EP1651848A1 - Increasing the efficiency of hydrogen-operated internal combustion engines - Google Patents

Increasing the efficiency of hydrogen-operated internal combustion engines

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Publication number
EP1651848A1
EP1651848A1 EP04763752A EP04763752A EP1651848A1 EP 1651848 A1 EP1651848 A1 EP 1651848A1 EP 04763752 A EP04763752 A EP 04763752A EP 04763752 A EP04763752 A EP 04763752A EP 1651848 A1 EP1651848 A1 EP 1651848A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
internal combustion
combustion engine
water
supplied
medium
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04763752A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Bernhard Adler
Robert Adler
Sascha Dorner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Linde GmbH
Original Assignee
Linde GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Linde GmbH filed Critical Linde GmbH
Publication of EP1651848A1 publication Critical patent/EP1651848A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B43/00—Engines characterised by operating on gaseous fuels; Plants including such engines
    • F02B43/10—Engines or plants characterised by use of other specific gases, e.g. acetylene, oxyhydrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/005—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for the working fluid being steam, created by combustion of hydrogen with oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M25/022—Adding fuel and water emulsion, water or steam
    • F02M25/0221—Details of the water supply system, e.g. pumps or arrangement of valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M25/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding non-fuel substances or small quantities of secondary fuel to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture
    • F02M25/022—Adding fuel and water emulsion, water or steam
    • F02M25/025—Adding water
    • F02M25/028—Adding water into the charge intakes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/30—Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for supplying a medium which is combustible in an internal combustion engine, the medium being supplied to the internal combustion engine under superatmospheric pressure and at an elevated temperature and combustion air being supplied before and / or at least temporarily together with the supply of the medium.
  • the possibly modified internal combustion engines usually have a hydrogen manifold injection system, this essentially being the same as in conventional Otto engines intake manifold injection systems used. Due to the poor efficiency of such internal combustion engines with hydrogen manifold injection, common-rail high-pressure injection systems are being tested. Common-rail high-pressure injection systems are not able to significantly improve the efficiency of an internal combustion engine, but they can be used to increase the displacement.
  • the medium is heated to at least ambient temperature, preferably to a temperature of at least 500 ° C., before being fed into the internal combustion engine, and is supplied to the internal combustion engine at a pressure between 100 and 500 bar, preferably at a pressure between 200 and 300 bar ,
  • the procedure described above - hereinafter referred to as the HTI process - has an efficiency increase of more than 10% compared to conventional ones
  • a disadvantage of the HTI process is that the comparatively high working temperatures cannot be implemented in practice. The reason for this is the heat loss or the required heat dissipation, since these working temperatures are too high for the materials previously used.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a generic method for supplying a medium which is combustible in an internal combustion engine and which avoids the aforementioned disadvantages.
  • a generic method is proposed, which is characterized in that water is supplied at least temporarily together with the supply of the combustion air.
  • water is now supplied or injected during the compression of the combustion air required for the combustion.
  • the consequence of this is that the mixture temperature - with the end pressure remaining the same, but with an increased compression ratio - can be kept significantly lower after compression than is the case with the above-described HTI process.
  • the cooling effect required for this is achieved by evaporating the supplied or injected water and the heat of evaporation released in the process.
  • the final pressure after the compression of the combustion air is designed so that it is compressed along the saturation line of water - i.e. the boundary between wet and superheated steam - so that the supplied or injected water is completely evaporated without being overheated ,
  • the optimal cooling effect is achieved by means of this procedure according to the invention.
  • the medium to be burned fed to the internal combustion engine Only then is the medium to be burned fed to the internal combustion engine.
  • this supply can also take place at least temporarily together with the supply of the combustion air.
  • the combustible medium is advantageously only supplied to the internal combustion engine towards the end of the period in which the combustion air is supplied.
  • the medium is heated to at least ambient temperature, preferably to a temperature of at least 500 ° C., before being fed into the internal combustion engine, and to the internal combustion engine at a pressure between 100 and 500 bar, preferably at a pressure between 200 and 300 bar.
  • the medium is preferably heated at least partially by heat exchange with the or one of the exhaust gas streams of the internal combustion engine.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to keep the combustion temperature lower, compared to the HTI method. Although this results in reduced thermal efficiency, the thermal losses are comparatively low.
  • the method according to the invention is fundamentally suitable for all known media combustible in an internal combustion engine, such as cryogenic media - for example hydrogen -, natural gas and all types of diesel and gasoline fuels.
  • the water supplied to the internal combustion engine is made available by cooling the one or one of the exhaust gas streams of the internal combustion engine.
  • the water to be supplied is generally provided by the condensation of the water vapor contained in the exhaust gas stream or streams in corresponding exhaust gas heat exchangers in which, for example, the heat of the water vapor or exhaust gas stream is transferred to the hydrogen to be heated.
  • the amount of water from the exhaust gas recovery is sufficient for each of the aforementioned fuels to ensure a closed water cycle that does not require the addition of water. Since the exhaust gas flows of the abovementioned fuels have different proportions of water, it is sufficient, for example when hydrogen is used as the combustible medium, to recover proportionately less water.
  • the method according to the invention for supplying a medium which is combustible in an internal combustion engine leads to a significantly lower thermal load on the materials used for the internal combustion engine; this results in a longer service life of the internal combustion engine or the corresponding components and a smaller size of the internal combustion engine.
  • an increase in efficiency of more than 10% compared to the previously described HTI process and about 25% compared to a conventional suction mode process can be achieved.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show a possible embodiment of the method according to the invention, in which the water is injected under high pressure, in particular at a pressure between 25 and 250 bar, preferably between 100 and 150 bar, while the one shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 A low-pressure water injection method is shown, in which the injection pressure of the water is between 5 and 200 bar, preferably between 50 and 100 bar.
  • FIGS. 2 and 4 each show the sections circled in FIGS. 1 and 3.
  • FIGS. 1 and 3 show a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine M, shown only schematically, to which the cylinder chambers Z — shown in sections in FIGS. 2 and 4 — are supplied with the combustion air required for the combustion via line 1.
  • the water required for the method according to the invention is obtained by the condensation of the water vapor contained in the exhaust gas stream of the internal combustion engine M.
  • the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine M is drawn off via the exhaust gas line 2, cleaned in an optionally provided catalytic converter K and cooled in a first heat exchanger E1 downstream of the catalytic converter K against the hydrogen stream 6 - which will be discussed in more detail below. Subsequently, in a second heat exchanger E2, preferably against ambient air, the exhaust gas stream is cooled further before it is fed to a condenser or water separator W. The exhaust gas stream treated in this way is then discharged via line 3 - as a rule via an exhaust not shown in FIGS. 1 to 4.
  • the water obtained in the condenser or water separator W is first fed via line 4 to an optional filter F and then to an (intermediate) water reservoir S which is also optionally provided.
  • the filter F is at least always to be provided if the water has dissolved particles, such as burnt lubricant components, which are in front of the Supply of water to the internal combustion engine M must be removed.
  • the water reservoir S serves as a buffer in order to be able to ensure an adequate supply of water to the internal combustion engine M at all times. In particular in the start-up phase of the internal combustion engine M or in the event of load changes, insufficient water may possibly be obtained by means of the condenser or water separator W.
  • the water is now supplied from the water reservoir S via the line 5, in which at least one water pump P is provided, to the internal combustion engine M or its cylinder chamber or chambers Z.
  • At least one pressure valve 8 and one suction valve 9 are assigned to each cylinder space Z. Furthermore, as already explained, hydrogen is injected via line 7, in which an injection valve a is arranged, while according to the invention, water is injected into the cylinder space Z via line 5, in which an injection valve is provided.
  • the hydrogen is fed or injected into the cylinder space Z under a pressure of 100 to 500 bar and the water under a pressure of 25 to 250 bar.
  • the water is fed into the cylinder space Z through the injection valve.
  • the water is injected shortly before the suction valve 9 closes through its valve opening, shown in FIG. 4 by the dashed line 10.
  • the water has a pressure between 5 and 200 bar.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Output Control And Ontrol Of Special Type Engine (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed is a method for delivering a medium that is combustible in an internal combustion engine. Said medium is delivered to the internal combustion engine at hyperbaric pressure as well as at an increased temperature while combustion air is supplied before and/or at least temporarily during the delivery of said medium. According to the invention, water (5) is delivered at least temporarily together with the combustion air (1). Preferably, the water is delivered in conditions which allow substantially all the delivered water (5) to be evaporated.

Description

Beschreibung description
Wirkungsgraderhöhung von mit Wasserstoff betriebenen VerbrennungsmotorenIncreasing the efficiency of combustion engines powered by hydrogen
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Zuführen eines in einem Verbrennungsmotor verbrennbaren Mediums, wobei das Ivledium unter überatmosphärischem Druck und mit erhöhter Temperatur dem Verbrennungsmotor zugeführt und wobei vor und/oder zumindest zeitweilig gemeinsam mit der Zuführung des Mediums Verbrennungsluft zugeführt wird.The invention relates to a method for supplying a medium which is combustible in an internal combustion engine, the medium being supplied to the internal combustion engine under superatmospheric pressure and at an elevated temperature and combustion air being supplied before and / or at least temporarily together with the supply of the medium.
Bei den zum Stand der Technik zählenden Verfahren zum Zuführen eines Mediums weisen - sofern ein kryogenes Medium, wie bspw. Wasserstoff, zur Anwendung kommt - die ggf. modifizierten Verbrennungsmotoren üblicherweise ein Wasserstoff- Saugrohreinspritzsystem auf, wobei dieses im Wesentlichen den bei herkömmlichen Otto-Motoren verwendeten Saugrohreinspritzsystemen entspricht. Aufgrund des schlechten Wirkungsgrades derartiger Verbrennungsmotoren mit Wasserstoff- Saugrohreinspritzung werden Common-Rail-Hochdruck-Einspritzsysteme erprobt. Common-Rail-Hochdruck-Einspritzsysteme vermögen zwar den Wirkungsgrad eines Verbrennungsmotors nicht wesentlich zu verbessern, jedoch kann mit ihnen die Hubraumleistung angehoben werden.In the case of the prior art methods for supplying a medium - if a cryogenic medium, such as hydrogen - is used, the possibly modified internal combustion engines usually have a hydrogen manifold injection system, this essentially being the same as in conventional Otto engines intake manifold injection systems used. Due to the poor efficiency of such internal combustion engines with hydrogen manifold injection, common-rail high-pressure injection systems are being tested. Common-rail high-pressure injection systems are not able to significantly improve the efficiency of an internal combustion engine, but they can be used to increase the displacement.
Von Nachteil bei den bisher zur Anwendung kommenden Verbrennungsmotoren mit Wasserstoff-Saugrohreinspritzung ist, dass der gasförmige Wasserstoff im Saugrohr einen beachtlichen Teil der Ansaugluft verdrängt und damit weniger Sauerstoff für die Verbrennung zur Verfügung steht. Dies hat zur Folge, dass die Hubraumleistung von mit Wasserstoff betriebenen Verbrennungsmotoren mit Saugrohreinspritzung deutlich geringer ist als bei einem Benzin- oder Dieselbetrieb.A disadvantage of the internal combustion engines with hydrogen intake manifold injection that have been used to date is that the gaseous hydrogen in the intake manifold displaces a considerable part of the intake air and thus less oxygen is available for combustion. The consequence of this is that the displacement capacity of hydrogen-powered internal combustion engines with intake manifold injection is significantly lower than in gasoline or diesel operation.
Bei einer Hochdruck-Einspritzung des gasförmigen Wasserstoffes in den abgeschlossenen Zylinder - also bei geschlossenem oder geschlossenen Saugventilen - entfällt dieser Nachteil. Um Verdichtungsarbeit einzusparen, erfolgt die Einspritzung des gasförmigen Wasserstoffes in den abgeschlossenen Zylinder vorteilhafterweise erst knapp vor dem oberen Totpunkt des Kolbens. Die von dem gewählten Verdichtungsverhältnis abhängige Temperatur der Ansaugluft im oberen Totpunkt beträgt beispielsweise 275 °C. Wird nunmehr kalter Wasserstoff in den Brennraum des Zylinders eingespritzt, wird die Verdichtungstemperatur gesenkt und damit Verdichtungsarbeit vernichtet.This disadvantage does not apply to a high-pressure injection of the gaseous hydrogen into the closed cylinder - that is to say with the suction valves closed or closed. In order to save compression work, the gaseous hydrogen is advantageously injected into the closed cylinder only just before the top dead center of the piston. The temperature of the intake air at top dead center, which is dependent on the compression ratio selected, is for example 275 ° C. If cold hydrogen is now injected into the combustion chamber of the cylinder, the compression temperature is lowered and the compression work is thus destroyed.
Aus der deutschen Patentanmeldung 102 54 156 ist ein gattungsgemäßes Verfahren zum Zuführen eines in einem Verbrennungsmotor verbrennbaren Mediums bekannt. Bei diesem wird das Medium vor seiner Zuführung in den Verbrennungsmotor wenigstens auf Umgebungstemperatur, vorzugsweise auf eine Temperatur von wenigstens 500 °C erwärmt wird und dem Verbrennungsmotor mit einem Druck zwischen 100 und 500 bar, vorzugsweise mit einem Druck zwischen 200 und 300 bar, zugeführt wird.From the German patent application 102 54 156 a generic method for supplying a medium combustible in an internal combustion engine is known. In this, the medium is heated to at least ambient temperature, preferably to a temperature of at least 500 ° C., before being fed into the internal combustion engine, and is supplied to the internal combustion engine at a pressure between 100 and 500 bar, preferably at a pressure between 200 and 300 bar ,
Die vorbeschriebene Verfahrensweise - nachfolgend als HTI-Verfahren bezeichnet - hat eine Wirkungsgraderhöhung von mehr als 10 % gegenüber herkömmlichenThe procedure described above - hereinafter referred to as the HTI process - has an efficiency increase of more than 10% compared to conventional ones
Verfahrensweisen, bei denen ein Saugrohreinspritzsystem zur Anwendung kommt, zur Folge. Zudem verringert sich der Verbrauch an Kraftstoff bzw. verbrennbarem Medium bei gleichzeitig höherer Leistung des Verbrennungsmotors. Insbesondere im Teillastbereich des Verbrennungsmotors wird mittels des HTI-Verfahrens eine deutliche Wirkungsgradsteigerung erreicht.Procedures in which an intake manifold injection system is used. In addition, the consumption of fuel or combustible medium is reduced while the internal combustion engine is more powerful. In the partial load range of the internal combustion engine in particular, a significant increase in efficiency is achieved using the HTI process.
Von Nachteil bei dem HTI-Verfahren ist jedoch, dass die vergleichsweise hohen Arbeitstemperaturen in der Praxis nicht umgesetzt werden können. Der Grund hierfür liegt in den Wärmeverlusten bzw. der erforderlichen Wärmeabführung, da diese Arbeitstemperaturen für die bisher verwendeten Werkstoffe zu hoch sind.A disadvantage of the HTI process, however, is that the comparatively high working temperatures cannot be implemented in practice. The reason for this is the heat loss or the required heat dissipation, since these working temperatures are too high for the materials previously used.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein gattungsgemäßes Verfahren zum Zuführen eines in einem Verbrennungsmotor verbrennbaren Mediums anzugeben, das die vorgenannten Nachteile vermeidet.The object of the present invention is to provide a generic method for supplying a medium which is combustible in an internal combustion engine and which avoids the aforementioned disadvantages.
Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird ein gattungsgemäßes Verfahren vorgeschlagen, das dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass zumindest zeitweilig gemeinsam mit der Zuführung der Verbrennungsluft Wasser zugeführt wird. Erfindungsgemäß wird nunmehr während der Verdichtung der für die Verbrennung erforderlichen Verbrennungsluft Wasser zugeführt bzw. eingespritzt. Dies hat zur Folge, dass die Gemischtemperatur - bei gleichbleibendem Enddruck, aber erhöhtem Verdichtungsverhältnis - nach erfolgter Verdichtung bedeutend niedriger gehalten werden kann als dies bei dem vorbeschriebenen HTI-Verfahren der Fall ist. Der dafür erforderliche Kühleffekt wird durch das Verdampfen des zugeführten bzw. eingespritzten Wassers und die dabei freiwerdende Verdampfungswärme erreicht.To solve this problem, a generic method is proposed, which is characterized in that water is supplied at least temporarily together with the supply of the combustion air. According to the invention, water is now supplied or injected during the compression of the combustion air required for the combustion. The consequence of this is that the mixture temperature - with the end pressure remaining the same, but with an increased compression ratio - can be kept significantly lower after compression than is the case with the above-described HTI process. The cooling effect required for this is achieved by evaporating the supplied or injected water and the heat of evaporation released in the process.
Der Enddruck nach der Verdichtung der Verbrennungsluft wird hierbei so ausgelegt, dass entlang der Sättigungslinie von Wasser - also der Grenze zwischen Nass- und Heißdampf - verdichtet wird, das zugeführte bzw. eingespritzte Wasser folglich zur Gänze verdampft wird, ohne dass es dabei jedoch überhitzt wird. Mittels dieser erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrensweise wird die optimale Kühlwirkung erreicht.The final pressure after the compression of the combustion air is designed so that it is compressed along the saturation line of water - i.e. the boundary between wet and superheated steam - so that the supplied or injected water is completely evaporated without being overheated , The optimal cooling effect is achieved by means of this procedure according to the invention.
Erst daran anschließend wird dem Verbrennungsmotor das zu verbrennende Medium zugeführt. Alternativ dazu kann diese Zuführung auch zumindest zeitweilig gemeinsam mit der Zuführung der Verbrennungsluft erfolgen. Im letztgenannten Falle wird das verbrennbare Medium jedoch in vorteilhafter Weise erst gegen Ende des Zeitraumes, in dem die Verbrennungsluftzuführung erfolgt, dem Verbrennungsmotor zugeführt werden. . .Only then is the medium to be burned fed to the internal combustion engine. As an alternative to this, this supply can also take place at least temporarily together with the supply of the combustion air. In the latter case, however, the combustible medium is advantageously only supplied to the internal combustion engine towards the end of the period in which the combustion air is supplied. , ,
Hierbei wird - entsprechend einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens - das Medium vor seiner Zuführung in den Verbrennungsmotor wenigstens auf Umgebungstemperatur, vorzugsweise auf eine Temperatur von wenigstens 500 °C erwärmt und dem Verbrennungsmotor mit einem Druck zwischen 100 und 500 bar, vorzugsweise mit einem Druck zwischen 200 und 300 bar, zugeführt.Here, in accordance with an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention, the medium is heated to at least ambient temperature, preferably to a temperature of at least 500 ° C., before being fed into the internal combustion engine, and to the internal combustion engine at a pressure between 100 and 500 bar, preferably at a pressure between 200 and 300 bar.
Die Erwärmung des Mediums erfolgt hierbei vorzugsweise zumindest teilweise im Wärmetausch mit dem oder einem der Abgasströme des Verbrennungsmotors.In this case, the medium is preferably heated at least partially by heat exchange with the or one of the exhaust gas streams of the internal combustion engine.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ermöglicht es, die Verbrennungstemperatur - verglichen mit dem HTI-Verfahren - niedriger zu halten. Daraus resultiert zwar ein verringerter thermischer Wirkungsgrad, jedoch sind die thermischen Verluste vergleichsweise gering. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren eignet sich grundsätzlich für alle bekannten, in einem Verbrennungsmotor verbrennbaren Medium, wie kryogene Medien - beispielsweise Wasserstoff -, Erdgas sowie Diesel- und Benzinkraftstoffe aller Art.The method according to the invention makes it possible to keep the combustion temperature lower, compared to the HTI method. Although this results in reduced thermal efficiency, the thermal losses are comparatively low. The method according to the invention is fundamentally suitable for all known media combustible in an internal combustion engine, such as cryogenic media - for example hydrogen -, natural gas and all types of diesel and gasoline fuels.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren weiterbildend wird vorgeschlagen, dass das dem Verbrennungsmotor zugeführte Wasser mittels einer Abkühlung des oder einer der Abgasströme des Verbrennungsmotors bereitgestellt wird.In a further development of the method according to the invention, it is proposed that the water supplied to the internal combustion engine is made available by cooling the one or one of the exhaust gas streams of the internal combustion engine.
Die Bereitstellung des zuzuführenden Wassers erfolgt im Regelfall durch die Kondensation des in dem oder den Abgasströmen enthaltenden Wasserdampfes in entsprechenden Abgaswärmeüberträgern, in welchen beispielsweise die Wärme des Wasserdampfes bzw. Abgasstromes an den zu erhitzenden Wasserstoff übertragen wird.The water to be supplied is generally provided by the condensation of the water vapor contained in the exhaust gas stream or streams in corresponding exhaust gas heat exchangers in which, for example, the heat of the water vapor or exhaust gas stream is transferred to the hydrogen to be heated.
Die Menge an Wasser aus der Abgasrückgewinnung ist bei jedem der vorgenannten Kraftstoffe ausreichend, um einen geschlossenen Wasserkreislauf, der ohne eine zusätzliche Zugabe von Wasser auskommt, zu gewährleisten. Da die Abgasströme der vorgenannten Kraftstoffe unterschiedlich hohe Wasseranteile aufweisen, ist es beispielsweise bei der Verwendung von Wasserstoff als verbrennbares Medium ausreichend, anteilsmäßig weniger Wasser zurückzugewinnen.The amount of water from the exhaust gas recovery is sufficient for each of the aforementioned fuels to ensure a closed water cycle that does not require the addition of water. Since the exhaust gas flows of the abovementioned fuels have different proportions of water, it is sufficient, for example when hydrogen is used as the combustible medium, to recover proportionately less water.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zum Zuführen eines in einem Verbrennungsmotor verbrennbaren Mediums führt zu einer bedeutend geringeren thermischen Belastung der verwendeten Materialen des Verbrennungsmotors; daraus resultieren eine höhere Lebensdauer des Verbrennungsmotors bzw. der entsprechenden Bauteile sowie eine geringere Baugröße des Verbrennungsmotors. Zudem lässt sich eine Wirkungsgradsteigerung von mehr als 10 % gegenüber dem vorbeschriebenen HTI-Verfahren und von ca. 25 % gegenüber einem konventionellen Saugbetrieb- Verfahren erreichen.The method according to the invention for supplying a medium which is combustible in an internal combustion engine leads to a significantly lower thermal load on the materials used for the internal combustion engine; this results in a longer service life of the internal combustion engine or the corresponding components and a smaller size of the internal combustion engine. In addition, an increase in efficiency of more than 10% compared to the previously described HTI process and about 25% compared to a conventional suction mode process can be achieved.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zum Zuführen eines in einem Verbrennungsmotor verbrennbaren Mediums sowie weitere Ausgestaltungen desselben seien nachfolgend anhand zweier in den Figuren 1 bis 4 dargestellter Ausführungsbeispiele näher erläutert. Die Ausführungsbeispiele zeigen hierbei mit Wasserstoff betriebene Verbrennungsmotoren M. Die Figuren 1 und 2 zeigen eine mögliche Ausgestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens, bei der die Einspritzung des Wassers unter Hochdruck, insbesondere bei einem Druck zwischen 25 und 250 bar, vorzugsweise zwischen 100 und 150 bar erfolgt, während bei der in den Figuren 3 und 4 dargestellten Verfahrensweise eine Niederdruck-Wassereinspritzung, bei der der Einspritzdruck des Wassers zwischen 5 und 200 bar, vorzugsweise zwischen 50 und 100 bar beträgt, dargestellt ist. Die Figuren 2 bzw. 4 zeigen hierbei jeweils die in den Figuren 1 und 3 eingekreisten Ausschnitte.The method according to the invention for supplying a medium combustible in an internal combustion engine and further refinements of the same are explained in more detail below with reference to two exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 to 4. The exemplary embodiments here show hydrogen-powered internal combustion engines M. FIGS. 1 and 2 show a possible embodiment of the method according to the invention, in which the water is injected under high pressure, in particular at a pressure between 25 and 250 bar, preferably between 100 and 150 bar, while the one shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 A low-pressure water injection method is shown, in which the injection pressure of the water is between 5 and 200 bar, preferably between 50 and 100 bar. FIGS. 2 and 4 each show the sections circled in FIGS. 1 and 3.
Die Figuren 1 und 3 zeigen einen lediglich schematisch dargestellten, mehrzylindrigen Verbrennungsmotor M, dem bzw. dessen Zylinderräumen Z - ausschnittsweise dargestellt in den Figuren 2 und 4 - über Leitung 1 die für die Verbrennung erforderliche Verbrennungsluft zugeführt wird.FIGS. 1 and 3 show a multi-cylinder internal combustion engine M, shown only schematically, to which the cylinder chambers Z — shown in sections in FIGS. 2 and 4 — are supplied with the combustion air required for the combustion via line 1.
Das für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren benötigte Wasser wird - wie bereits beschrieben - durch die Kondensation des in dem Abgasstrom des Verbrennungsmotors M enthaltenen Wasserdampfes gewonnen.As already described, the water required for the method according to the invention is obtained by the condensation of the water vapor contained in the exhaust gas stream of the internal combustion engine M.
Über die Abgasleitung 2 wird das Abgas des Verbrennungsmotors M abgezogen, in einem optional vorzusehenden Katalysator K gereinigt und in einem, dem Katalysator K nachgeschalteten ersten Wärmetauscher E1 gegen den Wasserstoff-Strom 6 - auf den im Folgenden noch näher eingegangen werden wird - abgekühlt. Anschließend erfolgt in einem zweiten Wärmetauscher E2 - vorzugsweise gegen Umgebungsluft - eine weitere Abkühlung des Abgasstromes, bevor dieser einem Kondensator bzw. Wasserabscheider W zugeführt wird. Der so behandelte Abgasstrom wird anschließend über Leitung 3 - im Regelfall über einen in den Figuren 1 bis 4 nicht dargestellten Auspuff - abgeführt.The exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine M is drawn off via the exhaust gas line 2, cleaned in an optionally provided catalytic converter K and cooled in a first heat exchanger E1 downstream of the catalytic converter K against the hydrogen stream 6 - which will be discussed in more detail below. Subsequently, in a second heat exchanger E2, preferably against ambient air, the exhaust gas stream is cooled further before it is fed to a condenser or water separator W. The exhaust gas stream treated in this way is then discharged via line 3 - as a rule via an exhaust not shown in FIGS. 1 to 4.
Das in dem Kondensator bzw. Wasserabscheider W gewonnene Wasser wird über Leitung 4 zunächst einem optional vorzusehenden Filter F und anschließend einem ebenfalls optional vorzusehenden (Zwischen)Wasserspeicher S zugeführt.The water obtained in the condenser or water separator W is first fed via line 4 to an optional filter F and then to an (intermediate) water reservoir S which is also optionally provided.
Der Filter F ist zumindest immer dann vorzusehen, wenn das Wasser gelöste Partikel, wie beispielsweise verbrannte Schmiermittelbestandteile, aufweist, die vor der Zuführung des Wassers zu dem Verbrennungsmotor M entfernt werden müssen. Der Wasserspeicher S dient hierbei als Puffer, um jederzeit eine ausreichende Zufuhr von Wasser zu dem Verbrennungsmotor M gewährleisten zu können. Insbesondere in der Startphase des Verbrennungsmotors M oder bei Lastwechseln kann möglicherweise mittels des Kondensators bzw. Wasserabscheiders W nicht genügend Wasser gewonnen werden.The filter F is at least always to be provided if the water has dissolved particles, such as burnt lubricant components, which are in front of the Supply of water to the internal combustion engine M must be removed. The water reservoir S serves as a buffer in order to be able to ensure an adequate supply of water to the internal combustion engine M at all times. In particular in the start-up phase of the internal combustion engine M or in the event of load changes, insufficient water may possibly be obtained by means of the condenser or water separator W.
Aus dem Wasserspeicher S wird das Wasser nunmehr erfindungsgemäß bei Bedarf über die Leitung 5, in der wenigstens eine Wasserpumpe P vorgesehen ist, dem Verbrennungsmotor M bzw. dessen Zylinderraum oder -räumen Z zugeführt.According to the invention, the water is now supplied from the water reservoir S via the line 5, in which at least one water pump P is provided, to the internal combustion engine M or its cylinder chamber or chambers Z.
Der bereits erwähnte Wasserstoff-Strom 6, der in dem Wärmetauscher E1 gegen den abzukühlenden Abgasstrom angewärmt wird, wird dem Verbrennungsmotor M bzw. dessen Zylinderraum oder -räumen Z über Leitung 7 zugeführt.The hydrogen stream 6 already mentioned, which is heated in the heat exchanger E1 against the exhaust gas stream to be cooled, is fed to the internal combustion engine M or its cylinder chamber or chambers Z via line 7.
Bei dem in den Figuren 1 und 2 dargestellten Verbrennungsmotor M sind jedem Zylinderraum Z wenigstens ein Druckventil 8 sowie ein Saugventil 9 zugeordnet. Ferner wird - wie bereits erläutert - über Leitung 7, in der ein Einspritzventil a angeordnet ist, Wasserstoff eingespritzt, während erfindungsgemäß über die Leitung 5, in der ein Einspritzventil vorgesehen ist, Wasser in den Zylinderraum Z eingespritzt wird.In the internal combustion engine M shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, at least one pressure valve 8 and one suction valve 9 are assigned to each cylinder space Z. Furthermore, as already explained, hydrogen is injected via line 7, in which an injection valve a is arranged, while according to the invention, water is injected into the cylinder space Z via line 5, in which an injection valve is provided.
Bei dieser Verfahrensweise werden der Wasserstoff unter einem Druck von 100 bis 500 bar und das Wasser unter einem Druck von 25 bis 250 bar in den Zylinderraum Z geführt bzw. eingespritzt.In this procedure, the hydrogen is fed or injected into the cylinder space Z under a pressure of 100 to 500 bar and the water under a pressure of 25 to 250 bar.
Demgegenüber erfolgt bei der anhand der Figuren 3 und 4 erläuterten Verfahrensweise die Zuführung des Wassers in den Zylinderraum Z durch das Einspritzventil. Das Wasser wird dabei kurz vor dem Schließen des Saugventiles 9 durch dessen Ventilöffnung eingespritzt, in der Figur 4 dargestellt durch die gestrichelt gezeichnete Linie 10. Dabei weist das Wasser einen Druck zwischen 5 und 200 bar auf. In contrast, in the procedure explained with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, the water is fed into the cylinder space Z through the injection valve. The water is injected shortly before the suction valve 9 closes through its valve opening, shown in FIG. 4 by the dashed line 10. The water has a pressure between 5 and 200 bar.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Verfahren zum Zuführen eines in einem Verbrennungsmotor verbrennbaren Mediums, wobei das Medium unter überatmosphärischem Druck und mit erhöhter Temperatur dem Verbrennungsmotor zugeführt und wobei vor und/oder zumindest zeitweilig gemeinsam mit der Zuführung des Mediums Verbrennungsluft zugeführt wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zumindest zeitweilig gemeinsam mit der Zuführung der Verbrennungsluft (1) Wasser (5) zugeführt wird.1. A method for supplying a combustible medium in an internal combustion engine, the medium being supplied to the internal combustion engine under superatmospheric pressure and at an elevated temperature and wherein combustion air is supplied before and / or at least temporarily together with the supply of the medium, characterized in that at least temporarily together with the supply of combustion air (1) water (5) is supplied.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Wasser unter Bedingungen zugeführt wird, die ein im Wesentlichen vollständiges Verdampfen des zugeführten Wassers (5) ermöglichen.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the water is supplied under conditions which allow a substantially complete evaporation of the supplied water (5).
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Medium vor seiner Zuführung in den Verbrennungsmotor (M) wenigstens auf Umgebungstemperatur, vorzugsweise auf eine Temperatur von wenigstens 500 °C erwärmt wird und dem Verbrennungsmotor (M) mit einem Druck zwischen 100 und 500 bar, vorzugsweise mit einem Druck zwischen 200 und 300 bar, zugeführt wird (7).3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the medium is heated before it is fed into the internal combustion engine (M) at least to ambient temperature, preferably to a temperature of at least 500 ° C and the internal combustion engine (M) with a pressure between 100 and 500 bar, preferably at a pressure between 200 and 300 bar, is supplied (7).
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Erwärmung des Mediums zumindest teilweise im Wärmetausch (E1) mit dem oder einem der Abgasströme (2) des Verbrennungsmotors (M) erfolgt.4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the heating of the medium takes place at least partially in the heat exchange (E1) with the or one of the exhaust gas streams (2) of the internal combustion engine (M).
5. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Wasser (5) dem Verbrennungsmotor (M) mit einem Druck zwischen 5 und 250 bar, vorzugsweise zwischen 50 und 150 bar zugeführt wird.5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the water (5) is fed to the internal combustion engine (M) at a pressure between 5 and 250 bar, preferably between 50 and 150 bar.
6. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das dem Verbrennungsmotor (M) zugeführte Wasser (5) mittels einer Abkühlung (E1 , E2) des oder einer der Abgasströme (2) des Verbrennungsmotors (M) bereitgestellt wird. 6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the water (5) supplied to the internal combustion engine (M) is provided by means of cooling (E1, E2) of the or one of the exhaust gas streams (2) of the internal combustion engine (M) ,
7. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das dem Verbrennungsmotor (M) zugeführte Wasser (5) vor der Zuführung einem Filtrationsprozess (F) unterworfen wird.7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the water (5) supplied to the internal combustion engine (M) is subjected to a filtration process (F) before being supplied.
8. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das dem Verbrennungsmotor (M) zuzuführende Wasser (5) in einem (Zwischen)Wasserspeicher S gespeichert und aus diesem dem Verbrennungsmotor (M) zugeführt wird. 8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the water (5) to be supplied to the internal combustion engine (M) is stored in an (intermediate) water reservoir S and is supplied to the internal combustion engine (M) from this.
EP04763752A 2003-08-05 2004-08-03 Increasing the efficiency of hydrogen-operated internal combustion engines Withdrawn EP1651848A1 (en)

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DE102015208476A1 (en) * 2015-05-07 2016-11-10 Robert Bosch Gmbh Apparatus and method for injecting water for an internal combustion engine
AT526089B1 (en) 2022-04-26 2023-11-15 Avl List Gmbh HYDROGEN POWERED COMBUSTION ENGINE
AT526664B1 (en) 2023-01-23 2024-06-15 Avl List Gmbh Hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine

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