phthalsäure, Isophthalsäure, Terephthalsäure;Carboxylic acids, such as, for example, formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, n-valeric acid, trimethylacetic acid ("pivalic acid"), caproic acid, oenanthic acid acid, caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, acrylic, methacrylic, oleic, elaidic, linoleic, linolenic, cyclohexanecarboxylic, benzoic, phenylacetic, o -toluic, m-toluic, p-toluic, Chlorobenzoic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, o-nitrobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, anthranilic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, maleic acid, Fumaric acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid;
Carbonsäureester, wie z.B. die CrCio-Alkylester der oben genannten Carbonsäuren, insbesondere Methylformiat, Essigester, Buttersäurebutylester, Phthalsäure-, Iso¬ phthalsäure-, Terephthalsäure-, Adipinsäüre-, Maleinsäuredialkylester wie z.B. die Di- methylester dieser Säuren, (Meth)acrylsäuremethylester, Butyroiacton, Caprolacton und Polycarbonsäureester, wie z.B. Polyacryl- und Polymethacrylsäureester und deren Copolymere und Polyester, wie z.B. Polymethylmethacrylat, Terephthalsäureester und andere technische Kunststoffe, wobei hier insbesondere Hydrogenolysen, also die Umsetzung von Estern zu den entsprechenden Säuren und Alkoholen, durchgeführt werden;Carboxylic esters, e.g. the C 1 -C 4 -alkyl esters of the abovementioned carboxylic acids, in particular methyl formate, ethyl acetate, butyric acid butyl ester, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid dialkyl esters, such as, for example, the dimethyl esters of these acids, methyl (meth) acrylate, butyricactone, caprolactone and polycarboxylic acid esters, e.g. Polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acid esters and their copolymers and polyesters, e.g. Polymethylmethacrylat, terephthalic acid esters and other engineering plastics, in particular hydrogenolyses, ie the implementation of esters to the corresponding acids and alcohols are carried out;
Fette;fats;
Carbonsäureanhydride, wie z.B. die Anhydride der oben genannten Carbonsäuren, insbesondere Essigsäureanhydrid, Propionsäureanhydrid, Benzoesäureanhydrid und Maleinsäureanhydrid;Carboxylic acid anhydrides, e.g. the anhydrides of the above carboxylic acids, especially acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride, benzoic anhydride and maleic anhydride;
Carbonsäureamide, wie z.B. Formamid, Acetamid, Propionamid, Stearamid, Tereph- thalsäureamid.Carboxylic acid amides, e.g. Formamide, acetamide, propionamide, stearamide, terephthalic acid amide.
Ferner können auch Hydroxycarbonsäuren, wie z.B. Milch-, Äpfel-, Wein- oder Zitro- nensäure, oder Aminosäuren, wie z.B. Glycin, Alanin, Prolin und Arginin, und Peptide umgesetzt werden.Furthermore, hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g. Milk, malic, tartaric or citric acid, or amino acids, such as e.g. Glycine, alanine, proline and arginine, and peptides are reacted.
Als besonders bevorzugte organische Verbindungen werden gesättigte oder ungesät¬ tigte Carbonsäuren, Carbonsäureester, Carbonsäureanhydride oder Lactone oder Ge- mische aus zwei oder mehr davon hydriert.Particularly preferred organic compounds are hydrogenated saturated or unsaturated carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid esters, carboxylic anhydrides or lactones or mixtures of two or more thereof.
Demgemäss betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung auch ein Verfahren, wie oben beschrie¬ ben, das dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass die organische Verbindung eine Carbon¬ säure, ein Carbonsäureester, ein Carbonsäureanhydrid oder ein Lacton ist. Beispiele dieser Verbindungen sind unter anderem Maieinsäure, Maleinsäureanhydrid, Bernsteinsäure, Bernsteinsäureanhydrid, Adipinsäure, 6-Hydroxycapronsäure, 2-Cyclo- dodecylpropionsäure, die Ester der vorgenannten Säuren wie z.B. Methyl-, Ethyl-, Pro- pyl- oder Butylester. Weitere Beispiele sind γ-Butyrolacton und Caprolacton.Accordingly, the present invention also relates to a process as described above, which is characterized in that the organic compound is a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid ester, a carboxylic acid anhydride or a lactone. Examples of these compounds are, inter alia, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, succinic acid, succinic anhydride, adipic acid, 6-hydroxycaproic acid, 2-cyclododecylpropionic acid, the esters of the abovementioned acids, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl esters. Further examples are γ-butyrolactone and caprolactone.
In einer ganz besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform betrifft die vorliegende Erfin¬ dung ein Verfahren, wie oben beschrieben, das dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass die organische Verbindung Adipinsäure oder ein Adipinsäureester ist.In a very particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a process as described above which is characterized in that the organic compound is adipic acid or an adipic acid ester.
Die zu hydrierende Carbonylverbindung kann dem Hydrierungsreaktor allein oder als Gemisch mit dem Produkt der Hydrierungsreaktion zugeführt werden, wobei dies in unverdünnter Form oder unter Verwendung von zusätzlichem Lösungsmittel gesche¬ hen kann. Als zusätzliches Lösungsmittel eigenen sich insbesondere Wasser, Alkohole wie Methanol, Ethanol und der Alkohol, der unter den Reaktionsbedingungen entsteht. Bevorzugte Lösungsmitte! sind Wasser, THF und NMP, besonders bevorzugt ist Was¬ ser.The carbonyl compound to be hydrogenated may be supplied to the hydrogenation reactor alone or as a mixture with the product of the hydrogenation reaction, which may be done in undiluted form or using an additional solvent. In particular, water, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and the alcohol which is formed under the reaction conditions are suitable as additional solvents. Preferred solution center! are water, THF and NMP, particularly preferred is water.
Die Hydrierung sowohl in Sumpf- als auch in Rieselfahrweise, wobei jeweils bevorzugt in Kreislauffahrweise gearbeitet wird, führt man im allgemeinen bei einer Temperatur im Bereich von 50 bis 350°C, bevorzugt im Bereich von 70 bis 3000C, besonders be¬ vorzugt im Bereich von 100 bis 27O0C und einem Druck im Bereich von 3 bis 350 bar, bevorzugt im Bereich von 5 bis 330 bar, besonders bevorzugt im Bereich von 10 bis 300 bar durch.The hydrogenation in both the bottoms and in trickle, in each case preferably operated in circulation mode, is generally carried out at a temperature in the range of 50 to 350 ° C, preferably in the range of 70 to 300 0 C, particularly preferably be¬ preferred Range of 100 to 27O 0 C and a pressure in the range of 3 to 350 bar, preferably in the range of 5 to 330 bar, more preferably in the range of 10 to 300 bar by.
In einer ganz besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden die erfindungsgemä¬ ßen Katalysatoren in Verfahren zur Herstellung von Hexandiol und/oder Caprolacton eingesetzt, wie sie in DE 19607954, DE 19607 955, DE 19647348 und DE 196 47 349 beschrieben sind.In a very particularly preferred embodiment, the catalysts according to the invention are used in processes for preparing hexanediol and / or caprolactone, as described in DE 19607954, DE 19607 955, DE 19647348 and DE 196 47 349.
Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren unter Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Katalysatoren definierter Größe und Form werden hohe Umsätze und Selektivitäten erzielt. Gleichzeitig weisen die erfindungsgemäßen Katalysatoren eine hohe chemi¬ sche und mechanische Stabilität auf.High conversions and selectivities are achieved with the process according to the invention using the catalysts of the invention of defined size and shape. At the same time, the catalysts according to the invention have a high chemical and mechanical stability.
Die mechanische Stabilität von Festkörperkatalysatoren und speziell der erfindungs¬ gemäßen Katalysatoren wird beschrieben durch den Parameter Seitendruckfestigkeit in verschiedenen Zuständen (oxidisch, reduziert, reduziert und unter Wasser suspen¬ diert). Die Seitendruckfestigkeit wurde im Rahmen der vorliegenden Anmeldung bestimmt mit einem Gerät des Typs „Z 2.5/T 919" der Firma Zwick (Ulm). Sowohl bei den reduzier¬ ten als auch bei den gebrauchten Katalysatoren wurden die Messungen unter Stick¬ stoffatmosphäre durchgeführt, um eine Re-Oxidation der Katalysatoren zu vermeiden.The mechanical stability of solid catalysts and especially of the catalysts according to the invention is described by the parameter lateral pressure resistance in various states (oxidic, reduced, reduced and suspended underwater). For the purposes of the present application, the lateral compressive strength was determined using a device of the "Z 2.5 / T 919" type from Zwick (Ulm). [0031] Both in the case of the reduced and the used catalysts, the measurements were carried out under an atmosphere of nitrogen to avoid a re-oxidation of the catalysts.
In den folgende Beispielen soll die Erfindung näher beschrieben werden.In the following examples, the invention will be described in more detail.
BeispieleExamples
Beispiel 1 : Herstellung des Katalysators 1Example 1: Preparation of the catalyst 1
Herstellung des KatalysatorsPreparation of the catalyst
Ein Gemisch aus 12,41 kg einer 19,34 %igen-Kupfernitratlösung, und 14,78 kg einer 8,12%igen-Aluminiumnitratlösung und 1 ,06 kg einer 37,58%igen Lanthannitratlösung x 6H2O wurden in 1 ,5 I Wasser gelöst (Lösung 1). Lösung 2 beinhaltet 60 kg einer 20 %igen-wasserfreies Na2CO3. Lösung 1 und Lösung 2 werden über getrennte Lei¬ tungen in ein Fällgefäß, das mit einem Rührer versehen ist und 10 1 auf 60°C erhitztes Wasser enthält, geleitet. Hierbei wurde durch entsprechende Einstellung der Zufuhrge- schwindigkeiten der Lösungl und Lösung 2 der pH-Wert auf 6,2 gebracht.A mixture of 12.41 kg of a 19.34% copper nitrate solution, and 14.78 kg of an 8.12% aluminum nitrate solution and 1.106 kg of a 37.58% lanthanum nitrate solution x 6H 2 O were added in 1.5 I dissolved water (solution 1). Solution 2 contains 60 kg of 20% NaOH anhydrous Na 2 CO 3 . Solution 1 and solution 2 are passed via separate lines into a precipitation vessel which is provided with a stirrer and contains 10 l of water heated to 60.degree. By adjusting the feed rates of solution 1 and solution 2, the pH was brought to 6.2.
Unter Konstanthaltung des pH-Wertes bei 6,2 und der Temperatur bei 600C wurde die gesamte Lösungl mit Soda zur Reaktion gebracht. Die so gebildete Suspension wurde anschließend 1 Stunden lang nachgerührt. Die Suspension wird filtriert und mit destil- liertem Wasser so lange gewaschen, bis der Nitratgehalt des Waschwassers < 10 ppm betrug.While maintaining the pH at 6.2 and the temperature at 60 0 C, the entire solution was reacted with soda. The suspension thus formed was then stirred for 1 hour. The suspension is filtered and washed with distilled water until the nitrate content of the wash water is <10 ppm.
Der Filterkuchen wurde 16 h lang bei 12O0C getrocknet und anschließend 2h lang bei 3000C calciniert. Das so erhaltene Katalysatorpulver wird mit 1 Gew.-% Graphit vor- kompaktiert. Das erhaltene Kompaktat wird mit 5 Gew.% Cu-Blättchen Unicoat und anschließend mit 2 Gew.% Graphit gemischt und zu Tabletten von 1 ,5 mm Durchmes¬ ser und 2 mm Höhe verpresst. Die Tabletten wurden schließlich 2 h lang bei 35O0C calciniert.The filter cake was dried for 16 h at 12O 0 C and then calcined for 2 h at 300 0 C. The catalyst powder thus obtained is precompacted with 1% by weight of graphite. The compact obtained is mixed with 5% by weight of unicoat Cu sheet and subsequently with 2% by weight of graphite and pressed into tablets of 1.5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height. The tablets were finally calcined for 2 hours at 35O 0 C.
Der so hergestellte Katalysator hat die chemische Zusammensetzung 57% CuO / 28,5 % AI2O3 / 9,5% La2O3/ 5 % Cu.The catalyst thus prepared has the chemical composition 57% CuO / 28.5% Al 2 O 3 / 9.5% La 2 O 3 /5% Cu.
Die Seitendruckfestigkeit im oxidischen Zustand betrug 44 N, im reduzierten Zustand 25 N, wie in Tabelle 1 angegeben. Beispiel 2: Hydrierung von Adipinsäuredimethylester an Katalysator 1The lateral compressive strength in the oxidic state was 44 N, in the reduced state 25 N, as indicated in Table 1. Example 2 Hydrogenation of Adipic Acid Dimethyl Ester on Catalyst 1
Adipinsäuredimethylester wurde kontinuierlich in Rieselfahrweise mit Rückführung (Verhältnis Zulauf/Rückführung = 10/1) bei einer Belastung von 0,3 kg/(l*h), einem Druck von 200 bar und Reaktionstemperaturen von 2000C in einem senkrechten Rohr¬ reaktor, der mit 200 ml Katalysator 1 gefüllt war, hydriert. Die Versuchsdauer betrug insgesamt 7 Tage. GC-analytisch wurden im Reaktoraustrag bei 190°C Esterumsätze von 99 %, eine Hexandiol-Selektivität von 96,9 % detektiert. Nach Ausbau war der Ka¬ talysator noch voll erhalten und wies eine hohe mechanische Stabilität auf. Die Ver- Suchsergebnisse sind in Tabelle 1 zusammengefasst.Adipic acid dimethyl ester was continuously in trickle mode with recirculation (ratio feed / return = 10/1) at a load of 0.3 kg / (l * h), a pressure of 200 bar and reaction temperatures of 200 0 C in a vertical Rohr¬ reactor, which was filled with 200 ml of catalyst 1, hydrogenated. The test duration was a total of 7 days. By GC analysis, ester conversions of 99% and a hexane diol selectivity of 96.9% were detected in the reactor effluent at 190 ° C. After removal, the catalytic converter was still fully preserved and had a high mechanical stability. The search results are summarized in Table 1.
Beispiel 3: Herstellung des Vergleichkatalysators ohne EisenExample 3: Preparation of the comparative catalyst without iron
Der Vergleichskatalysator wurde analog dem Katalysator 1 hergestellt, jedoch zu Tab- letten von 3 mm Durchmesser und 3 mm Höhe verpresst.The comparative catalyst was prepared analogously to Catalyst 1, but pressed into tablets of 3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height.
Der so hergestellte Katalysator hat die chemische Zusammensetzung 57% CuO / 28,5 % AI2O3 / 9,5% La2O3/ 5 % Cu. Die Seitendruckfestigkeit im oxidischen und redu¬ zierten Zustand sind in Tabelle 1 aufgeführt.The catalyst thus prepared has the chemical composition 57% CuO / 28.5% Al 2 O 3 / 9.5% La 2 O 3 /5% Cu. The lateral compressive strength in the oxidic and reductive state are listed in Table 1.
Beispiel 4: Hydrierung von Adipinsäuredimethylester am VergleichskatalysatorExample 4: Hydrogenation of adipic acid dimethyl ester on the comparative catalyst
Adipinsäuredimethylester wurde kontinuierlich in Rieselfahrweise mit Rückführung (Verhältnis Zulauf / Rückführung = 10/1) bei einer Belastung von 0,3 kg/(l*h), einem Druck von 200 bar und Reaktionstemperaturen von 200cC in einem senkrechten Rohr¬ reaktor, der mit 200 ml Katalysator 2 gefüllt war, hydriert. Die Versuchsdauer betrug insgesamt 7 Tage. GC-analytisch wurden im Reaktoraustrag bei 2200C bzw. 24O0C Esterumsätze von jeweils 92,4 %, Hexandiol-Anteile von 88,8 % detektiert. Nach Aus¬ bau war der Katalysator noch voll erhalten und wies eine hohe mechanische Stabilität auf. Die Versuchsergebnisse sind in Tabelle 1 zusammengefasst.Adipic acid dimethyl ester was continuously in trickle mode with recirculation (ratio feed / return = 10/1) at a load of 0.3 kg / (l * h), a pressure of 200 bar and reaction temperatures of 200 c C in a vertical Rohr¬ reactor, which was filled with 200 ml of catalyst 2, hydrogenated. The test duration was a total of 7 days. GC analysis were in the reactor effluent at 220 0 C and 24O 0 C Esterumsätze detected respectively 92.4% hexanediol contents of 88.8%. After Aus¬ construction, the catalyst was still fully preserved and had a high mechanical stability. The test results are summarized in Table 1.
Die Daten in der folgenden Tabelle 1 zeigen, dass die erfindungsgemäßen Katalysato¬ ren signifikant höhere Hydrieraktivitäten, d.h. höhere Umsätze an Adipinsäuredimethyl¬ ester bei 2000C aufweisen als der Vergleichskatalysator, sowie auch höhere Wertpro- duktselektivitäten, d.h. Gehalte an den Zielprodukten Hexandiol im Austrag. Tabelle 1Data in Table 1 show that Katalysato¬ the invention ren significantly higher hydrogenation, that higher conversions of Adipinsäuredimethyl¬ ester at 200 0 C than the comparative catalyst, as well as higher Wertpro- duktselektivitäten, that contents of the target products in the effluent hexanediol , Table 1

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Verfahren zur Hydrierung einer mindestens eine Carbonylgruppe aufweisenden organischen Verbindung, bei dem die organische Verbindung in Anwesenheit von Wasserstoff mit einem Formkörper in Kontakt gebracht wird, der herstellbar ist gemäß einem Verfahren, in demA process for the hydrogenation of an organic compound having at least one carbonyl group, in which the organic compound is brought into contact in the presence of hydrogen with a shaped article which can be prepared by a process in which
(i) ein oxidisches Material, umfassend Kupferoxid, Aluminiumoxid und mindes¬ tens eins der Oxide des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zir- koniums, bereitgestellt wird,(i) an oxidic material comprising copper oxide, aluminum oxide and at least one of the oxides of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium is provided,
(ii) dem oxidischen Material pulverförmiges metallisches Kupfer, Kupferblätt- chen, pulverförmiger Zement oder ein Gemisch derselben mit Graphit da¬ von zugegeben wird, und(ii) adding powdered metallic copper, copper flakes, pulverulent cement or a mixture thereof with graphite to the oxidic material, and
(iii) das aus (ii) resultierende Gemisch zu einer Katalysatortablette oder einem Katalysatorextrudat mit einem Durchmesser d und/oder einer Höhe h < 2,5 mm, Katalysatorkugeln mit einem Durchmesser d < 2,5 mm oder Katalysator-Wabenkörper mit einem Zelldurchmesser rz < 2,5 mm verformt wird.(iii) the mixture resulting from (ii) to a catalyst tablet or a catalyst extrudate having a diameter d and / or height h <2.5 mm, catalyst spheres diameter d <2.5 mm or catalyst honeycomb body having a cell diameter r z <2.5 mm is deformed.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das oxidische Mate¬ rial2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the oxidic Mate¬ rial
(a) Kupferoxid mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 50 ≤ x ≤ 80, vorzugsweise 55 ≤ x ≤ 75 Gew.-%,(a) copper oxide in a proportion in the range of 50 ≦ x ≦ 80, preferably 55 ≦ x ≦ 75% by weight,
(b) Aluminiumoxid mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 15 ≤ y ≤ 35, vorzugsweise 20 ≤ y ≤ 30 Gew.-% und(b) alumina having a content in the range of 15 ≤ y ≤ 35, preferably 20 ≤ y ≤ 30 wt% and
(c) mindestens eins der Oxide des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans o- der Zirkoniums mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 2 ≤ z ≤ 20, bevorzugt 3 ≤ z ≤ 15 Gew.-%,(c) at least one of the oxides of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium in an amount of 2 ≦ z ≦ 20, preferably 3 ≦ z ≦ 15% by weight,
jeweils bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Materials nach Calcinie- rung, wobei gilt: 80 ≤ x + y + z ≤ 100, insbesondere 95 ≤ x + y + z ≤ 100, wobei Zement nicht dem oxidischen Material im obigen Sinne zugerechnet wird, um- fasst. in each case based on the total weight of the oxidic material after calcination, where: 80 ≦ x + y + z ≦ 100, in particular 95 ≦ x + y + z ≦ 100, where cement is not attributed to the oxidic material in the above sense - sums up.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass durch die Zu¬ gabe das pulverförmige metallische Kupfer, die Kupferblättchen, der pulverförmi- ge Zement oder deren Gemisch oder das Gemisch derselben mit Graphit davon in einem Anteil im Bereich von 1 bis 40 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtge- wicht des oxidischen Materials, zugegeben wird.3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that by the Zu¬ grant the powdered metallic copper, the copper flakes, the pulverförmi- ge cement or mixture thereof or the mixture thereof with graphite thereof in a proportion in the range of 1 to 40 Wt .-%, based on the total weight of the oxidic material is added.
4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dem oxidischen Material oder dem aus (ii) resultierendem Gemisch Graphit in ei¬ nem Anteil im Bereich von 0,5 bis 5 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Materials, zugegeben wird.4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the oxidic material or from (ii) resulting graphite mixture in egg nem proportion in the range of 0.5 to 5 wt .-%, based on the total weight of oxidic material is added.
5. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die organische Verbindung eine Carbonsäure, ein Carbonsäureester, ein Carbon¬ säureanhydrid oder ein Lacton ist.5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the organic compound is a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid ester, a carboxylic acid An¬ or a lactone.
6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die organische Ver¬ bindung Adipinsäure oder ein Adipinsäureester ist.6. Process according to claim 5, characterized in that the organic compound is adipic acid or an adipic acid ester.
7. Formkörper, umfassend7. molded body comprising
ein oxidisches Material, dasan oxidic material that
(a) Kupferoxid mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 50 ≤ x ≤ 80, vorzugsweise 55 ≤ x ≤ 75 Gew.-%,(a) copper oxide in a proportion in the range of 50 ≦ x ≦ 80, preferably 55 ≦ x ≦ 75% by weight,
(b) Aluminiumoxid mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 15 ≤ y ≤ 35, vorzugsweise 20 < y ≤ 30 Gew.-% und(b) alumina having a content in the range of 15 ≤ y ≤ 35, preferably 20 ≤ y ≤ 30 wt% and
(c) mindestens eins der Oxide des Lanthans, Wolframs, Molybdäns, Titans oder Zirkoniums mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 2 ≤ z < 20, bevorzugt 3 ≤ z(C) at least one of the oxides of lanthanum, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium or zirconium in a proportion in the range of 2 ≤ z <20, preferably 3 ≤ z
< 15 Gew.-%,<15% by weight,
jeweils bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Materials nach Calcinie- rung, wobei gilt: 80 ≤ x + y + z ≤ 100, insbesondere 95 ≤ x + y + z ≤ i00 umfasst,in each case based on the total weight of the oxidic material after calcining, where 80 ≦ x + y + z ≦ 100, in particular 95 ≦ x + y + z ≦ i00,
metallisches Kupferpulver, Kupferblättchen oder Zementpulver oder Graphit oder ein Gemisch davon mit einem Anteil im Bereich von 1 bis 40 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Materials, und Graphit mit einem Anteil von 0,5 bis 5 Gew.-%, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht des oxidischen Materials,metallic copper powder, copper flakes or cement powder or graphite or a mixture thereof in a proportion in the range from 1 to 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the oxidic material, and Graphite in a proportion of 0.5 to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the oxidic material,
wobei die Summe der Anteile aus oxidischem Material, metallischem Kupferpul- ver oder Zementpulver oder einem Gemisch davon und Graphit mindestenswherein the sum of the proportions of oxidic material, metallic copper powder or cement powder or a mixture thereof and graphite at least
95 Gew.-% des Formkörpers ergeben, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Form¬ körper als Katalysatortablette oder Katalysatorextrudat mit einem Durchmesser d und / oder einer Höhe h < 2,5 mm, Katalysatorkugeln mit einem Durchmesser d < 2,5 mm oder Katalysator-Wabenkörper mit einem Zelldurchmesser rz < 2,5 mm vorliegt. 95% by weight of the shaped body, characterized in that the shaped body is in the form of a catalyst tablet or catalyst extrudate with a diameter d and / or height h <2.5 mm, catalyst spheres with a diameter d <2.5 mm or catalyst extrudate. Honeycomb body with a cell diameter r z <2.5 mm is present.
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CN1984713A (en) 2007-06-20
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US7759530B2 (en) 2010-07-20
JP2008505155A (en) 2008-02-21
US20080299390A1 (en) 2008-12-04
DE102004033556A1 (en) 2006-02-16
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WO2006005505A1 (en) 2006-01-19
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