Classifications

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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/64—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms, e.g. histidine
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/08—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the prostate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
  • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D233/84—Sulfur atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D233/88—Nitrogen atoms, e.g. allantoin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D233/90—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond

Definitions

• the present invention relates to compounds and pharmaceutical compositions useful as hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic agents. More specifically, the present invention concerns certain potent inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase ("HMG-CoA reductase"). The invention further relates to methods of using such compounds and compositions to treat subjects, including humans, suffering from hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, BPH, diabetes and osteoporosis.
• HMG-CoA reductase 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
• statins are the drugs of first choice for management of many lipid disorders.
• Representative statins include atorvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin.
• LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol
• U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,198,425 and 4,262,013 to Mitsue et al. disclose aralkyl derivatives of mevalonolactone which are useful in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Atorvastatin and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are selective, competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase.
• atorvastatin calcium is a potent lipid lowering compound and is thus useful as a hypolipidemic and/or hypocholesterolemic agent, as well as in the treatment of osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease.
• a number of patents have issued disclosing atorvastatin.
• statin therapy Some of the desirable pharmocologic features with statin therapy include potent reversible inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, the ability to produce large reductions in LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), the ability to increase HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), tissue selectivity, optimal pharmacokinetics, availability of once a day dosing and a low potential for drug-drug interactions. Also desirable is the ability to lower circulating very- low-density-lipoprotein(VLDL) as well as the ability to lower triglyceride levels.
• VLDL very- low-density-lipoprotein
• statins display in vitro IC 50 values, using purified human HMG-CoA reductase catalytic domain preparations, of between about 5.4 and about 8.0 nM.
• statins are also the most potent non-HDL-C-lowering statins.
• maximum inhibitory activity is desirable.
• statins generally produce only modest increases in HDL-C. Therefore, the ability to effect greater increases in HDL-C would be advantageous as well.
• tissue selectivity differences among statins in relative lipophilicity or hydrophilicity may influence drug kinetics and tissue selectivity. Relatively hydrophilic drugs may exhibit reduced access to nonhepatic cells as a result of low passive diffusion and increased relative hepatic cell uptake through selective organic ion transport.
• cytochrome P450 cytochrome P450
• Many drugs including the known statins, are metabolized by the CYP3A4 enzyme system.
• statin therapy Two important pharmacokinetic variables for statins are bioavailability and elimination half -life. It would be advantageous to have a statin with limited systemic availability so as to minimize any potential risk of systemic adverse effects, while at the same time having enough systemic availability so that any pleiotropic effects can be observed in the vasculature with statin treatment. These pleiotropic effects include improving or restoring endothelial function, enhancing the stability of atherosclerotic plaques, reduction in blood plasma levels of certain markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein, decreasing oxidative stress and reducing vascular inflammation. (Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 2001 ;
• statin with a long enough elimination hal -life to maximize effectiveness for lowering LDL-C.
• statin that is either not metabolized or minimally metabolized by the CYP 3 A4 systems so as to minimize any potential risk of drug-drug interactions when statins are given in combination with other drugs.
• statin having a combination of desirable properties including high potency in inhibiting ⁇ MG- CoA reductase, the ability to produce large reductions in LDL-C and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol, the ability to increase ⁇ DL cholesterol, selectivity of effect or uptake in hepatic cells, optimal systemic bioavailability, prolonged elimination half -life, and absence or minimal metabolism via the CYP3A4 system.
• This invention provides a novel series of imidazoles as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
• Compounds of the invention are potent inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. Accordingly, the compounds find utility as therapeutic agents to treat hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's Disease, BPH, diabetes and osteoporosis. More specifically, the present invention provides a compound having a Formula I,
• Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, stereoisomer or prodrug thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the prodrug, wherein: is a bond or is absent;
• R 1 is H; Ci-Qs alkyl or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl;
• R 2 is H; halogen; C ⁇ alkyl or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted; aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted;
• R 8 S(OV; -(CH 2 ) n COR'; -(CH 2 ) n NR 6 R 7 ; -(CH 2 ) n COOR' ; or R 6 R 7 NC(O)-;
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently H; aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted with halogen, OR', (CH 2 ) n COOR ⁇ (CH 2 ) n CONR'R",
• R and R taken together form a 4-11 member ring optionally containing up to two heteroatoms selected from O, N and S, said ring being optionally substituted;
• R 4 is C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted; H; halo; aryl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted;
• R 8 is aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl; optionally substituted, R' and R" are each independently H; C ⁇ -C 12 alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; optionally substituted; and n is 0-2. Further provided is a compound having a formula:
• R 1 is H; Ci-C ⁇ alkyl or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl;
• R 2 is H; halogen; C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted;
• Ci-Cio alkyl optionally substituted; (CH 2 ) n COR'; (CH 2 ) n COOR';
• R 4 is C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted; H; halo; aryl or heteroaryl, optionally substituted;
• R 8 is aryl, aralkyl, alkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl; optionally substituted, R' and R" are each independently H; C ⁇ -C 12 alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; optionally substituted; and n is 0-2.
• the present invention provides a compound having a Formula I,
• R 1 is H; Ci-C ⁇ alkyl or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl;
• R 2 is H; halogen; C ⁇ C 6 alkyl or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted; aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted;
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently H; aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted with halogen, OR', (CH 2 ) n COOR ⁇
• R 1 is ethyl.
• R is R R NS(O) 2 - or R 6 R 7 NC(O)-.
• R 2 is - (CH 2 ) n NR 6 R 7 .
• R 6 and R 7 are each independently H; or aralkyl, optionally substituted.
• R and R are each independently H; phenyl, pyridinyl, phenyl-ethyl or benzyl, optionally substituted with halogen, CN, (CH 2 ) n CONR'R", (CH 2 ) n SO 2 R ⁇ OR', or (CH 2 ) n COOR'; and R" and R' are each independently H or lower alkyl.
• R 4 is H; lower alkyl, phenyl or heteroaryl; optionally substituted.
• R 4 is phenyl substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen or -CH 3 ; or pyridinyl.
• R 4 is 4- fluorophenyl, methylfluoro-phenyl or difluorophenyl. Further provided is the above-described compound wherein R ( and R 7 are each independently lower alkyl or phenyl; optionally substituted; or pyridinyl.
• R 7 is phenyl, optionally substituted, and the other one is methyl.
• R 1 is isopropyl.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the above- described compound wherein the salt is a sodium salt or a calcium salt.
• a stereoisomer of the above-described compound comprising a (3R, 5R)- isomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester or amide thereof.
• the (3S, 5R)- isomer of the compound isomer of the compound.
• the present invention provides inter alia the following compounds: (3R,5R)-7-[2-Benzylcarbamoyl-5-(3,4-difluoro-phenyl)-3-isopropyl-3H-imidazol- 4-yl]-3,5- dihydroxy-heptanoic acid; (3R,5R)-7-[2-benzylcarbamoyl-3-propyl-5- (4-fluoro-phenyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-heptanoic acid; (3R,5R)-7-[2- benzylcarbamoyl-3-isobutyl-5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-3,5- dihydroxy-heptanoic acid; (3R,5R)-7-[2-benzylcarbamoyl-3-ethyl-5-(4-fluoro- phenyl)-3H-imidazol
• the above-described compound for the manufacture of a medicament to treat a disease for which an HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor is indicated.
• a combination of the above-described compound and another pharmaceutically active agent is a CTEP inhibitor, a PPAR- activator, an MTP/Apo B secretion inhibitor, a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, a cholesterol synthesis inhibitor, a fibrate, niacin, an ion-exchange resin, an antioxidant, an ACAT inhibitor, a bile sequestrant, an anti-hypertensive agent, or an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising the above-described compound or the above-described combination and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or vehicle. Further provided is the use of the above-described compound, combination or composition, for the manufacture of a medicament to treat atherosclerosis.
• Halo is fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
• Alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, etc. denote both straight and branched groups.
• alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon of from 1 to 11 carbon atoms and includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, and the like.
• Useful alkyl groups have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (Ci-C 6 alkyl).
• the term "lower alkyl” as used herein refers to a subset of alkyl which means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, and the like.
• lower alkyl is referred to as "C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl.”
• haloalkyl refers to a lower alkyl radical, as defined above, bearing at least one halogen substituent, for example, chloromethyl, fluoroethyl, trifluorornethyl, or 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl and the like.
• Haloalkyl can also include perfluoroalkyl wherein all hydrogens of a loweralkyl group are replaced with fluorine atoms.
• alkenyl means a straight or branched unsaturated hydrocarbon radical from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and includes, for example, ethenyl, 1-propenyl,
• alkynyl means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 12 carbon atoms having at least one triple bond and includes, for example, 3- propynyl, 1-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 3-methyl-3-butynyl, 1- hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 3-heptynyl, 1-octynyl, 1-nonynyl, 1-decynyl, 1- undecynyl, 1-dodecynyl, and the like.
• alkylene refers to a divalent group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms by the removal of two hydrogen atoms, for example methylene, 1,2- ethylene, 1,1 -ethylene, 1,3-propylene, 2,2- dimethylpropylene, and the like.
• Useful alkylene groups have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (Ci-C 6 alkylene).
• heteroatom as used herein represents oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur (O, N, or S) as well as sulfoxyl or sulfonyl (SO or SO 2 ) unless otherwise indicated.
• hydrocarbon chain as used herein refers to a straight hydrocarbon of from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
• hydrocarbon-heteroatom chain refers to a hydrocarbon chain wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced with a heteroatom.
• heteroalkylene refers to an alkylene radical as defined above that includes one or more heteroatoms such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen (with valence completed by hydrogen or oxygen) in the carbon chain or terminating the carbon chain.
• lower alkoxy and “lower thioalkoxy” as used herein refers to O-alkyl or S-alkyl of from 1 to 6 carbon atoms as defined above for “lower alkyl.”
• aryl refers to an aromatic ring which is unsubstituted or optionally substituted by 1 to 4 substituents selected from lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower thioalkoxy, -O(CH 2 ) 0-2 CF 3 , halogen, nitro, cyano -OH, -SH, -CF 3 , -CO 2 H, -CO 2 C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, -NR'R", -S(O) 2 alkyl, S(O) 2 aryl, S(O) 2 NR'R", or -CONR'R", where R' and R" are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, akenyl, alkynyl, aryl,
• Examples include, but are not limited to phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3- methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4- methoxyphenyl, 2-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 2-chloro-4-methylphenyl, 2-chloro-5- methylphenyl, 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl, 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl, 4-chloro-2- methylphenyl, 4-chloro-3-methylphenyl, 5-chloro-2-methylphenyl, 2,3- dichlorophenyl, 2,5-dichlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 2,3-dimethylphenyl, 3,4- dimethylphenyl, or the like.
• aryl means a cyclic or polycyclic aromatic ring having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, and being unsubstituted or substituted with up to 4 of the substituent groups recited above for alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl.
• aralkyl as used herein means aryl, as defined above, attached to an alkyl group as defined above.
• heteroaryl means an aromatic ring containing one or more heteroatom.
• heteroaryl means an aromatic mono-, bi-, or polycyclic ring incorporating one or more (i.e. 1-4) heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.
• heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more groups enumerated for aryl.
• heteroaryl include, but are not limited to thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and quinazolinyl, and the like.
• Examples further include 1-, 2-, 4-, or 5-imidazolyl, 1-, 3-, 4-, or 5-pyrazolyl, 2-, 4-, or 5-thiazolyl, 3-, 4-, or 5-isothiazolyl, 2-, 4-, or 5- oxazolyl, 3-, 4-, or 5-isoxazolyl, 1, 3-, or 5-triazolyl, 1-, 2-, or 3-tetrazolyl, 2- pyrazinyl, 2-, 4-, or 5-pyrimidinyl.
• bicyclic heteroaryl compounds include, but are not limited to indolizinyl, isoindolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-indolyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-indolizinyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-isoindolyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7- benzothienyl, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7-benzoxazolyl, 1-, 2-, 4-, 5-, 6-, or 7- benzimidazolyl, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8-quinolinyl, and 1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- isoquinolinyl
• heteroaralkyl as used herein, means heteroaryl, as defined above, attached to an alkyl group is defined above.
• heterocycle means a saturated mono- or polycyclic (i.e. bicyclic) ring incorporating one or more (i.e. 1-4) heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.
• Useful alkyl groups have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl).
• suitable monocyclic heterocycles include, but are not limited to piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, azetidinyl, aziridinyl, morpholinyl, thietanyl, oxetaryl.
• cycloalkyl means a saturated hydrocarbon ring.
• cycloalkyl means a hydrocarbon ring containing from 3 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cycloctyl, decalinyl, norpinanyl, or adamantyl.
• the cycloalkyl ring may be unsubstituted or substituted by 1 to 3 substituents selected from one or more of the substituents selected from lower alkoxy, lower thioalkoxy,
• R' and R" are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, akenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or joined together to form a 4 to 7 member ring; or N, R' and R" taken together form a 4-7 member ring.
• Useful alkyl groups have from 1 to 6 carbon atoms ( -C ⁇ alkyl), wherein alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl are as defined herein.
• substituted cycloalkyl groups include fluorocyclopropyl, 2-iodocyclobutyl, 2,3-dimethylcyclopentyl, 2,2-dimethoxycyclohexyl, and 3-phenylcyclopentyl.
• cycloalkenyl means a cycloalkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon double bond.
• Example includes cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclobutadiene, cyclopentadiene, and the like.
• isomer means “stereoisomer” and “geometric isomer” as defined below.
• stereoisomer means compounds that possess one or more chiral centers and each center may exist in the R or S configuration. Stereoisomers includes all diastereomeric, enantiomeric and epimeric forms as well as racemates and mixtures thereof.
• geometric isomer means compounds that may exist in cis, trans syn, anti,
• E
• Z Zero
• TBIA means tert- Butyhsopropylidene amine.
• DCM means dichloromethane, which is used interchangeably with methylene chloride.
• NBS means N-Bromosuccinimide.
• h means hour, "v/v” means volume ratio or "volume per volume”.
• Rf means retention factor.
• Tf 2 O means "triflic anhydride” or C(F) 3 S(O) 2 OS(O) 2 C(F) 3 or(CF 3 SO 2 )O.
• Ac 2 O means acetic anhydride.
• [Tjrifluorotol.” Or “TFT” means trifluorotoluene.
• DMF means dimethylformamide.
• DCE means dichloroethane.
• Bu means butyl.
• Me means methyl.
• Et means ethyl.
• DBU means l,8-Diazabicyclo-[5.4.0]undec-
• TBS means “TBDMS” or tert-Butyldimethylsilyl.
• DMSO means dimethyl sulfoxide.
• TBAF means tetrabutylammonium fluoride.
• THF means tetrahydrofuran.
• [N]-BuLi or BuLi means n-butyl lithium.
• TFA means trifluoroacetic acid.
• i-Pr means isopropyl.
• [M]in. means minutes, ml or mL means milliliter.
• M or “m” means molar.
• patient means all mammals including humans. Examples of patients include humans, cows, dogs, cats, goats, sheep, pigs, and rabbits.
• a "therapeutically effective amount” is an amount of a compound of the present invention that when administered to a patient ameliorates a symptom of hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atheroscelerois,
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, amide, or prodrug refers to those carboxylate salts, amino acid addition salts, esters, amides, and prodrugs of the compounds of the present invention which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and effective for their intended use, as well as the zwitterionic forms, where possible, of the compounds of the invention.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid or base addition salts of compounds of the present invention.
• salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid or base and isolating the salt thus formed.
• Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts, and the like.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may also include cations based on the alkali and alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like, as well as non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations including, but not limited to ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, ethylamine, and the like. (See, for example, Berge S.M., et al., "Pharmaceutical Salts," /. Pharm.
• the free base form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with a base. While the free base may differ from the salt form in terms of physical properties, such as solubility, the salts are equivalent to their respective free bases for the purposes of the present invention.
• examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic esters of the compounds of this invention include C C 6 alkyl esters wherein the alkyl group is a straight or branched chain. Acceptable esters also include C 5 -C 7 cycloalkyl esters as well as arylalkyl esters such as, but not limited to benzyl. C 1 -C 4 alkyl esters are preferred.
• Esters of the compounds of the present invention may be prepared according to conventional methods.
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, non-toxic amides of the compounds of this invention include amides derived from ammonia, primary Ci-C 6 alkyl amines and secondary C ⁇ . -C 6 dialkyl amines wherein the alkyl groups are straight or branched chain. In the case of secondary amines, the amine may also be in the form of a 5- or 6-membered heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom. Amides derived from ammonia, C C 3 alkyl primary amines and CrC 2 dialkyl secondary amines are preferred. Amides of the compounds of the invention may be prepared according to conventional methods.
• Prodrugs are intended to include any covalently bonded carrier which releases the active parent drug according to Formula I in vivo. Further, the term “prodrug” refers to compounds that are transformed in vivo to yield the parent compound of the above formulae, for example, by hydrolysis in blood. A thorough discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V. Stella, "Pro-drugs as Novel
• prodrugs include acetates, formates, benzoate derivatives of alcohols, and amines present in compounds of Formula I.
• compounds may exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within Formula I and are provided by this invention.
• Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated form as well as solvated form including hydrated form. In general, the solvated form including hydrated form is equivalent to unsolvated form and is intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
• Certain of the compounds of the present invention possess one or more chiral centers and each center may exist in the R or S configuration.
• the present invention includes all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.
• Stereoisomers may be obtained, if desired, by methods known in the art as, for example, the separation of stereoisomers by chiral chromatographic columns and by chiral synthesis.
• the compounds of the present invention may exist as geometric isomers.
• the present invention includes all cis, trans, syn, anti,
• E
• Z isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.
• the compounds of the present invention are suitable to be administered to a patient for the treatment, control, or prevention of, hypercholesteremia, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia, BPH, Alzheimer's Disease, diabetes and osteoprosis.
• treatment refers to reversing, alleviating, or inhibiting the progress of the disease or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disease or condition.
• these terms also encompass, depending on the condition of the patient, preventing the onset of a disease or condition or of symptoms associated with a disease or condition, including reducing the severity of a disease or condition or symptoms associated therewith prior to affliction with said disease or condition.
• prevention or reduction prior to affliction refers to administration of the compound of the invention to a subject that is not at the time of administration afflicted with the disease or condition. "Preventing” also encompasses preventing the recurrence of a disease or condition or of symptoms associated therewith. Accordingly, the compounds of the present invention can be administered to a patient alone or as part of a composition that contains other components such as excipients, diluents, and carriers, all of which are well-known in the art.
• compositions suitable for parenteral injection may comprise physiologically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
• aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles examples include water, ethanol, polyols (propyleneglycol, polyethyleneglycol, glycerol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil), and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
• a coating such as lecithin
• surfactants such as surfactants.
• These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispensing agents.
• microorganisms Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, for example sugars, sodium chloride, and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
• Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
• the active compound is admixed with at least one inert customary excipient (or carrier) such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate or
• fillers or extenders as for example, starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid
• binders as for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alignates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, and acacia
• humectants as for example, glycerol
• disintegrating agents as for example, agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain complex silicates, and sodium carbonate
• solution retarders as for example paraffin
• absorption accelerators as for example, quaternary ammonium compounds
• wetting agents as for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate
• wetting agents as for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate
• wetting agents as for
• the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents.
• Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethyleneglycols, and the like.
• Solid dosage forms such as tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and others well- known in the art. They may contain opacifying agents, and can also be of such composition that they release the active compound or compounds in a certain part of the intestinal tract in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used are polymeric substances and waxes.
• the active compounds can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, as for example, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol, 1,3-butyleneglycol, dimethylformamide, oils, in particular, cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, corn germ oil, olive oil, castor oil and sesame oil, glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethyleneglycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan or mixtures of these substances, and the like.
• inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, as for example, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate,
• the composition can also include adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
• adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents.
• Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents, as for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances, and the like.
• compositions for rectal administrations are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of the present invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethyleneglycol, or a suppository wax, which are solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at body temperature and therefore, melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active component.
• suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethyleneglycol, or a suppository wax, which are solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at body temperature and therefore, melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active component.
• Dosage forms for topical administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, powders, sprays, and inhalants.
• the active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a physiologically acceptable carrier and any preservatives, buffers, or propellants as may be required.
• Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
• the compounds of the present invention can be administered to a patient at dosage levels in the range of about 0.1 to about 2,000 mg per day.
• a dosage in the range of about 0.01 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day is preferable.
• the specific dosage used can vary.
• the dosage can depend on a numbers of factors including the requirements of the patient, the severity of the condition being treated, and the pharmacological activity of the compound being used. The determination of optimum dosages for a particular patient is well- known to those skilled in the art.
• the compounds of this invention may be used, either alone or in combination with the other pharmaceutical agents described herein, in the treatment of the following diseases/conditions: dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, cardiovascular disorders, angina, ischemia, cardiac ischemia, stroke, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, angioplastic restenosis, hypertension, diabetes and vascular complications of diabetes, obesity, unstable angina pectoris, Alzheimer's Disease, BPH, osteoporosis, cerebrovascular disease, coronary artery disease, ventricular dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmia, pulmonary vascular disease, renal-vascular disease, renal disease, vascular hemostatic disease, autoimmune disorders, pulmonary disease, sexual dysfunction, cognitive dysfunction, cancer, organ transplant rejection, psoriasis, endometriosis, and macular degeneration.
• diseases/conditions dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, cardiovascular disorders, angina
• the compounds of this invention may also be used in conjunction with other pharmaceutical agents (e.g., HDL-cholesterol raising agents, triglyceride lowering agents) for the treatment of the disease/conditions described herein.
• a combination aspect of this invention includes a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of this invention or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt and at least one other compound.
• the compounds of this invention may be used in combination with cholesterol absorption inhibitors, MTP/Apo B secretion inhibitors, or other cholesterol modulating agents such as fibrates, niacin, ion-exchange resins, antioxidants, ACAT inhibitors, PPAR-activators, CETP inhibitors or bile acid sequestrants.
• cholesterol absorption inhibition refers to the ability of a compound to prevent cholesterol contained within the lumen of the intestine from entering into the intestinal cells and/or passing from within the intestinal cells into the blood stream.
• cholesterol absorption inhibition activity is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., J. Lipid Res. (1993) 34: 377-395).
• Cholesterol absorption inhibitors are known to those skilled in the art and are described, for example, in PCT WO 94/00480.
• CETP inhibitor refers to compounds that inhibit the transfer of cholesteryl ester and triglyceride between lipoprotein particles, including high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and chylomicrons.
• HDL high density lipoproteins
• LDL low density lipoproteins
• VLDL very low density lipoproteins
• chylomicrons The net result of CETP activity is a lowering of HDL cholesterol and an increase in LDL cholesterol, such net effect therefore being pro-atherogenic.
• the effect of a CETP inhibitor on lipoprotein profile is believed to be anti-atherogenic.
• Such inhibition is readily determined by those skilled in the art by determining the amount of agent required to alter plasma lipid levels, for example HDL cholesterol levels, LDL cholesterol levels, VLDL cholesterol levels or triglycerides, in the plasma of certain mammals, (e.g., Crook et al. Arteriosclerosis 10, 625, 1990; U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,343).
• agent required to alter plasma lipid levels for example HDL cholesterol levels, LDL cholesterol levels, VLDL cholesterol levels or triglycerides
• 6,197,786, 6,723,752 and 6,723,753 disclose cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors, pharmaceutical compositions containing such inhibitors and the use of such inhibitors to elevate certain plasma lipid levels, including high density lipoprotein-cholesterol and to lower certain other plasma lipid levels, such as LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides and accordingly to treat diseases which are exacerbated by low levels of HDL cholesterol and/or high levels of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, such as atherosclerosis and cardiovascualar diseases in some mammals, including humans.
• CETP inhibitors include the following compounds: [2R, 4S]4-[(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-methoxycarbonyl-amino]-2-ethyl-6- trifluoromethyl-3,4-dihydroxycarbonyl-amino]-2-ethyl-6-trifluoromethyl-3,4- dihydro-2H-quinoline-l-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, which is also known as TorcetrapibTM , and 3- ⁇ [3-(4-Chloro-3-ethyl-phenoxy)- ⁇ henyl]-[3-(l, 1,2,2- tetrafluoro-ethoxy)-benzyl]-amino ⁇ -l,l,l-trifluoro-propan-2-ol.
• CETP inhibitors of this invention are poorly soluble and a dosage form that increases solubility facilitates the administration of such compounds.
• One such dosage form is a dosage form comprising (1) a solid amorphous dispersion comprising a cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor and an acidic concentration-enhancing polymer; and (2) an acid-sensitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.
• CETP cholesteryl ester transfer protein
• This dosage form is more fully described in USSN 10/739,567 and entitled "Dosage Forms Comprising a CETP Inhibitor and an HMG-CoA
• PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
• PPAR-alpha Three mammalian peroxisome proliferator- activated receptors have been isolated and termed PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and PPAR-beta (also known as NUCl or PPAR-delta). These PPARs regulate expression of target genes by binding to DNA sequence elements, termed PPAR response elements.
• PPAR-gamma receptors are associated with regulation of insulin sensitivity and blood glucose levels.
• PPAR- activators are associated with lowering plasma triglycerides and LDL cholesterol.
• PPAR- ⁇ activators have been reported to both increase HDL-C levels and to decrease LDL-C levels. Thus, activation of PPAR- ⁇ alone, or in combination with the simultaneous activation of PPAR- ⁇ and or PPAR-gamma may be desirable in formulating a treatment for dyslipidemia in which HDL is increased and LDL lowered.
• PPAR-activation is readily determined by those skilled in the art by the standard assays (e.g. US 2003/0225158 and US 2004/0157885). A variety of these compounds are described and referenced below, however other PPAR-activator compounds will be known to those skilled in the art. The following patents and published patent applications, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference, provides a sampling.
• US 2003/0225158 discloses compounds that alter PPAR activity and methods of using them as therapeutic agents for treating or preventing dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis and hypertriglyceridemia.
• U.S. Pat. No. 6,710,063 discloses selective activators of
• PPAR delta US 2003/0171377 discloses certain PPAR-activator compounds that are useful as anti-diabetic agents.
• US 2004/0157885 relates to PPAR agonists, in particular, certain PPAR ⁇ agonists, pharmaceutical compositions containing such agonists and the use of such agonists to treat atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and
• PPAR-activator compounds include the following compounds:
• MTP/Apo B secretion inhibitor refers to compounds, which inhibit the secretion of triglycerides, cholesteryl ester and phospholipids.
• ACAT inhibitor refers to compounds that inhibit the intracellular esterification of dietary cholesterol by the enzyme acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. Such inhibition may be determined readily by one of skill in the art according to standard assays, such as the method of Heider et al. described in Journal of Lipid Research. 24: 1127 (1983). A variety of these compounds are known to those skilled in the art, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,379 discloses certain carboxysulfonates, while WO 96/26948 and WO 96/10559 both disclose urea derivatives having ACAT inhibitory activity.
• a lipase inhibitor can serve in the combination therapy aspect of the present invention.
• a lipase inhibitor is a compound that inhibits the metabolic cleavage of dietary triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. Under normal physiological conditions, lipolysis occurs via a two-step process that involves acylation of an activated serine moiety of the lipase enzyme. This leads to the production of a fatty acid-lipase hemiacetal intermediate, which is then cleaved to release a diglyceride.
• the lipase-fatty acid intermediate is cleaved, resulting in free lipase, a monoglyceride and a fatty acid.
• the resultant free fatty acids and monoglycerides are incorporated into bile acid-phospholipid micelles, which are subsequently absorbed at the level of the brush border of the small intestine.
• the micelles eventually enter the peripheral circulation as chylomicrons.
• lipase inhibition activity is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., Methods Enzymol. 286: 190-231).
• Pancreatic lipase mediates the metabolic cleavage of fatty acids from triglycerides at the 1- and 3-carbon positions.
• pancreatic lipase The primary site of the metabolism of ingested fats is in the duodenum and proximal jejunum by pancreatic lipase, " which is usually secreted in vast excess of the amounts necessary for the breakdown of fats in the upper small intestine. Because pancreatic lipase is the primary enzyme required for the absorption of dietary triglycerides, inhibitors have utility in the treatment of obesity and the other related conditions. Such pancreatic lipase inhibition activity is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., Methods Enzymol. 286: 190-231). Gastric lipase is an immunologically distinct lipase that is responsible for approximately 10 to 40% of the digestion of dietary fats.
• Gastric lipase is secreted in response to mechanical stimulation, ingestion of food, the presence of a fatty meal or by sympathetic agents.
• Gastric lipolysis of ingested fats is of physiological importance in the provision of fatty acids needed to trigger pancreatic lipase activity in the intestine and is also of importance for fat absorption in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions associated with pancreatic insufficiency. See, for example, C. K. Abrams, et al.,
• Such gastric lipase inhibition activity is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., Methods Enzymol. 286: 190-231).
• a variety of gastric and/or pancreatic lipase inhibitors are known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• Preferred lipase inhibitors are those inhibitors that are selected from the group consisting of lipstatin, tetrahydrolipstatin (orlistat), valilactone, esterastin, ebelactone A, and ebelactone B.
• the compound tetrahydrolipstatin is especially preferred.
• the lipase inhibitor N-3- trifluoromethylphenyl-N' ⁇ 3-chloro-4'-trifluoromethylphenylurea, and the various urea derivatives related thereto, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,405,644.
• the lipase inhibitor, esteracin, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,189,438 and 4,242,453.
• the lipase inhibitor, cyclo-O,O'-[(l,6-hexanediyl)-bis-(iminoc- arbonyl)]dioxime, and the various bis(iminocarbonyl)dioximes related thereto may be prepared as described in Petersen et al., Liebig's Annalen, 562, 205-229 (1949). A variety of pancreatic lipase inhibitors are described herein below.
• tetrahydrolipstatin is prepared as described in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,274,143; 5,420,305; 5,540,917; and 5,643,874.
• pancreatic lipase inhibitor FL-386, l-[4-(2-methylpropyl)cyclohexyl]-2-[- (phenylsulfonyl)oxyj-ethanone, and the variously substituted sulfonate derivatives related thereto, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,452,813.
• the pancreatic lipase inhibitor, WAY-121898, 4-phenoxyphenyl-4-methylpipe- ridin-1-yl-carboxylate, and the various carbamate esters and pharmaceutically acceptable salts related thereto are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,512,565; 5,391,571 and 5,602,151.
• pancreatic lipase inhibitor, valilactone, and a process for the preparation thereof by the microbial cultivation of Actinomycetes strain MG147-CF2 are disclosed in Kitahara, et al., J. Antibiotics, 40 (11), 1647-1650 (1987).
• the pancreatic lipase inhibitors, ebelactone A and ebelactone B, and a process for the preparation thereof by the microbial cultivation of Actinomycetes strain MG7-G1 are disclosed in Umezawa, et al., J. Antibiotics, 33, 1594-1596 (1980).
• the use of ebelactones A and B in the suppression of monoglyceride formation is disclosed in Japanese Kokai 08-143457, published Jun.
• hyperlipidemia including hypercholesterolemia and which are intended to help prevent or treat atherosclerosis
• bile acid sequestrants such as Welchol , Colestid ® , LoCholest ® , Questran ® and fibric acid derivatives, such as Atromid ® , Lopid ® and Tricor ® - Compunds of the present invention can be used with anti-diabetic compounds.
• Diabetes can be treated by administering to a patient having diabetes (especially Type II), insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, or the like, or any of the diabetic complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy or cataracts, a therapeutically effective amount of a Formula I compound in combination with other agents (e.g., insulin) that can be used to treat diabetes.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a Formula I compound in combination with other agents e.g., insulin
• Any glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor can be used in combination with a
• glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor refers to compounds that inhibit the bioconversion of glycogen to glucose- 1 -phosphate which is catalyzed by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. Such glycogen phosphorylase inhibition activity is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., J. Med. Chem. 41 (1998)
• glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors are known to those skilled in the art including those described in WO 96/39384 and WO 96/39385. Any aldose reductase inhibitor can be used in combination with a Formula I compound of the present invention.
• aldose reductase inhibitor refers to compounds that inhibit the bioconversion of glucose to sorbitol, which is catalyzed by the enzyme aldose reductase. Aldose reductase inhibition is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., J. Malone, Diabetes, 29:861-864 (1980). "Red Cell Sorbitol, an Indicator of Diabetic Control").
• sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors A variety of aldose reductase inhibitors are known to those skilled in the art. Any sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor can be used in combination with a Formula I compound of the present invention.
• the term sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor refers to compounds that inhibit the bioconversion of sorbitol to fructose which is catalyzed by the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase.
• Such sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitor activity is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., Analyt. Biochem (2000) 280: 329-331).
• a variety of sorbitol dehydrogenase inhibitors are known, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.
• 5,728,704 and 5,866,578 disclose compounds and a method for treating or preventing diabetic complications by inhibiting the enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase.
• Any glucosidase inhibitor can be used in combination with a Formula I compound of the present invention.
• a glucosidase inhibitor inhibits the enzymatic hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates by glycoside hydrolases, for example amylase or maltase, into bioavailable simple sugars, for example, glucose.
• glycoside hydrolases for example amylase or maltase
• hypoglycemia frequently occurs, due to the augmented levels of insulin present. Additionally, it is known chyme remaining in the stomach promotes the production of gastric juice, which initiates or favors the development of gastritis or duodenal ulcers. Accordingly, glucosidase inhibitors are known to have utility in accelerating the passage of carbohydrates through the stomach and inhibiting the absorption of glucose from the intestine. Furthermore, the conversion of carbohydrates into lipids of the fatty tissue and the subsequent incorporation of alimentary fat into fatty tissue deposits is accordingly reduced or delayed, with the concomitant benefit of reducing or preventing the deleterious abnormalities resulting therefrom.
• a generally preferred glucosidase inhibitor includes an amylase inhibitor.
• An amylase inhibitor is a glucosidase inhibitor that inhibits the enzymatic degradation of starch or glycogen into maltose.
• amylase inhibition activity is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., Methods Enzymol. (1955) 1: 149). The inhibition of such enzymatic degradation is beneficial in reducing amounts of bioavailable sugars, including glucose and maltose, and the concomitant deleterious conditions resulting therefrom.
• glucosidase inhibitors are known to one of ordinary skill in the art and examples are provided below.
• Preferred glucosidase inhibitors are those inhibitors that are selected from the group consisting of acarbose, adiposine, voglibose, miglitol, emiglitate, camiglibose, tendamistate, trestatin, pradimicin-Q and salbostatin.
• the glucosidase inhibitor, acarbose, and the various amino sugar derivatives related thereto are disclosed in U.S . Pat. Nos. 4,062,950 and 4, 174,439 respectively.
• the glucosidase inhibitor, adiposine is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,256.
• the glucosidase inhibitor, voglibose, 3,4-dideoxy-4-[[2-hydroxy-l- (hydroxymethyl)ethyl] amino] -2-C-(hydroxymethy- l)-D-epi-inositol, and the various N-substituted pseudo-aminosugars related thereto, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.4,701,559.
• the glucosidase inhibitor miglitol, (2R,3R,4R,5S)-l-(2- hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydr- oxymethyl)-3,4,5-piperidinetriol, and the various 3,4,5- trihydroxypiperidines related thereto, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,436.
• the glucosidase inhibitor, emiglitate, ethyl p-[2-[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5-trihyd- roxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidino]ethoxy]-benzoate, the various derivatives related thereto and pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• the glucosidase inhibitor, MDL-25637, 2,6- dideoxy-7-O-.beta.-D-glucopyrano-syl-2,6-imino ⁇ D-glycero-L-gluco-heptitol, the various homodisaccharides related thereto and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts thereof, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,765.
• the glucosidase inhibitor, camiglibose, methyl 6-deoxy-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S)-3,4,5- trihydroxy-2-(hydroxym- ethyl)piperidino]-.alpha.-D-glucopyranoside sesquihydrate, the deoxy-nojirimycin derivatives related thereto, the various pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and synthetic methods for the preparation thereof, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,157,116 and 5,504,078.
• the glycosidase inhibitor, salbostatin and the various pseudosaccharides related thereto, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,524.
• a variety of amylase inhibitors are known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• amylase inhibitor tendamistat and the various cyclic peptides related thereto, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,455.
• the amylase inhibitor AI-3688 and the various cyclic polypeptides related thereto are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,714.
• the amylase inhibitor, trestatin, consisting of a mixture of trestatin A, trestatin B and trestatin C and the various trehalose-containing aminosugars related thereto are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,273,765.
• Additional anti-diabetic compounds which can be used in combination with a Formula I compound of the present invention, includes, for example, the following: biguanides (e.g., metformin), insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulfonylureas and glinides), glitazones, non-glitazone PPAR.gamma. agonists, PPAR.beta.
• biguanides e.g., metformin
• insulin secretagogues e.g., sulfonylureas and glinides
• glitazones e.g., non-glitazone PPAR.gamma.
• PPAR.gamma e.g., sulfonylureas and glinides
• agonists inhibitors of DPP-1N, inhibitors of PDE5, inhibitors of GSK-3, glucagon antagonists, inhibitors of f-l,6-BPase (Metabasis/Sankyo), GLP-1/analogs (AC 2993, also known as exendin-4), insulin and insulin mimetics (Merck natural products).
• Other examples would include PKC-.beta. inhibitors and AGE breakers.
• Compounds of the present invention can be used in combination with anti- obesity agents. Any anti-obesity agent can be used in such combinations and examples are provided herein. Such anti-obesity activity is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays known in the art.
• Suitable anti-obesity agents include phenylpropanolamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phentermine, .beta..sub.3 adrenergic receptor agonists, apolipoprotein-B secretion/microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (apo-B/MTP) inhibitors, MCR- 4 agonists, cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) agonists, monoamine reuptake inhibitors
• tetrahydrolipstatin i.e., sibutramine
• sympathomimetic agents e.g., serotoninergic agents
• cannabinoid receptor antagonists e.g., rimonabant (SR ⁇ 141,716A)
• dopamine agonists e.g., bromocriptine
• melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor analogs e.g., 5HT2c agonists, melanin concentrating hormone antagonists
• leptin the OB protein
• leptin analogs e.g., leptin receptor agonists
• galanin antagonists e.g., lipase inhibitors (e.g., tetrahydrolipstatin, i.e.
• bombesin agonists e.g., a bombesin agonist
• anorectic agents e.g., a bombesin agonist
• Neuropeptide-Y antagonists e.g., thyroxine, thyromimetic agents, dehydroepiandrosterones or analogs thereof, glucocorticoid receptor agonists or antagonists, orexin receptor antagonists, urocortin binding protein antagonists, glucagon-like peptide- 1 receptor agonists, ciliary neurotrophic factors (e.g.,
• Axokine.TM. human agouti-related proteins (AGRP), ghrelin receptor antagonists, histamine 3 receptor antagonists or inverse agonists, neuromedin U receptor agonists, and the like.
• Any thyromimetic can be used in combination with compounds of the present invention. Such thyromimetic activity is readily determined by those skilled in the art according to standard assays (e.g., Atherosclerosis (1996) 126: 53-63).
• a variety of thyromimetic agents are known to those skilled in the art, for example those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
• antiobesity agents include sibutramine which can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No.
• Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease, characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture.
• the condition affects more than 25 million people and causes more than 1.3 million fractures each year, including 500,000 spine, 250,000 hip and 240,000 wrist fractures annually.
• Hip fractures are the most serious consequence of osteoporosis, with 5-20% of patients dying within one year, and over 50% of survivors being incapacitated.
• the elderly are at greatest risk of osteoporosis, and the problem is therefore predicted to increase significantly with the aging of the population.
• Worldwide fracture incidence is forecasted to increase three-fold over the next 60 years, and one study has estimated that there will be 4.5 million hip fractures worldwide in 2050.
• Women are at greater risk of osteoporosis than men. Women experience a sharp acceleration of bone loss during the five years following menopause.
• Other factors that increase the risk include smoking, alcohol abuse, a sedentary lifestyle and low calcium intake.
• anti-resorptive agents for example progestins, polyphosphonates, bisphosphonate(s), estrogen agonists/antagonists, estrogen, estrogen/progestin combinations, Premarin.RTM., estrone, estriol or 17. alpha.- or 17.beta.-ethynyl estradiol
• anti-resorptive agents for example progestins, polyphosphonates, bisphosphonate(s), estrogen agonists/antagonists, estrogen, estrogen/progestin combinations, Premarin.RTM., estrone, estriol or 17. alpha.- or 17.beta.-ethynyl estradiol
• progestins are available from commercial sources and include: algestone acetophenide, altrenogest, amadinone acetate, anagestone acetate, chlormadinone acetate, cingestol, clogestone acetate, clomegestone acetate, delmadinone acetate, desogestrel, dimethisterone, dydrogesterone, ethynerone, ethynodiol diacetate, etonogestrel, flurogestone acetate, gestaclone, gestodene, gestonorone caproate, gestrinone, haloprogesterone, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, levonorgestrel, lynestrenol, medrogestone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, melengestrol acetate, methynodiol diacetate, norethindrone, norethindrone
• Preferred progestins are medroxyprogestrone, norethindrone and norethynodrel.
• Exemplary bone resorption inhibiting polyphosphonates include polyphosphonates of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,683,080, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Preferred polyphosphonates are geminal diphosphonates (also referred to as bis-phosphonates).
• Tiludronate disodium is an especially preferred polyphosphonate.
• Ibandronic acid is an especially preferred polyphosphonate.
• Alendronate and resindronate are especially preferred polyphosphonates. Zoledronic acid is an especially preferred polyphosphonate.
• polyphosphonates are 6-amino-l-hydroxy- hexylidene-bisphosphonic acid and l-hydroxy-3(methylpentylamino)- propylidene-bisphosphonic acid.
• the polyphosphonates may be administered in the form of the acid, or of a soluble alkali metal salt or alkaline earth metal salt. Hydrolyzable esters of the polyphosphonates are likewise included.
• Specific examples include ethane- 1 -hydroxy 1,1-diphosphonic acid, methane diphosphonic acid, pentane-1 -hydroxy- 1,1 -diphosphonic acid, methane dichloro diphosphonic acid, methane hydroxy diphosphonic acid, ethane- 1 -amino- 1,1 -diphosphonic acid, ethane-2-amino- 1 , 1 -diphosphonic acid, propane-3 -amino- 1 -hydroxy- 1,1- diphosphonic acid, propane-N,N-dimethyl-3-amino- 1 -hydroxy- 1 , 1 -diphosphonic acid, propane-3,3-dimethyl-3-amino-l-hydroxy-l,l-diphosphonic acid, phenyl amino methane diphosphonic acid, N,N-dimethylamino methane diphosphonic acid, N(2-hydroxyethyl) amino methane diphosphonic acid, butane-4-amino-l-
• the compounds of this invention may be combined with a mammalian estrogen agonist/antagonist. Any estrogen agonist/antagonist may be used as the second compound of this invention.
• the term estrogen agonist antagonist refers to compounds which bind with the estrogen receptor, inhibit bone turnover and/or prevent bone loss.
• estrogen agonists are herein defined as chemical compounds capable of binding to the estrogen receptor sites in mammalian tissue, and mimicking the actions of estrogen in one or more tissue.
• Estrogen antagonists are herein defined as chemical compounds capable of binding to the estrogen receptor sites in mammalian tissue, and blocking the actions of estrogen in one or more tissues.
• Another preferred estrogen agonist/antagonist is 3-(4-(l,2-diphenyl-but-l- enyl)-phenyl)-acrylic acid, which is disclosed in Willson et al., Endocrinology, 1997, 138, 3901-3911.
• Another preferred estrogen agonist/antagonist is tamoxifen: (ethanamine,2-(-4-(l ,2-diphenyl-l-butenyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethyl,
• Another related compound is 4-hydroxy tamoxifen, which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,623,660, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• a preferred estrogen agonist/antagonist is raloxifene: (methanone, (6- hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzo[b]thien-3-yl)(4-(2-(l-piperidinyl)eth- oxy)phenyl)-hydrochloride) which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• Another preferred estrogen agonist/antagonist is toremifene: (ethanamine, 2-(4-(4- chloro-l,2-diphenyl-l-butenyl)phenoxy)-N,N-dimethyl ⁇ , (Z)-, 2-hydroxy- 1,2,3 - propanetricarboxylate (1:1) which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,225, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• centchroman l-(2-((4-(-methoxy-2,2, dimethyl-3- phenyl-chroman-4-yl)-phenoxy)-ethyl)-p- yrrolidine, which is disclosed in U.S.
• levormeloxifene is levormeloxifene.
• Another preferred estrogen agonist/antagonist is idoxifene: (E)-l-(2-(4-(l-(4-iodo-phenyl) ⁇ 2-phenyl-but-l-enyl)-phenoxy)- ethyl)-pyrro- lidinone, which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,839,155, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Another preferred estrogen agonist/antagonist is 2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-3-[4-(2- piperidin-l-yl-ethoxy)-phenoxy]-benzo[b]thio- phen-6-ol which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,488,058, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• Another preferred estrogen agonist/antagonist is 6-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-
• Another preferred estrogen agonist/antagonist is (4-(2-(2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-
• estrogen agonist antagonists include compounds as described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,412, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Especially preferred compounds described therein are: cis-6-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(4-(2-piperidin-l-yl-ethoxy)-phenyl)-5,6,- 7,8- tetrahydro-naphthalene-2-ol ;
• Any compound that is an antihypertensive agent may be used in a combination aspect of this invention.
• Such compounds include amlodipine and related dihydropyridine compounds, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ("ACE-Inhibitors"), angiotensin-II receptor antagonists, beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers.
• ACE-Inhibitors angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
• angiotensin-II receptor antagonists angiotensin-II receptor antagonists
• beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers.
• Such antihypertensive activity is determined by thoseskilled in the art according to standard tests (e.g. blood pressure measurements).
• Amlodipine and related dihydropyridine compounds are disclosed in U.S.
• amlodipine benzenesulfonate salt also termed amlodipine besylate.
• Amlodipine and amlodipine besylate are potent and long lasting calcium channel blockers.
• amlodipine, amlodipine besylate and other pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of amlodipine have utility as antihypertensive agents and as antiischemic agents.
• Amlodipine and its pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts are also disclosed in U.S. Pat.
• Calcium channel blockers which are within the scope of this invention include, but are not limited to: bepridil, which may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,962, 238 or U.S. Reissue No. 30,577; clentiazem, which may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,567,175; diltiazem, which may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,562, fendiline, which may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• gallopamil which may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,261,859; mibefradil, prenylamine, semotiadil, terodiline, verapamil, aranipine, barnidipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, efonidipine, elgodipine, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, manidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nilvadipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, cinnarizine, flunarizine, lidoflazine, lomerizine, bencyclane, etafenone, and perhexiline
• mibefradil prenylamine, semotiadil, terodiline, verapamil, aranipine, barnidipine,
• Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors which are within the scope of this invention include, but are not limited to: alacepril, which may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,883; benazepril, which may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• Angiotensin-II receptor antagonists which are within the scope of this invention include, but are not limited to: candesartan, which may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers (beta- or .beta.-blockers) which are within the scope of this invention include, but are not limited to: acebutolol, which may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,857,952; alprenolol, amosulalol, which may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• Alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers (alpha- or .alpha. -blockers) which are within the scope of this invention include, but are not limited to: amosulalol, which may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,217,307; arotinolol, which may be prepared as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
• acetylcholine esterase inhibitors examples include donepezil (Aricept ® ), tacrine (Cognex ® ), rivastigmine (Exelon ® ) and galantamine (Reminyl).
• Aricept ® is disclosed in the following U.S. patents, all of which are fully incorporated herein by reference: 4,895,841, 5,985,864, 6,140,321, 6,245,911 and 6,372,760.
• Exelon ® is disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,948,807 and 5,602,176 which are fully incorporated herein by reference.
• Cognex ® is disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,631,286 and 4,816,456 (fully incorporated herein by reference). Remynil ® is disclosed in U.S. Patent
• the present invention contains compounds that can be synthesized in a number of ways familiar to one skilled in organic synthesis.
• the compounds outlined herein can be synthesized according to the methods described below, along with methods typically used by a synthetic organic chemist, and combinations or variations of those methods, which are generally known to one skilled in the art of synthetic chemistry.
• the synthetic route of compounds in the present invention is not limited to the methods outlined below. It is assumed that one skilled in the art will be able to use the schemes below to synthesize compounds claimed in this invention. Individual compounds may require manipulation of the conditions in order to accommodate various functional groups. A variety of protecting groups known to one skilled in the art may be required.
• Scheme la shows a further example wherein is absent, R 1 is isopropyl, R 2 is
• R 6 R 7 NC(O)- one of R 6 and R 7 is H, the other one of R 6 and R 7 is benzyl and R 4 is 4-fluorophenyl.
• compound la is prepared by cycloaddition of l-(isocyano- 4-fluorophenyl-methanesulfonyl)-4-methyl-benzene with the imine formed in situ from the condensation of isopropyl amine with dimethoxy-acetaldehyde. (/. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 4529 and references therein) Treatment of compound la with n- butyl lithium and reaction of the resulting 2-lithiated imidazole with benzyl isocyanate provides compound 2a, which is deprotected under acidic conditions to give compound 3a.
• Compound 4a is obtained by condensation of compound 3a and the optically active ylide (R)-3-(tert-Butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy)-5-oxo-6 ⁇ (triphenyl- ⁇ 5 -phosphanylidene)-hexanoic acid methyl ester (Konoike, T.; Araki, Y. /. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 7849). Catalytic hydrogenation of compound 4a provides compound 5a which is deprotected on treatment with hydrogen fluoride to give Compound 6a. Diastereoselective reduction of compound 6a with sodium borohydride in the presence of diethylmethoxyborane yields compound 7a.
• R optically active ylide
• Scheme 2a shows a further example.
• tribromoimidazole 9a can be alkylated with isopropyl iodide to form N-alkyl imidazole 10a.
• Treatment of tribromide 10a with leq of n-butyllithium affords a 2-lithio-imidazole intermediate which undergoes reaction with benzylisocyanate.
• the resultant lithioamide is not isolated, but is treated with an additional 1 eq of n-butyllithium to affect lithiation at the 5-position. Treatiment of this dianion with DMF affords, after workup, aldehyde Ila.
• condensation of isocyanides of formula 12 with TBSOCH 2 CHO and primary amines of formula R 1 NH 2 can afford imidazoles of formula 13.
• Deprotection of the silyl ether with acetic acid may then generate alcohols of formula 14, which may then be converted to phosphonium salts of formula 15 with triphenylphosphine and HBr.
• Deprotonation of phosphonium salts of formula 15 with a suitable base such as n-butyllithium, for example, followed by addition of an appropriate aldehyde can afford olefins of formula 16, which may be reduced by catalytic hydrogenation to afford imidazoles of formula 17.
• Bromination with N-bromosuccinimide may then produce bromides of formula 18, which can be reacted with R 6 R 7 NH in the presence of an appropriate palladium catalyst to afford aminoimidazoles of formula 19.
• compound 18 may be reacted with primary amines, to afford aminoimidazoles of formula 20.
• Further reaction with an acylating or sulfonylating agent, such as R 7 COCl, R 7 NCO, R 7 OCOCl or R 7 SO 2 Cl can lead to the formation of acylated or sulfonylated amines. Cleavage of the ketal and tert-butyl ester protecting groups can then be accomplished with aqueous acid to afford the final products 22.
• Scheme 3a shows an alternate route to similar compounds.
• ⁇ -oximinoketones 23 which can be prepared from their substituted acetone precursors via nitrosation with alkyl nitrites, for example, are converted to imidazole N-oxides 25 upon treatment with 1,3,5-trisubstituted hexahydro- 1,3,5-triazines 24 which are either commercially available or prepared from amines R 1 NH 2 and formaldehyde (Helv. Chim. Acta 1998, 81, 1585, and references cited therein).
• the cis/trans olefin isomers 32 can be separated by chromatography and the saponification carried out to give the final products 34 wherein is a bond.
• Scheme 4 shows the preparation of compounds of the invention wherein is absent and R 2 is SO 2 NR 6 R 7 , starting with compound 17. 17 35
• Scheme 5 shows the preparation of compounds of the invention wherein -IS a bond.
• step 1 a suitable 5-formyl-l,2,4-trisubstituted imidazole 38 can be reacted with ylide (3R)-3-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)-5-oxo-6- triphenyfphosphoranylidenehexanoate to afford enone 39.
• step 2 reduction of enone 39 with sodium or potassium borohydride affords a separable mixture of epimeric alcohols 40 and 41.
• Solvents for this transformation include methanol and isopropanol at temperatures between -78 °C and 0 °C.
• step 3 treatment of silyl ethers 40 or 41 with tetrabutylammonium fluoride affords the diols 42 or 43 respectively.
• lactones 44 or 45 may be further formed from methyl esters 42 or 46 during step 3.
• the mixtures of methyl esters and lactones may be separated or may be used together in the final saponification.
• step 4 treatment of 42 [and/or 44] or 46 [and/or 45] with aqueous sodium hydroxide affords sodium salts 46 or 47 respectively.
• Scheme 6 shows the preparation of compounds of the invention wherein R 2 is -
• imidazole-2-carboxaldehydes 49 can be prepared from imidazoles 48 (prepared as in Scheme 1) by treatment with a base such as n-butyllithium or lithium diisopropylamide and reaction of the resulting 2-lithiated imidazole with N,N- dimethylformamide. Reductive amination with amines R 6 NH 2 then affords the 2- (aminomethyl)imidazoles 50 which can be acylated or sulfonylated as in Scheme 3a to provide intermediates 51.
• a base such as n-butyllithium or lithium diisopropylamide
• Reductive amination with amines R 6 NH 2 then affords the 2- (aminomethyl)imidazoles 50 which can be acylated or sulfonylated as in Scheme 3a to provide intermediates 51.
• imidazole-2-carboxaldehydes 49 can be converted to their oxime derivatives upon treatment with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and then reduced under catalytic hydrogenation conditions, for example, to give 2- (aminomethyl)imidazoles 50 wherein R 6 is H.
• Deprotection of the acetals 51 under acidic conditions gives the 5-formylimidazoles 52 which are converted to the final products 53 using the methods described in Scheme 3a for the conversion of structures 28 to their final products 34.
• Example 1 shows the preparation of a compound of Formula I wherein wherein R 1 is isopropyl, R 2 is R 6 R 7 NC(O)- and R 4 is 4-fluorophenyl. In Example 1, one of R 6 and R 7 is H and the other one of R 6 and R 7 is benzyl.
• Example 1 (3R,5R)-7-[2-benzylcarbamoyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-isopropyl-3H-imidazol-4- yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-heptanoic acid sodium salt.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with water (20mL) and extracted (2x) with ethyl acetate.
• the combined extracts were washed with sodium hydroxide solution (20 mL, 1 molar) and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.
• the solution was concentrated in vacuo to a yellow oil and chromatographed on silica (10 to 80% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to yield 4.88 g of light yellow amorphous powder.
• Low resolution mass spectroscopy (APCI) m/z 279 [M + H] + .
• Step D (R)-7-r2-Benzylcarbamoyl-5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-isopropyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl1-3- (tert-butyl-dimethyl-silanyloxy -5-oxo-hept-6-enoic acid methyl ester
• Step D The product from Step D was hydrogenated in tetrahydrofuran using (0.2g) 10% Pd/C and hydrogen atmosphere (4295 psi per mol) for 13.3 hours. The mixture was filtered through celite and concentrated in vacuo to yield 0.862 g. of desired product as a light yellow glass. Low resolution mass spectroscopy (APCI) m/z 624 [M + H] + . Step F
• a stirred solution of (3R, 5R)-7-[2-(benzylcarbamoyl)-5-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-3- isopropyl-3H-imidazol-4-yl]-3,5-dihydroxy-heptanoic acid methyl ester (574 mg., 1.12 mmol) in THF (1 mL) and water (1 mL) was treated with sodium hydroxide (1.07 mL, 1 molar).
• Example 2 shows the preparation of a compound of Formula I wherein R 1 is isopropyl, R 2 is benzylcarbamoyl- and R 4 is difluorophenyl.
• R 1 is isopropyl
• R 2 is benzylcarbamoyl-
• R 4 is difluorophenyl.
• Compounds with variations on R 4 were made using a similar reaction scheme and are shown, along with characterizing data, in TABLE II which follows Example 2.
• Step B 1 2-Difluoro-4- risocvano-(to_uene-4-sulf on l)-methvH -benzene
• Caution Reagent may be unstable above 40°C.
• reaction mixture was stirred at -78 °C for 10 minutes at which time the cooling bath was replaced with an ice water bath. After 20 minutes an analysis of the reaction mixture by loop injection mass spectroscopy indicated a new mass corresponding to the expected addition product: MS APCI 401.9 [M+H].
• the reaction mixture was recooled to -78 °C and treated with an additional equivalent n-butyl lithium (3.91 mL, 6.05 mmol, 1.6 M in hexanes). The solution was allowed to stir at -78 °C for 5 minutes, then treated with DMF (0.89 mL, 11.53 mmol).
• Example 4 shows the preparation of a compound of Formula I wherein R 1 is ethyl, R 2 is benzyl carbamoyl- and R 4 is 4-fluorophenyl.
• Steps C-H were carried out in a similar manner as Example 1.
• Compounds with variations on R 1 were made using a similar reaction scheme as shown in Ex. 4 and representative compounds are shown, along with characterizing data, in Table HI.
• reaction mixture was removed from the cooling bath and allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After 2 hours, the reaction mixture was concentrated to 50% of its original volume under stream of dry nitrogen, then diluted with methylene chloride (10 mL), and treated with 3-chloro-benzenecarboperoxic acid (2.05 g, 9.15 mmol, 77%). The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min. at ambient temperature, then treated with a second aliquot of 3-chloro-benzenecarboperoxic acid (2.05 g, 9.15 mmol, 77%) and stirred for 18 hours at ambient temperature. 3-chlorobenzoic acid was removed by filtration, and the filter cake was rinsed with chloroform (10 mL).
• Step D (R)-7-[5-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-isopropyl-2-phenylmethanesulfonyl-3H-imidazol-4- yl]-3-hydroxy-5-oxo-heptanoic acid methyl ester
• reaction mixture was quenched with water (1 mL), diluted with ethyl acetate (40 mL) and warmed to ambient temperature. The organic layer was washed with water and saturated brine, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.
• step C The products of step C (28 mg, 0.058 mmol) were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 mL) and water (1.0 mL). Aqueous sodium hydroxide (0.055 mL of a 1.0 M soloution) was added. The resultant reaction mixture was stirred 2 h at room temperature.
• Step C N-[4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-l-isopropyl-5-methyl-lH-imidazol-2-yl]-N- methyl-methanesulfonamide
• Step E N-[4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxymethyl-l-isopropyl-lH-imidazol-2-yl]- N-methyl-methanesulfonamide
• the resulting homogeneous mixture was stirred at -5-0°C for 1.5 hrs and was then quenched slowly with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (10 mL).
• the resulting heterogeneous mixture was diluted with IM hydrochloric acid (25 mL) and ethyl acetate (50 mL) and stirred for -10 mins to allow the solids to dissolve, and then the layers were separated.
• the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL), and the combined organic phase was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous MgSO and concentrated in vacuo.
• the compounds of the present invention including those exemplified herein and all compounds of Formula I, hereafter referred to as "compound(s)" can be administered alone or in combination with one or more therapeutic agents. These include, for example, other agents for treating, preventing or controlling dyslipidemia, non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperglycemia, hypercholesteremia, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertriglyceridemia, or hyperinsulinemia.
• the compounds are thus well suited to formulation for convenient administration to mammals for the prevention and treatment of such disorders.
• the following examples further illustrate typical formulations of the compounds provided by the invention.
• the above ingredients are mixed and dissolved in the saline for IN administration to a patient.
• the ingredients are blended to uniformity and pressed into a tablet that is well suited for oral administration to a patient.
• the ingredients are combined and milled to afford material suitable for filling hard gelatin capsules administered to a patient.
• the ingredients are combined via melting and then poured into molds containing
• the compounds of the invention have demonstrated HMG Co-A reductase inhibition in standard assays commonly employed by those skilled in the art. (See, e.g., J. of Lipid Research 1998; 39:75-84; Analytical Biochemistry, 1991; 196:211-214; RR 740-01077 Pharmacology 8-Nov-82) Accordingly, such compounds and formulations comprising such compounds are useful for treating, controlling or preventing inter alia hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia or atherosclerosis.
• Rat Liver Microsomal Isolation Procedure Male Charles River Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with 2.5% cholestyramine in rat chow diets for 5 days before sacrificing. Livers were minced and homogenized in a sucrose homogenizing solution in an ice bath 10 times. Homogenates were diluted into a final volume of 200 mL, and centrifuged 15 min. with a Sorvall Centrifuge at 5°C, 10,000 rpm (12,000 x G). The upper fat layer was removed and the supernatant decanted into fresh tubes.
• DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
• 1 ⁇ L of DMSO containing a test compound at a concentration sufficient to give a final assay concentration of between 0.1 nM to 1 mM was placed into each well of a Corning 96 well plate.
• Compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC 5 o values of less than about 500 nM.
• Preferred compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC 50 values of less than about 100 nM.
• More preferred compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC 5 o values of less than about 20 nM. See, for example the compounds of Example 1, which has an IC 5 o of 9.75 nM, Example 7 which has an IC50 of 6.6 nM, and the first entry in Table I, which has an IC 5 o of 3.6 nM.
• Frozen rat hepatocytes purchased from XenoTech(cat# N400572) were seeded on 6-well collagen I coated plates at a density of 10 5 cells/per well. The cells were grown in DMEM, (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) (Gibco, #11054-020) containing 10% FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) and 10 mM HEPES, (N-2- hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N 1 -2-ethane sulfonic acid) (Gibco # 15630-080) for 24 hrs.
• DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
• FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
• HEPES 10 mM HEPES
• N-2- hydroxyethyl-piperazine-N 1 -2-ethane sulfonic acid (Gibco # 15630-080) for 24 hrs.
• the cells were pre-incubated with compounds for 4 hrs and then labeled by incubating in medium containing 1 uCi/per mL of 14 C acetic acid for an additional 4 hrs. After labeling, the cells were washed twice with 5 mM MOPS, (3-[N- morpholinojpropane sulfonic acid) solution containing 150 mM NaCl and 1 mM
• Preferred compounds of the invention exhibit a range of IC 50 values of less than about 100 nM. See, for example the compounds of Example 1, which has an IC 50 of 0.73 nM, Example 7, which has an IC 50 of 0.99 nM, and the first entry in Table I , which has an IC 50 of 0.71 nM.
• C.) Protocol for Sterol Biosynthesis in L6 Rat Myoblast Cell culture, compounds treatment and cell labeling: L6 rat myoblast purchased from ATCC (CRL-1458) were grown in T-150 vented culture flasks and seeded on 12-well culture plates at a density of 60,000 cells per well.
• the cells were grown in DMEM, (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) (Gibco, #10567-014) containing 10% heat inactivated FBS (Fetal Bovine Serum) (Gibco # 10082-139) for 72 hours until reaching confluence.
• the cells were pre- incubated in media with compound and 0.2% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) for 3 hours and then labeled by incubating in medium containing compound, 0.2% DMSO and 1 ⁇ Ci/per mL of 14 C acetic acid for an additional 3 hours. After labeling, the cells were washed once with lx PBS (Gibco #14190-144) then lysed overnight at 4°C in buffer containing 10% KOH and 78%(vol.) ethanol. Cholesterol extraction and data analysis:
• Lipid ester bonds were hydrolyzed by saponification of the lysates at 60°C for 2 hours.
• Sterols including cholesterol
• the upper organic phase solution was collected and combined with an equal volume of IN KOH in 50% methanol and mixed by pipette 6 times.
• the upper organic phase was collected in a scintilant-coated plate (Wallac #1450-501) and hexanes removed by evaporation at room temperature for 3 hours.
• the amount of 14 C cholesterol was quantified by scintillation counting in a Trilux 1450 plate reader (Wallac).
• K is the IC 5 o for the inhibition curve
• X is inhibitor concentration
• Y is the response being inhibited
• Bmax+Y2 is the limiting response as X approaches zero.
• Compounds of the invention have a L6 IC 5 o value greater than about 0.5 nM.
• Example 1 which has an L6 IC 5 o of 227 nM
• Example 7 which has an L6 IC 50 of 4330 nM
• Table I which has an L6IC 50 of 0.84 nM.
• Preferred compounds of the invention exhibit a hepatocyte selectivity greater than about 1000 ((L6 IC 50 / Rat hepatocyte IC 50 ) > 1000), and have a L6 IC 50 value greater than about InM.

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