EP1763157A2 - Drahtloses Kommunikationssystem mit adaptiver Schwelle zur Zeitabweichungsmessung, und Verfahren - Google Patents

Drahtloses Kommunikationssystem mit adaptiver Schwelle zur Zeitabweichungsmessung, und Verfahren Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1763157A2
EP1763157A2 EP06124695A EP06124695A EP1763157A2 EP 1763157 A2 EP1763157 A2 EP 1763157A2 EP 06124695 A EP06124695 A EP 06124695A EP 06124695 A EP06124695 A EP 06124695A EP 1763157 A2 EP1763157 A2 EP 1763157A2
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Prior art keywords
midamble
received
burst
threshold
energy level
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French (fr)
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EP1763157A3 (de
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Hyun Seok Oh
Kalpendu R. Pasad
John W. Haim
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InterDigital Technology Corp
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InterDigital Technology Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
    • H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
    • H04B7/2662—Arrangements for Wireless System Synchronisation
    • H04B7/2671—Arrangements for Wireless Time-Division Multiple Access [TDMA] System Synchronisation
    • H04B7/2678—Time synchronisation
    • H04B7/2681—Synchronisation of a mobile station with one base station
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
    • H04B1/7073—Synchronisation aspects
    • H04B1/7085—Synchronisation aspects using a code tracking loop, e.g. a delay-locked loop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L7/00—Arrangements for synchronising receiver with transmitter
    • H04L7/0054—Detection of the synchronisation error by features other than the received signal transition
    • H04L7/007—Detection of the synchronisation error by features other than the received signal transition detection of error based on maximum signal power, e.g. peak value, maximizing autocorrelation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W56/00—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04W56/004—Synchronisation arrangements compensating for timing error of reception due to propagation delay
    • H04W56/0045—Synchronisation arrangements compensating for timing error of reception due to propagation delay compensating for timing error by altering transmission time
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W56/00—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04W56/0055—Synchronisation arrangements determining timing error of reception due to propagation delay
    • H04W56/0095—Synchronisation arrangements determining timing error of reception due to propagation delay estimated based on signal strength
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
    • H04B1/7097—Interference-related aspects
    • H04B1/711—Interference-related aspects the interference being multi-path interference
    • H04B1/7115—Constructive combining of multi-path signals, i.e. RAKE receivers
    • H04B1/7117—Selection, re-selection, allocation or re-allocation of paths to fingers, e.g. timing offset control of allocated fingers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a system and method of wireless communication determines received signal timing deviation which is used to generate a timing advance for adjusting User Equipment (UE) transmissions.
  • UE User Equipment
  • Wireless communication systems are well known in the prior art.
  • base stations are referred to Node Bs and a user communicates with a Node B via a User Equipment (UE).
  • UE User Equipment
  • a standard 3GPP system radio frame has a duration of ten milliseconds and is divided into multiple timeslots which are selectively allocated for transmission and reception of communication signals.
  • Transmissions from a Node B to UEs are commonly referred to as Downlink (DL) transmissions and transmissions from UEs to a Node B are commonly referred to as Uplink (UL) transmissions.
  • DL Downlink
  • UL Uplink
  • Timing deviation arises due to the fact that wireless communication signals are not instantaneous. Although traveling at the speed of light, there is a measurable amount of time between transmission of a signal and its reception. That time is directly related to the distance of the signal travels and for mobile users, that time will change as a mobile UE moves if the distance from the mobile UE to a Node B changes.
  • the travel time of communication signals needs to be taken into account in order for UL and DL communications to be maintained in designated timeslots and other time windows within system time frames.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic illustration of multiple UEs communicating with a Node B of a 3GPP system showing two different cell sizes.
  • a radio network is composed of one or more mobile terminals or user equipment (UE), and a UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN).
  • the UTRAN includes cells, Node-B's for handling the radio interface in a group of one or more cells, and Radio Network Controllers (RNCs) which controls activity within the radio network.
  • RNCs Radio Network Controllers
  • a connection through the UTRAN involves routing through one or more RNC, a Node-B, and a cell.
  • the role played by an RNC depends upon its relative position in the connection of a particular UE to the UTRAN. These roles are Serving RNC (SRNC), Drift RNC (DRNC), and Controlling RNC (CRNC).
  • SRNC Serving RNC
  • DRNC Drift RNC
  • CRNC Controlling RNC
  • the SRNC is in charge of the radio link between the UTRAN and the UE.
  • the software entities of the SRNC are found within the RNC through which the connection originated (or an RNC selected through the relocation process).
  • the software components within the DRNC provide radio resources to remote SRNC components.
  • the CRNC controls the logical resources of its Node-B's. When a connection is established, its SRNC and CRNC are co-located within the same RNC. In this case, no DRNC exists. If the connection is handed over from one (original) RNC to another (new), the SRNC functionality exists on the original RNC and the DRNC and CRNC functionalities exist on the new RNC. Additional architectural overview may be found in TS 25.401 V3.3.0.
  • a Time Division Duplex (TDD) radio frame is composed of intermixed UL and DL timeslots in which communication signals in the form of UL and DL bursts are transmitted.
  • a clocking signal for a cell is broadcast on a Synchronization Channel (SCH) by a Node B and defines the Node B's frame of reference with which downlink bursts are synchronized.
  • the UE derives its cell timing from the received SCH signal, delayed by the Node B-UE one-way propagation time. Nominally, with no Timing Advance applied, the UE begins an UL burst at the start of an UL timeslot with respect to its own frame of reference. If there were zero propagation delay, i.e. instantaneous communication, the start of that UL burst would be received at the Node B at exactly the start of the UL timeslot at the Node B's frame of reference. This is depicted in Figure 1a.
  • the UE derived clock which defines the UE's frame of reference, is delayed from the reference clock in the Node B by the one-way propagation time.
  • the burst is received at the Node B delayed by the Node B-UE two-way propagation time. This is depicted in Figure 1b from the Node B's frame of reference.
  • Timing Advance means that the UE sends its UL bursts earlier than it otherwise would, i.e., before the start of an UL timeslot in the UE's frame of reference, such that its UL bursts are received at the Node B within that time window in order to facilitate detection and minimize or eliminate signal degradation.
  • the UL and DL bursts are, at the Node B's frame of reference, as reflected in Figure 1a. Note that the system utilizes a guard period GP so that it can still function if the Timing Advance adjustment does not exactly compensate for the two-way propagation delay.
  • Timing Advance is conventionally determined with respect to the Node B's frame of reference based on the difference in timing of the received UL burst and the timeslot for which it is designated which is known as Timing Deviation. Because the propagation delay is a function of the travel time of the communication signal, it can change during the course of a communication. This is quite often the case with mobile UEs which change location while being used. Accordingly, after a timing advance is initially set it needs to be adjusted based on changes in Timing Deviation.
  • the amount of Timing Advance is determined in a Radio Network Controller (RNC) associated with the Node B and signaled to the UE.
  • RNC Radio Network Controller
  • the UE either 1) autonomously determines the amount of timing advance to use in the new cell or 2) applies no Timing Advance in the new cell if it temporarily utilizes a timeslot which, because of a larger than nominal guard period, is more tolerant of large timing deviations.
  • Timing Advance is preferably controlled by a closed loop between the UE, Node B and RNC, as follows:
  • Node B measures the Timing Deviation of the received bursts, generally once per frame.
  • the RNC initially determines or updates the amount of Timing Advance the UE shall apply.
  • the RNC signals, via the Node B, to the UE the amount of Timing Advance to apply. Updates are sent only infrequently.
  • the UE applies the signaled amount of Timing Advance.
  • the timing deviation measurement is the estimate of the difference in time between when the start of an UL burst is received in a Node B and the start time of its timeslot. Because of multipath, the first chip of a burst can, in effect, arrive at multiple times, the time of the earliest received instance of the UL burst forms the basis of the timing deviation measurement.
  • the UE transmission timing is adjusted with timing advance.
  • the initial value for timing advance is preferably determined by measurement of the timing of a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH).
  • PRACH Physical Random Access Channel
  • Communication transmission bursts in 3GPP systems are specified to contain an identifying midamble.
  • the midamble is used for channel estimation and from this the timing deviation measurement is conventionally made.
  • DCH Dedicated Channel
  • An uplink burst is "found" by a conventional Channel Estimation function using the Steiner algorithm which, in effect, searches within a time window for the midamble of the burst. Since the start of the midamble is a fixed distance from the start of the burst; detecting the start of the midamble is equivalent to detecting the start of the burst.
  • Multipath in the propagation channel causes numerous reflections or instances of the burst to be received with various delays; the midambles of these delayed reflections are also detected.
  • the position of the earliest instance of the burst within the detection window forms the basis of the Timing Deviation measurement.
  • Timing Deviation As both a measured quantity accurate to ⁇ 1/2 chip accuracy and resolution of 1 ⁇ 4 and a signaled quantity with resolution of four chips. To distinguish these, “Timing Delay” is sometimes used to refer to the measurement itself and then “Timing Deviation” is used to refer to the signaled measurement.
  • the concept of the detection window is derived from the Steiner channel estimation algorithm, a correlator-like algorithm which yields the time of a midamble detection.
  • the midamble shifts enable multiple UEs to transmit to a Node B in the same timeslot.
  • the Steiner algorithm process enables each UE's signals to be separated from the others based on the shift of that UE's midamble and allows for the Timing Delay measurement of any given received midamble, provided two UE's are not using the same midamble shift at the same time. Accordingly, the five examples illustrated could represent different instances of received signals from one particular UE depending on the two-way propagation distance and the amount of applied Timing Advance.
  • the midamble denoted (1) occurs before the correlator start and is only partially within the correlator extent
  • the midambles denoted (2) through (4) are fully within the correlator extent
  • the midamble denoted (5) is, as is midamble (1), only partially within the correlator extent.
  • Figure 2b depicts the superposition of the ideal channel responses to these five midambles.
  • Midamble (2) results in an impulse at the start of the channel estimation output
  • midamble (3) results in an impulse in the middle
  • midamble (4) results in an impulse at the end.
  • Midambles (1) and (5) being not fully contained within the correlator extent, yield nothing in the channel response of the proper midamble shift; dashed lines represent where they appear in the channel responses for adjacent midamble shifts.
  • Figure 2a illustrates that a midamble starting at any one of the first W (57) chip positions results in a corresponding impulse in the channel response, since the entire midamble is detected within the correlator extent. This is what is referred to as the detection window. Note that by utilizing this concept, the actual midamble length is not needed in the analysis of midamble arrival time and the window can be viewed as that time within which the start of the midamble occurs or arrives. Since the midamble is always a fixed number of chips from the start of the burst, by finding the start position, i.e. start time, of the midamble, the arrival time of the start of the burst becomes known. Although these two arrival times are clearly different, they are often referenced interchangeably due to their direct correlation with each other.
  • Detection windows are the time periods in which a single instance of the Steiner algorithm searches for midambles.
  • the Steiner algorithm searches for the start of K midambles (in actuality, K distinct circular shifts of one midamble code) within a given temporal detection window.
  • the size of the detection window is a function of burst type and whether extended midambles are enabled.
  • the "detection" window extent includes the midamble length, but for the purpose of Timing Deviation it is easier to think of the window as being that in which the start of the midamble may occur.
  • a midamble starting anywhere within the length- W detection window will yield, in the absence of noise and interference, a detection with energy proportional to the square of the length of the correlator ( K x W ) for its midamble shift k .
  • a midamble start occurring (even one chip) before the start of the window or Wor more chips after the start of the detection window will yield no detection of midamble shift k, and instead will result in a detection of midamble shift k- 1 or k +1.
  • the length of the Detection Windows is a function of midamble length and maximum number of midamble shifts.
  • 3GPP specified bursts are given in Table 1.
  • FIG. 3 shows the magnitude-square of a complex channel estimate for a k th one of the K shifted midambles output from the Steiner algorithm. Note that a practical implementation can use an approximation for the magnitude square, e.g. sum(max(1,Q)+min(1,Q)/2).
  • the horizontal axis of the X-Y plot represents the time duration of the detection window. Depicted are three impulses crossing a threshold based on some ambient noise level: These three impulses are detections of three instances of the k th midamble shift.
  • the distance of each impulse from the left edge of the window is the start time of the midamble shift instance with respect to the start time of the detection window, or the time offset; the height shows the energy attributed to the midamble shift.
  • the start of the window is not necessarily the start of the uplink timeslot.
  • the leftmost impulse is the earliest of the three and thus its time offset is used for the Timing Deviation measurement.
  • the Node B receiver operates at 2x oversampling, i.e., sampling at twice the chip rate or a sampling period of one-half chip.
  • the Channel Estimation function takes the half-chip sampled sequence and separates it into two (alternating even and odd) chip-rate sequences, each of which is separately input to an instance of the Steiner algorithm. This results in two length- KxW channel estimates per burst.
  • the two channel estimates can be interleaved to form one length-2 KW, half-chip sampled channel estimate, and used to compute Timing Deviation.
  • the Timing Deviation can easily be determined to the desired accuracy and the precision of current 3GPP standards.
  • Figure 5 shows an example of the magnitude-squared interleaved channel estimate for a propagation channel similar to that shown in Figure 3.
  • the distinct pulses, or clusters, in Figure 5 represent multipath reflections that are many chips apart.
  • Standard propagation models currently used by Working Group 4 (WG4) generally have multipath reflections at single-chip distances. In these cases, the response is the coherent sum of partially overlapped pulses. An example of this is depicted as the response in Figure 6, in which the individual pulses cannot be resolved.
  • the simplest scheme for measuring timing deviation given in a diversity receiver is to simply employ two instances of the algorithms for each of the two receivers and choose the earlier measurement to report as timing deviation.
  • Measuring timing offset using the interleaved channel response requires identifying the earliest midamble detection, noting its time offset and, if necessary, refining the measurement to the required precision. When these steps have been completed, the final Timing Deviation measurement is formed.
  • the first step in measuring time offset from the interleaved channel estimate is identical to that in the simplified (non-interleaved) example described above, e.g., find the earliest midamble shift instance above the threshold and note its timing offset. Once found, it is tagged as t delay . This is depicted in Figure 7. To avoid applying too much Timing Advance, the measurement is preferably be rounded-down.
  • the full range of the Timing Deviation measurement is ⁇ 256 chips as set forth is TS25.427 V4.4.0 sect 6.3.3.7 and TS 25.435 V4.4.0 sect 6.2.7.6.
  • Negative Timing Deviation means that a burst is being received before the start of the timeslot. This occurs when too much Timing Advance is applied by a UE for UL bursts.
  • To measure negative Timing Deviation either the detection window must start before the start of the timeslot, or an additional search must be performed before the time of the search which begins at the start of the timeslot.
  • Timing Deviation measurement assumes a single timing offset measurement from a single channel estimate. In 3GPP systems, however, there are several cases in which there are multiple opportunities to measure timing offset which must yield one Timing Deviation measurement.
  • One value of Timing Deviation for dedicated channels (DCHs) of one connection is reported once per radio frame per TS25.427 V4.4.0 sect 5.6, but there are many measurement opportunities of timing delay per radio frame: the UE can, theoretically, transmit one or two midambles per UL timeslot in up to 13 UL timeslots per frame, or 26 such opportunities.
  • DCHs dedicated channels
  • the threshold depicted in Figure 5 and Figure 6 plays the crucial role for measuring the timing deviation.
  • the Channel Estimation Post-Processing function detects midambles using a CFAR-type threshold. Conventionally this threshold is based on an interference noise estimate.
  • the working assumption for Post Processing is that the nominal value of the threshold should correspond to a 10 -2 False Alarm rate (FAR).
  • FAR False Alarm rate
  • the 10 -2 FAR threshold value allows the Timing Deviation algorithm to meet the "90% of the time" accuracy requirement specified in TS 25.123. V4.4.0 sect 9 for the Timing Deviation measurement.
  • a 10 -2 FAR threshold means that, on average, approximately one out of every two to four (depending on W ) channel estimates will contain one false detection of a midamble along with however many true detections there are. However, a false detection will only result in an incorrect timing deviation measurement if it occurs before the true first detection; this reduces the above cite rate of incorrect timing deviation reports. Reducing the distance between the Timing Advance setpoint and the left edge of the window, further reduces that rate. An intuitive guess is that the 10 -2 FAR rate is probably acceptable.
  • each path yields an RRC shaped response. If there is a true path, then two out of three consecutive samples should be above the threshold. The sample location that contains the maximum energy out of three samples is declared as a true timing delay.
  • a system and method of wireless communication determines received signal timing deviation which is used to generate a timing advance for adjusting User Equipment (UE) transmissions.
  • An adaptive threshold for measuring the timing deviation is set based on the energy level of received UE signals. UE signal samples which exceed the threshold are evaluated to determine timing deviation.
  • the UEs transmit signals in bursts designated for specific timeslots of system time frames as specified in 3GPP standards and the energy level of at least a portion of a received UE burst is computed to determine the energy level used to set the Timing Deviation threshold.
  • the preferred UE bursts include a midamble and the energy level of the midamble of a received UE burst, which includes all received multipath instances, is computed to determine the energy level used to set the threshold.
  • the system has a receiver for receiving UE transmissions and associated processing circuitry which processes received UE signals and sets a threshold for measuring timing deviation of a received UE signal based on the energy level of the received UE signal and compares signal samples which exceed the threshold to determine timing deviation.
  • the processing circuitry is configured to define a reception window based on the type of UE burst received and a timeslot designated for reception, to sample UE burst midambles received within the defined window, to perform channel estimation to determine midamble channel impulse responses, to compute the energy level of the midamble of a received UE burst based on a selected combination of elements of the midamble channel impulse response, to determine a threshold based on the midamble channel impulse response, and to apply that threshold to measure the timing deviation.
  • the preferred processing circuitry is configured to sample UE burst midambles at twice the chip rate of the UE bursts, perform channel estimation on even and odd samples of received midambles to produce oversampled midamble channel impulse responses, compute the energy level of the midamble of a received UE burst based on a summation of the squares, i.e. magnitude square, of the oversampled midamble channel impulse responses and determine timing deviation based on oversampled midamble channel impulse responses whose square exceeds the threshold.
  • the preferred processing circuitry is configured to sample the k received UE burst midambles at twice the chip rate, perform channel estimation using the Steiner algorithm on even and odd samples of received midambles to produce oversampled midamble channel impulse responses for each of the k received midambles, compute the energy level of the midamble of at least one of the k received UE bursts based on a summation of the squares of the oversampled midamble channel impulse responses for that burst and determine timing deviation based on the oversampled midamble channel impulse responses for that burst whose squares exceeds the threshold.
  • the processing circuitry is configured to set the threshold at a value equal to the computed energy level multiplied by a constant which
  • the processing circuitry is also preferably configured to use the determined timing deviation to generate a timing advance signal.
  • the preferred system includes a transmitter which transmits the generated timing advance signal to the UE which transmitted the burst for which the timing deviation was determined.
  • the processing circuitry is embodied in a Radio Network Controller (RNC) and the receiver and transmitter are embodied in a Node B of a Third Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) system. After transmitting the generated timing advance signal to the UE which transmitted the burst for which the timing deviation was determined, that UE uses the received timing advance signal to adjust the timing of the UE's transmissions.
  • RNC Radio Network Controller
  • 3 GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
  • Figure 1a is a schematic diagram of uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) communication bursts within consecutive time slots at a base station having zero propagation delay or a perfect timing advance.
  • Figure 1b is a schematic diagram of uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) communication bursts within consecutive time slots at a base station having a propagation delay without timing advance applied.
  • Figures 2a and 2b are graphic illustrations representing five transmission burst midambles with respect to a detection window of a correlator extent.
  • Figure 3 is a graphic illustration of a joint channel response.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a communication system which receives UL bursts and computes timing deviation.
  • Figure 5 is a graphic illustration of an interleaved joint channel response similar to Figure 3.
  • Figure 6 is a graphic illustration of a realistic channel response for a WG4 propagation channel.
  • Figure 7 is a graphic illustration of the determination of timing deviation based on the joint channel response of Figure 6.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic illustration of multiple UEs communicating with a Node B of a 3GPP system showing two different cell sizes.
  • a timing deviation measurement is an estimate of the difference in time between when the start of an UL burst is received in a Node B and the start time of its timeslot.
  • Uplink bursts are found by channel estimation preferably the Steiner algorithm where multiple bursts having different midamble shifts are received.
  • a simplified example of determining the timing deviation measurement is to find the earliest path of the channel impulse response above a predetermined threshold. Where 2x oversampling is employed, a single instance of a midamble in a magnitude-squared interleaved channel impulse response appears as a root-raised cosine (RRC) pulse shape.
  • RRC root-raised cosine
  • the desired accuracy of the timing deviation measurement is ⁇ 1/2 chip accuracy and granularity is 1 ⁇ 4 chip.
  • a preferred procedure of the timing deviation measurement where 2x oversampling is used in a 3GPP system is as follows:
  • Step 3 Find the maximum among three samples and its time index. This time index is declared as the earliest path in this channel impulse response of the k th midamble.
  • the constant c is preferably set based on conducting simulations.
  • c is preferably between 0.01 and 0.05 with 0.025 or 2.5% of midamble energy being a presently preferred value. Simulations may be used to optimize the value of c, but as reflected below, the method performs well with different values of c in the given range.
  • the timing deviation is measured for the k th midamble.
  • the novel threshold determination which is adaptively set based on the determined midamble energy provides a reliable method of timing deviation measurement which is readily implemented in an RNC processor in conjunction with processing channel estimation as illustrated in Figure 4.
  • the processor is configured to compute timing deviation in a conventional manner, but to first make the additional computations set forth in Steps 1 and 2 above to determine the threshold used in the timing deviation computation.
  • a UE has a multiple midamble
  • the above mentioned methods can be applied. In all cases the adaptive threshold procedure can be employed.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Synchronisation In Digital Transmission Systems (AREA)
EP06124695A 2002-02-14 2003-02-13 Drahtloses Kommunikationssystem mit adaptiver Schwelle zur Zeitabweichungsmessung, und Verfahren Withdrawn EP1763157A3 (de)

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US35703302P 2002-02-14 2002-02-14
US10/209,398 US6873662B2 (en) 2002-02-14 2002-07-30 Wireless communication system having adaptive threshold for timing deviation measurement and method
EP03716030A EP1483862B9 (de) 2002-02-14 2003-02-13 Drahtloses kommunikationssystem mit adaptiver schwelle zur zeitsteuerungsabweichungsmessung und -verfahren

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CN101999212A (zh) * 2008-02-11 2011-03-30 诺基亚公司 用于定时提前回路的延迟估计
US8081717B2 (en) 2008-02-11 2011-12-20 Nokia Siemens Networks Oy Delay estimation for a timing advance loop
WO2013164324A1 (en) * 2012-05-04 2013-11-07 Nokia Siemens Networks Oy Switching between remote radio heads

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