EP1741690A2 - Process and apparatus for continuous production of pyrotechnical objects - Google Patents
Process and apparatus for continuous production of pyrotechnical objects Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1741690A2 EP1741690A2 EP06116548A EP06116548A EP1741690A2 EP 1741690 A2 EP1741690 A2 EP 1741690A2 EP 06116548 A EP06116548 A EP 06116548A EP 06116548 A EP06116548 A EP 06116548A EP 1741690 A2 EP1741690 A2 EP 1741690A2
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- casting
- mixture
- mixing member
- constituents
- cannula
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 161
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 59
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 51
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- -1 reticulants Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000001588 bifunctional effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000021183 entrée Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- AHDSRXYHVZECER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-tris[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenol Chemical compound CN(C)CC1=CC(CN(C)C)=C(O)C(CN(C)C)=C1 AHDSRXYHVZECER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012975 dibutyltin dilaurate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001044 red dye Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 2
- NUCFNMOPTGEHQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-2h-pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine Chemical compound C1=NC=C2C(Br)=NNC2=C1 NUCFNMOPTGEHQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000031968 Cadaver Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- UKLDJPRMSDWDSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L [dibutyl(dodecanoyloxy)stannyl] dodecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[Sn](CCCC)(CCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC UKLDJPRMSDWDSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001046 green dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007726 management method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015927 pasta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B21/00—Apparatus or methods for working-up explosives, e.g. forming, cutting, drying
- C06B21/0033—Shaping the mixture
- C06B21/0058—Shaping the mixture by casting a curable composition, e.g. of the plastisol type
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B21/00—Apparatus or methods for working-up explosives, e.g. forming, cutting, drying
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/80—Forming a predetermined ratio of the substances to be mixed
- B01F35/81—Forming mixtures with changing ratios or gradients
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
- B01F35/80—Forming a predetermined ratio of the substances to be mixed
- B01F35/892—Forming a predetermined ratio of the substances to be mixed for solid materials, e.g. using belts, vibrations, hoppers with variable outlets or hoppers with rotating elements, e.g. screws, at their outlet
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
- C06B45/12—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product having contiguous layers or zones
Definitions
- the main subject of the present invention is a method of continuously manufacturing a pyrotechnic object. It also relates to a device suitable for the implementation of this method.
- the present invention in its process and device aspects, provides an improvement to existing methods and devices to date.
- It relates more particularly to the manufacture of large pyrotechnic objects (whose mass m is such that 100 kg ⁇ m ⁇ 500 tons).
- batch The process currently used to manufacture this type of product is a batch process (called "batch"), which consists of preparing a certain amount of product in one (several) kneaded (s), to cast the (the) said (s) kneaded (s) in one or more loads, to cook (s) said (s) load (s).
- a first step the various ingredients, weighed beforehand, are introduced into a kneader in an appropriate order where they are carefully and extensively kneaded, under pressure conditions (generally vacuum) and very precise temperature.
- pressure conditions generally vacuum
- the mixture which is then in the form of a very viscous paste, is cast in a mold, with shaping tools.
- the casting is done either by gravity, under vacuum, through a grid; either in source, at atmospheric pressure, via a cannula (pipe) sealing or not.
- a cannula pipe
- the set - casting paste + mold - is baked to ensure the hardening of the dough.
- the mold is in some cases the same envelope of the prepared pyrotechnic object, envelope that is properly prepared for carrying out the loading.
- TSE Twin Screw Extrusion
- outlets of the extrusion process are more limited than those of the casting process, with reference to the size of the objects that can be made. Industrially, this process is used for the manufacture of objects from a few tens of grams (a few millimeters in diameter) to about ten kilograms (about ten centimeters in diameter), in large series.
- the feed phase is carried out with at least one variation of at least one of its parameters, so that the composition of said cast mixture is modified during manufacture.
- the continuous process of the invention is particularly well suited to the manufacture of large pyrotechnic objects (whose mass m is such that 100 kg ⁇ m ⁇ 500 tonnes).
- the pyrotechnic objects in question are in particular of the types specified above: propellant loadings, explosives, bifunctional pyrotechnic objects ... It is advantageously large pyrotechnic objects, from a hundred kilograms to a few hundred tons (see above). It can include objects of about 200 tons.
- the manufacturing process of said objects in question is a process of kneading and continuous casting of the type for example those described in the first part of the first publication identified above.
- a paste which has a viscosity of between 200 and 3000 Pa.s, generally between 400 and 2000 Pa.s.
- the viscosity of the dough must not be an obstacle to its flow (hence ⁇ ⁇ 3,000 Pa.s) nor to its degassing, which can be implemented during mixing, at least in the end said mixing (hence ⁇ ⁇ 200 Pa.s).
- the pastes in question which have a viscosity between 200 and 3000 Pa.s, advantageously between 400 and 2000 Pa.s, are of the type of those kneaded and cast according to the prior art.
- the composition of said pasta is continuously modified.
- the feed phase in the various constituents is implemented with at least one variation of one of its parameters. Only one parameter may vary, one time, during the manufacturing operation. In the same way, at least two parameters may vary, at least once, during said manufacturing operation.
- the variation (s) in question can be brutal (s) or not.
- the person skilled in the art knows the notion of residence time (the residence time (DTS) of a continuous process is the average time required for a particle to cross the device where said process is implemented. introduced at the input of said device at the same time, do not come out at the same time
- the residence time is a statistical bell curve (Gaussian) which gives the number of outgoing particles as a function of time. continuous has a clean residence time, sometimes modifiable).
- a sudden change in the flow rate of an input ingredient necessarily takes a certain time before being effective output of a continuous process of mixing with transport. There is always, in the final object, a composition gradient.
- Such a gradient is of a magnitude that is lower when the (the) set (s) of (the) metering (s) is (are) changed (s) brutally; an amplitude all the more consistent that the (said) (s) instruction (s) is (are) changed (s) more gradually.
- constituents in question are often macro-components (ie a (pre) mixture of several ingredients of the basic formulation, in order to limit the number of dosers around the organ mixtures), which consist mainly of active fillers, binders, crosslinking agents and premixes.
- macro-components ie a (pre) mixture of several ingredients of the basic formulation, in order to limit the number of dosers around the organ mixtures
- the casting mixture arrives at the outlet of the mixing member, free from defects. ; i.e. degassed. It is therefore advantageous for the mixture to be used under high vacuum, at least at the end of its progression within the structure of the mixing member.
- high vacuum is meant in this context a pressure less than 150 mbar, preferably less than 100 mbar.
- the continuous casting of the process of the invention is a gravity casting under vacuum, via a degassing gate.
- upstream degassing is less critical since the casting per is ensured with degassing (under vacuum, through a degassing gate).
- the implementation of such gravitational casting, in the context of the method of the invention is limited to contexts of low height of fall. During compositional changes with large drop heights, jet penetration problems may occur.
- the continuous casting of the process of the invention is a source casting, at atmospheric pressure, through at least one cannula, sealing or not. Said casting is carried out on a mixture which contains no or very little gas, generally on a dough degassed upstream (very generally degassed within the structure of the mixing member).
- a source casting is implemented with slaving of the relative movement, cannula / mold for receiving the cast mixture, at the casting rate, so that a small distance (of the order of a few centimeters: do not create a winding of the dough net by increasing this distance too much ... or to immerse the cannula (s) in the dough), stable, between the outlet of said at least one cannula and the level of the mixture cast in said mold.
- Such a system with cannula (s) is used, taking care of the problems of its initiation. If the casting of the dough is in fillets, the filling is incorrect, since there is imprisonment of air. The flow of the dough must be a piston flow. Either we take care to use a properly sized cannula or is associated with the cannula a plug or sacrificed the volume of the cannula at first filling ...
- the parameters, flow rate, viscosity, density are to be adjusted to obtain the expected result.
- a device for continuously manufacturing a pyrotechnic object Said device is suitable for manufacture of the type kneading and continuous casting, with variation in the feed of the kneading member, particularly for the implementation of the method described above.
- the set of feeding devices is suitable for continuously ensuring variations in the feed of the mixing member.
- At least one of said devices is likely to be stopped and / or started during operation; and or at least one of said devices is capable of performing its (partial) feed function at different flow rates ... is said set of feeders suitable for providing at least a variation of at least one of the feeding parameters so that the composition of the cast mixture is changed during manufacture.
- the device of the invention advantageously comprises, in addition to electronic control means of at least one of its supply devices.
- Said device of the invention advantageously comprises means for maintaining a high vacuum in its mixing member, at least in the portion of said mixing member adjoining its at least one recovery opening.
- said casting device comprises a gravity casting system with at least one pipe opening through a degassing gate in a vacuum casting cabinet.
- said casting device comprises a source casting system, operating at atmospheric pressure, with at least one cannula, sealing or not.
- a system advantageously comprises means for controlling the relative movement of the cannula (s) / mold (s) of reception, at the casting rate, so that a small, stable distance is maintained between the emergent outlet of the said at least one cannula and the level of mixture poured into the corresponding mold.
- the intervening mixing member is a continuous kneading machine which may be a twin-screw, co-or counter-rotating or a single-screw machine.
- the feed devices are generally arranged in the upstream part of the mixing member and the recovery opening (s) is (are) generally arranged in the downstream part. said mixing member.
- the organization of the supply devices at the periphery of said metering member is generally such that the energy charges "fall” into liquid components, introduced slightly upstream; this, for obvious reasons of security.
- Said supply devices in principle comprise feed hoppers equipped with metering devices, advantageously of the type dosing powder, metering pumps or syringe type pumps.
- Figure 1 is a block diagram of the method of the invention.
- FIG. 2A is a block diagram of an implementation variant, with gravitational casting, of the method of the invention.
- FIG. 2B is a block diagram of an implementation variant, with source casting, of the method of the invention.
- FIG. 3A shows an iso-composition loading of the prior art (requiring a core with a complex geometry, to meet the specifications) while FIG. 3B shows a bi-composition loading of the invention (with a simplified core, responding to the same specifications).
- FIG. 4 shows the obtaining, according to the invention, with sudden variation of the composition of the cast mixture, of a pyrotechnic object having a variation of composition along its radial axis.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the method of the invention used to obtain a bifunctional pyrotechnic object (head and integrated motor).
- 2 and 3 are always represented dosers suitable for feeding the mixing member 4a or 4b to, respectively, C1 and C2 charges, binders L1 and L2, a crosslinker R1.
- the mixing member shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2A, is a single-screw machine 4a. At its emergent end 4a ', it is coupled to a gravity casting device which comprises a pipe 6 with a degassing gate 6'. Said pipe 6 opens via its degassing gate 6 'in the vacuum casting cabinet 8. Within said cabinet 8, there is the mold 7 for receiving the cast paste.
- the mixing member shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2B, is a corotative twin-screw machine 4b. At its emergent end 4b ', it is coupled to a source casting device which comprises the cannula 5. It delivers the paste via its emergent end 5' into the mold 7. Said mold 7 is stabilized on the plate of a device 9 able to move it vertically. At the beginning of casting, the cannula 5 penetrates into the mold 7 and as and when said casting, the mold 7 is lowered via said device 9.
- FIG. 3B shows, as specified above, a pyrotechnic object 20 obtained according to the invention, meeting the same specifications as that of FIG. 3A.
- Said pyrotechnic object 20 is bi-component; its structure comprises propellant A and propellant B separated by a composition gradient 21.
- Propellant A is cast in the first phase of the process by a first dosage of its various constituents. Then, the dosing instructions are modified, without stopping the mixing member, to obtain a second dosage which corresponds to the propellant B. Said propellant B is poured into the second phase of the process.
- the formulation change can take place in a very short time and therefore end up on a low composition gradient height.
- a two-component pyrotechnic object is obtained, within whose structure the composition 32, the most sensitive, is protected by the composition 31.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the manufacture according to the invention (continuously) of a bifunctional pyrotechnic object 40.
- Said object comprises an explosive head 40a (cast first), mounted on a body 40b, suitable for propulsion (second cast) .
- feeders there are five feeders (two, referenced 1, each suitable for the delivery of fillers, two, referenced 2, each suitable for the delivery of a binder and a referenced 3, suitable for the delivery of a crosslinking agent) arranged around a laboratory 4b double screw.
- this twin-screw 4b an inert composite propellant, representative of a real propellant, is prepared. This eliminates the safety instructions.
- the screw profile adapted to the type of composition, allows the homogenization, at 50 ° C and 100 mbar, of the propellant, with an overall flow rate of 4 kg / h.
- Each of the five feeders is able to continuously distribute a macro-component, whose mass composition is specified in the table below: macrocomponents Composition (% by weight)
- Binder L1 - PBHT (hydroxytelechelic polybutadiene) 37.65 - Alu (aluminum) 49.64 - Red dye 0.07 - DBTL (tin dibutyldilaurate) 0.1 DMP30 (2,4,6-tri (dimethylaminomethyl) phenol) 0.32 - DOZ (diisooctylazelate) 12.22
- Binder L2 - PBHT 74,80 - Green dye 0.08 - DBTL 0.21 - DMP30 0.65 - DOZ 24.26
- Crosslinker R1 - MDCI (4,4-dicyclohexylmethanediisocyanate) 100 Loads: C1 - Crystallized sugar 342.7 ⁇ m 100 Charges: C2 - Crystallized sugar 342.7
- the mold 7 is successively filled with a pink composition 1, then a green composition 2 and then a purple composition 3 (see below).
- the paste is poured at source, at atmospheric pressure, directly into the final structure of the object: mold 7.
- Said mold 7 is placed on the plate of a lifting device 9.
- the filling with said composition 3 is carried out for 40 to 45 min, over a height of about 15 cm, in fact until the complete filling of the object (with recovery of the cannula as and when).
- the resulting model is heat treated.
- the residence time of the paste was measured in the case of the test carried out. It is about 3 min 30 s within the single 4b bivis and about 6 min in said bivis 4b coupled with 50 cm of hose: cannula 5.
Abstract
Description
La présente invention a pour principal objet un procédé de fabrication en continu d'un objet pyrotechnique. Elle a également pour objet un dispositif convenant à la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé.The main subject of the present invention is a method of continuously manufacturing a pyrotechnic object. It also relates to a device suitable for the implementation of this method.
La présente invention, sous ses aspects procédé et dispositif, apporte une amélioration aux procédés et dispositifs existants à ce jour.The present invention, in its process and device aspects, provides an improvement to existing methods and devices to date.
Elle trouve plus particulièrement application dans le domaine de la fabrication :
- des pâtes de propergol, notamment utiles à la propulsion des moteurs-fusées, des intercepteurs ...
- des explosifs, et
- des objets pyrotechniques à structure bifonctionnelle du type tête explosive montée sur un corps de propulsion ...
- propellant pastes, particularly useful for the propulsion of rocket engines, interceptors ...
- explosives, and
- pyrotechnic objects with bifunctional structure of the explosive head type mounted on a propulsion body ...
Elle concerne plus particulièrement la fabrication d'objets pyrotechniques de grande taille (dont la masse m est telle que 100 kg ≤ m < 500 tonnes).It relates more particularly to the manufacture of large pyrotechnic objects (whose mass m is such that 100 kg ≤ m <500 tons).
Le procédé actuellement mis en oeuvre pour fabriquer ce type de produit est un procédé discontinu (dit "par batch"), qui consiste à préparer une certaine quantité de produit en une(plusieurs) malaxée(s), à couler la(les)dite(s) malaxée(s) en un ou plusieurs chargements, à cuire le(s)dit(s) chargement(s).The process currently used to manufacture this type of product is a batch process (called "batch"), which consists of preparing a certain amount of product in one (several) kneaded (s), to cast the (the) said (s) kneaded (s) in one or more loads, to cook (s) said (s) load (s).
Dans une première étape, les différents ingrédients, pesés préalablement, sont introduits dans un malaxeur selon un ordre approprié où ils sont soigneusement et longuement malaxés, dans des conditions de pression (en général le vide) et de température bien précises.In a first step, the various ingredients, weighed beforehand, are introduced into a kneader in an appropriate order where they are carefully and extensively kneaded, under pressure conditions (generally vacuum) and very precise temperature.
Dans une seconde étape, le mélange, qui se présente alors sous la forme d'une pâte très visqueuse, est coulé dans un moule, avec des outillages de mise en forme. La coulée se fait soit par gravité, sous vide, par l'intermédiaire d'une grille ; soit en source, à pression atmosphérique, par l'intermédiaire d'une canule (conduite) obturante ou non. Pour certains gros chargements, il est nécessaire d'enchaîner plusieurs malaxées/coulées dans un même moule.In a second step, the mixture, which is then in the form of a very viscous paste, is cast in a mold, with shaping tools. The casting is done either by gravity, under vacuum, through a grid; either in source, at atmospheric pressure, via a cannula (pipe) sealing or not. For some large loads, it is necessary to chain several kneaded / poured in the same mold.
L'ensemble - pâte coulée + moule - subit une cuisson pour assurer le durcissement de la pâte. Le moule constitue dans certains cas l'enveloppe même de l'objet pyrotechnique préparé, enveloppe qui est convenablement préparée pour la réalisation du chargement.The set - casting paste + mold - is baked to ensure the hardening of the dough. The mold is in some cases the same envelope of the prepared pyrotechnic object, envelope that is properly prepared for carrying out the loading.
Certains chargements doivent être réalisés avec plusieurs formulations différentes, pour répondre à différentes contraintes, de balistique, de vulnérabilité, par exemple. Dans de tels cas, on réalise plusieurs opérations successives, en discontinu, avec lesdites formulations différentes et les chargements multi-compositions sont ainsi obtenus après plusieurs opérations de coulée et cuisson successives ... L'obtention, avec changement de formulation, de tels chargements (à composition variable), se révèle, dans le cadre d'un procédé discontinu, d'une mise en oeuvre particulièrement lourde et coûteuse.Some shipments must be made with several different formulations, to meet different constraints, ballistics, vulnerability, for example. In such cases, several successive operations are carried out, batchwise, with said different formulations and the multi-composition loadings are thus obtained after several successive casting and firing operations. Obtaining, with a change of formulation, such loadings. (variable composition), is revealed, in the context of a batch process, a particularly heavy and expensive implementation.
Proposer un procédé continu, qui permette des changements de formulation performants et d'une mise en oeuvre aisée, tel est donc le problème technique auquel les inventeurs se sont confrontés.To propose a continuous process, which allows efficient formulation changes and easy implementation, is therefore the technical problem that the inventors have faced.
Des procédés de fabrication en continu d'objets pyrotechniques ont déjà été décrits, notamment :
- par
Eric Giraud, Jean-Michel Tauzia, G. Lacroix et Constance M. Murphy, Richard S. Muscato, William F. Newton, Frederick M. Gallant, Mark A. Michienzi, Sharperson G. Johnson, dans v 44 de ICT (Institut Chemische Technologie) 1998 - 29th International Annual Conference - par
Hugh A. Bruck, Frederick M. Gallant et Swami Gowrisankaran dans Proceedings of IMECE 2003, 2003 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and R & D Expo, Washington, DC, November 15-21, 2003
- by
Eric Giraud, Jean-Michel Tauzia, G. Lacroix and Constance M. Murphy, Richard S. Muscato, William F. Newton, Frederick M. Gallant, Mark A. Michienzi, Sharperson G. Johnson, in v 44 of ICT (Chemische Institute Technology) 1998 - 29th International Annual Conference - by
Hugh A. Bruck, Frederick M. Gallant and Swami Gowrisankaran in Proceedings of IMECE 2003, 2003 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and R & D Expo, Washington, DC, November 15-21, 2003
Dans la première de ces publications, des résultats d'études sur la fabrication en continu de propergols solides sont présentés. Une équipe française a étudié un procédé de malaxage et coulée en continu, une équipe américaine un procédé de malaxage et extrusion en continu. Ces deux techniques sont considérées, par l'homme du métier, comme fort différentes. Ce document ne fournit par ailleurs aucun enseignement sur des changements de composition en cours de procédé ...In the first of these publications, results of studies on the continuous manufacture of solid propellants are presented. A French team has studied a process of kneading and continuous casting, a US team a process of kneading and continuous extrusion. These two techniques are considered, by the person skilled in the art, as very different. This document also provides no teaching on compositional changes during the process ...
Dans la seconde de ces publications, la technologie en cause est celle du malaxage et extrusion ("TSE = Twin Screw Extrusion") en continu. Il est montré que des matériaux composites peuvent être obtenus avec un gradient de composition axial et/ou radial.In the second of these publications, the technology in question is that of continuous mixing and extrusion ("TSE = Twin Screw Extrusion"). It is shown that composite materials can be obtained with an axial and / or radial composition gradient.
Les débouchés du procédé d'extrusion sont plus limitées que ceux du procédé de coulée, en référence à la taille des objets réalisables. Industriellement, ce procédé est mis en oeuvre pour la fabrication d'objets de quelques dizaines de grammes (quelques millimètres de diamètre) à une dizaine de kilogrammes (une dizaine de centimètres de diamètre), en grande série.The outlets of the extrusion process are more limited than those of the casting process, with reference to the size of the objects that can be made. Industrially, this process is used for the manufacture of objects from a few tens of grams (a few millimeters in diameter) to about ten kilograms (about ten centimeters in diameter), in large series.
Cependant, le changement de composition en continu n'a été décrit que dans ce contexte de l'extrusion (dans lequel l'objet, qui présente une viscosité suffisante, est mis en forme dès la sortie de la filière), où il est assurément plus facilement maîtrisable que lors d'une coulée. Lors d'une coulée, on se trouve notamment confronté à des problèmes d'interpénétration de jet.However, the continuous composition change has only been described in this context of extrusion (in which the object, which has a sufficient viscosity, is shaped as soon as it leaves the die), where it is certainly more easily controlled than during a casting. During a casting, one is particularly confronted with jet interpenetration problems.
Les inventeurs, confrontés au problème technique évoqué ci-dessus, n'ignoraient en fait :
- ni l'existence de réticences sérieuses pour renoncer au procédé traditionnel en discontinu ;
- ni l'existence de préjugés certains à l'encontre de la mise en oeuvre d'un changement de composition dans le cadre d'un procédé de malaxage et coulée en continu.
- nor the existence of serious reluctance to abandon the traditional batch process;
- or the existence of certain prejudices against the implementation of a change of composition in the context of a process of kneading and continuous casting.
Ils ont développé la présente invention malgré lesdits réticences et préjugés et ont montré la faisabilité d'un procédé de malaxage et coulée en continu pour obtenir un objet pyrotechnique avec plusieurs compositions.They have developed the present invention despite said reluctance and prejudices and have shown the feasibility of a kneading and continuous casting process to obtain a pyrotechnic object with several compositions.
Selon son premier objet, la présente invention concerne donc un procédé continu de fabrication d'un objet pyrotechnique, qui comprend les phases ci-après, mises en oeuvre en continu :
- d'alimentation d'un organe de mélange en les différents constituants dudit objet,
- de mélange desdits différents constituants dans ledit organe de mélange, avec progression au sein de la structure dudit organe de mélange,
- de coulée du mélange obtenu en sortie dudit organe de mélange, ledit mélange présentant une viscosité comprise entre 200 et 3 000 Pa.s.
- feeding a mixing member into the various constituents of said object,
- mixing said different constituents in said mixing member, with progression within the structure of said mixing member,
- pouring the mixture obtained at the outlet of said mixing member, said mixture having a viscosity of between 200 and 3000 Pa.s.
De façon caractéristique, dans le cadre dudit procédé, la phase d'alimentation s'effectue avec au moins une variation d'au moins l'un de ses paramètres, de sorte que la composition dudit mélange coulé est modifiée en cours de fabrication. On obtient ainsi un objet pyrotechnique, qui présente une composition variable.Typically, in the context of said process, the feed phase is carried out with at least one variation of at least one of its parameters, so that the composition of said cast mixture is modified during manufacture. This produces a pyrotechnic object, which has a variable composition.
Le procédé continu de l'invention est particulièrement bien adapté à la fabrication d'objets pyrotechniques de grande taille (dont la masse m est telle que 100 kg ≤ m < 500 tonnes).The continuous process of the invention is particularly well suited to the manufacture of large pyrotechnic objects (whose mass m is such that 100 kg ≤ m <500 tonnes).
Les objets pyrotechniques en cause sont notamment des types précisés ci-dessus : chargements de propergol, explosifs, objets pyrotechniques bifonctionnels ... Il s'agit avantageusement d'objets pyrotechniques de grande taille, d'une centaine de kilogrammes à quelques centaines de tonnes (voir ci-dessus). Il peut notamment s'agir d'objets d'environ 200 tonnes.The pyrotechnic objects in question are in particular of the types specified above: propellant loadings, explosives, bifunctional pyrotechnic objects ... It is advantageously large pyrotechnic objects, from a hundred kilograms to a few hundred tons (see above). It can include objects of about 200 tons.
Le procédé de fabrication desdits objets en cause est un procédé de malaxage et coulée en continu du type par exemple de ceux décrits en première partie de la première publication identifiée ci-dessus.The manufacturing process of said objects in question is a process of kneading and continuous casting of the type for example those described in the first part of the first publication identified above.
Ledit procédé est mis en oeuvre avec une pâte (coulable) qui présente une viscosité comprise entre 200 et 3 000 Pa.s, généralement entre 400 et 2 000 Pa.s. De manière générale, la viscosité de la pâte ne doit pas constituer un obstacle à sa coulée (d'où η < 3 000 Pa.s) ni à son dégazage, susceptible d'être mis en oeuvre lors du malaxage, au moins en fin dudit malaxage (d'où η ≥ 200 Pa.s).Said process is carried out with a paste (castable) which has a viscosity of between 200 and 3000 Pa.s, generally between 400 and 2000 Pa.s. In general, the viscosity of the dough must not be an obstacle to its flow (hence η <3,000 Pa.s) nor to its degassing, which can be implemented during mixing, at least in the end said mixing (hence η ≥ 200 Pa.s).
Les pâtes en cause, qui présentent une viscosité entre 200 et 3 000 Pa.s , avantageusement entre 400 et 2 000 Pa.s, sont du type de celles malaxées et coulées selon l'art antérieur.The pastes in question, which have a viscosity between 200 and 3000 Pa.s, advantageously between 400 and 2000 Pa.s, are of the type of those kneaded and cast according to the prior art.
De façon caractéristique, dans le cadre du procédé de l'invention, la composition desdites pâtes est modifiée en continu. La phase d'alimentation en les différents constituants est mise en oeuvre avec au moins une variation de l'un de ses paramètres. Un seul paramètre peut varier, une unique fois, au cours de l'opération de fabrication. De la même façon, au moins deux paramètres peuvent varier, au moins une fois, au cours de ladite opération de fabrication.Typically, in the context of the process of the invention, the composition of said pasta is continuously modified. The feed phase in the various constituents is implemented with at least one variation of one of its parameters. Only one parameter may vary, one time, during the manufacturing operation. In the same way, at least two parameters may vary, at least once, during said manufacturing operation.
La(les) variation(s) en cause peu(ven)t être brutale(s) ou non. L'homme du métier connaît la notion de temps de séjour (la durée de temps de séjour (DTS) d'un procédé continu est le temps moyen nécessaire à une particule pour traverser le dispositif où ledit procédé est mis en oeuvre. Plusieurs particules, introduites en entrée dudit dispositif au même instant, ne ressortent pas en même temps. La durée de temps de séjour est une courbe statistique en cloche (gaussienne) qui donne le nombre de particules sortantes en fonction du temps. Chaque procédé continu possède une durée de temps de séjour propre, parfois modifiable). Ainsi, un changement brutal du débit d'un ingrédient en entrée met forcément un certain temps avant d'être effectif en sortie d'un procédé continu de malaxage avec transport. Il existe donc toujours, dans l'objet final, un gradient de composition. Un tel gradient est d'une amplitude d'autant plus faible que la(les) consigne(s) du(des) doseur(s) est(sont) changée(s) brutalement ; d'une amplitude d'autant plus conséquente que la(les)dite(s) consigne(s) est(sont) changée(s) plus progressivement. Dans tel ou tel contexte, on peut viser à l'obtention d'un gradient de faible amplitude et on veille alors à mettre en oeuvre un changement brutal de composition. Dans tel ou tel autre contexte, on peut, au contraire, viser à l'obtention d'un gradient d'amplitude conséquent. Ceci peut constituer un avantage d'un point de vue mécanique ou balistique.The variation (s) in question can be brutal (s) or not. The person skilled in the art knows the notion of residence time (the residence time (DTS) of a continuous process is the average time required for a particle to cross the device where said process is implemented. introduced at the input of said device at the same time, do not come out at the same time The residence time is a statistical bell curve (Gaussian) which gives the number of outgoing particles as a function of time. continuous has a clean residence time, sometimes modifiable). Thus, a sudden change in the flow rate of an input ingredient necessarily takes a certain time before being effective output of a continuous process of mixing with transport. There is always, in the final object, a composition gradient. Such a gradient is of a magnitude that is lower when the (the) set (s) of (the) metering (s) is (are) changed (s) brutally; an amplitude all the more consistent that the (said) (s) instruction (s) is (are) changed (s) more gradually. In such and such a context, it is possible to aim at obtaining a gradient of small amplitude, and care is then taken to implement a sudden change in composition. In such or such other context, one can, on the contrary, aim at obtaining a consequent amplitude gradient. This can be an advantage from a mechanical or ballistic point of view.
Les paramètres de l'alimentation susceptibles de varier pour entraîner une variation de la composition du mélange coulé, sont notamment :
- le nombre de constituants intervenants,
- la nature desdits constituants intervenants, et
- les débits d'alimentation en lesdits constituants intervenants.
- the number of constituents involved,
- the nature of the said intervening constituents, and
- the feed rates of said intervening constituents.
L'homme du métier n'ignore pas que les constituants en cause sont souvent des macro-composants (i. e. un (pré)mélange de plusieurs ingrédients de la formulation de base. On cherche ainsi à limiter le nombre de doseurs autour de l'organe de mélange), qui consistent principalement en des : charges, liants, réticulants et pré-mélanges actifs.Those skilled in the art are aware that the constituents in question are often macro-components (ie a (pre) mixture of several ingredients of the basic formulation, in order to limit the number of dosers around the organ mixtures), which consist mainly of active fillers, binders, crosslinking agents and premixes.
Dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre du procédé de l'invention, on peut donc faire varier, avantageusement, la nature et/ou la quantité desdits charges, liants, réticulants et pré-mélanges actifs intervenant dans l'alimentation de l'organe de mélange.In the context of the implementation of the process of the invention, it is therefore possible to vary, advantageously, the nature and / or the amount of said active binders, binders, crosslinking agents and premixes involved in the diet of the organ mixture.
De manière générale, la gestion de l'alimentation de l'organe de mélange, qui se fait donc, selon l'invention, avec au moins une variation de l'un des paramètres, peut être manuelle ou au moins en partie commandée électroniquement au moyen d'un programmateur approprié. En tout état de cause, la formulation coulée est modifiée, manuellement et/ou par programmation, en continu et simultanément à sa phase de coulée :
- soit par modification d'au moins un débit de constituant (généralement de macro-composant) initial, alimentant l'organe de mélange en entrée et/ou le long de son axe ;
- soit par ajout et/ou suppression d'au moins un constituant (généralement d'au moins un macro-composant), en entrée et/ou le long de l'axe de l'organe de mélange ;
- soit par modification d'au moins un débit de constituant initial et ajout et/ou suppression d'au moins un constituant, en entrée et/ou le long de l'axe de l'organe de mélange ...
- or by modifying at least one initial component (usually macro-component) flow rate, feeding the input mixing member and / or along its axis;
- either by adding and / or deleting at least one constituent (generally at least one macro-component), at the inlet and / or along the axis of the mixing member;
- either by modifying at least one initial constituent flow rate and adding and / or deleting at least one constituent, at the inlet and / or along the axis of the mixing member ...
Quelle que soit la variante exacte de mise en oeuvre de la coulée et plus particulièrement dans un contexte de coulée en source (voir plus loin), il est souhaitable que le mélange à couler arrive en sortie de l'organe de mélange, exempt de défaut ; i.e. dégazé. Il est donc avantageux que le mélange soit mis en oeuvre sous vide poussé, au moins en sa fin de progression au sein de la structure de l'organe de mélange. Par vide poussé, on entend dans ce contexte une pression inférieure à 150 mbar, avantageusement inférieure à 100 mbar.Whatever the exact variant of implementation of the casting and more particularly in a source casting context (see below), it is desirable that the casting mixture arrives at the outlet of the mixing member, free from defects. ; i.e. degassed. It is therefore advantageous for the mixture to be used under high vacuum, at least at the end of its progression within the structure of the mixing member. By high vacuum is meant in this context a pressure less than 150 mbar, preferably less than 100 mbar.
Selon une première variante de mise en oeuvre, la coulée en continu du procédé de l'invention est une coulée gravitaire sous vide, par l'intermédiaire d'une grille de dégazage. Dans le cadre de cette variante, le dégazage en amont est moins critique puisque la coulée per se est assurée avec dégazage (sous vide, au travers d'une grille de dégazage). La mise en oeuvre d'une telle coulée gravitaire, dans le cadre du procédé de l'invention, est limitée aux contextes de faible hauteur de chute. Lors de changements de composition avec des hauteurs de chutes importantes, des problèmes de pénétration du jet peuvent survenir.According to a first variant of implementation, the continuous casting of the process of the invention is a gravity casting under vacuum, via a degassing gate. In the context of this variant, upstream degassing is less critical since the casting per is ensured with degassing (under vacuum, through a degassing gate). The implementation of such gravitational casting, in the context of the method of the invention, is limited to contexts of low height of fall. During compositional changes with large drop heights, jet penetration problems may occur.
Selon une seconde variante de mise en oeuvre, la coulée en continu du procédé de l'invention est une coulée en source, à pression atmosphérique, au travers d'au moins une canule, obturante ou non. Ladite coulée est mise en oeuvre sur un mélange qui ne renferme pas ou très peu de gaz, généralement sur une pâte dégazée en amont (très généralement, dégazée au sein de la structure de l'organe de mélange). Avantageusement, une telle coulée en source est mise en oeuvre avec asservissement du mouvement relatif, canule/moule de réception du mélange coulé, au débit de coulée, de sorte que soit maintenue une distance faible (de l'ordre de quelques centimètres : il ne faut pas créer un enroulement de filet de pâte en augmentant trop cette distance ... ni faire plonger la(les) canule(s) dans la pâte), stable, entre la sortie de ladite au moins une canule et le niveau du mélange coulé dans ledit moule.According to a second variant of implementation, the continuous casting of the process of the invention is a source casting, at atmospheric pressure, through at least one cannula, sealing or not. Said casting is carried out on a mixture which contains no or very little gas, generally on a dough degassed upstream (very generally degassed within the structure of the mixing member). Advantageously, such a source casting is implemented with slaving of the relative movement, cannula / mold for receiving the cast mixture, at the casting rate, so that a small distance (of the order of a few centimeters: do not create a winding of the dough net by increasing this distance too much ... or to immerse the cannula (s) in the dough), stable, between the outlet of said at least one cannula and the level of the mixture cast in said mold.
Un tel système de coulée en source avec canule(s) permet, même pour le remplissage d'objets de grande hauteur :
- de couler à pression atmosphérique,
- d'éviter le mélange des différentes formulations par interpénétration du jet à l'impact.
- to sink at atmospheric pressure,
- to avoid mixing the different formulations by interpenetration of the jet on impact.
On utilise un tel système avec canule(s) en veillant aux problèmes de son amorçage. Si la coulée de la pâte se fait en filets, le remplissage est incorrect, puisqu'il y a emprisonnement d'air. L'écoulement de la pâte doit être un écoulement piston. Soit on veille donc à utiliser une canule dimensionnée de façon adéquate, soit on associe à la canule un bouchon, soit on sacrifie le volume de la canule au premier remplissage ...Such a system with cannula (s) is used, taking care of the problems of its initiation. If the casting of the dough is in fillets, the filling is incorrect, since there is imprisonment of air. The flow of the dough must be a piston flow. Either we take care to use a properly sized cannula or is associated with the cannula a plug or sacrificed the volume of the cannula at first filling ...
On utilise également un tel système avec canule(s) en veillant aux problèmes de sa fin d'utilisation. Lors de l'arrêt de l'alimentation de la(des) canule(s), la pâte contenue dans la canule s'écoule par gravité et vient :
- soit en excédent de volume du moule rempli,
- soit en défaut de volume pour le moule suivant à remplir (cas des petits chargements coulés en série),
- soit en égoutture continue (salissure avec risque pyrotechnique et nettoyage à prévoir).
- either in excess of volume of the filled mold,
- in the absence of volume for the next mold to be filled (in the case of small loads cast in series),
- or in continuous dripping (soiling with pyrotechnic hazard and cleaning to provide).
Il est donc vivement souhaitable d'assurer une parfaite obturation de l'extrémité de la canule dès la fin de la distribution de la dose.It is therefore highly desirable to ensure perfect closure of the end of the cannula at the end of the dispensing of the dose.
Dans le cadre de la présente invention, les spécificités de mise en oeuvre de ces deux variantes de coulée se sont révélées exploitables pour la mise en oeuvre d'un procédé en continu avec variation de la composition de la pâte coulée.In the context of the present invention, the specificities of implementation of these two casting variants have proved usable for the implementation of a continuous process with variation of the composition of the cast paste.
Par rapport au procédé discontinu largement exploité à ce jour, le procédé continu de l'invention, dans un contexte de changement de formulation, permet de réduire les coûts de réalisation, par :
- simplification de la géométrie (en particulier interne : voir les figures 3A et 3B annexées) d'objets préparés : il est en effet possible de jouer sur la composition du propergol et non plus uniquement sur la géométrie interne du chargement pour répondre à des spécificités balistiques et mécaniques particulières ;
- obtention de chargements multi-compositions (notamment bi-compositions) sans cuisson intermédiaire.
- simplification of the geometry (in particular internal: see figures 3A and 3B annexed) of prepared objects: it is indeed possible to play on the composition of the propellant and no longer solely on the internal geometry of the load to meet specific ballistic and mechanical specificities;
- obtaining multi-composition loads (especially bi-compositions) without intermediate firing.
De plus, l'utilisation d'un procédé continu permet :
- la réduction des zones de danger, de par la faible quantité de matière mise en oeuvre ;
- la réduction de l'emprise au sol : les opérations de malaxage et coulée sont réalisées au même endroit,
- la diminution des coûts de fabrication : procédé d'une mise en oeuvre rapide, sans transport de cuve, sans séquence successive de malaxage et coulée ;
- une bonne reproductibilité ;
- une bonne flexibilité : il est possible de formuler un grand nombre de formulations différentes.
- the reduction of the danger zones, because of the small quantity of material used;
- the reduction of the footprint: the mixing and casting operations are performed in the same place,
- the reduction in manufacturing costs: a method of rapid implementation, without tank transport, without sequential mixing sequence and casting;
- good reproducibility;
- good flexibility: it is possible to formulate a large number of different formulations.
On insiste enfin sur les avantages de la variante préférée de mise en oeuvre du procédé de l'invention, variante avec coulée en source :
- le vide n'est pas indispensable lors de la coulée,
- les temps de coulée sont réduits (par l'absence de mise sous vide mais aussi grâce à la possibilité de remplir à grande vitesse),
- les outillages nécessaires sont simples et peu nombreux,
- on peut obtenir un remplissage sans création de cavités, sans interpénétration, avec des gradients de compositions plans, assez bien délimités entre les différentes formulations ...
- the vacuum is not essential during casting,
- the casting times are reduced (by the absence of evacuation but also thanks to the possibility of filling at high speed),
- the necessary tools are simple and few,
- it is possible to obtain a filling without creating cavities, without interpenetration, with gradients of planar compositions, fairly well delimited between the different formulations ...
L'intérêt du procédé de l'invention et les nombreux domaines d'applications dudit procédé n'ont pas échappé à l'homme du métier.The interest of the method of the invention and the many fields of application of said method have not escaped the skilled person.
Il peut notamment être mis en oeuvre :
- pour obtenir une structure de l'objet pyrotechnique avec variation de composition selon son axe longitudinal, avec au moins une variation, par exemple brutale, de la composition du mélange coulé. On peut ainsi couler une composition moins dense après une composition plus dense, voire l'inverse ; les débits de coulée étant, en tout état de cause, adaptés ;
- pour obtenir une structure de l'objet pyrotechnique avec variation de composition selon son axe radial, avec une variation brutale de la composition du mélange coulé. On peut ainsi couler une composition plus dense après une composition moins dense, voire l'inverse ; les débits de coulée, étant, en tout état de cause, adaptés.
- to obtain a structure of the pyrotechnic object with variation of composition along its longitudinal axis, with at least one variation, for example sudden, of the composition of the cast mixture. It is thus possible to cast a less dense composition after a denser composition, or even the opposite; the flow rates being, in any case, adapted;
- to obtain a structure of the pyrotechnic object with composition variation along its radial axis, with a sudden change in the composition of the cast mixture. We can thus sink a composition more dense after a less dense composition, even the opposite; the flow rates, being, in any case, suitable.
Les paramètres, débit, viscosité, densité, sont à régler pour obtenir le résultat escompté.The parameters, flow rate, viscosity, density, are to be adjusted to obtain the expected result.
Le procédé de l'invention a notamment des débouchés :
- dans la réalisation de chargements de très grande taille (100 kg à moins de 500 tonnes (par exemple, environ 200 tonnes) de propergol), multi-compositions, substituts de chargements à géométrie de noyau complexe (voir les figures 3A et 3B annexées) ... ;
- dans la réalisation d'explosifs présentant des parties peu sensibles, plus exposées et des parties très sensibles, moins exposées (voir la figure 4 annexée) ... ,
dans la réalisation d'objets pyrotechniques à structure bifonctionnelle (voir la figure 5 annexée) ; - - dans la réalisation d'intercepteurs ...
- in carrying out very large loadings (100 kg to less than 500 tonnes (for example, about 200 tonnes) of propellant), multi-compositions, load substitutes with complex core geometry (see appended Figures 3A and 3B) ...;
- in the production of explosives with insensitive, more exposed parts and very sensitive, less exposed parts (see attached figure 4) ...,
in the production of pyrotechnic objects with a bifunctional structure (see appended FIG. 5); - - in the realization of interceptors ...
On en vient maintenant au deuxième objet de la présente invention, un dispositif de fabrication en continu d'un objet pyrotechnique. Ledit dispositif convient pour une fabrication du type malaxage et coulée en continu, avec variation dans l'alimentation de l'organe de malaxage, tout particulièrement pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé décrit ci-dessus.We now come to the second object of the present invention, a device for continuously manufacturing a pyrotechnic object. Said device is suitable for manufacture of the type kneading and continuous casting, with variation in the feed of the kneading member, particularly for the implementation of the method described above.
Ledit dispositif comprend :
- un organe de mélange (ou malaxage) qui convient pour assurer le mélange avec transport des différents constituants de l'objet pyrotechnique en fabrication ; ledit organe de mélange comportant au moins une ouverture de récupération desdits constituants mélangés (une ouverture pour la délivrance desdits constituants mélangés),
- un ensemble de dispositifs d'alimentation dudit organe de mélange en lesdits constituants (un ensemble de doseurs aptes à délivrer les différents constituants, liquides et/ou solides ...) et
- un dispositif de coulée, agencé au niveau de ladite au moins une ouverture de récupération dudit organe de mélange, qui convient pour la coulée du mélange obtenu dans un moule.
- a mixing member (or kneading) which is suitable for mixing with transport the various constituents of the pyrotechnic object in production; said mixing member having at least one recovery opening of said mixed components (an opening for delivery of said mixed components),
- a set of devices for supplying said mixing member with said constituents (a set of metering devices capable of delivering the various constituents, liquid and / or solid, etc.) and
- a casting device, arranged at said at least one recovery opening of said mixing member, which is suitable for casting the mixture obtained in a mold.
L'ensemble des dispositifs d'alimentation convient pour assurer en continu des variations de l'alimentation de l'organe de mélange.The set of feeding devices is suitable for continuously ensuring variations in the feed of the mixing member.
Ainsi, l'un au moins desdits dispositifs est-il susceptible d'être arrêté et/ou démarré en cours d'opération ; et/ou
l'un au moins desdits dispositifs est-il susceptible d'assurer sa fonction d'alimentation (partielle) à différents débits ...
ledit ensemble des dispositifs d'alimentation convient-il pour assurer au moins une variation d'au moins l'un des paramètres de l'alimentation, de sorte que la composition du mélange coulé est modifiée en cours de fabrication.Thus, at least one of said devices is likely to be stopped and / or started during operation; and or
at least one of said devices is capable of performing its (partial) feed function at different flow rates ...
is said set of feeders suitable for providing at least a variation of at least one of the feeding parameters so that the composition of the cast mixture is changed during manufacture.
Le dispositif de l'invention comporte avantageusement entre outre des moyens électroniques de commande d'au moins l'un de ses dispositifs d'alimentation.The device of the invention advantageously comprises, in addition to electronic control means of at least one of its supply devices.
Ledit dispositif de l'invention comporte avantageusement des moyens pour maintenir un vide poussé dans son organe de mélange, au moins dans la partie dudit organe de mélange attenante à sa au moins une ouverture de récupération.Said device of the invention advantageously comprises means for maintaining a high vacuum in its mixing member, at least in the portion of said mixing member adjoining its at least one recovery opening.
Pour ce qui concerne le dispositif de coulée, sa structure est évidemment adaptée au type de coulée visé.Regarding the casting device, its structure is obviously adapted to the targeted casting type.
Selon une première variante, ledit dispositif de coulée comprend un système de coulée gravitaire avec au moins une conduite débouchant au travers d'une grille de dégazage dans une armoire de coulée sous vide.According to a first variant, said casting device comprises a gravity casting system with at least one pipe opening through a degassing gate in a vacuum casting cabinet.
Selon une seconde variante, ledit dispositif de coulée comprend un système de coulée en source, fonctionnant à pression atmosphérique, avec au moins une canule, obturante ou non. Un tel système comprend avantageusement des moyens d'asservissement du mouvement relatif canule(s)/moule(s) de réception, au débit de coulée, de sorte que soit maintenue une distance faible, stable, entre la sortie débouchante de ladite au moins une canule et le niveau de mélange coulé dans le moule correspondant. Avec un tel système, on peut couler sans interpénétration, à pression atmosphérique, des formulations de différentes compositions, avec des hauteurs de chute importantes. L'intervention d'un tel système est particulièrement opportune dans un contexte de fabrication de gros objets.According to a second variant, said casting device comprises a source casting system, operating at atmospheric pressure, with at least one cannula, sealing or not. Such a system advantageously comprises means for controlling the relative movement of the cannula (s) / mold (s) of reception, at the casting rate, so that a small, stable distance is maintained between the emergent outlet of the said at least one cannula and the level of mixture poured into the corresponding mold. With such a system, it is possible to flow, without interpenetration, at atmospheric pressure, formulations of different compositions, with large drop heights. The intervention of such a system is particularly appropriate in a context of manufacturing large objects.
L'organe de mélange intervenant est une machine de malaxage en continu qui peut être une bivis, co- ou contrarotative ou une monovis.The intervening mixing member is a continuous kneading machine which may be a twin-screw, co-or counter-rotating or a single-screw machine.
Les dispositifs d'alimentation sont généralement agencés dans la partie amont de l'organe de mélange et l'(les) ouverture(s) de récupération est(sont) elle(s) généralement agencée(s) dans la partie aval dudit organe de mélange. L'organisation des dispositifs d'alimentation, en périphérie dudit organe de dosage, est généralement telle que les charges énergétiques "tombent" dans des composants liquides, introduits légèrement en amont ; ce, pour des raisons évidentes de sécurité.The feed devices are generally arranged in the upstream part of the mixing member and the recovery opening (s) is (are) generally arranged in the downstream part. said mixing member. The organization of the supply devices at the periphery of said metering member is generally such that the energy charges "fall" into liquid components, introduced slightly upstream; this, for obvious reasons of security.
Lesdits dispositifs d'alimentation comprennent en principe des trémies d'alimentation équipées de dispositifs de dosage, avantageusement du type doseurs pulvérulents, pompes doseuses ou pompes de type seringue.Said supply devices in principle comprise feed hoppers equipped with metering devices, advantageously of the type dosing powder, metering pumps or syringe type pumps.
On se propose maintenant de décrire l'invention, de façon nullement limitative, en référence aux figure annexées.It is now proposed to describe the invention, in no way limiting, with reference to the appended figures.
La figure 1 est un schéma de principe du procédé de l'invention.Figure 1 is a block diagram of the method of the invention.
La figure 2A est un schéma de principe d'une variante de mise en oeuvre, avec coulée gravitaire, du procédé de l'invention.FIG. 2A is a block diagram of an implementation variant, with gravitational casting, of the method of the invention.
La figure 2B est un schéma de principe d'une variante de mise en oeuvre, avec coulée en source, du procédé de l'invention.FIG. 2B is a block diagram of an implementation variant, with source casting, of the method of the invention.
La figure 3A montre un chargement à iso-composition de l'art antérieur (nécessitant un noyau à géométrie complexe, pour répondre au cahier des charges) tandis que la figure 3B montre un chargement bi-composition de l'invention (à noyau simplifié, répondant au même cahier des charges).FIG. 3A shows an iso-composition loading of the prior art (requiring a core with a complex geometry, to meet the specifications) while FIG. 3B shows a bi-composition loading of the invention (with a simplified core, responding to the same specifications).
La figure 4 montre l'obtention, selon l'invention, avec variation brutale de la composition du mélange coulé, d'un objet pyrotechnique présentant une variation de composition selon son axe radial.FIG. 4 shows the obtaining, according to the invention, with sudden variation of the composition of the cast mixture, of a pyrotechnic object having a variation of composition along its radial axis.
La figure 5 est un schéma de principe du procédé de l'invention mis en oeuvre pour obtenir un objet pyrotechnique bifonctionnel (tête et moteur intégré).FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the method of the invention used to obtain a bifunctional pyrotechnic object (head and integrated motor).
Le principe du procédé de l'invention est illustré sur la figure 1, où sont représentées, de la gauche vers la droite, les étapes :
- de dosage des macro-composants : deux macro-composants "charges", référencés C1 et C2, sont susceptibles d'être délivrés via les deux doseurs 1, indépendants ; un macro-composant "liant", référencé L1, est susceptible d'être délivré via le doseur 2 ; deux macro-composants "réticulants", référencés R1 et R2, sont susceptibles d'être délivrés via les deux doseurs 3, indépendants ;
- de malaxage et transport dans l'organe de mélange 4 ;
- de coulée, en aval de l'ouverture de récupération 4' dudit organe de mélange 4 ;
- d'obtention de l'objet pyrotechnique 10 à composition variable le long de son axe longitudinal. Ledit objet présente successivement quatre zones de compositions différentes, par exemple :
- composition 1 : C1 + L1 + R1
- composition 2 : C1 + C2+ L1 + R1
- composition 3 : C1 + C2 + L1 + R2
- composition 4 : C1 + C2' + L1 + R2 (débit de C'2 inférieur à celui de C2) ;
séparées chacune par unezone 11 de gradient de composition.
- macrocomponent dosing system: two "charge" macro-components, referenced C1 and C2, are capable of being delivered via the two
independent dosers 1; a macro-component "binder", referenced L1, is capable of being delivered via themetering device 2; two "crosslinking" macro-components, referenced R1 and R2, are capable of being delivered via the twoindependent dosers 3; - mixing and transport in the mixing
member 4; - casting, downstream of the recovery opening 4 'of said mixing
member 4; - for obtaining the
pyrotechnic object 10 with a variable composition along its longitudinal axis. Said object successively has four zones of different compositions, for example:- composition 1: C1 + L1 + R1
- composition 2: C1 + C2 + L1 + R1
- composition 3: C1 + C2 + L1 + R2
- composition 4: C1 + C2 '+ L1 + R2 (flow rate of C'2 less than that of C2);
each separated by acomposition gradient zone 11.
Sur les figures 2A et 2B, deux variantes du procédé de l'invention sont illustrées. Sur lesdites figures, on a mieux schématisé les différents éléments du dispositif en cause.In Figures 2A and 2B, two variants of the method of the invention are illustrated. In said figures, the various elements of the device in question have been better schematized.
En 1, 2 et 3 sont toujours représentés des doseurs convenant à l'alimentation de l'organe de mélange 4a ou 4b en, respectivement,
des charges C1 et C2,
des liants L1 et L2,
un réticulant R1.In 1, 2 and 3 are always represented dosers suitable for feeding the mixing
C1 and C2 charges,
binders L1 and L2,
a crosslinker R1.
L'organe de mélange, schématisé sur la figure 2A, est une machine monovis 4a. En son extrémité débouchante 4a', il est couplé à un dispositif de coulée gravitaire qui comprend une conduite 6 avec grille de dégazage 6'. Ladite conduite 6 débouche via sa grille de dégazage 6' dans l'armoire de coulée sous vide 8. Au sein de ladite armoire 8, on trouve le moule 7 destinée à recevoir la pâte coulée.The mixing member, shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2A, is a single-
L'organe de mélange, schématisé sur la figure 2B, est une machine bivis 4b corotative. En son extrémité débouchante 4b', il est couplé à un dispositif de coulée en source qui comprend la canule 5. Elle délivre la pâte via son extrémité débouchante 5' dans le moule 7. Ledit moule 7 est stabilisé sur le plateau d'un dispositif 9 apte à le déplacer verticalement. En début de coulée, la canule 5 pénètre dans le moule 7 et au fur et à mesure de ladite coulée, le moule 7 est descendu, via ledit dispositif 9.The mixing member, shown diagrammatically in FIG. 2B, is a corotative twin-
A la considération desdites figures 2A et 2B, on réalise les résultats susceptibles d'être obtenus.In consideration of said FIGS. 2A and 2B, the results that can be obtained are carried out.
La figure 3B montre, comme précisé ci-dessus, un objet pyrotechnique 20, obtenu selon l'invention, répondant au même cahier des charges que celui de la figure 3A. Ledit objet pyrotechnique 20 est bi-composant ; sa structure comprend le propergol A et le propergol B séparé par un gradient de composition 21.FIG. 3B shows, as specified above, a
Le propergol A est coulé en première phase du procédé grâce à un premier dosage de ses différents constituants. Ensuite, on modifie les consignes de dosage, sans arrêter l'organe de mélange, pour obtenir un second dosage qui correspond au propergol B. Ledit propergol B est coulé dans la seconde phase du procédé. Le changement de formulation peut avoir lieu en un temps très court et donc se retrouver sur une hauteur de gradient de composition faible.Propellant A is cast in the first phase of the process by a first dosage of its various constituents. Then, the dosing instructions are modified, without stopping the mixing member, to obtain a second dosage which corresponds to the propellant B. Said propellant B is poured into the second phase of the process. The formulation change can take place in a very short time and therefore end up on a low composition gradient height.
La figure 4 illustre en continu la coulée de deux compositions explosives :
la première 31, "fluide", moins sensible,la seconde 32, "visqueuse", plus sensible.
- the first 31, "fluid", less sensitive,
- the second 32, "viscous", more sensitive.
On obtient un objet pyrotechnique 30 bi-composant, au sein de la structure duquel la composition 32, la plus sensible, est protégée par la composition 31.A two-component pyrotechnic object is obtained, within whose structure the
La figure 5 illustre la fabrication selon l'invention (en continu) d'un objet pyrotechnique bifonctionnel 40. Ledit objet comporte une tête explosive 40a (coulée en premier), monté sur un corps 40b, convenant à la propulsion (coulé en second).FIG. 5 illustrates the manufacture according to the invention (continuously) of a bifunctional
On se propose maintenant d'illustrer l'invention par l'exemple ci-après, à considérer avec la figure 2B annexée.It is now proposed to illustrate the invention by the example below, to consider with Figure 2B appended.
On dispose de cinq doseurs (deux, référencés 1, convenant chacun à la délivrance de charges, deux, référencés 2, convenant chacun à la délivrance d'un liant et un, référencé 3, convenant à la délivrance d'un réticulant) agencés autour d'une bivis 4b de laboratoire. Dans cette bivis 4b, on prépare un propergol composite inerte, mais représentatif d'un propergol réel. On s'affranchit ainsi des consignes de sécurité.There are five feeders (two, referenced 1, each suitable for the delivery of fillers, two, referenced 2, each suitable for the delivery of a binder and a referenced 3, suitable for the delivery of a crosslinking agent) arranged around a
Le profil de vis, adapté au type de composition, permet l'homogénéisation, à 50°C et 100 mbar, du propergol, avec un débit global de 4 kg/h.The screw profile, adapted to the type of composition, allows the homogenization, at 50 ° C and 100 mbar, of the propellant, with an overall flow rate of 4 kg / h.
Chacun des cinq doseurs est apte à distribuer en continu un macro-composant, dont la composition massique est précisée dans le tableau ci-après :
Des colorants interviennent, afin de repérer facilement les changements de composition. On remplit successivement le moule 7 avec une composition 1 rose, puis une composition 2 verte, puis une composition 3 pourpre (voir ci-après).Dyes intervene, in order to easily identify changes in composition. The
En sortie de la bivis 4b, la pâte est coulée en source, à pression atmosphérique, directement dans la structure définitive de l'objet : moule 7. A cette fin, un tuyau souple 5 (∅ = 12 mm et h = 50 cm) a été monté sur la filière et utilisé comme canule.At the outlet of the twin-
Ledit moule 7 est disposé sur le plateau d'un dispositif élévateur 9.Said
Au démarrage, ledit plateau est en position haute, alors que la canule 5, plus précisément son extrémité débouchante 5', est au contact du fond du moule 7.
- La machine est mise en route avec une
composition 1 du type
R1 + L1 + C1.
R1 est délivré à 73 g/h,
L1 est délivré à 1 839,5 g/h, et
C1 est délivré à 1 869,2 g/h ; ce qui correspond à un débit 3,8 kg/h.global d'environ
Le moule 7 est ainsi rempli sur environ 15 cm, en 40 à 45 min, via la canule 5 qui est remontée au fur et à mesure. - A l'issue de cette première phase de remplissage, le doseur de liant L1 est arrêté brusquement. Simultanément, le doseur de liant L2 est démarré brusquement. La machine débite alors une
composition 2 du type R1 + L2 + C1.
R1 est délivré à 70,8 g/h,
L2 est délivré à 900 g/h, et
C1 est délivré à 2 760 g/h ; ce qui correspond à un débit 3,7 kg/h.global d'environ
- The machine is started with a
composition 1 of the type
R1 + L1 + C1.
R1 is delivered at 73 g / h,
L1 is delivered at 1839.5 g / h, and
C1 is issued at 1,869.2 g / h; which corresponds to an overall flow rate of approximately 3.8 kg / h.
Themold 7 is thus filled about 15 cm, in 40 to 45 min, via thecannula 5 which is reassembled as and when. - At the end of this first filling phase, the binder L1 is stopped abruptly. Simultaneously, the binder feeder L2 is started suddenly. The machine then delivers a
composition 2 of the type R1 + L2 + C1.
R1 is delivered at 70.8 g / h,
L2 is delivered at 900 g / h, and
C1 is delivered at 2760 g / h; which corresponds to an overall flow rate of approximately 3.7 kg / h.
Le remplissage avec ladite composition 2 est mis en oeuvre pendant 40 à 45 min, sur une hauteur d'environ 15 cm, avec remontée de la canule 5.
- A l'issue de cette seconde phase de remplissage, le doseur de charge C1 est arrêté brusquement. Simultanément, le doseur de charge C2 est démarré. La machine débite désormais une
composition 3 du type
R1 + L2 + C2
R1 est délivré à 70,8 g/h,
L2 est délivré à 900 g/h, et
C2 est délivré à 2 760 g/h ; ce qui correspond à un débit 3,7 kg/h.total d'environ
- At the end of this second filling phase, the load metering C1 is stopped abruptly. At the same time, the load feeder C2 is started. The machine now debits a
composition 3 of the type
R1 + L2 + C2
R1 is delivered at 70.8 g / h,
L2 is delivered at 900 g / h, and
C2 is delivered at 2760 g / h; which corresponds to a total flow rate of approximately 3.7 kg / h.
Le remplissage avec ladite composition 3 est mis en oeuvre pendant 40 à 45 min, sur une hauteur d'environ 15 cm, en fait jusqu'au remplissage complet de l'objet (avec remontée de la canule au fur et à mesure).The filling with said
La maquette obtenue est traitée thermiquement.The resulting model is heat treated.
Elle montre alors clairement les trois zones successives de différentes couleurs, correspondantes aux trois compositions 1 (rose), 2 (verte), 3 (pourpre). Lesdites trois zones sont séparées par des zones de gradient.It then clearly shows the three successive zones of different colors, corresponding to the three compositions 1 (pink), 2 (green), 3 (purple). Said three zones are separated by gradient zones.
La durée de temps de séjour de la pâte a été mesurée, dans le cas de l'essai réalisé. Elle est d'environ 3 min 30 s au sein de la bivis 4b seule et d'environ 6 min dans ladite bivis 4b couplée aux 50 cm de tuyau souple : canule 5.The residence time of the paste was measured in the case of the test carried out. It is about 3 min 30 s within the single 4b bivis and about 6 min in said
Claims (13)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR0507191A FR2888233B1 (en) | 2005-07-06 | 2005-07-06 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF A PYROTECHNIC PROJECT |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP1741690A2 true EP1741690A2 (en) | 2007-01-10 |
EP1741690A3 EP1741690A3 (en) | 2014-11-19 |
EP1741690B1 EP1741690B1 (en) | 2018-04-04 |
Family
ID=36282925
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP06116548.6A Active EP1741690B1 (en) | 2005-07-06 | 2006-07-04 | Process for continuous production of pyrotechnical objects |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP1741690B1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2888233B1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO342430B1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2013045804A1 (en) | 2011-09-26 | 2013-04-04 | Herakles | Method for extracting solid soluble fillers contained in a paste |
CN103073369A (en) * | 2013-01-30 | 2013-05-01 | 中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所 | Casting-curing insensitive high-explosion-heat explosive and preparation method thereof |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2013045804A1 (en) | 2011-09-26 | 2013-04-04 | Herakles | Method for extracting solid soluble fillers contained in a paste |
US9393503B2 (en) | 2011-09-26 | 2016-07-19 | Herakles | Method for extracting solid soluble charges contained in a paste |
CN103073369A (en) * | 2013-01-30 | 2013-05-01 | 中国工程物理研究院化工材料研究所 | Casting-curing insensitive high-explosion-heat explosive and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2888233B1 (en) | 2008-04-25 |
FR2888233A1 (en) | 2007-01-12 |
EP1741690A3 (en) | 2014-11-19 |
EP1741690B1 (en) | 2018-04-04 |
NO342430B1 (en) | 2018-05-22 |
NO20063125L (en) | 2007-01-08 |
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