EP1648200A1 - Verbesserungen in und in Bezug auf Bruchdetektoren für elektrisch beheizbare Scheiben - Google Patents
Verbesserungen in und in Bezug auf Bruchdetektoren für elektrisch beheizbare Scheiben Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1648200A1 EP1648200A1 EP05256358A EP05256358A EP1648200A1 EP 1648200 A1 EP1648200 A1 EP 1648200A1 EP 05256358 A EP05256358 A EP 05256358A EP 05256358 A EP05256358 A EP 05256358A EP 1648200 A1 EP1648200 A1 EP 1648200A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- resistance
- crack
- threshold
- crack detector
- resistance value
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012799 electrically-conductive coating Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000246 remedial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000011664 signaling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010016275 Fear Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013500 data storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010606 normalization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/84—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields
- H05B3/86—Heating arrangements specially adapted for transparent or reflecting areas, e.g. for demisting or de-icing windows, mirrors or vehicle windshields the heating conductors being embedded in the transparent or reflecting material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
- H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
- H05B1/0227—Applications
- H05B1/023—Industrial applications
- H05B1/0236—Industrial applications for vehicles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/035—Electrical circuits used in resistive heating apparatus
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
- H05B2214/02—Heaters specially designed for de-icing or protection against icing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to crack detectors, to glazings, especially vehicle glazings, coupled to such crack detectors and to methods of detecting cracks.
- a glazing for example a windshield in a vehicle, with an electrically conductive coating to which electrical current can be applied for heating.
- This has the advantage that condensation, frost or ice can be either discouraged or removed from the glazing by such heating.
- Such glazings may be found in cars, trucks, lorries, vans, in the railway and aircraft industries, and also in items such as chiller cabinets.
- US 4,565,919 discloses a crack detector system for an electrically conductive windshield.
- the windshield incorporates an electrically conductive layer to which a current can be applied for heating.
- the system monitors the resistance of the conductive element and interrupts the power applied thereto when the resistance of the conductive element exceeds a predetermined fixed threshold value indicative of element cracking.
- a crack detector for a glazing comprising a heatable layer, the detector comprising a resistance measurer arranged to repeatedly measure a resistance of the heatable layer of the glazing and to output a resistance value; a threshold determiner arranged repeatedly to determine a threshold resistance indicative of a resistance of the heatable layer characteristic of a crack, which threshold resistance is determined based on a plurality of the previous resistance values; and a comparator arranged to compare the threshold resistance with the measured resistance value, thereby to determine if a crack is present.
- a crack detector is effectively self-calibrating, which is advantageous because it may be used with a number of different glazings, even though there may be variation in the resistance of the heatable layers of each of them as a result of manufacturing tolerances.
- a crack is determined to be present if the current measured resistance value is greater than the threshold resistance.
- the detector comprises a data logger arranged to store a plurality of resistance values output from the resistance measurer.
- the crack detector comprises a timer arranged to activate the resistance measurer at intervals.
- the intervals are regular intervals. Thus periodic tests of the heatable layer can be made.
- the crack detector is arranged whereby when first energised after a predetermined delay a resistance measurement is made by the resistance measurer. This enables the resistance of the heatable layer to stabilise.
- the threshold resistance is determined based on the resistance values of a predetermined number of previously measured resistance values.
- the previous resistance values are a number of immediately preceding resistance values. In this way the threshold resistance will change over time and older data will be dropped.
- the threshold resistance is determined as an average of a number of resistance values.
- the average is of at least ten resistance values.
- the predetermined number of resistance values is not present, it is determined whether the measured resistance is grossly unreasonable, in which case it is determined that a crack is present.
- the threshold resistance is at least 0.001% above the average resistance value.
- the threshold resistance is at least 0.01% above the average resistance value.
- the threshold resistance is at least 0.1% above the average resistance value.
- the crack detector is arranged whereby the measured resistance value is temperature normalised before a comparison is made with the threshold resistance.
- the crack detector comprises a temperature sensor arranged to measure the ambient temperature outside a vehicle carrying the crack detector.
- the glazing is a laminate comprising two plies of glazing material having a ply of interlayer material extending therebetween, and the temperature sensor is provided within the laminate.
- a driver information and communication unit of a vehicle carrying the crack detector is arranged to carry out at least one of the following operations:
- a vehicle glazing coupled to a crack detector according to the first aspect of the present invention.
- a method of detecting cracks in a glazing comprising a heatable layer, the method comprising the steps of repeatedly measuring a resistance of the heatable layer of the glazing and outputting a resistance value; repeatedly determining a threshold resistance indicative of a resistance of the heatable layer characteristic of a crack, which threshold resistance is determined based on a plurality of the previous resistance values; and comparing the threshold resistance with the measured resistance value, thereby to determine if a crack is present.
- a crack is determined to be present if the current measured resistance value is greater than the threshold resistance.
- the method comprises the step of storing a plurality of resistance values output from the resistance measurer.
- the resistance measurer is activated at intervals.
- the intervals are regular intervals. Thus periodic tests of the heatable layer can be made.
- a resistance measurement is made by the resistance measurer. This enables the resistance of the heatable layer to stabilise.
- the threshold resistance is determined based on the resistance values of a predetermined number of previously measured resistance values.
- the previous resistance values are a number of immediately preceding resistance values. In this way the threshold resistance will change over time and older data will be dropped.
- the threshold resistance is determined as an average of a number of resistance values.
- the average is of at least ten resistance values.
- the threshold resistance is at least 0.001% above the average resistance value.
- the threshold resistance is at least 0.01% above the average resistance value.
- the threshold resistance is at least 0.1% above the average resistance value.
- the predetermined number of resistance values is not present, it is determined whether the measured resistance is grossly unreasonable, in which case it is determined that a crack is present.
- the measured resistance is temperature normalised before a comparison is made with the threshold resistance, as described earlier.
- a driver information and communication unit of a vehicle carrying the crack detector carries out at least one of the following operations:
- a laminated glazing 2 which may be a vehicle windshield, comprising an outer ply of glazing material 4, an inner ply of glazing material 6, a heatable conductive layer or coating 8 and a ply of plastics material 10 such as polyvinyl butyral, or polyethylene terephthalate interleaved between two plies of polyvinyl butyral.
- the heatable conductive layer or coating 8 may be provided on an inner surface of one of the plies of glazing material 4,6 (i.e. on a surface facing into the laminate), or on a surface of the ply of plastics material 10.
- the glazing material may be glass or a plastics material such as polycarbonate.
- the polyvinyl butyral ply acts as an interlayer which bonds the plies of glazing material together and, for glass plies, minimises the risk of the glazing shattering dangerously.
- the heatable conductive layer or coating 8 may be partitioned into two or more separate heating zones, each having its own busbars, and possible even its own crack detector.
- the heatable layer 8 typically consists of an electrically conductive metal or doped oxide based layer. Such a glazing 2 is well known in the art.
- a crack detector 30 which comprises a resistance measurer 32, a timer 34, a data logger 36, a threshold determiner 38, a comparator 40, a temperature sensor 42, a control device 44, a driver interaction unit 46, switch 48 and communication unit 56.
- Resistance measurer 32 can measure the resistance of the heatable layer 8 by any known method.
- Timer 34 consists of a digital timer that can be used for a variety of purposes as set out below.
- Data logger 36 typically comprises a random access memory data storage module. Data from the data logger 36 may be downloaded, using a suitable data downloader, by selected third parties, for example the vehicle manufacturer or a glazing manufacturer, so that each can access information regarding the durability and longevity of the glazing carrying a crack detector.
- Threshold determiner 38 is embodied in a microprocessor for calculating a resistance threshold at which a crack is likely in the heatable layer 8.
- Comparator 40 is also embodied in the microprocessor used for threshold determiner 38.
- Temperature sensor 42 measures the ambient temperature outside the vehicle using a thermometer, a thermistor or a thermocouple. Whichever one or more of these temperature measuring means is used may be provided in the glazing, i.e. within the laminate. Alternatively or additionally a thermometer, a thermistor or a thermocouple could be on or near the windshield 2.
- Control device 44 is typically embodied in the microprocessor used for threshold determiner 38 and is coupled to a switch 48 for disconnecting the heatable layer 8 from a power source (not shown).
- Interaction unit 46 in this embodiment comprises an alert light 50 provided on the vehicle dashboard or adjacent to the monitored glass. Additionally the interaction unit can include a Global Positioning System (GPS) device 54.
- GPS Global Positioning System
- Communication unit 56 can transmit information from the vehicle to a glazing or car service centre.
- the communication unit can also receive information to update the database of contacts, address and telephone numbers.
- the communication unit 56 is configured automatically to use a cellular telephone network where available for communication.
- a vehicle engine (not shown) is started at step 98.
- step 100 when the engine is started up, the crack detector is first energised, assuming that it is already switched on when the engine is started (the crack detector being provided with an on/off switch (not shown)).
- temperature sensor 42 measures the temperature. This is an optional operation, used if temperature normalisation is utilised (see below).
- a test current or voltage (not necessarily the full current or voltage) is passed through the heatable layer 8 of the windscreen long enough for the current or voltage to stabilise, which is typically within about 30 seconds (measured by timer 34).
- Resistance measurer 32 measures the resistance of the heatable layer 8 and outputs a resistance value to data logger 36.
- Threshold determiner 38 then in step 104 checks whether data logger 36 has the required minimum predetermined number of resistance value entries. In this embodiment ten entries are required though this can be varied for different applications and requirements.
- step 105 determines if the measured resistance is grossly unreasonable.
- a grossly unreasonable resistance value may be taken at >2.00 Ohms (though this clearly can be modified as desired according to the size of windscreen). If the measured resistance value is grossly unreasonable then it is determined that there is a likelihood of there being a crack in the heatable layer 8 (follow arrow 63), following which in step 111 control device 44 activates switch 48 to disconnect the heatable layer 8 from the power source and activates driver interaction unit 46 to light the alert light 50 on the vehicle dashboard to draw the driver's attention to the problem so that appropriate remedial action can be taken.
- step 105 determines that the measured resistance is not grossly unreasonable (follow arrow 62), then the resistance value is included in the list of historical measurements in step 112.
- threshold determiner 38 averages the last ten values to generate an average resistance value.
- the threshold resistance can be set in a number of ways. Currently, according to the present embodiment it is set as 0.01% above the average resistance value (in some embodiments this can be as low as 0.001%, as high as 0.1%, or any value in between).
- step 108 the value is compared by comparator 40 against the average resistance value to see if a threshold resistance is exceeded.
- control device 44 activates switch 48 to disconnect the heatable layer 8 from the power source and activates driver interaction unit 46 to light the alert light 50 on the vehicle dashboard to draw the driver's attention to the problem so that appropriate remedial action can be taken.
- the input resistance value is included in the list of historical measurements in step 112. If the resistance value exceeds the threshold resistance, the resistance value is not used in the historical list for generating an average value.
- step 113 When the new value is within the threshold resistance, if windscreen heating has been requested by a user (step 113 - follow arrow 66) the windscreen is continued to be powered (step 114), until it is decided that power is no longer required (follow arrow 67). If windscreen heating has not been requested, follow arrow 68. In step 116, the apparatus waits a predetermined time, measured by timer 34 before returning to step 102.
- the crack detector 30 repeats the resistance measurement at intervals and the flow chart continues from step 102. Normally, there will be a regular resistance value measurement every 30 minutes (though this clearly can be modified as desired) as set by timer 34 (step 116). If, when a resistance measurement is to be made, the heatable layer 8 is not currently heated then a test current or voltage is applied to the heatable layer for a period sufficient to allow the resistance heatable layer to stabilise, which in this embodiment is 30 seconds.
- the threshold resistance value used by the crack detector 30 to determine whether a crack is likely to be present varies according to the resistance values obtained over time from measurements made of the heatable layer 8. It follows that, if there is a slow drift of the resistance of the heatable layer 8, with time there will, accordingly, be a corresponding change in the average resistance value and hence the threshold determined for deciding whether a crack is present.
- an embodiment of the present invention can use a temperature measurement from temperature measurer 42 to improve the resistance threshold as temperature can have some impact on the resistance of the heatable layer 8 as determined by resistance measurer 32.
- the resistance is compensated for the measured temperature by being normalised according to equation (1) above, using a predetermined value for ⁇ .
- the value stored in the data logger is also adjusted in this manner such that all stored readings occur at a common reference temperature.
- disconnection may also be achieved by a safety timer or switch (not shown) which automatically switches off the power supply to the heatable layer 8 when it reaches a predetermined temperature or after a specified period of time.
- the driver information unit can be arranged to perform a variety of other actions.
- the driver interaction unit can be coupled to a global positioning satellite (GPS) system within the vehicle and/or a communication unit using an in-car mobile phone.
- GPS global positioning satellite
- crack detector of the invention has been described in connection with a vehicle windshield, it will be appreciated that the invention may be employed in conjunction with any glazing which incorporates an electrically conductive heating layer, coating or film (whether on or within the glazing) of which the electrical resistance may vary with time as well as due to damage.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB0423033.0A GB0423033D0 (en) | 2004-10-16 | 2004-10-16 | Improvements in and relating to crack detectors |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1648200A1 true EP1648200A1 (de) | 2006-04-19 |
EP1648200B1 EP1648200B1 (de) | 2007-12-26 |
Family
ID=33462861
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05256358A Active EP1648200B1 (de) | 2004-10-16 | 2005-10-13 | Verbesserungen in und in Bezug auf Bruchdetektoren für elektrisch beheizbare Scheiben |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1648200B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE382251T1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE602005004000T2 (de) |
GB (1) | GB0423033D0 (de) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9764533B2 (en) | 2013-05-29 | 2017-09-19 | Pilkington Group Limited | Glazing |
WO2019110975A1 (en) * | 2017-12-05 | 2019-06-13 | Edwards Limited | Thermal management method and apparatus |
US20190373681A1 (en) * | 2018-05-30 | 2019-12-05 | Betterfrost Technologies, Inc. | Continuous resistance and proximity checking for high power deicing and defogging systems |
WO2020049405A1 (en) * | 2018-09-05 | 2020-03-12 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | System and method for monitoring resistance of a conductive coating as an indicator of a condition of the conductive coating |
WO2021067567A1 (en) * | 2019-10-02 | 2021-04-08 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Transparency including a wireless sensor |
CN113715768A (zh) * | 2020-05-25 | 2021-11-30 | 华晨宝马汽车有限公司 | 用于在车辆玻璃破碎时使乘员躲避伤害的保护系统及车辆 |
US20220284715A1 (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2022-09-08 | Apple Inc. | Window Defect Sensing And Image Processing |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102018218621A1 (de) * | 2018-10-31 | 2020-04-30 | Audi Ag | Notfallsteuerung für ein Fahrzeug |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4565919A (en) * | 1984-06-14 | 1986-01-21 | Donnelly Corporation | Crack detector for electrically conductive windshield |
US5072098A (en) * | 1990-06-11 | 1991-12-10 | Chrysler Corporation | Electrically heated windshield controller |
US5981907A (en) * | 1997-10-09 | 1999-11-09 | Ut Automotive Dearborn, Inc. | Rear wiper monitoring theft deterrent circuit |
US6020576A (en) * | 1997-10-09 | 2000-02-01 | Lear Automotive Dear Born, Inc. | Temperature and windshield crack detector |
DE10125639A1 (de) * | 2001-05-25 | 2002-12-05 | Audi Ag | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Scheibenheizung in einem Fahrzeug und Scheibenheizungssteuereinheit |
-
2004
- 2004-10-16 GB GBGB0423033.0A patent/GB0423033D0/en not_active Ceased
-
2005
- 2005-10-13 EP EP05256358A patent/EP1648200B1/de active Active
- 2005-10-13 DE DE602005004000T patent/DE602005004000T2/de active Active
- 2005-10-13 AT AT05256358T patent/ATE382251T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4565919A (en) * | 1984-06-14 | 1986-01-21 | Donnelly Corporation | Crack detector for electrically conductive windshield |
US5072098A (en) * | 1990-06-11 | 1991-12-10 | Chrysler Corporation | Electrically heated windshield controller |
US5981907A (en) * | 1997-10-09 | 1999-11-09 | Ut Automotive Dearborn, Inc. | Rear wiper monitoring theft deterrent circuit |
US6020576A (en) * | 1997-10-09 | 2000-02-01 | Lear Automotive Dear Born, Inc. | Temperature and windshield crack detector |
DE10125639A1 (de) * | 2001-05-25 | 2002-12-05 | Audi Ag | Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Scheibenheizung in einem Fahrzeug und Scheibenheizungssteuereinheit |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9764533B2 (en) | 2013-05-29 | 2017-09-19 | Pilkington Group Limited | Glazing |
US11851030B2 (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2023-12-26 | Apple Inc. | Window defect sensing and image processing |
US20220284715A1 (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2022-09-08 | Apple Inc. | Window Defect Sensing And Image Processing |
WO2019110975A1 (en) * | 2017-12-05 | 2019-06-13 | Edwards Limited | Thermal management method and apparatus |
CN111434187A (zh) * | 2017-12-05 | 2020-07-17 | 爱德华兹有限公司 | 热管理方法和设备 |
JP2021506061A (ja) * | 2017-12-05 | 2021-02-18 | エドワーズ リミテッド | 熱管理方法及び装置 |
CN111434187B (zh) * | 2017-12-05 | 2023-03-31 | 爱德华兹有限公司 | 热管理方法和设备 |
US20190373681A1 (en) * | 2018-05-30 | 2019-12-05 | Betterfrost Technologies, Inc. | Continuous resistance and proximity checking for high power deicing and defogging systems |
JP2021535573A (ja) * | 2018-09-05 | 2021-12-16 | ピーピージー・インダストリーズ・オハイオ・インコーポレイテッドPPG Industries Ohio, Inc. | 導電性コーティングの状態の指標として導電性コーティングの抵抗を監視するためのシステムおよび方法 |
CN112997581A (zh) * | 2018-09-05 | 2021-06-18 | Ppg工业俄亥俄公司 | 用于监测作为导电涂层的状况的指示的导电涂层的电阻的系统和方法 |
WO2020049405A1 (en) * | 2018-09-05 | 2020-03-12 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | System and method for monitoring resistance of a conductive coating as an indicator of a condition of the conductive coating |
CN112997581B (zh) * | 2018-09-05 | 2024-03-22 | Ppg工业俄亥俄公司 | 用于监测作为导电涂层的状况的指示的导电涂层的电阻的系统和方法 |
WO2021067567A1 (en) * | 2019-10-02 | 2021-04-08 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Transparency including a wireless sensor |
US11780594B2 (en) | 2019-10-02 | 2023-10-10 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Transparency including a wireless sensor |
CN113715768A (zh) * | 2020-05-25 | 2021-11-30 | 华晨宝马汽车有限公司 | 用于在车辆玻璃破碎时使乘员躲避伤害的保护系统及车辆 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB0423033D0 (en) | 2004-11-17 |
DE602005004000D1 (de) | 2008-02-07 |
EP1648200B1 (de) | 2007-12-26 |
ATE382251T1 (de) | 2008-01-15 |
DE602005004000T2 (de) | 2008-12-18 |
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