EP1588095B1 - Steam generator - Google Patents

Steam generator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1588095B1
EP1588095B1 EP03780136A EP03780136A EP1588095B1 EP 1588095 B1 EP1588095 B1 EP 1588095B1 EP 03780136 A EP03780136 A EP 03780136A EP 03780136 A EP03780136 A EP 03780136A EP 1588095 B1 EP1588095 B1 EP 1588095B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
steam generator
steam
piece
flow
flow medium
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP03780136A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1588095A1 (en
Inventor
Joachim Franke
Rudolf Kral
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Siemens AG
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Siemens AG
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Priority to EP03780136A priority Critical patent/EP1588095B1/en
Publication of EP1588095A1 publication Critical patent/EP1588095A1/en
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22STEAM GENERATION
    • F22BMETHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/02Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
    • F22B1/18Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines
    • F22B1/1807Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines using the exhaust gases of combustion engines
    • F22B1/1815Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines using the exhaust gases of combustion engines using the exhaust gases of gas-turbines
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22STEAM GENERATION
    • F22BMETHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/02Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
    • F22B1/18Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a steam generator, in which an evaporator continuous heating surface is arranged in a flow-through in an approximately horizontal heating gas Schugaskanal comprising a number of parallel to the flow of a flow medium steam generator tubes, and which is designed such that one compared to another Steam generator tube of the same evaporator fürlaufeckization Principal Vector Generator Tube has a higher compared to the other steam generator tube throughput of the flow medium.
  • the heat contained in the relaxed working fluid or heating gas from the gas turbine is used to generate steam for the steam turbine.
  • the heat transfer takes place in a gas turbine downstream heat recovery steam generator, in which usually a number of heating surfaces for water preheating, evaporation of water and steam superheating is arranged.
  • the heating surfaces are connected in the water-steam cycle of the steam turbine.
  • the water-steam cycle usually includes several, z. B. three, pressure levels, each pressure stage may have a Verdampferloom phenomenon.
  • a continuous steam generator In contrast to a natural or forced circulation steam generator, a continuous steam generator is not subject to any pressure limitation, so that fresh steam pressures are possible far above the critical pressure of water (P Kri ⁇ 221 bar) - where there are only slight differences in density between liquid-like and vapor-like medium.
  • a high live steam pressure promotes a high thermal efficiency and thus low CO 2 emissions of a fossil-fired power plant.
  • a continuous steam generator in comparison to a circulating steam generator a simple construction and is thus produced with very little effort.
  • the use of a designed according to the flow principle steam generator as heat recovery steam generator of a gas and steam turbine plant is therefore particularly favorable to achieve a high overall efficiency of the gas and steam turbine plant with a simple design.
  • a steam generator which is suitable for a design in horizontal construction and also has the said advantages of a continuous steam generator.
  • the known steam generator is designed with respect to its evaporator fürlaufsammlung construction such that a more heated compared to another steam generator tube the same evaporator fürlaufsammlung construction steam generator tube has a higher compared to the other steam generator tube throughput of the flow medium.
  • the evaporator fürlaufsammlung Design of the known steam generator thus shows in the nature of the flow characteristics of a BachumlaufverdampferlikTalk Structure (natural circulation) with occurring different heating individual steam generator tubes a self-stabilizing behavior that without the need for external interference to an alignment of the outlet temperatures also on differently heated, flow medium side parallel steam generator tubes leads.
  • the known steam generator in terms of design, in particular with regard to the water and / or vapor distribution of the flow medium, relatively expensive.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object to provide a steam generator of the type mentioned above, which can be produced with very little effort, and which has a particularly high mechanical stability even with different thermal load.
  • one or each of the steam generator tubes in each case an approximately vertically arranged, from the flow medium in the upward direction Maschinenströmbares riser piece, this downstream of the flow medium, approximately vertically arranged and flow medium in the downstream flow-through downpipe and a downcomer downstream of the downcomer downpipe souströmbares further riser pipe piece comprises.
  • the invention is based on the consideration that in a particularly producible with particularly low assembly and manufacturing steam generator for a particularly stable and against differences in thermal stress particularly insensitive performance applied in the known steam generator design principle of a natural circulation characteristic of an evaporator fürlauf redesign Construction consistently developed and should be further improved.
  • the evaporator continuous heating surface should be designed to be exposed to comparatively low mass flow density with comparatively lower friction pressure loss.
  • the heating surface is particularly simple, especially with regard to collection and distribution of the flow medium.
  • the heating surface is suitable for carrying out all process sections of the complete evaporation, that is to say of preheating, evaporation and at least partial overheating, in only a single stage, that is to say without intermediate components for collecting and / or distributing the flow medium. Additional heating surfaces for preheating the feed water or for further overheating are generally provided.
  • each steam generator tube comprises three flow medium side connected segments.
  • a division of the steam generator tubes of the evaporator throughflow heating surface is provided in at least three segments (of parallel tubes), wherein the first segment comprises all the riser tube pieces and flows through in the upward direction. Accordingly, the second segment comprises all downpipe pieces and is flowed through in the downward direction, so that automatically by the weight of the flow medium, the flow is supported.
  • the downpipe pieces of each steam generator tube forming the second segment in the heating gas duct are arranged in the heating gas direction, in each case behind the riser pipe sections assigned to them.
  • the third segment comprises all other riser pieces and is flowed through in the upward direction.
  • the segments of the or each steam generator tube in the heating gas channel are positioned such that the heating requirement of each segment - especially with regard to the respective provided there stage in the evaporation process - is adapted to a special extent to the local heat supply in Walkergaskanal.
  • the further riser pipe sections of each steam generator pipe forming the third segment are expediently arranged in the heating gas duct in the direction of the heating gas, in each case between the riser pipe sections of the first segment and the downpipe sections of the second segment assigned to them.
  • the steam generator tubes are expediently spatially positioned in the heating gas channel such that the first segment or riser piece on the heating medium side is the third segment or further riser piece upstream of the flow medium side and the second segment or downcomer piece downstream of the fluidizing side Seen from the flow medium side third segment or further riser piece is arranged.
  • the respective first riser pipe piece which serves for a partial preheating and for the most part already for an evaporation of the flow medium is exposed to a comparatively strong heating by the heating gas in the "hot flue gas region".
  • the downcomer Due to the arrangement of the downcomer in comparatively cold flue gas range and the arrangement of the second riser between the first riser and the downpipe piece, so smokes gas side of the downpipe piece, a high overall efficiency of the heating surface is thus achieved with high operational safety, the first riser pieces the function a pre-evaporator fulfilled.
  • a particularly simple construction of the evaporator fürlaufsammlung II on the one hand and a particularly low mechanical load on the evaporator fürlaufsammlung configuration even with different thermal loading on the other hand can be achieved by the riser pipe piece of one or each steam generator tube with its associated downpipe piece and the downcomer piece of a further or alternatively advantageous embodiment or each steam generator tube with its associated further riser pipe piece flow medium side is connected via a respective overflow.
  • each overflow is advantageously laid within the Schugaskanals.
  • the overflow piece can also be guided outside the heating gas channel, in particular if a drainage collector is to be connected to the overflow piece for reasons of possibly required dewatering of the evaporator throughflow heating surface.
  • the steam generator tubes can be combined within the Schwarzgaskanals to rows of tubes, each of which comprises a number of perpendicular to the Edelgasraum juxtaposed steam generator tubes.
  • the steam generator tubes are advantageously carried out such that the most highly heated row of tubes forming riser sections, so seen in Walkergasraum first row of tubes, the weakest heated or seen in Walkergasraum last row of tubes is associated with the downpipes.
  • the downcomer and riser pieces of several steam generator tubes in the heating gas duct are expediently positioned relative to one another in such a way that a downwardly located downcomer piece viewed in the direction of the heating gas is assigned a further riser pipe piece located comparatively far ahead in the direction of the heating gas.
  • the respective steam generator tube is advantageously designed such that it comprises only a riser piece and this downstream of the flow medium side downpipe piece and a latter downstream of the flow medium side further riser piece.
  • the steam generator is used as a heat recovery steam generator of a gas and steam turbine plant.
  • the steam generator is advantageously followed by a gas turbine on the hot gas side.
  • this circuit can be arranged expediently behind the gas turbine, an additional firing to increase the temperature of the heating gas.
  • the advantages achieved by the invention are in particular that the complete execution of the evaporation, ie partial preheating, by the three-stage design of the steam generator tubes with a flow-through in the upward direction downpipe piece and downstream of this strömungsmediumzusitig downstream, through-flow in the upward direction further riser piece Evaporation and partial overheating, in only one stage and without the interposition of components for collecting or distributing a particularly simple construction can be achieved.
  • both the riser pipe section and the downcomer pipe section and the further riser pipe section of each steam generator pipe connected thereto can each be attached in a suspended construction in the area of the housing cover of the heating gas channel, wherein in each case a free longitudinal expansion in the lower area is permitted.
  • FIG. 1 shows in a simplified representation in longitudinal section a steam generator in horizontal construction.
  • the steam generator 1 is downstream in the manner of a heat recovery steam generator of a gas turbine, not shown, exhaust side.
  • the steam generator 1 has a surrounding wall 2, which forms a in a nearly horizontal, indicated by the arrows 4
  • Studgasraum x fuel gas channel 6 for the exhaust gas from the gas turbine.
  • the Schugaskanal 6 is in each case a number of designed according to the flow principle heating surfaces, also referred to as evaporator fürlauf costumes construction 8, which are provided for the evaporation of the flow medium arranged.
  • evaporator fürlauf costumes In the embodiment according to the figure, only one evaporator continuous heating surface 8 is shown, but it can also be provided a larger number of evaporator fürlaufteilrios inhabit.
  • the evaporator through-flow 8 formed evaporator system is acted upon by flow medium W, which evaporates in a single pass through the evaporator fürlaufsammlung Structure 8 and discharged after exiting the evaporator fürlaufsammlung phenomenon 8 as already superheated steam D and supplied only as needed for further overheating superheater becomes.
  • the evaporator system formed by the evaporator fürlaufsammlung construction 8 is connected in the non-illustrated water-steam cycle of a steam turbine.
  • heating surfaces 10 are connected in the water-steam cycle of the steam turbine.
  • the heating surfaces 10 may be, for example, superheaters, medium-pressure evaporator, low-pressure evaporator and / or preheater.
  • the evaporator fürlaufsammlung configuration 8 of the steam generator 1 comprises in the manner of a tube bundle a plurality of parallel to the flow of the flow medium W steam generator tubes 12.
  • a plurality of steam generator tubes 12 is seen in Walkergascardi x arranged side by side.
  • only one of the juxtaposed steam generator tubes 12 is visible.
  • the so juxtaposed steam generator tubes 12 is in each case a common distributor 16 upstream and a common outlet header 18 downstream of the flow medium side.
  • the distributor 16 are in turn connected on the input side to a main distributor 20, wherein the outlet header 18 are connected on the output side to a common main collector 22.
  • the evaporator pass-through heating surface 8 is designed such that it is suitable for feeding the steam generator tubes 12 with a comparatively low mass flow density, the steam generator tubes 12 having a natural circulation characteristic.
  • a steam boiler tube 12 which is more heated than a further steam generator tube 12 of the same evaporator pass-through heating surface 8, has a higher throughput of the flow medium W than the other steam generator tube 12.
  • the evaporator fürlaufsammlung configuration 8 comprises three flow medium side connected in series segments. In the first segment, each steam generator tube 12 of the evaporator pass-through heating surface 8 comprises an approximately vertically arranged riser piece 24 through which the flow medium W flows.
  • each steam generator tube 12 comprises a riser piece 24 downstream of the riser piece 24, approximately vertical and downstream of the flow medium W. flow-through downpipe piece 26.
  • each steam generator tube 12 comprises a downstream of the downcomer pipe piece 26 downstream, approximately vertically arranged and from the flow medium W in the upward direction through which further riser piece 28th
  • the segment formed by the further riser pieces 28 is arranged between the segment formed by the first riser pieces 24 and the segment formed by the drop pieces 26. This ensures a particularly adapted to the needs of heating the flow medium and the heating conditions in the heating gas duct 6 construction.
  • the downcomer piece 26 is connected to the riser piece 24 associated therewith via an overflow piece 30.
  • the further riser piece 28 is connected to its associated downcomer piece 26 via an overflow piece 30.
  • the overflow 30 are guided within the Schugaskanals 6.
  • the overflow pieces 30 can also be guided outside the heating gas channel 6. This can be advantageous in particular for the case that, for structural or operational reasons, drainage of the evaporator throughflow heating surface 8 should be provided.
  • a downcomer piece 26 with its associated further riser piece 28 and the connecting both overflow piece 30 has a nearly U-shaped shape, wherein the legs of the U through the downcomer piece 26 and the further riser piece 28 and the connecting bow through the Overflow 30 are formed.
  • the geodetic pressure contribution of the flow medium W in the region of the downcomer piece 26-in contrast to the region of the further riser piece 28-produces a flow-promoting and not a flow-inhibiting pressure contribution.
  • the water column located in the downpipe piece 26 of the unvaporized flow medium W "pushes" the flow through the respective steam generator tube 12, instead of impeding it.
  • the steam generator tube 12 as a whole has a comparatively low pressure loss.
  • both riser pieces 24, 28 and the downcomer piece 26 are suspended or fixed in the manner of a suspended construction on the ceiling of the heating gas channel 6.
  • the spatially lower end of the respective riser piece 24 and the lower end of the respective downcomer piece 26 and the further riser piece 28, which are each connected by their overflow piece 30, however, are not directly spatially fixed in the heating gas 6. Length expansions of these segments of the steam generator tubes 12 are thus tolerable without risk of damage, the respective overflow 30 acts as a strain curve.
  • This arrangement of the steam generator tubes 12 is thus mechanically very flexible and insensitive to thermal stresses occurring in relation to differential strains.
  • the downcomer pieces 26 and the further riser pieces 28 of a plurality of steam generator tubes 12 are positioned relative to one another in the heating gas duct 6 such that a riser pipe pieces 24, 28 located comparatively far in front of the downpipe piece 26 seen in the heating gas direction x are respectively associated with the heating gas direction x.
  • comparatively strongly heated riser pieces 24, 28 communicate with a comparatively weakly heated downcomer piece 26.
  • a multiple heating a series of steam generator tubes 12 leads locally to increased supply of flow medium W in this series of steam generator tube 12, so that due to the corresponding Increased cooling effect automatically adjusts the respective temperature values.
  • the fresh steam flowing into the main collector 22 is thus particularly homogeneous with regard to its steam parameters, independently of the individually traversed tube row 14.

Abstract

The steam generator (1) has a hot gas channel (6) extending in a horizontal flow direction (x), containing a through-flow heating surface (8) with a number of parallel steam generator pipes (12), each having a first vertical riser pipe section (24), a vertical fall pipe section (26) and a further vertical riser pipe section (28), connected one after the other in the flow direction of the flow medium.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Dampferzeuger, bei dem in einem in einer annähernd horizontalen Heizgasrichtung durchströmbarem Heizgaskanal eine Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche angeordnet ist, die eine Anzahl von zur Durchströmung eines Strömungsmediums parallel geschalteten Dampferzeugerrohren umfasst, und die derart ausgelegt ist, dass ein im Vergleich zu einem weiteren Dampferzeugerrohr der selben Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche mehrbeheiztes Dampferzeugerrohr einen im Vergleich zum weiteren Dampferzeugerrohr höheren Durchsatz des Strömungsmediums aufweist.The invention relates to a steam generator, in which an evaporator continuous heating surface is arranged in a flow-through in an approximately horizontal heating gas Heizgaskanal comprising a number of parallel to the flow of a flow medium steam generator tubes, and which is designed such that one compared to another Steam generator tube of the same evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche mehrbeheiztes steam generator tube has a higher compared to the other steam generator tube throughput of the flow medium.

Bei einer Gas- und Dampfturbinenanlage wird die im entspannten Arbeitsmittel oder Heizgas aus der Gasturbine enthaltene Wärme zur Erzeugung von Dampf für die Dampfturbine genutzt. Die Wärmeübertragung erfolgt in einem der Gasturbine nachgeschalteten Abhitzedampferzeuger, in dem üblicherweise eine Anzahl von Heizflächen zur Wasservorwärmung, zur Verdampfung des Wassers und zur Dampfüberhitzung angeordnet ist. Die Heizflächen sind in den Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf der Dampfturbine geschaltet. Der Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf umfasst üblicherweise mehrere, z. B. drei, Druckstufen, wobei jede Druckstufe eine Verdampferheizfläche aufweisen kann.In a gas and steam turbine plant, the heat contained in the relaxed working fluid or heating gas from the gas turbine is used to generate steam for the steam turbine. The heat transfer takes place in a gas turbine downstream heat recovery steam generator, in which usually a number of heating surfaces for water preheating, evaporation of water and steam superheating is arranged. The heating surfaces are connected in the water-steam cycle of the steam turbine. The water-steam cycle usually includes several, z. B. three, pressure levels, each pressure stage may have a Verdampferheizfläche.

Für den der Gasturbine als Abhitzedampferzeuger heizgasseitig nachgeschalteten Dampferzeuger kommen mehrere alternative Auslegungskonzepte, nämlich die Auslegung als Durchlaufdampferzeuger oder die Auslegung als Umlaufdampferzeuger, in Betracht. Bei einem Durchlaufdampferzeuger führt die Beheizung von als Verdampferrohren vorgesehenen Dampferzeugerrohren zu einer Verdampfung des Strömungsmediums in den Dampferzeugerrohren in einem einmaligen Durchlauf. Im Gegensatz dazu wird bei einem Natur- oder Zwangumlaufdampferzeuger das im Umlauf geführte Wasser bei einem Durchlauf durch die Verdampferrohre nur teilweise verdampft. Das dabei nicht verdampfte Wasser wird nach einer Abtrennung des erzeugten Dampfes für eine weitere Verdampfung den selben Verdampferrohren erneut zugeführt.For the gas turbine as heat recovery steam generator downstream of the steam generator come several alternative design concepts, namely the design as a continuous steam generator or the design as circulation steam generator, into consideration. In a continuous steam generator, the heating of steam generator tubes provided as evaporator tubes leads to an evaporation of the flow medium in the steam generator tubes in a single pass. In contrast, in a natural or forced circulation steam generator, the recirculating water is passed through the evaporator tubes only partially evaporated. The water which is not evaporated is fed again to the same evaporator tubes after separation of the steam produced for further evaporation.

Ein Durchlaufdampferzeuger unterliegt im Gegensatz zu einem Natur- oder Zwangumlaufdampferzeuger keiner Druckbegrenzung, so dass Frischdampfdrücke weit über dem kritischen Druck von Wasser (PKri ≈221 bar) - wo es nur noch geringe Dichteunterschiede gibt zwischen flüssigkeitsähnlichem und dampfähnlichem Medium - möglich sind. Ein hoher Frischdampfdruck begünstigt einen hohen thermischen Wirkungsgrad und somit niedrige CO2-Emissionen eines fossilbeheizten Kraftwerks. Zudem weist ein Durchlaufdampferzeuger im Vergleich zu einem Umlaufdampferzeuger eine einfache Bauweise auf und ist somit mit besonders geringem Aufwand herstellbar. Die Verwendung eines nach dem Durchlaufprinzip ausgelegten Dampferzeugers als Abhitzedampferzeuger einer Gas- und Dampfturbinenanlage ist daher zur Erzielung eines hohen Gesamtwirkungsgrades der Gas- und Dampfturbinenanlage bei einfacher Bauweise besonders günstig.In contrast to a natural or forced circulation steam generator, a continuous steam generator is not subject to any pressure limitation, so that fresh steam pressures are possible far above the critical pressure of water (P Kri ≈221 bar) - where there are only slight differences in density between liquid-like and vapor-like medium. A high live steam pressure promotes a high thermal efficiency and thus low CO 2 emissions of a fossil-fired power plant. In addition, a continuous steam generator in comparison to a circulating steam generator a simple construction and is thus produced with very little effort. The use of a designed according to the flow principle steam generator as heat recovery steam generator of a gas and steam turbine plant is therefore particularly favorable to achieve a high overall efficiency of the gas and steam turbine plant with a simple design.

Besondere Vorteile hinsichtlich des Herstellungsaufwands, aber auch hinsichtlich erforderlicher Wartungsarbeiten bietet ein Abhitzedampferzeuger in liegender Bauweise, bei dem das beheizende Medium oder Heizgas, also das Abgas aus der Gasturbine, in annähernd horizontaler Strömungsrichtung durch den Dampferzeuger geführt ist. Bei einem Durchlaufdampferzeuger in liegender Bauweise können die Dampferzeugerrohre einer Heizfläche jedoch je nach ihrer Positionierung einer stark unterschiedlichen Beheizung ausgesetzt sein. Insbesondere bei ausgangsseitig mit einem gemeinsamen Sammler verbundenen Dampferzeugerrohren kann eine unterschiedliche Beheizung einzelner Dampferzeugerrohre zu einer Zusammenführung von Dampfströmen mit stark voneinander abweichenden Dampfparametern und somit zu unerwünschten Wirkungsgradverlusten, insbesondere zu einer vergleichsweise verringerten Effektivität der betroffenen Heizfläche und einer dadurch reduzierten Dampferzeugung, führen. Eine unterschiedliche Beheizung benachbarter Dampferzeugerrohre kann zudem, insbesondere im Einmündungsbereich von Sammlern, zu Schäden an den Dampferzeugerrohren oder dem Sammler führen. Die an sich wünschenswerte Verwendung eines in liegender Bauweise ausgeführten Durchlaufdampferzeugers als Abhitzedampferzeuger für eine Gasturbine kann somit erhebliche Probleme hinsichtlich einer ausreichend stabilisierten Strömungsführung mit sich bringen.Particular advantages in terms of the manufacturing effort, but also in terms of required maintenance offers a heat recovery steam generator in horizontal construction, in which the heating medium or heating gas, ie the exhaust gas from the gas turbine, is guided in approximately horizontal flow direction through the steam generator. In a continuous-flow steam generator in a horizontal design, however, the steam generator tubes may be exposed to a heating surface depending on their positioning of a very different heating. Particularly in the case of steam generator tubes connected on the output side to a common collector, a different heating of individual steam generator tubes can lead to a combination of steam flows with widely differing steam parameters and thus to undesirable losses in efficiency, in particular to a comparatively reduced effectiveness of the heating surface concerned and a reduced steam generation as a result. to lead. In addition, a different heating of adjacent steam generator tubes can, in particular in the junction area of collectors, lead to damage to the steam generator tubes or to the collector. The desirable use of a continuous-flow steam generator designed as a downheating steam generator for a gas turbine can thus bring about considerable problems with regard to a sufficiently stabilized flow guidance.

Aus der EP 0 944 801 B1 ist ein Dampferzeuger bekannt, der für eine Auslegung in liegender Bauweise geeignet ist und zudem die genannten Vorteile eines Durchlaufdampferzeugers aufweist. Dazu ist der bekannte Dampferzeuger hinsichtlich seiner Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche derart ausgelegt, dass ein im Vergleich zu einem weiteren Dampferzeugerrohr derselben Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche mehrbeheiztes Dampferzeugerrohr einen im Vergleich zum weiteren Dampferzeugerrohr höheren Durchsatz des Strömungsmediums aufweist. Die Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche des bekannten Dampferzeugers zeigt somit in der Art der Strömungscharakteristik einer Naturumlaufverdampferheizfläche (Naturumlaufcharakteristik) bei auftretender unterschiedlicher Beheizung einzelner Dampferzeugerrohre ein selbststabilisierendes Verhalten, das ohne das Erfordernis äußerer Einflussnahme zu einer Angleichung der austrittsseitigen Temperaturen auch an unterschiedlich beheizten, strömungsmediumsseitig parallel geschalteten Dampferzeugerrohren führt. Allerdings ist der bekannte Dampferzeuger in konstruktiver Hinsicht, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die wasser- und/oder dampfseitige Verteilung des Strömungsmediums, vergleichsweise aufwendig.From EP 0 944 801 B1, a steam generator is known, which is suitable for a design in horizontal construction and also has the said advantages of a continuous steam generator. For this purpose, the known steam generator is designed with respect to its evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche such that a more heated compared to another steam generator tube the same evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche steam generator tube has a higher compared to the other steam generator tube throughput of the flow medium. The evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche of the known steam generator thus shows in the nature of the flow characteristics of a Naturumlaufverdampferheizfläche (natural circulation) with occurring different heating individual steam generator tubes a self-stabilizing behavior that without the need for external interference to an alignment of the outlet temperatures also on differently heated, flow medium side parallel steam generator tubes leads. However, the known steam generator in terms of design, in particular with regard to the water and / or vapor distribution of the flow medium, relatively expensive.

Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Dampferzeuger der oben genannten Art anzugeben, der mit besonders geringem Aufwand herstellbar ist, und der auch bei unterschiedlicher thermischer Belastung eine besonders hohe mechanische Stabilität aufweist.The invention is therefore based on the object to provide a steam generator of the type mentioned above, which can be produced with very little effort, and which has a particularly high mechanical stability even with different thermal load.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, dass eines oder jedes der Dampferzeugerrohre jeweils ein annähernd vertikal angeordnetes, vom Strömungsmedium in Aufwärtsrichtung durchströmbares Steigrohrstück, ein diesem strömungsmediumsseitig nachgeschaltetes, annähernd vertikal angeordnetes und vom Strömungsmedium in Abwärtsrichtung durchströmbares Fallrohrstück und ein dem Fallrohrstück strömungsmediumsseitig nachgeschaltetes, in Aufwärtsrichtung durchströmbares weiteres Steigrohrstück umfasst.This object is achieved in that one or each of the steam generator tubes in each case an approximately vertically arranged, from the flow medium in the upward direction durchströmbares riser piece, this downstream of the flow medium, approximately vertically arranged and flow medium in the downstream flow-through downpipe and a downcomer downstream of the downcomer downpipe durchströmbares further riser pipe piece comprises.

Die Erfindung geht dabei von der Überlegung aus, dass in einem mit besonders geringem Montage- und Fertigungsaufwand herstellbaren Dampferzeuger für ein besonders stabiles und gegenüber Unterschieden in der thermischen Belastung besonders unempfindliches Betriebsverhalten das bei dem bekannten Dampferzeuger angewandte Auslegungsprinzip einer Naturumlaufcharakteristik für eine Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche konsequent ausgebaut und weiter verbessert werden sollte. Die Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche sollte dabei für eine Beaufschlagung mit vergleichsweise geringer Massenstromdichte mit vergleichsweise geringerem Reibungsdruckverlust ausgelegt sein.The invention is based on the consideration that in a particularly producible with particularly low assembly and manufacturing steam generator for a particularly stable and against differences in thermal stress particularly insensitive performance applied in the known steam generator design principle of a natural circulation characteristic of an evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche consistently developed and should be further improved. The evaporator continuous heating surface should be designed to be exposed to comparatively low mass flow density with comparatively lower friction pressure loss.

Eine besonders einfache und somit auch robuste Bauweise ist dabei erreichbar, indem die Heizfläche besonders im Hinblick auf Sammlung und Verteilung des Strömungsmediums besonders einfach ausgeführt ist. Dabei ist die Heizfläche für die Durchführung von allen Prozessabschnitten der vollständigen Verdampfung, also von Vorwärmung, Verdampfung und zumindest teilweise Überhitzung, in lediglich einer einzigen Stufe, also ohne zwischengeschaltete Komponenten zum Sammeln und/oder Verteilen des Strömungsmediums, geeignet ausgebildet. Zusätzliche Heizflächen zur Vorwärmung des Speisewassers oder zur weiteren Überhitzung sind im Allgemeinen vorgesehen. Um dabei einerseits überhaupt alle die genannten Prozessabschnitte vollständig im jeweiligen Dampferzeugerrohr vornehmen zur können und andererseits ausreichende Flexibilität bei der Anpassung der Dampferzeugerrohre an die Erfordernisse dieser Prozessabschnitte und die Verfahren im Heizgaskanal zu ermöglichen, umfasst jedes Dampferzeugerrohr drei strömungsmediumsseitig hintereinandergeschaltete Segmente.A particularly simple and therefore robust construction can be achieved by the heating surface is particularly simple, especially with regard to collection and distribution of the flow medium. In this case, the heating surface is suitable for carrying out all process sections of the complete evaporation, that is to say of preheating, evaporation and at least partial overheating, in only a single stage, that is to say without intermediate components for collecting and / or distributing the flow medium. Additional heating surfaces for preheating the feed water or for further overheating are generally provided. On the one hand to make all the above process sections completely in each steam generator tube on the one hand and on the other hand sufficient flexibility in the adaptation of the steam generator tubes to the requirements of this To enable process sections and the processes in the heating gas channel, each steam generator tube comprises three flow medium side connected segments.

Um die bei dieser Auslegung zudem angestrebte Naturumlaufcharakteristik der Durchströmung zu unterstützen, ist eine Aufteilung der Dampferzeugerrohre der Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche in jeweils zumindest drei Segmente (von parallelen Rohren) vorgesehen, wobei das erste Segment alle Steigrohrstücke umfasst und in Aufwärtsrichtung durchströmt wird. Entsprechend umfasst das zweite Segment alle Fallrohrstücke und wird in Abwärtsrichtung durchströmt, so dass selbsttätig durch das Eigengewicht des Strömungsmediums die Strömung unterstützt wird. Dabei sind die das zweite Segment bildenden Fallrohrstücke jedes Dampferzeugerrohrs im Heizgaskanal in Heizgasrichtung gesehen jeweils hinter den ihnen zugeordneten Steigrohrstücken angeordnet. Das dritte Segment umfasst alle weiteren Steigrohrstücke und wird in Aufwärtsrichtung durchströmt.In order to support the natural circulation characteristic of the throughflow which is also desired in this design, a division of the steam generator tubes of the evaporator throughflow heating surface is provided in at least three segments (of parallel tubes), wherein the first segment comprises all the riser tube pieces and flows through in the upward direction. Accordingly, the second segment comprises all downpipe pieces and is flowed through in the downward direction, so that automatically by the weight of the flow medium, the flow is supported. In this case, the downpipe pieces of each steam generator tube forming the second segment in the heating gas duct are arranged in the heating gas direction, in each case behind the riser pipe sections assigned to them. The third segment comprises all other riser pieces and is flowed through in the upward direction.

In besonders vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung sind die Segmente des oder jedes Dampferzeugerrohrs im Heizgaskanal derart positioniert, dass der Beheizungsbedarf jedes Segments - insbesondere im Hinblick auf die dort jeweils vorgesehene Stufe im Verdampfungsprozess - in besonderen Maße an das lokale Wärmeangebot im Heizgaskanal angepasst ist. Dazu sind die das dritte Segment bildenden weiteren Steigrohrstücke jedes Dampferzeugerrohrs zweckmäßigerweise im Heizgaskanal in Heizgasrichtung gesehen jeweils zwischen den ihnen zugeordneten Steigrohrstücken des ersten und den Fallrohrstücken des zweiten Segments angeordnet. Mit anderen Worten: Zweckmäßigerweise sind die Dampferzeugerrohre im Heizgaskanal räumlich derart positioniert, dass das strömungsmediumsseitig gesehen erste Segment oder Steigrohrstück heizgasseitig stromaufwärts vom strömungsmediumsseitig gesehen dritten Segment oder weiteren Steigrohrstück und das strömungsmediumsseitig gesehen zweite Segment oder Fallrohrstück heizgasseitig stromabwärts vom strömungsmediumsseitig gesehen dritten Segment oder weiteren Steigrohrstück angeordnet ist.In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the segments of the or each steam generator tube in the heating gas channel are positioned such that the heating requirement of each segment - especially with regard to the respective provided there stage in the evaporation process - is adapted to a special extent to the local heat supply in Heizgaskanal. For this purpose, the further riser pipe sections of each steam generator pipe forming the third segment are expediently arranged in the heating gas duct in the direction of the heating gas, in each case between the riser pipe sections of the first segment and the downpipe sections of the second segment assigned to them. In other words, the steam generator tubes are expediently spatially positioned in the heating gas channel such that the first segment or riser piece on the heating medium side is the third segment or further riser piece upstream of the flow medium side and the second segment or downcomer piece downstream of the fluidizing side Seen from the flow medium side third segment or further riser piece is arranged.

Bei einer derartigen Anordnung ist somit das jeweils erste Steigrohrstück, das einer teilweisen Vorwärmung und zum großen Teil bereits einer Verdampfung des Strömungsmediums dient, einer vergleichsweise starken Beheizung durch das Heizgas im "heißen Rauchgasgebiet" ausgesetzt. Dadurch ist sichergestellt, dass im gesamten Lastbereich aus dem jeweiligen ersten Steigrohrstück Strömungsmedium mit vergleichsweise hohen Dampfanteil abströmt. Dies führt bei der nachfolgenden Einleitung in das nachgeschaltete Fallrohrstück dazu, dass im Fallrohrstück ein für die Strömungsstabilität ungünstiges Aufsteigen von Dampfblasen entgegen der Strömungsrichtung des Strömungsmediums konsequent vermieden wird. Durch die Anordnung des Fallrohrstücks im vergleichsweise kalten Rauchgasbereich und die Anordnung des zweiten Steigrohrstücks zwischen dem ersten Steigrohrstück und dem Fallrohrstück, also rauchgasseitig vor dem Fallrohrstück, wird somit bei hoher betrieblicher Sicherheit ein besonders hoher Wirkungsgrad der Heizfläche insgesamt erreicht, wobei das erste Steigrohrstücke die Funktion eines Vorverdampfers erfüllt.In such an arrangement, the respective first riser pipe piece which serves for a partial preheating and for the most part already for an evaporation of the flow medium is exposed to a comparatively strong heating by the heating gas in the "hot flue gas region". This ensures that flow medium with comparatively high vapor content flows out of the respective first riser pipe section in the entire load range. This leads to the subsequent introduction into the downstream downcomer piece that in the downcomer piece unfavorable for the flow stability rising of vapor bubbles against the flow direction of the flow medium is consistently avoided. Due to the arrangement of the downcomer in comparatively cold flue gas range and the arrangement of the second riser between the first riser and the downpipe piece, so smokes gas side of the downpipe piece, a high overall efficiency of the heating surface is thus achieved with high operational safety, the first riser pieces the function a pre-evaporator fulfilled.

Ein besonders einfacher Aufbau der Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche einerseits sowie eine besonders geringe mechanische Belastung der Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche auch bei unterschiedlicher thermischer Beaufschlagung andererseits ist erreichbar, indem in weiterer oder alternativer vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung das Steigrohrstück eines oder jedes Dampferzeugerrohrs mit dem ihm zugeordneten Fallrohrstück sowie das Fallrohrstück eines oder jedes Dampferzeugerrohres mit dem ihm zugeordneten weiteren Steigrohrstück strömungsmediumsseitig über je ein Überströmstück verbunden ist.A particularly simple construction of the evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche on the one hand and a particularly low mechanical load on the evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche even with different thermal loading on the other hand can be achieved by the riser pipe piece of one or each steam generator tube with its associated downpipe piece and the downcomer piece of a further or alternatively advantageous embodiment or each steam generator tube with its associated further riser pipe piece flow medium side is connected via a respective overflow.

Eine derartige Anordnung ist besonders zur Dehnungskompensation bei thermischer Wechselbelastung geeignet; dass das Steigrohrstück und das Fallrohrstück beziehungsweise das Fallrohrstück und das weitere Steigrohrstück verbindende Überströmstück dient hierbei nämlich als Dehnungsbogen, der relative Längenänderungen des Steigrohrstücks und/oder des Fallrohrstücks und/oder des weiteres Steigrohrstücks ohne weiteres kompensieren kann. Durch das Überströmstück ist somit eine Umlenkung der Dampferzeugerrohre im oberen Bereich einer durch die Steigrohrstücke gegebenen ersten Verdampferstufe mit direkter Weiterführung und erneuter Umlenkung im unteren Bereich einer durch die Fallrohrstücke gebildeten zweiten Verdampferstufe sowie eine Umlenkung und Weiterführung der Dampferzeugerrohre im unteren Bereich der zweiten Verdampferstufe in eine durch die weiteren Steigrohrstücke gebildeten dritten Verdampferstufe gegeben.Such an arrangement is particularly suitable for strain compensation under thermal cycling; that the riser piece and the downcomer piece or the Fall pipe section and the further riser piece connecting overflow serves this namely as a strain curve, the relative changes in length of the riser pipe section and / or the downcomer piece and / or the further riser piece can easily compensate. By Überströmstück is thus a deflection of the steam generator tubes in the upper region of given by the riser pipe first evaporator stage with direct continuation and redirection in the lower part of the downpipe formed second evaporator stage and a diversion and continuation of the steam generator tubes in the lower part of the second evaporator stage in a given by the further riser pipe formed third evaporator stage.

Das oder jedes Überströmstück ist vorteilhafterweise innerhalb des Heizgaskanals verlegt. Alternativ kann das Überströmstück aber auch außerhalb des Heizgaskanals geführt sein, insbesondere wenn aus Gründen einer möglicherweise erforderlichen Entwässerung der Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche ein Entwässerungssammler an das Überströmstück angeschlossen sein soll.The or each overflow is advantageously laid within the Heizgaskanals. Alternatively, however, the overflow piece can also be guided outside the heating gas channel, in particular if a drainage collector is to be connected to the overflow piece for reasons of possibly required dewatering of the evaporator throughflow heating surface.

Die Dampferzeugerrohre können innerhalb des Heizgaskanals zu Rohrreihen zusammengefasst sein, von den jede jeweils eine Anzahl von senkrecht zur Heizgasrichtung nebeneinander angeordneten Dampferzeugerrohren umfasst. Bei einer derartigen Ausgestaltung sind die Dampferzeugerrohre vorteilhafterweise derart geführt, dass den die am stärksten beheizte Rohrreihe bildenden Steigrohrstücken, also der in Heizgasrichtung gesehen ersten Rohrreihe, die am schwächsten beheizte oder in Heizgasrichtung gesehen letzte Rohrreihe der Fallrohrstücke zugeordnet ist. Zudem sind zweckmäßigerweise die Fallrohr-und Steigrohrstücke mehrerer Dampferzeugerrohre im Heizgaskanal relativ zueinander derart positioniert, dass einem in Heizgasrichtung gesehen vergleichsweise weit hinten liegenden Fallrohrstück ein in Heizgasrichtung -gesehen vergleichsweise weit vorn liegendes weiteres Steigrohrstück zugeordnet ist.The steam generator tubes can be combined within the Heizgaskanals to rows of tubes, each of which comprises a number of perpendicular to the Heizgasrichtung juxtaposed steam generator tubes. In such an embodiment, the steam generator tubes are advantageously carried out such that the most highly heated row of tubes forming riser sections, so seen in Heizgasrichtung first row of tubes, the weakest heated or seen in Heizgasrichtung last row of tubes is associated with the downpipes. In addition, the downcomer and riser pieces of several steam generator tubes in the heating gas duct are expediently positioned relative to one another in such a way that a downwardly located downcomer piece viewed in the direction of the heating gas is assigned a further riser pipe piece located comparatively far ahead in the direction of the heating gas.

Durch eine derartige Anordnung werden die vergleichsweise stark beheizten weiteren Steigrohrstücke mit vergleichsweise schwach vorbeheiztem, aus den Fallrohrstücken abströmendem Strömungsmedium bespeist.By such an arrangement, the comparatively strongly heated further riser pipe sections are fed with comparatively weakly heated, flowing out of the downpipe pieces flow medium.

Um die für eine sterile Durchströmung der Rohre erwünschte Naturumlaufcharakteristik sicher zu stellen, ist das jeweilige Dampferzeugerrohr vorteilhafterweise derart ausgestaltet, dass es lediglich ein Steigrohrstück sowie ein diesem strömungsmediumsseitig nachgeschaltetes Fallrohrstück sowie ein letzterem strömungsmediumsseitig nachgeschaltetes weiteres Steigrohrstück umfasst.In order to ensure the desired for a sterile flow through the tubes natural circulation characteristic, the respective steam generator tube is advantageously designed such that it comprises only a riser piece and this downstream of the flow medium side downpipe piece and a latter downstream of the flow medium side further riser piece.

Zweckmäßigerweise wird der Dampferzeuger als Abhitzedampferzeuger einer Gas- und Dampfturbinenanlage verwendet. Dabei ist der Dampferzeuger vorteilhafterweise heizgasseitig einer Gasturbine nachgeschaltet. Bei dieser Schaltung kann zweckmäßigerweise hinter der Gasturbine eine Zusatzfeuerung zur Erhöhung der Heizgastemperatur angeordnet sein.Conveniently, the steam generator is used as a heat recovery steam generator of a gas and steam turbine plant. In this case, the steam generator is advantageously followed by a gas turbine on the hot gas side. In this circuit can be arranged expediently behind the gas turbine, an additional firing to increase the temperature of the heating gas.

Die mit der Erfindung erzielten Vorteile bestehen insbesondere darin, dass durch die dreistufige Ausgestaltung der Dampferzeugerrohre mit einem in Aufwärtsrichtung durchströmbaren Steigrohrstück, einem in Abwärtsrichtung durchströmbaren Fallrohrstück und einem diesem strömungsmediumsseitig nachgeschalteten, in Aufwärtsrichtung durchströmbaren weiteren Steigrohrstück die vollständige Durchführung der Verdampfung, also teilweise Vorwärmung, Verdampfung und eine teilweise Überhitzung, in lediglich einer Stufe und ohne Zwischenschaltung von Komponenten zum Sammeln oder Verteilen eine besonders einfachen Bauweise erreichbar ist. Dabei ist beispielsweise eine Auslegung ohne Wasserabscheider möglich, wobei beim Anfahren ein unerwünschter Wasserausstoß in den Überhitzer vermieden oder gering gehalten werden kann, indem zu Beginn des Anfahrprozesses ausschließlich das jeweilige erste Steigrohrstück mit Wasser gefüllt wird, das nach Beginn des Anfahrvorgangs beim Durchtritt durch die nachfolgenden Rohrstücke vollständig oder zu einem ausreichend hohen Teil verdampft wird.The advantages achieved by the invention are in particular that the complete execution of the evaporation, ie partial preheating, by the three-stage design of the steam generator tubes with a flow-through in the upward direction downpipe piece and downstream of this strömungsmediumzusitig downstream, through-flow in the upward direction further riser piece Evaporation and partial overheating, in only one stage and without the interposition of components for collecting or distributing a particularly simple construction can be achieved. In this case, for example, a design without a water separator is possible, wherein when starting an undesirable water discharge in the superheater can be avoided or kept low by at the beginning of the Anfahrprozesses only the respective first riser piece is filled with water, after the start of the startup when passing through the following Pipe pieces is completely or evaporated to a sufficiently high part.

Zwar führen abwärts durchströmte beheizte Verdampfersysteme üblicherweise zu Strömungsinstabilitäten, die gerade beim Einsatz in Zwangdurchlaufverdampfern nicht tolerabel sind. Bei einer Durchströmung mit vergleichsweise niedriger Massenstromdichte ist durch den vergleichsweise geringen Reibungsdruckverlust aber in zuverlässiger Weise eine Naturumlaufcharakteristik des Dampferzeugerrohrs erzielbar, die bei einer Mehrbeheizung eines Dampferzeugerrohrs im Vergleich zu einem weiteren Dampferzeugerrohr zu einem vergleichsweise höheren Durchsatz des Strömungsmediums im mehrbeheizten Dampferzeugerrohr führt. Diese Naturumlaufcharakteristik gewährleistet auch bei Verwendung der abwärts durchströmten Segmente eine ausreichend stabile und zuverlässige Durchströmung der Dampferzeugerrohre.Although downwardly flowed heated evaporator systems usually lead to flow instabilities that are not tolerable especially when used in forced flow evaporators. In a flow with a comparatively low mass flow density, a natural circulation characteristic of the steam generator tube is reliably achieved by a comparatively low friction pressure loss, which leads to a comparatively higher throughput of the flow medium in the reheated steam generator tube in a Mehrbeheizung a steam generator tube compared to another steam generator tube. This natural circulation characteristic ensures a sufficiently stable and reliable flow through the steam generator tubes even when using the downwardly flowed segments.

Eine derartige Charakteristik ist zudem mit besonders geringem baulichen und Montageaufwand erreichbar, indem das Fallrohrstück dem ihm jeweils zugeordneten Steigrohrstück beziehungsweise das weitere Steigrohrstück dem ihm jeweils zugeordneten Fallrohrstück direkt und ohne Zwischenschaltung eines aufwendigen Sammler- oder Verteilersystems nachgeschaltet ist. Der Dampferzeuger weist somit bei besonders stabilem Strömungsverhalten eine vergleichsweise geringe Anlagenkomplexität auf. Darüber hinaus können sowohl das Steigrohrstück als auch das Fallrohrstück und das diesem nachgeschaltete weitere Steigrohrstück jedes Dampferzeugerrohrs jeweils in hängender Bauweise im Bereich der Gehäusedecke des Heizgaskanals befestigt sein, wobei jeweils eine freie Längsdehnung im unteren Bereich zugelassen ist. Derartige, durch thermische Effekte bedingte Längsdehnungen werden nunmehr durch dass das jeweilige Fallrohrstück mit dem Steigrohrstück beziehungsweise durch dass das weitere Steigrohrstück mit dem Fallrohrstück verbindende Überströmstück kompensiert, so dass aufgrund thermischer Effekte keine Verspannungen auftreten.Such a characteristic is also achievable with particularly low structural and assembly costs by the downcomer piece is connected to the respectively associated riser piece or the further riser piece to him each associated downcomer piece directly and without the interposition of a complex collector or manifold system. The steam generator thus has a comparatively low system complexity with particularly stable flow behavior. In addition, both the riser pipe section and the downcomer pipe section and the further riser pipe section of each steam generator pipe connected thereto can each be attached in a suspended construction in the area of the housing cover of the heating gas channel, wherein in each case a free longitudinal expansion in the lower area is permitted. Such, caused by thermal effects longitudinal expansions are now compensated by that the respective downcomer piece with the riser piece or by that the further riser piece connecting with the downcomer piece overflow piece, so that no tensions occur due to thermal effects.

Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung werden anhand einer Zeichnung näher erläutert. Darin zeigt die Figur in vereinfachter Darstellung im Längsschnitt einen Dampferzeuger in liegender Bauweise.Embodiments of the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to a drawing. The figure shows in a simplified representation in longitudinal section a steam generator in horizontal construction.

Der Dampferzeuger 1 gemäß der Figur ist in der Art eines Abhitzedampferzeugers einer nicht näher dargestellten Gasturbine abgasseitig nachgeschaltet. Der Dampferzeuger 1 weist eine Umfassungswand 2 auf, die einen in einer annähernd horizontalen, durch die Pfeile 4 angedeuteten Heizgasrichtung x durchströmbaren Heizgaskanal 6 für das Abgas aus der Gasturbine bildet. Im Heizgaskanal 6 ist jeweils eine Anzahl von nach dem Durchlaufprinzip ausgelegten Heizflächen, auch als Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 bezeichnet, die für die Verdampfung des Strömungsmediums vorgesehen sind, angeordnet. Im Ausführungsbeispiel gemäß der Figur ist lediglich eine Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 gezeigt, es kann aber auch eine größere Anzahl von Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizflächen vorgesehen sein.The steam generator 1 according to the figure is downstream in the manner of a heat recovery steam generator of a gas turbine, not shown, exhaust side. The steam generator 1 has a surrounding wall 2, which forms a in a nearly horizontal, indicated by the arrows 4 Heizgasrichtung x fuel gas channel 6 for the exhaust gas from the gas turbine. In the Heizgaskanal 6 is in each case a number of designed according to the flow principle heating surfaces, also referred to as evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche 8, which are provided for the evaporation of the flow medium arranged. In the embodiment according to the figure, only one evaporator continuous heating surface 8 is shown, but it can also be provided a larger number of evaporator Durchlaufheizflächen.

Das aus der Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 gebildete Verdampfersystem ist mit Strömungsmedium W beaufschlagbar, das bei einmaligem Durchlauf durch die Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 verdampft und nach dem Austritt aus der Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 als bereits überhitzter Dampf D abgeführt und lediglich bedarfsweise zur weiteren Überhitzung Überhitzerheizflächen zugeführt wird. Das aus der Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 gebildete Verdampfersystem ist in den nicht näher dargestellten Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf einer Dampfturbine geschaltet. Zusätzlich zu dem Verdampfersystem sind in den Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf der Dampfturbine eine Anzahl weiterer, in FIG 1 schematisch angedeuteter Heizflächen 10 geschaltet. Bei den Heizflächen 10 kann es sich beispielsweise um Überhitzer, Mitteldruckverdampfer, Niederdruckverdampfer und/oder um Vorwärmer handeln.The evaporator through-flow 8 formed evaporator system is acted upon by flow medium W, which evaporates in a single pass through the evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche 8 and discharged after exiting the evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche 8 as already superheated steam D and supplied only as needed for further overheating superheater becomes. The evaporator system formed by the evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche 8 is connected in the non-illustrated water-steam cycle of a steam turbine. In addition to the evaporator system, a number of further, in FIG 1 schematically indicated heating surfaces 10 are connected in the water-steam cycle of the steam turbine. The heating surfaces 10 may be, for example, superheaters, medium-pressure evaporator, low-pressure evaporator and / or preheater.

Die Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 des Dampferzeugers 1 nach der Figur umfasst in der Art eines Rohrbündels eine Mehrzahl von zur Durchströmung des Strömungsmediums W parallel geschalteten Dampferzeugerrohren 12. Dabei ist jeweils eine Mehrzahl von Dampferzeugerrohren 12 in Heizgasrichtung x gesehen nebeneinander angeordnet. Dabei ist jeweils lediglich eines der so nebeneinander angeordneten Dampferzeugerrohre 12 sichtbar. Den so nebeneinander angeordneten Dampferzeugerrohren 12 ist dabei strömungsmediumsseitig jeweils ein gemeinsamer Verteiler 16 vor- und ein gemeinsamer Austrittssammler 18 nachgeschaltet. Die Verteiler 16 sind dabei ihrerseits eingangsseitig mit einem Hauptverteiler 20 verbunden, wobei die Austrittssammler 18 ausgangsseitig an einen gemeinsamen Hauptsammler 22 angeschlossen sind.The evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche 8 of the steam generator 1 according to the figure comprises in the manner of a tube bundle a plurality of parallel to the flow of the flow medium W steam generator tubes 12. In each case a plurality of steam generator tubes 12 is seen in Heizgasrichtung x arranged side by side. In each case, only one of the juxtaposed steam generator tubes 12 is visible. The so juxtaposed steam generator tubes 12 is in each case a common distributor 16 upstream and a common outlet header 18 downstream of the flow medium side. The distributor 16 are in turn connected on the input side to a main distributor 20, wherein the outlet header 18 are connected on the output side to a common main collector 22.

Die Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 ist derart ausgelegt, dass sie für eine Bespeisung der Dampferzeugerrohre 12 mit vergleichsweise niedriger Massenstromdichte geeignet ist, wobei die Dampferzeugerrohre 12 eine Naturumlaufcharakteristik aufweisen. Bei dieser Naturumlaufcharakteristik weist ein im Vergleich zu einem weiteren Dampferzeugerrohr 12 derselben Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 mehrbeheiztes Dampferzeugerrohr 12 einen im Vergleich zum weiteren Dampferzeugerrohr 12 höheren Durchsatz des Strömungsmediums W auf. Um dies mit besonders einfachen konstruktiven Mitteln auf besonders zuverlässige Weise sicherzustellen, umfasst die Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 drei strömungsmediumsseitig in Reihe geschaltete Segmente. Im ersten Segment umfasst jedes Dampferzeugerrohr 12 der Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 dabei ein annähernd vertikal angeordnetes, vom Strömungsmedium W in Aufwärtsrichtung durchströmbares Steigrohrstück 24. Im zweiten Segment umfasst jedes Dampferzeugerrohr 12 ein dem Steigrohrstück 24 strömungsmediumsseitig nachgeschaltetes, annähernd vertikal angeordnetes und vom Strömungsmedium W in Abwärtsrichtung durchströmbares Fallrohrstück 26. Im dritten Segment umfasst jedes Dampferzeugerrohr 12 ein dem Fallrohrstück 26 strömungsmediumsseitig nachgeschaltetes, annähernd vertikal angeordnetes und vom Strömungsmedium W in Aufwärtsrichtung durchströmbares weiteres Steigrohrstück 28.The evaporator pass-through heating surface 8 is designed such that it is suitable for feeding the steam generator tubes 12 with a comparatively low mass flow density, the steam generator tubes 12 having a natural circulation characteristic. In this natural circulation characteristic, a steam boiler tube 12, which is more heated than a further steam generator tube 12 of the same evaporator pass-through heating surface 8, has a higher throughput of the flow medium W than the other steam generator tube 12. To ensure this with particularly simple design means in a particularly reliable manner, the evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche 8 comprises three flow medium side connected in series segments. In the first segment, each steam generator tube 12 of the evaporator pass-through heating surface 8 comprises an approximately vertically arranged riser piece 24 through which the flow medium W flows. In the second segment, each steam generator tube 12 comprises a riser piece 24 downstream of the riser piece 24, approximately vertical and downstream of the flow medium W. flow-through downpipe piece 26. In the third segment, each steam generator tube 12 comprises a downstream of the downcomer pipe piece 26 downstream, approximately vertically arranged and from the flow medium W in the upward direction through which further riser piece 28th

In Heizgasrichtung x gesehen ist dabei das von den weiteren Steigrohrstücken 28 gebildete Segment zwischen dem von den ersten Steigrohrsstücken 24 gebildeten Segment und dem von den Fallrohrstücken 26 gebildeten Segment angeordnet. Dadurch ist eine im besonderem Maße an die Bedürfnisse bei der Beheizung des Strömungsmediums und an die Beheizungsverhältnisse im Heizgaskanal 6 angepasste Bauweise gewährleistet.Seen in the direction of the heating gas x, the segment formed by the further riser pieces 28 is arranged between the segment formed by the first riser pieces 24 and the segment formed by the drop pieces 26. This ensures a particularly adapted to the needs of heating the flow medium and the heating conditions in the heating gas duct 6 construction.

Das Fallrohrstück 26 ist mit dem ihm zugeordneten Steigrohrstück 24 dabei über ein Überströmstück 30 verbunden. In derselben Weise ist das weitere Steigrohrstück 28 mit dem ihm zugeordneten Fallrohrstück 26 über ein Überströmstück 30 verbunden. Im Ausführungsbeispiel sind die Überströmstücke 30 innerhalb des Heizgaskanals 6 geführt. Alternativ können die Überströmstücke 30 auch außerhalb des Heizgaskanals 6 geführt sein. Dies kann insbesondere für den Fall günstig sein, dass aus konstruktiven oder betrieblichen Gründen eine Entwässerung der Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 vorgesehen sein soll.The downcomer piece 26 is connected to the riser piece 24 associated therewith via an overflow piece 30. In the same way, the further riser piece 28 is connected to its associated downcomer piece 26 via an overflow piece 30. In the embodiment, the overflow 30 are guided within the Heizgaskanals 6. Alternatively, the overflow pieces 30 can also be guided outside the heating gas channel 6. This can be advantageous in particular for the case that, for structural or operational reasons, drainage of the evaporator throughflow heating surface 8 should be provided.

Wie in der Figur erkennbar ist weist ein Fallrohrstück 26 mit dem ihm zugeordneten weiteren Steigrohrstück 28 und dem beide verbindenden Überströmstück 30 eine nahezu u-förmige Form auf, wobei die Schenkel des U durch das Fallrohrstück 26 und das weitere Steigrohrstück 28 und der Verbindungsbogen durch das Überströmstück 30 gebildet sind. Bei einem derartig ausgestalteten Dampferzeugerrohr 12 erzeugt der geodätische Druckbeitrag des Strömungsmediums W im Bereich des Fallrohrstücks 26 - im Gegensatz zum Bereich des weiteren Steigrohrstücks 28 - einen strömungsfördernden und nicht einen strömungshemmenden Druckbeitrag. Mit anderen Worten: Die im Fallrohrstück 26 befindliche Wassersäule an unverdampftem Strömungsmedium W "schiebt" die Durchströmung des jeweiligen Dampferzeugerrohrs 12 noch mit an, statt diese zu behindern.As can be seen in the figure, a downcomer piece 26 with its associated further riser piece 28 and the connecting both overflow piece 30 has a nearly U-shaped shape, wherein the legs of the U through the downcomer piece 26 and the further riser piece 28 and the connecting bow through the Overflow 30 are formed. In a steam generator tube 12 designed in this way, the geodetic pressure contribution of the flow medium W in the region of the downcomer piece 26-in contrast to the region of the further riser piece 28-produces a flow-promoting and not a flow-inhibiting pressure contribution. In other words, the water column located in the downpipe piece 26 of the unvaporized flow medium W "pushes" the flow through the respective steam generator tube 12, instead of impeding it.

Dadurch weist das Dampferzeugerrohr 12 insgesamt gesehen einen vergleichsweise geringen Druckverlust auf.As a result, the steam generator tube 12 as a whole has a comparatively low pressure loss.

Bei dieser Bauweise sind beide Steigrohrstücke 24, 28 und das Fallrohrstück 26 in der Art einer hängenden Bauweise an der Decke des Heizgaskanals 6 aufgehängt oder befestigt. Das räumlich gesehen untere Ende des jeweiligen Steigrohrstückes 24 und das untere Ende des jeweiligen Fallrohrstücks 26 und des weiteren Steigrohrstückes 28, die jeweils durch ihr Überströmstück 30 miteinander verbunden sind, sind hingegen nicht unmittelbar räumlich im Heizgaskanal 6 fixiert. Längendehnungen dieser Segmente der Dampferzeugerrohre 12 sind somit ohne Schadensrisiko tolerierbar, wobei das jeweilige Überströmstück 30 als Dehnungsbogen wirkt. Diese Anordnung der Dampferzeugerrohre 12 ist somit mechanisch besonders flexibel und hinsichtlich thermischer Spannungen unempfindlich gegenüber auftretenden Differenzdehnungen.In this construction, both riser pieces 24, 28 and the downcomer piece 26 are suspended or fixed in the manner of a suspended construction on the ceiling of the heating gas channel 6. The spatially lower end of the respective riser piece 24 and the lower end of the respective downcomer piece 26 and the further riser piece 28, which are each connected by their overflow piece 30, however, are not directly spatially fixed in the heating gas 6. Length expansions of these segments of the steam generator tubes 12 are thus tolerable without risk of damage, the respective overflow 30 acts as a strain curve. This arrangement of the steam generator tubes 12 is thus mechanically very flexible and insensitive to thermal stresses occurring in relation to differential strains.

Eine Mehrbeheizung eines Dampferzeugerrohrs 12, insbesondere in seinem Steigrohrstück 24, führt dabei dort zunächst zur Erhöhung der Verdampfungsrate, wobei bereits aufgrund der Dimensionierung des Dampferzeugerrohrs 12 infolge dieser Mehrbeheizung eine Erhöhung der Durchströmungsrate durch das mehrbeheizte Dampferzeugerrohr 12 eintritt.A multiple heating of a steam generator tube 12, in particular in its riser piece 24, initially leads there to increase the evaporation rate, which already due to the dimensioning of the steam generator tube 12 as a result of this Mehrbeheizung an increase in the flow rate through the reheated steam generator tube 12 occurs.

Zudem sind die Fallrohrstücke 26 und die weiteren Steigrohrstücke 28 mehrerer Dampferzeugerrohre 12 im Heizgaskanal 6 relativ zueinander derart positioniert, dass einem in Heizgasrichtung x gesehen vergleichsweise hinten liegenden Fallrohrstück 26 jeweils in Heizgasrichtung x gesehen vergleichsweise weit vorn liegende Steigrohrstücke 24, 28 zugeordnet sind. Durch diese Anordnung kommunizieren vergleichsweise stark beheizte Steigrohrstücke 24, 28 mit einem vergleichsweise schwach beheizten Fallrohrstück 26. Durch diese relative Positionierung ist bezüglich der Durchströmung auch zwischen den Rohrreihen 14 ein selbsttätig ausgleichender Effekt erreicht.In addition, the downcomer pieces 26 and the further riser pieces 28 of a plurality of steam generator tubes 12 are positioned relative to one another in the heating gas duct 6 such that a riser pipe pieces 24, 28 located comparatively far in front of the downpipe piece 26 seen in the heating gas direction x are respectively associated with the heating gas direction x. By virtue of this arrangement, comparatively strongly heated riser pieces 24, 28 communicate with a comparatively weakly heated downcomer piece 26. As a result of this relative positioning, an automatically compensating effect is achieved with respect to the throughflow between the rows of tubes 14.

Aufgrund der besonders ausgeprägten Naturumlaufcharakteristik der Dampferzeugerrohre 12 weisen diese in besonderem Maße ein selbststabilisierendes Verhalten gegenüber lokal unterschiedlicher Beheizung auf: Eine Mehrbeheizung einer Reihe von Dampferzeugerrohren 12 führt dabei lokal zur erhöhten Zufuhr von Strömungsmedium W in diese Reihe von Dampferzeugerrohr 12, so dass aufgrund der entsprechend vergrößerten Kühlwirkung selbsttätig eine Angleichung der jeweiligen Temperaturwerte einsetzt. Der in den Hauptsammler 22 einströmende Frischdampf ist somit hinsichtlich seiner Dampfparameter, unabhängig von der individuell durchlaufenen Rohrreihe 14, besonders homogen.Due to the particularly pronounced natural circulation characteristic of the steam generator tubes 12, these have a particularly self-stabilizing behavior compared to locally different heating: A multiple heating a series of steam generator tubes 12 leads locally to increased supply of flow medium W in this series of steam generator tube 12, so that due to the corresponding Increased cooling effect automatically adjusts the respective temperature values. The fresh steam flowing into the main collector 22 is thus particularly homogeneous with regard to its steam parameters, independently of the individually traversed tube row 14.

Ein besonderer Vorteil der Bauweise der Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8, deren Austritt in Form der weiteren Steigrohrstücke 28 gasseitig zwischen den ersten Steigrohrstücken 24 einerseits und den Fallrohrstücken 26 andererseits und damit ein einem mittleren Gas-Temperaturbereich der Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 positioniert ist, besteht darin, dass durch diese Positionierung eine zu starke Überhitzung des Strömungsmediums auch in einzelnen Dampferzeugerrohren 12 am Austritt der Verdampfer-Durchlaufheizfläche 8 auf natürliche Weise vermieden ist.A particular advantage of the design of the evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche 8, the outlet is in the form of the other riser pipe pieces 28 on the gas side between the first riser pieces 24 on the one hand and the downer pieces 26 and on the other hand positioned a mean gas temperature range of the evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche 8, is that this positioning too excessive overheating of the flow medium in individual steam generator tubes 12 at the outlet of the evaporator Durchlaufheizfläche 8 is avoided in a natural way.

Claims (7)

  1. Steam generator (1), in which a continuous evaporating heating surface 8 is arranged in a heating gas duct (6) through which a medium can flow in an almost horizontal heating direction (x), said surface comprising a number of steam-generating pipes (12) connected in parallel for throughflow of a flow medium (W), and designed in such a way that a steam-generating pipe which is heated more in comparison to a further steam-generating pipe (12) of the same continuous evaporating heating surface (8) exhibits a higher throughflow of the flow medium in comparison to the further steam-generating pipe (12),
    characterized in that,
    one or each steam-generating pipe (12) comprises an almost vertically arranged riser pipe piece (24) through which the flow medium (W) can flow in an upwards direction, a down pipe piece (26) connected downstream on the flow medium side, arranged almost vertically and through which the flow medium (W) can flow in a downwards direction and a further riser pipe piece (28) arranged downstream of the latter on the flow medium side and through which the flow medium (W) can flow in an upwards direction.
  2. Steam generator (1) in accordance with claim 1, in which the further riser pipe piece (28) of the relevant steam-generating pipe (12) is arranged in the heating gas duct (6) viewed in the heating gas direction (x) between the riser pipe piece (24) assigned to it and the down pipe piece (26) assigned to it.
  3. Steam generator (1) in accordance with claim 1 or 2, in which the riser pipe piece (24) of one or of each steam-generating pipe (12) with the down pipe piece (26) assigned to it and the down pipe piece (26) with the further riser pipe piece assigned to it (28) are each connected on the flow medium side via a cross flow piece (30).
  4. Steam generator (1) in accordance with claim 3, in which the relevant cross flow pieces (30) are arranged within the heating gas duct (6).
  5. Steam generator (1) in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 4, in which the further riser pipe pieces (28) and the down pipe pieces (26) of a number of steam-generating pipes (12) are positioned in the heating gas duct (6) relative to one another in such a way that a down pipe piece (26) lying comparatively far forward viewed in the heating gas direction (x) is assigned to a further riser pipe piece (28) lying comparatively far back viewed in the heating gas direction (x) .
  6. Steam generator (1) in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 5, in which a number of the steam-generating pipes (12) each comprise a plurality of alternating riser pipe (24), down pipe (26) and further riser pipe pieces (28) connected one after the other on the flow medium side.
  7. Steam generator (1) in accordance with one of the claims 1 to 6, to which a gas turbine is connected upstream on the heating gas side.
EP03780136A 2003-01-31 2003-12-08 Steam generator Expired - Lifetime EP1588095B1 (en)

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EP03002243A EP1443268A1 (en) 2003-01-31 2003-01-31 Steam generator
EP03780136A EP1588095B1 (en) 2003-01-31 2003-12-08 Steam generator
PCT/EP2003/013879 WO2004068032A1 (en) 2003-01-31 2003-12-08 Steam generator

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EP1588095A1 (en) 2005-10-26
JP4549868B2 (en) 2010-09-22
DK1588095T3 (en) 2007-02-26
ES2276138T3 (en) 2007-06-16
AU2003288240A1 (en) 2004-08-23
EP1443268A1 (en) 2004-08-04
BR0318082A (en) 2005-12-20
CN101684937A (en) 2010-03-31
TW200416368A (en) 2004-09-01
KR20050095781A (en) 2005-09-30
CN1745277A (en) 2006-03-08
PL207513B1 (en) 2010-12-31
CA2514871C (en) 2012-05-01
ZA200505452B (en) 2006-02-22
DE50305717D1 (en) 2006-12-28
US7270086B2 (en) 2007-09-18
RU2310121C2 (en) 2007-11-10
PL376303A1 (en) 2005-12-27
US20060075977A1 (en) 2006-04-13
RU2005127352A (en) 2006-06-10
WO2004068032A1 (en) 2004-08-12
JP2006514253A (en) 2006-04-27
ATE345471T1 (en) 2006-12-15
CA2514871A1 (en) 2004-08-12
CN101684937B (en) 2012-03-21
AU2003288240B2 (en) 2009-04-23
TWI245866B (en) 2005-12-21

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