EP1659349A1 - Système refroidisseur ou de réfrigération - Google Patents

Système refroidisseur ou de réfrigération Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1659349A1
EP1659349A1 EP04078319A EP04078319A EP1659349A1 EP 1659349 A1 EP1659349 A1 EP 1659349A1 EP 04078319 A EP04078319 A EP 04078319A EP 04078319 A EP04078319 A EP 04078319A EP 1659349 A1 EP1659349 A1 EP 1659349A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
radiation
heat
fit
energy
refrigeration
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04078319A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Sietze Marlon Van Der Sluis
Petrus Alfonsus Oostendorp
Leonardus Johannes Arnoldus Maria Hendriksen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
Original Assignee
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO filed Critical Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO
Priority to EP04078319A priority Critical patent/EP1659349A1/fr
Priority to PCT/NL2005/000806 priority patent/WO2006054897A1/fr
Publication of EP1659349A1 publication Critical patent/EP1659349A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B23/00—Machines, plants or systems, with a single mode of operation not covered by groups F25B1/00 - F25B21/00, e.g. using selective radiation effect
    • F25B23/003—Machines, plants or systems, with a single mode of operation not covered by groups F25B1/00 - F25B21/00, e.g. using selective radiation effect using selective radiation effect
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B40/00—Subcoolers, desuperheaters or superheaters
    • F25B40/02—Subcoolers

Definitions

  • the invention refers to a refrigeration or cooling system, comprising absorption means fit to absorb heat inside a room and emission means fit to emit the absorbed heat outside said room.
  • Refrigeration may be understood as a process of cooling or freezing e.g. for preservative purposes.
  • Refrigeration or cooling systems comprising absorption means fit to absorb heat inside a room and emission means fit to emit the absorbed heat outside said room are generally known.
  • refrigerators are used to produce the required cooling effect by taking in heat at low temperatures and rejecting it at temperatures somewhat above that of the natural cooling agent, which is generally water or air.
  • the function of a refrigerating machine therefore, is to take in heat at a low temperature and reject it at a higher one, using external energy to drive the process.
  • a refrigerator is effectively a heat pump, a heat engine running in reverse.
  • Most refrigerators qualify as phase change heat pumps. They convert a refrigerant from gas to liquid and back again by compression in a refrigeration cycle.
  • any endothermic process could be used provided it is balanced by an exothermic in another physical location so that it can operate in a cycle. For example, absorption of gaseous ammonia into water is used in most gas absorption refrigerators.
  • a standard refrigeration or cooling system employs a liquid with a low boiling point to transfer heat from cooler space to a warmer space; generally in a refrigeration application. It is the most common heat pump used in domestic refrigerators, and heat pumps are also used in air conditioning systems to transfer heat from the outside of a building to the inside or vice versa depending upon a valve position.
  • the liquid requires energy (called latent heat) to evaporate, and it drains that energy from its surroundings in the form of heat (in the same way that sweating cools the body). When the vapor condenses again, it releases the energy, again in the form of heat.
  • the pump operates a cycle where the refrigerant repeatedly changes state from liquid to vapor and back to liquid, the process being known as a refrigeration cycle.
  • the refrigerant is condensed to release heat in one part of the cycle and is boiled (or evaporated) to absorb heat in another part of the cycle.
  • the liquid now used is usually HFC-134a (1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane), but other substances such as liquid ammonia, or occasionally the less corrosive but flammable propane or butane can also be used.
  • phase change heat pump uses an electric motor to drive a mechanical compressor.
  • the compressor does not create a cooling effect directly.
  • the cooling effect is created when the refrigerant boils and absorbs heat from the cooled space through a heat exchanger.
  • the cycle can be divided into two parts, viz. the liquefaction stage and the evaporation stage.
  • the first part of the cycle causes refrigerant vapor to be recycled into its liquid form by extracting heat from a comparatively high temperature vapor.
  • the compressor compresses a relatively low-pressure and low-temperature refrigerant vapor drawn from the evaporator coil.
  • the vapor is pushed into a heat exchanger known as a condenser located in a higher temperature heat sink that is located outside of the space being cooled. In the condenser, heat is removed from the refrigerant so that it condenses to a liquid state.
  • the second part of the cycle begins after the liquid refrigerant leaves the condenser as a relatively warm, high-pressure liquid and passes through a refrigerant metering device into the cooling coil or evaporator on the low-pressure side of the system.
  • the compressor pumps the refrigerant out of the evaporator at a rate sufficient to cause the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant to drop well below its boiling point as it moves through an interior heat exchanger coil known as the evaporator.
  • This boiling liquid refrigerant absorbs heat energy from the interior space through the walls of this evaporator.
  • the system is designed to completely evaporate liquid refrigerant into a low-pressure vapor within the interior coil before it returns to the compressor to repeat the cycle.
  • the four essential components of the mechanical refrigeration cycle for a phase change heat pump are a compressor, an evaporator (at the system's warm side, the room or space to be cooled), a refrigerant metering device and a condenser (at the system's cold side). These four components must be selected or matched for the application and to each other in order for the system to work well and efficiently. None of these parts produce a refrigeration effect. Boiling (or rapidly evaporating) refrigerant absorbs heat and creates the benefit of refrigeration. The refrigeration cycle allows a small amount of refrigerant to be cycled and recycled for decades of use.
  • heat transfer may occur by any of the mechanisms conduction, convection, and radiation.
  • Conduction is the most common means of heat transfer in a solid. On a microscopic scale, conduction occurs as hot, rapidly moving or vibrating atoms and molecules interact with neighboring atoms and molecules, transferring some of their energy (heat) to these neighboring atoms.
  • Convection is usually the dominant form of heat transfer in liquids and gases.
  • heat transfer occurs by the movement of hot or cold portions of the fluid. For example, when water is heated on a stove, hot water from the bottom of the pan rises, heating the water at the top of the pan.
  • Two types of convection are commonly distinguished, free convection, in which gravity and buoyancy forces drive the fluid movement, and forced convection, where a fan, stirrer, or other means is used to move the fluid.
  • Buoyant convection is due to the effects of gravity, and absent in microgravity environments.
  • Radiation is a means of heat transfer. Radiative heat transfer is the only form of heat transfer that can occur in the absence of any form of medium and as such is the only means of heat transfer through a vacuum.
  • Thermal radiation is a direct result of the movements of atoms and molecules in a material. Since these atoms and molecules are composed of charged particles (protons and electrons), their movements result in the emission of electromagnetic radiation, which carries energy away from the surface. At the same time, the surface is constantly bombarded by radiation from the surroundings, resulting in the transfer of energy to the surface. Since the amount of emitted radiation increases with increasing temperature, a net transfer of energy from higher temperatures to lower temperatures results.
  • Hotter objects-a campfire is around 700 K, for instance-transfer heat in the visible spectrum or beyond. Whenever EM radiation is emitted and then absorbed, heat is transferred. This principle is used in e.g. microwave ovens.
  • a main aim of the refrigeration or cooling system comprising emission means for emitting absorbed heat outside the room to be cooled, is that those emission means comprise radiation means, fit to emit at least a substantial part of the absorbed heat by radiation, achieving an impressive improvement of the refrigeration capacity.
  • the innovative radiation means may be either the sole heat emission means, replacing the prior art's convection based condenser(s) or may be added to the (e.g. existing) emission means, i.e. the convection based condenser(s).
  • the radiation heat emitted may serve either to condense the relevant refrigerant or to sub cool the refrigerant at a constant pressure defined by the condensing process.
  • switching or control means may installed, fit to enable (switch on) said radiation means if the net value of the amount of energy of the heat to be emitted and the amount of energy of incoming radiation received (absorbed) by said radiation means from any (external) radiation source (e.g. by sun radiation) is positive.
  • the control means may disable (switch off) said radiation means if the net value of the amount of energy of the heat to be emitted by said radiation means and the amount of energy of incoming radiation received by said radiation means from any (external) radiation source is negative.
  • the control means may be fit to switch on the radiation means if they effectively radiate the heat to the outer space and to switch off the radiation means if they cannot effectively radiate the heat to the outer space, due to the reception of incoming heat radiation, e.g. originated by the sun.
  • the control means may be fit to be set at first points of time to enable said radiation means (i.e. to connect them to the system's heat emission side) and/or at second points of time to disable them.
  • the control means may be fit to measure or value (e.g. by heat or light radiation detection) the amount of energy of incoming radiation received by said radiation means from any (external) radiation source.
  • the control means may preferably be fit to enable said radiation means at sunset and/or to disable said radiation means at sunrise.
  • the radiation means may be used for the production of cold during nightly hours by means of radiation exchange with the (extraterrestrial) space.
  • the cold produced in that way may be used for refrigerated or frozen storage facilities ("cold stores") which could additionally be used for the buffering of the produced cold too.
  • cold stores refrigerated or frozen storage facilities
  • a very favorable and relevant aspect is that the "night radiator", by coupling to the condensor side of the refrigeration system, can operate at a relatively high temperature, which improves the amount of radiation emitted and reduces the losses due to convective heating by the environment, e.g. the environmental air.
  • the radiation ⁇ 5,7 . 10-8 W/m 2 .K 4 and ⁇ the emission coefficient of the night radiator.
  • T 1 resp. To are the absolute temperatures of the radiating and the receiving object.
  • the gain of a night radiator depends, at one side, on the radiation properties of the radiator and the degree of cloudiness, and, at the other side, on the night radiator's temperature. This temperature depends on the cold production and convective warming by the environment.
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a refrigeration or cooling system, comprising absorption means, in the form of an evaporator 1 within the room to be cooled (e.g. cold store), which is fit to absorb heat inside that room.
  • the evaporator 1 is connected, via a compressor 2 with first emission means, in the form of a condensor 3 which is fit to emit at least part of the absorbed heat outside the room to be cooled.
  • the circuit moreover, comprises an expansion valve 4, fit to expand the refrigerant fluid, circulating through the circuit.
  • the (electromagnetic) energy radiator preferably comprises a heat exchanger part 7 and the proper (EM) radiator 8.
  • Heat exchange between the second circuit's coolant and the exchanger part 7 is based on convection, while heat exchange between the exchanger part 7 and the radiator 8 is based on conduction, when both (solid) parts are brought in tight connection. In that way, a substantial part of the heat, originated from the condenser 1, will be transmitted to the exchanger part 7 and the radiation part 8, which is able, due to its EM radiation properties to radiate its heat energy radiation to the extraterrestrial space.
  • the second coolant circuit will be driven -at least during the night, when the sun does not emit energy to the radiator 8- by a pump 6, which is controlled by a control unit 9 which may either be controlled by setting the pump's on/off time or by means of a sensor 10, which is able to detect sunset and sunrise: between sunset and sunrise the pump 9 may be switched on and between sunrise and sunset switched off.
  • a control unit 9 which may either be controlled by setting the pump's on/off time or by means of a sensor 10, which is able to detect sunset and sunrise: between sunset and sunrise the pump 9 may be switched on and between sunrise and sunset switched off.
  • FIG. 2a, 2b and 2c show an exemplary embodiment of the exchanger 7 and radiator 8, which are fit to emit a substantial part of the system's heat by radiation.
  • FIG. 2a shows a schematic front view
  • FIG. 2b a cross-sectional view
  • FIG. 2c a detail of the cross-section.
  • the second circuit's coolant flows through the exchanger part 7 which may be formed, as the Figs. 2 show, by a long, folded tube which is firmly connected to -or even integrated with- the proper radiator 8.
  • the radiator 8 may have the shape of a plate, preferably comprising a black or at least optically black (for e.g. IR) surface, thus maximizing its radiation performance.
  • the coolant's heat will be transmitted to the radiator 8 by convection and/or conduction and radiated by its radiation surface to the extraterrestrial space, as long as, during the night, there in no or less incoming radiation (especially sun light).
  • the improve the radiator's performance it may be placed in a thermally isolated casing 11 and covered, at the radiation side, by thermally isolated Plexiglas or glass sheet 12, to prevent that thermal energy may be exchanged with the radiator's direct environment, e.g. the environmental air, which would influence the radiator's efficiency negatively.
  • the casing 11 may comprise a radiation reflector 13, at the radiator's back side, e.g. made by Aluminum foil.
  • FIG. 3 shows schematically the artist's impression of an alternative construction of the radiator.
  • the radiation part 8 may be made of rather thin metal of plastic sheet material.
EP04078319A 2004-11-22 2004-12-07 Système refroidisseur ou de réfrigération Withdrawn EP1659349A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP04078319A EP1659349A1 (fr) 2004-11-22 2004-12-07 Système refroidisseur ou de réfrigération
PCT/NL2005/000806 WO2006054897A1 (fr) 2004-11-22 2005-11-22 Systeme de refroidissement ou de refrigeration

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP04078183 2004-11-22
EP04078319A EP1659349A1 (fr) 2004-11-22 2004-12-07 Système refroidisseur ou de réfrigération

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EP1659349A1 true EP1659349A1 (fr) 2006-05-24

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT202200002102A1 (it) * 2022-02-07 2023-08-07 Roberto Battiston Sistema di raffreddamento radiativo

Citations (22)

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GB244059A (fr) * 1924-12-02 1926-07-15 Societe Anonyme Pour L'exploitation Des Procedes Maurice Leblanc-Vickers
US2289809A (en) * 1940-07-30 1942-07-14 Servel Inc Refrigeration
US2342211A (en) * 1941-10-17 1944-02-22 Honeywell Regulator Co Utilization of natural heating and cooling effects
US3043112A (en) * 1959-02-09 1962-07-10 Commw Scient Ind Res Org Method and means for producing refrigeration by selective radiation
US3266258A (en) * 1964-04-14 1966-08-16 Le T I Cholodilnoi Promy Method of increasing a vapour compressing refrigerating machine cooling effect
US3310102A (en) * 1962-12-27 1967-03-21 Centre Nat Rech Scient Devices for lowering the temperature of a body by heat radiation therefrom
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US4257399A (en) * 1978-11-13 1981-03-24 Shonerd David E Hydro-solar system for heating and cooling
US4302942A (en) * 1976-04-29 1981-12-01 The University Of Melbourne Solar boosted heat pump
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US4420947A (en) * 1981-07-10 1983-12-20 System Homes Company, Ltd. Heat pump air conditioning system
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US4571952A (en) * 1981-04-01 1986-02-25 Rheem Manufacturing Company Solar and convection assisted heat pump system
US4798056A (en) * 1980-02-11 1989-01-17 Sigma Research, Inc. Direct expansion solar collector-heat pump system
JPH08285330A (ja) * 1995-04-10 1996-11-01 Ohbayashi Corp 空気熱源ヒートポンプ用屋外ユニット
JP2001330278A (ja) * 2000-05-25 2001-11-30 Mitsubishi Chemical Engineering Corp 放射冷却方法

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB244059A (fr) * 1924-12-02 1926-07-15 Societe Anonyme Pour L'exploitation Des Procedes Maurice Leblanc-Vickers
US2289809A (en) * 1940-07-30 1942-07-14 Servel Inc Refrigeration
US2342211A (en) * 1941-10-17 1944-02-22 Honeywell Regulator Co Utilization of natural heating and cooling effects
US3043112A (en) * 1959-02-09 1962-07-10 Commw Scient Ind Res Org Method and means for producing refrigeration by selective radiation
US3310102A (en) * 1962-12-27 1967-03-21 Centre Nat Rech Scient Devices for lowering the temperature of a body by heat radiation therefrom
US3266258A (en) * 1964-04-14 1966-08-16 Le T I Cholodilnoi Promy Method of increasing a vapour compressing refrigerating machine cooling effect
FR2306409A1 (fr) * 1975-04-02 1976-10-29 Missenard Quint Ets Procede et equipement pour le chauffage economique et eventuellement le rafraichissement de logements ou de maisons individuelles
US4302942A (en) * 1976-04-29 1981-12-01 The University Of Melbourne Solar boosted heat pump
JPS5310159A (en) * 1976-07-15 1978-01-30 Kajima Corp Heat pump type hot and cold heat source system
DE2744618A1 (de) * 1976-10-04 1978-04-06 Cerca Heiz- und/oder kuehlanordnung
FR2408866A1 (fr) * 1977-11-15 1979-06-08 Teta Sa Procede de regulation d'une installation de chauffage ou refrigeration et installation pour la mise en oeuvre du procede
US4249386A (en) * 1978-06-16 1981-02-10 Smith Otto J Apparatus for providing radiative heat rejection from a working fluid used in a Rankine cycle type system
US4257399A (en) * 1978-11-13 1981-03-24 Shonerd David E Hydro-solar system for heating and cooling
US4242873A (en) * 1979-06-22 1981-01-06 Kajima Kensetsu Kabushiki Kaisha Heat pump type heating and cooling source system
US4378908A (en) * 1979-12-10 1983-04-05 Wood Robert A Reversible solar assisted heat pump
US4798056A (en) * 1980-02-11 1989-01-17 Sigma Research, Inc. Direct expansion solar collector-heat pump system
US4571952A (en) * 1981-04-01 1986-02-25 Rheem Manufacturing Company Solar and convection assisted heat pump system
US4420947A (en) * 1981-07-10 1983-12-20 System Homes Company, Ltd. Heat pump air conditioning system
DE3200460A1 (de) * 1982-01-09 1983-07-21 Alfred Prof. Dr. 5100 Aachen Boettcher Hochleistungs-strahlungskuehler
WO1985000447A1 (fr) * 1983-07-12 1985-01-31 Carway Eugene V Iii Procede et systeme de conditionnement d'air et de chauffage a energie solaire
JPH08285330A (ja) * 1995-04-10 1996-11-01 Ohbayashi Corp 空気熱源ヒートポンプ用屋外ユニット
JP2001330278A (ja) * 2000-05-25 2001-11-30 Mitsubishi Chemical Engineering Corp 放射冷却方法

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT202200002102A1 (it) * 2022-02-07 2023-08-07 Roberto Battiston Sistema di raffreddamento radiativo

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