EP1579262A2

EP1579262A2 - Optical system

Info

Publication number: EP1579262A2
Application number: EP03816402A
Authority: EP
Inventors: David Kane
Original assignee: Arete Associates Inc
Current assignee: Arete Associates Inc
Priority date: 2002-12-13
Filing date: 2003-12-12
Publication date: 2005-09-28
Also published as: WO2004083795A3; CA2547915A1; AU2003300871A1; WO2004083795A2

Abstract

A scanner has at least one dual-axis microelectromechanical mirror, providing an angularly resolved intensity distribution of a scene and having: vibration compensating means, or an array of micromirrors for tracking several sources simultaneously, or means for servocontrolling the mirror in order to center an image on the detector, or means 'for analyzing the spectral content of the source, such as a laser beam impairing the structural integrity or proper functioning of the source, or angle multiplying means, for expanding the angular operational range of the device.

Description

OPTICAL SYSTEM

Wholly incorporated by reference herein is coo ned United States provisional patent application serial 60/433,301, whose priority benefit is hereby asserted.

RELATED DOCUMENTS

Closely related documents are other, coowned ϋ. S. utility- patent documents and references — also incorporated by reference. Those documents are in the names of:

Kane, provisional application serial 60/381,286, also incorporated by reference in the provisional application that is mentioned above;

Kane et al .. application serial 10/142,654 "HIGH-SPEED, LOW- POWER OPTICAL MODULATION APPARATUS AND METHOD".

FIELD OF THE INVENTION:

This invention relates generally to systems and methods for automatically detecting light from an object, determining direction or other characteristics (such as distance, spectral properties, or an image) of the detected light or the object, and possibly responding to the detected light.

BACKGROUND:

Some conventional systems and methods for accomplishing these goals rely upon scan mirrors that receive signals from an object and relay them into an aperture of an optical system — and, for response, conversely receive signals from the optical-system aperture and return those signals toward the object. Some such systems and methods instead (or also) rely upon gimbals that support and reori- ent the entire optical system. Both approaches entail relatively high moments of inertia, and accordingly large motors and elevated power requirements .

Such configurations require extremely adverse tradeoffs and compromises between, on one hand, undesirably high cost and size, and on the other hand structural weaknesses that lead to unreliability and even failure. For instance expensive custom parts and instrumentation are the rule rather than the exception, while some conventional devices have dimensions on the order of one to ten centimeters with mass of one to ten or even hundreds of kilograms. These are significant handicaps for — in particular — devices that may be for use in airplanes and satellites. Even in these cases, such drawbacks might be acceptable if such systems provided superb performance, but unfortunately angular resolution in conventional systems of various types is generally no better than fcwo- thirds of a degree — sometimes as coarse as ten degrees and more. For example gi bal controls are most typically good to roughly one degree or less , although some units capable of precision in tens of microradians are available for millions of dollars each. Sensors using ocal-plane array , e. σ. quad cells , are typically precise to roughly ten degrees. Other nonmechanical systems include quad cells behind fisheye lenses .

The poor angular resolution and other performance limitations of such sensors arise in part from use of fixed, very large sensor assemblies, typically quad cells, CCD or CMOS arrays, at a focal plane — with fixed fields of view. These components accordingly also suffer from limited fields of regard. Furthermore the necessity for downloading into a computer memory the massive volumes of data from multimegabyte sensor arrays makes the frame rate of these systems extremely slow. In efforts to improve the field of regard, the large areal arrays are sometimes placed behind radically wide-angle lenses, even fish-eye lenses. This strategy, however, is counterproductive in that it only compounds the data-download problem, while also yielding intrinsically coarse angular resolution and very nonlinear angular mapping.

In other words these systems are squeezed between the need for high resolution and the need for broad field of regard; this squeeze comes down to an all-but-prohibitive demand for dynamic range, or bandwidth. Data congestion, furthermore, is doubly problematic because in these systems the entire contents of every frame must be retrieved before that frame can be searched for an optical source of interest.

One rather unnoticed contributor to inadequate dynamic range is the direct relationship between gimbal angle or scan-mirror angle and excursion of the beam in the external scanned volume. That relationship is a natural one-to-one for a gimbal system, and one-to- two for a rotating mirror. Since the direct effect of mechanical rotation is relatively slow for gimbals, and relatively limited in overall angular excursion for scan mirrors, the external beam-angle excursion is either slow or limited, or both.

In attempts to mitigate low resolution and frame rate, some workers have proposed to substitute a so-called "position-sensing detector" (PSD) for the commonly used larger arrays. The advantage of a PSD — which is a unitary device, not an array — is that it inherently locates and reports position of only a detected optical source, not an entire scene, and thus requires OCTilo d of only a far smaller amount of data.

Another inherent advantage of a PSD is that it provides a continuous, analog positional readout, intrinsically yielding extremely high resolution. The report from an array is instead quantized by the pixel (or "aliasing") effect that is central to any kind of array detection.

The PSD reports position on its own sensitive surface, in units of distance from its nominal center along two orthogonal axes. To find angular mapping, typically these off-center coordinates are divided by the focal length of a final focusing element. Unfortunately these reported distances and therefore the angular mapping of a PSD are nonlinear, to the extent of several percent at the PSD edges — aggravating the analogous handicap introduced by a fish-eye or other wide-angle lens — and are also temperature sensitive. The detector may report accurately that an optical source has been sensed, but fail to report accurately where that object is, unless it is near the nominal center, or origin of coordinates. It might be supposed — although in actuality this supposition is well beyond the present state of the art, and artisans of ordinary skill — that such a system could be quickly turned to look directly at the candidate object, for a more-accurate assessment of position. In any conventional detector, however, this solution is impractical due to the lumbering response of an associated gimbal system, or even of a scan mirror that is redirecting the light into the detector aperture.

Often it is desirable to know something more about an optical source that has been noticed — the character of the light itself, and any intelligence signal that may be impressed upon that light. Accurate determination of wavelength and frequency modulation information, as may be gleaned from the foregoing discussion, is beyond the capabilities of these systems. Similarly infeasible is any easploration of physical objects that may be associated with the optical source.

The intractability of attempting to operate with such systems may be clarified by consideration of some practical situations which call for use of optical sensors. In most applications a person or an apparatus points a light source toward, most typically, some sort of vehicle — to guide an object in an attempt to rendezvous with the vehicle. Commonly the intention is adversarial, as for example damage to the vehicle; while the optical-sensor apparatus is mounted on the vehicle and its purpose is to detect the presence of the light beam and initiate some protective response.

Such response, usually intended to produce confusion as to the exact location of the vehicle, sometimes takes the form of returning a literally blinding flash of light toward the person or apparatus that is pointing the original source, to temporarily dazzle and confuse that source-controlling entity. Alternatively a response can be to eject from the vehicle many particles that strongly reflect the guide light, to instead confuse directional-control mechanisms of the moving object. Accompanying either of these may be an entirely different kind of response, namely an effort to disable the source-pointing person or apparatus, or the object. Such a disabling response, directed toward the object or source, may take the form of either a physical article or of powerful radiation. Still another desirable kind of response would be investigatory, i. e. determining the character of the guide beam or of the guided object; such information can be used to determine and report the nature of the guiding system itself, either for purposes of imtrtedi- ate efforts to confuse and avoid or for future protective-design work.

The person or apparatus pointing the source may be adjacent to the initial position of the object. In a sense this is the easiest case from the standpoint of protective response, because the source can be treated as a beacon for guidance of a disabling response that eliminates both the light source and the object — if the response is sufficiently prompt, so that the source and object are still not only in-line but also relatively close together. In another sense, however, this is a difficult case from the standpoint of confusion, because the object may have been designed to look (for its guidance) backward at the source rather than forward at the vehicle — in which event the ejection of reflecting particles cannot confuse the directional-control mechanisms of the object, as long as the pointing entity can keep the vehicle in view. The person or apparatus pointing the source may, however, instead be at a different position — off to the side from the path of the object, and from a line between the source and the object. In this event, disabling both the source and object with a single response is not possible; but at least confusion can be more-readily produced since the object is necessarily designed to look forward at the vehicle, so that either the dazzling or the decoy-particle strategy, or both, can be effective.

One type of movable-mirror device that is known in various kinds of optical-detection systems is a single scan mirror of about 25 or 30 mm or more, consistent with the earlier statement of dimen- sions for conventional systems. Such mirrors are too bulky and heavy to overcome the previously discussed problems of response speed.

Another type of known movable-mirror device is a spinning cyl- inder with multiple mirrors carried on its outer surface. Such a polyhedral construction does provide a movable mirror, sometimes disposed along an optical path between a detector and an entrance aperture. Dimensions of each of the mirrors in such a device are typically in the tens of millimeters, also consistent with the previous indication of representative dimensions for conventional systems . Hence the overall device and even the individual mirrors are too big and heavy to free the optical-detection art from the response-speed and related limitations discussed above. These mirror wheels are ordinarily made to spin continuously; hence the individual mirrors of such an array lack independent maneuverability for customized control movements. Accordingly they are poorly suited for practical use in rapid detection and tracking of a particular source object.

Also of interest are telescopes — including astronomical tele- scopes — particularly of the type that has a movable mirror positioned between an entrance aperture and a detector. For present purposes, however, any interest in such devices is academic, as the movable components are relatively huge and far too massive to be useful in any rapid-response system. Even more relevant is the typ- ical limitation of field of view, in telescopes, to less than ten degrees .

Smaller deformable mirrors , too, are sometimes placed within optical systems in positions such as just described. A device of this type generally comprises a continuous reflective membrane that is controllably bent and distorted to correct wavefront errors . Such mirrors are typically at least 20 to 30 mm across .

Another type of known moving-mirror device, never heretofore associated with the field of optical-source detection that is under consideration here, is called a "microelectromechanical system" (MEMS) mirror. Such devices, introduced some years ago by the Texas Instruments Company, and more recently in versions produced by Lucent Technologies and called an "optical switch", most commonly take the form of arrays of very small mirrors — each on the order of ten to 500 microns across. At least in principle individual mirrors can be made available in the same format. In use these devices, while some are capable of continuous positional control, are most often only bistable, used for switching in optical information networks and also in an image-projection system for personal computers.

Another familiar optical device not previously associated with the present field, are afocal lens packages used e. σ. as lens focal-length extenders. These are commonplace in ordinary cameras. Almost all the optical devices discussed above, and most conspicuously the astronomical ones and MEMS devices , are known only in different fields from the present invention.

As can now be seen, the related art fails to resolve the previously described problems. The efforts outlined above, although praiseworthy, leave room for considerable refinement.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present invention introduces such refinement. The invention has several major facets or aspects, which can be used in- dependently — although, to best optimize enjoyment of their advantages, certain of these aspects or facets are best practiced (and most-preferably practiced) in conjunction together.

In preferred embodiments of its first major independent facet or aspect, the invention is an optical system for dynamically de- termining radiation characteristics, including associated angular direction, of an external article in a volume outside the system. The optical system includes an optical detector and an entrance aperture.

It also includes at least one mirror for causing the detector to address varying portions of the volume outside the optical system. The "at least one mirror" is disposed along an optical path between the detector and the entrance aperture, and is rotatable about plural axes — and each mirror of the "at least one" has dimensions in a range from thirty microns to five millimeters.

The foregoing may represent a description or definition of the first aspect or facet of the invention in its broadest or most general form. Even as couched in these broad terms, however, it can be seen that this facet of the invention importantly advances the art. The specified mirror position, between detector and aperture, can also be described as within or inside the optical system. Steering the incoming radiation beam (i . e. , maneuvering the sensitivity direction of the system) from within the system produces opportunities to obtain very large optical leverage, as compared with turning the entire system on gimbals or steering with mirrors external to the system. That is, the angle through which the beam outside the system turns can be made much larger than that through which the beam inside the system turns. (The latter angle is twice that through which the mirror turns . )

In addition the beam cross-section inside the optical system is generally smaller than outside. Hence smaller, lighter optical ele- ments can be used, and this in turn means greater response speed with less power.

As mentioned previously, the examples of earlier optical systems using internal mirror positioning are so-called "nonanalogous arts". In other words they are not in the same field as the present invention.

Although the first major aspect of the invention thus significantly advances the art, nevertheless to optimize enjoyment of its benefits preferably the invention is practiced in conjunction with certain additional features or characteristics. In particular, preferably each mirror of the at least one mirror is a microelectro- mechanical mirror.

Also preferably the optical system further includes a lens assembly disposed at the aperture to amplify the varying introduced by the at least one mirror. If this preference is observed, then it is further preferable that the lens assembly not focus the external article on any solid element of the optical system. Other basic preferences are that the system further include some means for automatically servocontrolling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the volume; and that the at least one mirror be an array of mirrors having the dimensions stated. Yet another basic preference arises if the external article comprises a radiation source of a particular type, the characteristics comprise existence and presence of the source, and the optical system is for detecting the source and determining its angular location. In this case it is preferred that the optical detector be a detector for the radiation from the source of the particular type. If this preference is observed, then a subpreference is that the system further include some means for automatically responding to the detector by actively servocontrolling the at least one mirror to substantially center an image of a detected source on the detector. A still further additional-tier subpreference, applicable when such servocontrol is in use, is that the responding means comprise some means for continuing to servocontrol the at least one mirror to track the already-detected source substantially at the detector center. Reverting to the basic preference of a particular radiation- source type, two alternative subpreferences are that the detector be either a position-sensing detector (PSD) or a quad cell. In these cases it is also preferable that the system further include some means for substituting a detector array for the detector, to image the already-detected source or associated objects, or both. Here the concept of "substituting" an array for the detector refers to a function that is substantially immediate, after detection, and that encompasses e. σ. optically switching the array into place while the already-existing apparatus continues to function. Thus this is not meant to suggest building an apparatus with, initially, an array instead of a PSD or quad cell . (Certain other configurations discussed in this document, however, do relate to building such an apparatus . )

Yet another subpreference to the basic particular-source pref- erence is that the system further include some means for automatically directing a response toward the detected source or an object associated therewith, or both. If this subpreference is observed, then still further preferably the response-directing means include some means for emitting a beam of radiation that uses the entrance aperture as an exit aperture, i. e. sharing the entrance aperture with the radiation from the source. In one preferred version of this apertur -sharing form of the invention, the response-directing means include some means for emitting a ranging beam pulse.

Still another basic preference, relative to the first major aspect of the invention, is applicable when the external article comprises a radiation source, the characteristics include spectral properties of radiation from the source, and the optical system is for determining the radiation spectrum of the source as a function of angular direction. Under these circumstances, preferably the optical detector is a spectrometer.

When the detector is a spectrometer, three further preferences are that (1) the system further include some means for automatically controlling the at least one mirror to perform a speσtroπtetric raster scan of the spectrometer over the source; (2) the spectrometer be an i terferometric spectrometer, or grating- and/or prism-based spectrometer; and (3) — if the characteristics further include at least one temporal modulation pattern of radiation from the source — the system further include some means for analyzing the radiation to determine the at least one temporal modulation pattern as a function of angular direction. In this last-saentioned third case, also preferably the system further includes some means for genβrat- ing a beam of radiation having the determined spectrum and the determined at least one temporal modulation pattern. Still another subpreference is that the detected spectral and temporal modulation characteristics of the received radiation be immediately transmitted to a remote station, e. σ. a companion host or a base station, or both, for possible use in later avoidance of guidance by similar beams, particularly at other hosts. Ordinarily this information is preferably transmitted in the form of interpreted and encoded data, although for some applications it is advantageous to simply relay e. σ. the original modulation pattern as such. Two additional basic preferences will be taken up now. One of these is applicable if the external article comprises an object or scene, and the characteristics include an image of the object or scene, and the optical system is for forming the image. In this case it is preferable that the optical detector be an imager detector — in other words, a detector that is used as part of an imager, or as an imager. This is one case, such as was mentioned earlier, in which the system may actually be initially built with an imager detector, rather than necessarily involving substitution of such a detector, during operation, for a position-sensing or other directionality detector. In fact the preference under consideration now encompasses both an as-built system with imager detector, and a system that can substitute such a detector for a directionality device during operation.

It is also preferable that the system further include some means for automatically controlling the at least one mirror to perform an imaging raster scan of the detector over the object or scene. The term "raster" here is not limited to the traditional video scan of e. q. a serpentine scan pattern, but rather is to be understood in its broader sense of a predetermined pattern of scanning to cover substantially an entire area. In fact a particularly important subpreference is that the raster be a spiraling scan pat- tern.

Other subpreferences are that the detector be an infrared detector, or a visible-light detector, or a single-pixel detector, or a detector that has si few pisεels. As will be appreciated, some of these are mutually exclusive. The final basic preference to be considered here, in relation to the first main independent aspect or facet of the invention, is applicable if the external article comprises an object or scene of interest, and the characteristics comprise distance data for different portions, respectively, of the object or scene, and the optical system is for forming the distance data. In this case preferably the optical detector includes a distance-determining receiver. For background of such technology, and some other related technology, these patents and publications are wholly incorporated by reference: Griffis et al . , U. S. patent application serial 10/426,907, "Compact economical lidar system"; Bowker et al . , application serial 09/125,- 259, "Confoσal-reflection streak lidar apparatus with strip-shaped photocathode, for applications at a wide range of scales"; and others cited therein. Additional related documents are technical articles and pamphlets including: Philip J. Bos, "Liquid crystal based optical phased array for steering lasers" , Kent State University, Presentation Materials; Brooker, Graham et al. , "Millimetre waves for robotics" Proc. 2001 Australian Conference on Robotics and Automation, (Sydney; 14-15 November 2001) ; and Bruce Winker, "Liquid crystal agile beam steering", Rockwell Science Center (Thousand Oaks, California; August 8, 2000). Once again the preference under consideration, involving distance information, encompasses a set of configurations that either can be so-built at the outset or can entail substitution of the distance-determining device for a directionality detector during operation.

Three subpreferences are particularly noteworthy: preferably (1) the distance-determining receiver includes a single-pixel reσei- ver, and the system further includes some means for controlling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the single-pixel receiver over the object or scene; (2) the distance-determining system includes a receiver having a few pixels, and the system further includes some means for controlling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the few-pixels receiver over the object or scene; and (3) the system further includes a distance-determining transmitter that uses the entrance aperture as also an exit aperture for a pulsed excitation beam.

In preferred embodiments of its second major independent facet or aspect, the invention is an optical system for impairing function or structural integrity of an external article in a volume outside the optical system — including controlled effect upon the article as a function of angular direction. The optical system includes a laser, and an exit aperture.

It also includes at least one mirror for causing the laser to address varying portions of the volume outside the optical system, to impair function or structural integrity of corresponding portions of the external article. The "at least one mirror" is disposed along an optical path between the laser and the exit aperture, and rotatable about plural axes; and each mirror of the "at least one" has dimensions in a range from thirty microns to five millimeters .

The foregoing may represent a description or definition of the second aspect or facet of the invention in its broadest or most general form. Even as couched in these broad terms, however, it can be seen that this facet of the invention importantly advances the art.

In particular, the advantages of the mirror placement and size recited here are closely analogous to those identified above for the first aspect or facet of the invention. As people skilled in this field appreciate, many important characteristics of optical systems are independent of light-propagation direction through the systems — i. e.. of whether the system is one that receives and responds to radiation, or one that generates and transmits the radiation. Although the second major aspect of the invention thus significantly advances the art, nevertheless to optimize enjoyment of its benefits preferably the invention is practiced in conjunction with certain additional features or characteristics. In particular, preferably the system further includes some means for using the exit aperture as an entrance aperture, to receive a sensing beam from an optical source in the volume.

Another preference is that the system further include some means for controlling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the laser over the external article. As people skilled in this field will recognise, many or most of the preferences introduced above for the first main receptor-system aspect of the invention also have analogs applicable to this second major transmitter- system facet of the invention.

One further basic preference is that the optical system include a vibration sensor, and some means for applying information from the sensor to stabilize lines of sight of the small movable mirrors .

In preferred embodiments of its third major independent facet or aspect, the invention is apparatus for dynamically detecting and determining radiation characteristics, including associated angular direction, of an article outside the apparatus. The apparatus includes an optical detector.

The apparatus also includes at least one microelectromechanical mirror for causing the detector to address varying portions of the article. The term "microelectromechanical mirror" is verbal shorthand for "microelectromechanical system mirror" , or "MEMS mirror" , established commercial products introduced by the Texas Instruments Company and Lucent Technologies, among others.

The foregoing may represent a description or definition of the third aspect or facet of the invention in its broadest or most general form. Even as couched in these broad terms, however, it can be seen that this facet of the invention importantly advances the art. In particular, as MEMS mirrors with their associated actuators are established products and available in a variety of configurations and sizes, they can make extremely rapid and nimble steering of a detection beam very straightforward. Response time of the individual mirrors is excellent, due to their availability with remarkably low mass and size. Continuous maneuverability about two or- thogonal axes is not only smooth and orderly over the full range of operation, but also highly reproducible — so that angular position as a function of mirror position feedback signals (e. σ. from embedded capacitive sensors) can be calibrated and thereafter all mirror angles known very precisely from the instantaneous feedback signals. Yet as mentioned earlier, these devices are ordinarily used in only a binary or bipolar mode for optical switching in communications and in computerized image-projection systems. They have not been used in spatially-continuous positional control of optical beams. As will be seen, some of the most highly preferred embodi- ments of the invention are implemented through the use of feedback servocontrol in which the mirror position feedback signals are used as the positional readouts for the initially unknown source location that is desired.

As previously noted, plural and especially multiple mirrors are particularly useful in scanning different sectors concurrently.

This has the benefit of track different sources or other articles at the same time. In addition several mirrors have, in the aggregate, greater effective energy-collecting power than a single mirror.

Although the third major aspect of the invention thus signifi- cantly advances the art, nevertheless to optimize enjoyment of its benefits preferably the invention is practiced in conjunction with certain additional features or characteristics . From the discussion that follows, it will be noted that some of these preferences are closely related to those enumerated above for the first main aspect of the invention.

In particular, preferably the optical system further includes a lens assembly disposed at the aperture to amplify the varying introduced by the at least one microelectromechanical mirror. If this preference is observed, then a further preference is that the lens assembly be "afocal" — i. e. , that it not focus the external article on any solid element of the optical system.

Another basic preference is that the system include some means for automatically servocontrolling the at least one microelectromechanical mirror to perform a raster scan of the volume. The previ- ous note about the definition of "raster" is applicable here as well . Another basic preference is that the at least one microelectromechanical mirror be an array of microelectromechanical mirrors .

Yet another basic preference is applicable if the external article comprises a radiation source of a particular type, the characteristics comprise existence and presence of the source, and the optical system is for detecting the source and determining its angular location. In this case preferably the optical detector is a detector for radiation from the source of the particular type.

When this particular-source-type preference is in use, then a subpreference is that the optical system further include some means for automatically responding to the detector by actively servocontrolling the at least one microelectromechanical mirror to substantially center an image of a detected source on the detector. When this subpreference in turn is observed, then a still further pref- erence is that the responding means include some means for continuing to servocontrol the at least one microelectromechanical mirror to track the already-detected source substantially at the detector center. As mentioned above, these servocontrol embodiments of the invention are powerful in their ability to yield stable and precise angular readouts, from the typically built-in mirror position-sensor feedback signals — and these output data, particularly for angles well off-axis, are far more precise than available from off-axis readings of typically temperature-sensitive optical detectors.

Another subpreference nonetheless is that the detector be a position-sensing detector (PSD) . These devices enable the optical system to determine off-axis direction and approximate magnitude, directly from PSD signals — and these signals can therefore be used for proportional, integral and/or derivative servocontrol, if desired, in the feedback loop. This type of servosyste accordingly can operated in a damped mode, especially valuable when the overall system is called upon to operate at the margins of its dynamiσ-re- sponse capability. If a preferred PSD is in use, then a still further preference is that the system further include some means for substituting a detector array for the detector, to image the already-detected source or associated objects, or both.

Yet another subpreference, when the basic particular-source- type preference is employed, is that the system further include some means for automatically directing a response toward the detected source or an object associated therewith, or both. In this case it is still further preferable that the response-directing means include some means for emitting a beam of radiation that uses the en- trance aperture as an exit aperture, sharing the entrance aperture with the radiation from the source.

Another basic preference, with respect to the third main facet or aspect of the invention, is applicable if the external article comprises a radiation source, the characteristics include spectral properties of radiation from the source, and the optical system is for determining the radiation spectrum of the source as a function of angular direction. In this case, preferably the optical detector is a spectrometer.

When this basic preference is observed, then again analogous subpreferences come into play. It is preferred that the system further include some means for automatically controlling the at least one microelectromechanical mirror to perform a spectrometric raster scan of the spectrometer over the source.

If the characteristics further include at least one modulation pattern of radiation from the source, then it is also preferable that the system further include some means for analyzing the radiation to determine the at least one modulation pattern as a function of angular direction. In this event it is still further preferable that the system include some means for generating a beam of radiation having the determined spectrum and the determined at least one temporal modulation pattern. As mentioned in relation to the first major aspect of the invention, still another subpreference is that the detected spectral and temporal modulation characteristics of the received radiation be transmitted to a remote station.

Yet another set of preferences arises if the external article comprises an object or scene, the characteristics comprise an image of the object or scene, and the optical system is for forming the image. In this case preferably the optical detector is an imager detector; and the system also includes some means for automatically controlling the at least one microelectromechanical mirror to perform an imaging raster scan (once again as broadly defined) of the detector over the object or scene.

Still another basic preference arises if the external article comprises an object or scene, the characteristics comprise range data for different portions, respectively, of the object or scene, and the optical system is for forming the range data. Here preferably the optical detector includes a distance-determining receiver.

In this case it is preferable that the receiver include a single-pixel receiver; and that the system include some means for controlling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the receiver over the object or scene. It is furthermore preferred that the system include a distance-determining transmitter which uses the entrance aperture as also an exit aperture for a pulsed excitation beam.

One further basic preference, mentioned earlier in relation to the first main aspect of the invention, is that the optical system include a vibration sensor, and some means for applying information from that sensor to stabilize lines of sight of the microelectromechanical mirrors.

In preferred embodiments of its fourth major independent facet or aspect, the invention is an optical system for impairing function or structural integrity of an article outside the apparatus — particularly including controlled effect upon the article as a function of angular direction. The optical system includes a laser, and an exit aperture.

The system also includes at least one microelectromechanical mirror for causing the laser to address varying portions of the article, to impair function or structural integrity of corresponding portions of that article. The foregoing may represent a description or definition of the fourth aspect or facet of the invention in its broadest or most general form. Even as couched in these broad terms, however, it can be seen that this facet of the invention importantly advances the art. In particular, this facet of the invention extends the above- mentioned extraordinary benefits of MEMS mirrors in a beam-steering system, from the environment of optical-source detection into the context of projecting a disruptive beam.

Although the fourth major aspect of the invention thus significantly advances the art, nevertheless to optimise enjoyment of its benefits preferably the invention is practiced in conjunction with certain additional features or characteristics. In particular, preferably the optical system further include some means for controlling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the laser over the external article. Most of the other preferences sta- ted above for earlier-introduced main facets of the invention are applicable here too.

In preferred embodiments of its fifth major independent facet or aspect, the invention is apparatus for detecting and determining angular direction of radiation from an external source. The apparatus includes an optical system having a detector component that reports relative location of incident radiation on a sensitive surface of the detector component.

The apparatus also includes at least one mirror for causing the detector component to address varying portions of a volume outside the optical system. In addition the apparatus also includes some means for automatically responding to the detector component by actively servocontrolling the at least one mirror to substantially center an image of a detected source on the detector component.

The foregoing may represent a description or definition of the fifth aspect or facet of the invention in its broadest or most general form. Even as couched in these broad terms, however, it can be seen that this facet of the invention importantly advances the art. In particular, by servocentering the source image on the direc- tionality detector, the system essentially neutralizes any off-axis errors or instabilities which afflict that detector component. This fifth aspect of the invention, like certain preferences of earlier- described facets of the invention, relies upon signal levels associated with the servocontrol function — rather than directly upon the detector signals — to obtain a stable, precise measure of source location.

Although the fifth major aspect of the invention thus significantly advances the art, nevertheless to optimise enjoyment of its benefits preferably the invention is practiced in conjunction with certain additional atures or characteristics . Several of these preferences are in the nature of mutually exclusive options.

In particular, preferably the detector component includes a position-sensing detector (PSD) ; or includes a quad cell; or includes a focal-plane array — but in this latter case, preferably the detector component further includes a processor operating a program for analyzing data from the focal-plane array.

Another basic preference is that each mirror of the at least one mirror be a microelectromechanical mirror. Yet another preference is that the at least one mirror be an array of microeleσtrome- chanical mirrors.

Where plural and particularly multiple mirrors are in use, rays can all be made parallel — or different sectors can look in di er- ent directions. This has the benefit of being able to track different sources or other articles simultaneously. Also, a group of mirrors has a greater effective aperture for energy collection.

Still another basic preference is that the apparatus further include an optical-system aperture, and a lens disposed at the aperture to amplify the varying introduced by the at least one mirror. In this case a subpreference is that the lens at the aperture not focus the radiation from the external source.

Yet another basic preference is that the apparatus further include some means for automatically controlling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the volume. In this case a sub- preference is that the servocontrolling means continue to servocontrol the at least one mirror to track the already-detected source substantially at the detector center. Another basic preference is that the apparatus further include some means for substituting a detector array for the detector, to image the already-detected source or associated objects, or both. The meaning of "substituting" here is as discussed earlier.

A final basic preference, with regard to the fifth main aspect of the invention that is under consideration, is that the apparatus further include some means for automatically directing a response toward the detected source or an object associated therewith, or both. In this case a subpreference is that the apparatus further include an entrance aperture for collecting radiation from the source; and that the response-directing means include some means for emitting a beam of radiation that uses the entrance aperture as an exit aperture, sharing the entrance aperture with the radiation from the source. A parallel subpreference is that the response-directing means include some means for emitting a ranging beam pulse.

In preferred embodiments of its sixth major independent facet or aspect, the invention is an optical system for varying angular direction, outside the optical system, of a transmitted or received beam of collimated radiation. The optical system includes a physical-interaction stage where the transmitted beam is generated, or the received beam is intercepted by utilization means . The system also includes at least one movable mirror for varying direction, outside the optical system, of the beam — by rotation of beam direction at the mirror through a particular angle. In addition the system includes some means for multiplying the particu- lar angle by a desired factor; and the at least one movable mirror is disposed along an optical path between these angle-multiplying means and the physical-interaction stage.

The multiplying means include plural focal elements, in series, that have respectively different focal lengths. The desired factor is equal to a ratio of the focal lengths.

The foregoing may represent a description or definition of the sixth aspect or facet of the invention in its broadest or most general form. Even as couched in these broad terms, however, it can be seen that this facet of the invention importantly advances the art. In particular, the beam-angle multiplication feature enables a very broad beam sweep, or scanning range, outside the optical system in response to a relatively modest angular excursion of the movable mirror inside the system. This broad sweep is achieved without sac- rifice of angular sensitivity or precision in mirror position; hence this system makes a major contribution to dynamic range in detected angle.

Although the sixth major aspect of the invention thus signifi- cantly advances the art, nevertheless to optimise enjoyment of its benefits preferably the invention is practiced in conjunction with certain additional features or characteristics. In particular, preferably the focal elements are lenses.

Also preferably the focal elements focus the collimated beam to a virtual, substantially point image and form another collimated beam from the substantially point image. If this basic preference is observed, then a subpreference is that the focal elements form the virtual , substantially point image between the focal elements .

Three other basic preferences may be noted. First, preferably the plural focal elements are disposed between the movable mirror and: ■ an exit aperture, if the beam is a transmitted beam; or

■ an entrance aperture, if the beam is a received beam.

Second, most preferably the focal lengths are in the ratio of approximately 1:3 or 3:1, and accordingly the desired factor is approximately 3 or 1/3, respectively. More generally, usable ratios fall representatively in the range of 1:2 to 1:4, yielding facto s between 4 (or 1/4) and 2 (or 1/2) . Third, the plural focal elements comprise more than two focal elements, and the ratio of focal lengths equals a ratio of (1) a first composite effective focal length of a subgroup of two or more of the focal elements, and (2) an effective focal length of all remaining focal elements .

It is to be understood that the foregoing enumeration of preferences is intended to be representative, not exhaustive. Accordingly many preferred forms of the invention set forth in the following detailed description or claims are within the scope of the pres- ent invention.

All of the foregoing operational principles and advantages of the invention will be more fully appreciated upon consideration of the following detailed description, w reference to the appended drawings , of which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Fig. 1 is a block diagram, with most portions symbolically in side elevation but certain other portions (an aperture-lens assembly 14 and a lens/detector assembly 22) symbolically in isometric projection, of a basic first function — namely, a detection function — for preferred apparatus embodiments of the invention; Fig. 2 is a like diagram showing an extension of the preferred apparatus embodiments to encompass a second function, namely optical analysis ; Fig. 3 is another like diagram but now showing a further extension to encompass dual forms of yet a third function, namely response;

Fig. 4 is a multiapplication block diagram representing appa- ratus and procedures, using the apparatus embodiments of Figs. 1 through 3 for the above-mentioned and still other functions, and in a number of variegated applications;

Fig. 5 is a diagram generally like Figs. 1 through 3 but with the lens and detector assemblies 14, 22 enlarged for presentation of details; and

Fig. 6 is a diagram conceptually representing a spiral-scanning raster pattern for use in any of the Fig. 1 through Fig. 5 systems and methods .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In preferred embodiments , the invention provides a low-cost sensor system 10 (Fig. 1) capable of detecting and locating active illumination sources — or objects illuminated by such sources. In some preferred embodiments (Figs. 2 through 4) , the sensor system of the invention can also respond to the detected light source by returning a light beam 38 (Fig. 3) or an object, and in some cases by initiating a distance-determining or other investigation (Function 4, Fig. 4) of the source or objects associated with the source.

In particularly preferred embodiments, initial detection of a radiation source or illuminated object is qualified by filters that implement expectations as to the characteristics of such sources or objects that are of interest. For instance, when anticipated sources are infrared, or are in other particular spectral regions, spectral filters are placed at convenient positions in the optical path — usually but not necessarily associated with the fold mirror 21, and in particular taking the form of bandpass optical reflection/- transmission filters.

As mentioned elsewhere in this document, for various purposes the fold mirror can be advantageously implemented as a beam split- ter, and incident-beam selectivity is simply an additional one of such purposes. In such arrangements, if it is preferable that certain spectral components of the beam not pass to the primary directionality detector 24, a dichroic or other bandpass or bandblocking filter can be used, as an alternative to a fold mirror 21. The filter transmits these undesired components to a radiation sink or auxiliary detection system 55, while reflecting the desired radiation components to the detector — or conversely, depending on preferred system configuration. Such advance filtering is not limited to spectral characteristics . Merely by way of example, if anticipated sources are modulated temporally, the signal 25 from the optoelectronic detector 24 is advantageously filtered electronically 56 to exclude d. c. sources or sources having no significant bandwidth activity above a specific threshold frequency — or, more restrictively, to pass only a. c. signals having a particular specified modulation pattern or class of patterns .

Ideally the system detector 24 is a PSD, which has the ability to report positional coordinates Δ , ΔY (on the PSD' s own surface, Fig. 5) of an impinging optical beam from a source 1 in a region without the necessity of scanning the region. As noted elsewhere in this document, it is also necessary to determine the mirror position. From these data and known characteristics of the associated optics, as explained above, angular position 8_X, Θ_γ of the source is readily calculated.

As mentioned earlier, however, a PSD is nonlinear and temperature sensitive when measuring large off-axis coordinates ΔX, ΔY and thus angles θ_x, θ_γ. These drawbacks are neutralized, in preferred forms of the present invention, by operating in a null-balance mode as detailed below — so that the system relies on the PSD primarily only to determine whether the source is off axis and, if so, then in which direction; and not for quantitative reporting of large off- axis coordinates or their associated angles.

After the sensor system (including the arithmetic preprocessing mentioned earlier) has determined initial values for the incident angles θ_x, θ_y, the system very rapidly servocontrols itself to keep incident rays 13 at the center of the detector field. Most pref- erably such servocontrol 27 is implemented by one or more microelectromechanical (MEMS) mirrors 15 disposed inside the optical system 10, i. e. along the optical path between the detector 24 and the collecting aperture 14, 45 (Fig. 5) of the system. Such mirrors have extraordinarily low mass and inertia, and corresponding extremely high response speed — thus obviating the problem of sluggish response in earlier systems. Placing the mirror or mirrors inside the system gains yet further advantages of angular displacement speed, in the visible volume 11 of space outside the optical system, particularly if a lens 45 is placed at the aperture to optically magnify the angular displacement of the mirrors .

This particular arrangement for servocontrol of the incoming light, to center the beam on the detector, is particularly advantageous when using a PSD. Whereas that type of detector measures large off-axis angles somewhat inaccurately, the system is easily made extremely accurate in measuring the angular correction 28 applied by the MEMS system to bring the source to the central, null position.

Throughout most of this document, for purposes of simplicity the notation "θ_x/ θ_γ" has been used to represent both the off-axis angle of the beam 13 (Fig. 1) and the mirror-orientation 16 signals 28 relative to nominal or rest positions of the mirror or mirrors 15. As will be understood, these two different sets of angles 13, 28 are not at all the same — but when the system has servocon- trolled itself to null the incident beam at the center of the detector 24 , the two sets are related by straightfor ard trans orms . Such transforms include the magnification factor introduced by the afocal package 14, as discussed at length elsewhere in this document, and also include the local calibration of the mirror actuator- stem positions relative to an internal standard, and also distortion in the afocal array 14 as well as the final focusing optic 23, and so forth.

The PSD itself can effectively monitor a far larger angular region 11 than it can image. This is a major advantage never fully exploited in conventional systems because of failure to use internal mirrors, or very small mirrors, and because of failure to servo the input source to a reproducible centerpoint on the detector. Nevertheless a still further major advantage is gained by raster scanning 16 the PSD. The basic principle behind this is that the system views a small part of the field of regard at any instant in time, yet expands its coverage by searching for incident rays, thereby covering the entire field of regard 11. As will be seen, practical field of view using the various forms of the invention can range, representatively, from 20° to 180°.

This combination of the intrinsic angular-dynamic-range advantage of the PSD with the multiplicative advantage of a raster scan yields an enormous bandwidth, or bit depth, in overall determination of optical-source angular location θ_x, θy. Moreover, once a light source 1 is detected and the MEMS mirrors operated by a processor 26 to center the source in the detector field, advantageously the processor sends the MEMS mirrors further signals to continue searσh- ing/scanning 16 in the general area of the detected rays — without losing the benefit of having the source near the detector center, where moderate angular accuracy is available. (Alternatively the native angular range of the PSD can be used for this purpose without additional mirror scanning. )

The optical system has been successfully servocontrolled to an incident ray when both coordinates Δx and ΔY (Fig. 5) of the ray on the sensitive detector surface are aero as measured by the two-dimensional ("2-D") detector assembly (or in the case of a 1-D detec- tor, when ΔX or ΔY is zero and the scan-mirror positions are noted) . Once the system is servoing to the incident ray, as noted above it can function to determine not only angular location of the incident ray but also its wavelength λ and coded temporal modulation f (t) ; or can direct similar or different light rays 35-38 (Fig. 3) opposite the incident rays 13 along the same path, or laterally 43 with respect to that path — for communications, distance determination, optical enhancement or other purposes. In the case of light rays received from an adversary for guiding an object with destructive intent, an auxiliary laser 42 can be directed 41 to emit a very bright beam 43 of identical wavelength λ and temporal modulation f (t) onto a nearby (but progressively diverging) surface. This arrangement can closely mimic the original beam but in a different guiding location, and thereby draw off the object from the intended destination.

Various arrangements can be used to bring the auxiliary laser into optical alignment. One such arrangement is a variable-position fold mirror 21, 21' (Figs. 2, 3 and 5); however, for simultaneous operations as noted earlier such a mirror can be replaced by a beam splitter, e. α. a polarized one for maximum radiation transfer, or by spectral-band-wise splitting devices such as dichroic filters.

The sensor system is ordinarily located on a host (Fig. 4) . An appropriate host is readily selected to optimize use of the invention for particular applications. In preferred embodiments, the host can be a vehicle including an automobile or truck, sea vessel, airplane, spacecraft, satellite or projectile, or even simply a human or animal or their paraphernalia. Hosts are not limited to these examples, but can basically consist of any carrier — even a stationary one — capable of supporting and maintaining the sensor, and exposing it to various kinds of articles or objects.

The sensor method or system specifications can vary and be op- timized for use in particular applications . One of ordinary skill in the art can select preferred configurations of the system to suit a particular application. In preferred embodiments of the invention, the system can monitor a field of regard at approximately 10 Hs frame rate — evidencing the excellent sensitivity of the inven- tion at high frequencies. The invention is capable, however, of monitoring in a range on the order of 1 Hz to 1 kHz — or even 10 kHz, depending on size of articles of interest, and the detector field of view. Overall, the invention provides a high degree of angular accuracy in determining the approach path of an incident ray.

Plural such sensor systems can be grouped and coordinated to provide up to 4π steradian coverage — i . e. , for sensing in all directions at once. This kind of observation is appropriate for a host that is in the air or in outer space, and in some circumstances for a host that is waterborne. For a host on land, and for a water- surface-craft host in other circumstances (particularly, no need to monitor below the water surface) 2π steradian coverage ordinarily is entirely sufficient.

The sensor of the invention has the ability to monitor wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to infrared (IR) , particularly up to the midIR range.

Typically a MEMS mirror is limited in range to plus-or-minus ten to fifteen degrees about one or two orthogonal axes, i. e. through an overall excursion 16 of roughly 20° (Fig. 5) to 30° for each axis. In preferred embodiments of the invention, as noted earlier, a lens assembly 14 is advantageously used to significantly increase this range optically.

Most preferred embodiments of the invention eliminate the use of large external scan mirrors and gimbals; as a result the invention is more rugged, and yet actually less expensive and several orders lighter and more compact than conventional sensor systems. For example, the size of the system, depending on the application, is on the order of one millimeter, or less, to a few centimeters — rather than on the order of one centimeter to tens of centimeters as described earlier for conventional units. Dimensions of an oscillating scan mirror 15 may be, merely by way of example, in a range from a few tens of microns wide to several millimeters or more; such a mirror may be roughly square, or may have a high aspect ratio such as 25:1 or 50:1. nominally and ideally, however, the aspect ratio should be approximately the square root of two, since the mirror surface — when at the center of its range of excursions — is inclined at 45° to both the incident and reflected beams. Accordingly the most preferable tested embodiments use e. q. silicon scan mirrors in the range of 1.5 x 2.1 mm (note that 2.1); but again these dimensions are not at all limit- ing. Such a mirror typically rotates about its own axis with an excursion in the range of ±1° to ±10° — or even ±15° as previously noted.

The system mass can be made just one-tenth to one kilogram, also generally several orders of magnitude lower than that of com- parable known devices. Angular resolution is readily placed in the submilliradian or even tens-of-microradians range, i. e. less than three minutes of arc or even under one minute, versus the previously noted tens to hundreds of milliradians (two-thirds of a degree to tens of degrees) for sensors heretofore. Yet another major and remarkable advantage of the invention is that the system can eventually use off-the-shelf technology, requiring no expensive custom parts or instrumentation.

Initially, the most highly preferred embodiments of the invention call for a custom MEMS mirror array of at least 5 x 5 mirrors — and more preferably 10 x 10 and even 30 x 30 mirrors — each individual mirror being 1.5 x 2.1 mm, and with an afocal lens assembly that follows custom optical specifications but is otherwise conventionally fabricated. It is anticipated that these component designs will quickly become standard in the field, and very shortly be available as commercial off-the-shelf units .

Remarkably, even though the present invention achieves far fi- ner resolution than earlier sensors, at the same time it nevertheless also provides much broader effective field of regard. These dual advantages can be stated together in terms of an extremely high effective dynamic range.

The invention can redirect a new beam 43 (Fig. 3) of light (usually generated locally — i. e. on the same platform) laterally for guidance of any objects away from the host. The invention can also provide determination of wavelength λ and frequency-modulation information f (t) in the received beam, so that those characteristics of the received rays can be mimicked 41 in the new beam — which is relayed to another location, either for communications purposes or to lead an approaching object to a different destination. Alternatively the new beam can be directed back along the same path 38 as received rays 13, to the extent that the field of regard of the optical system (or of the system together with other such optical sys- terns being operated in parallel) is broad enough to provide appropriate directions for the new beam. These capabilities are entirely beyond those of the prior art.

Preferred embodiments of the method of the invention, corre- sponding to the apparatus discussed above, include the steps or functions of:

■ detection and angular location of a light source (Fig. 1) , ■ determining characteristics of the received radiation (Fig. 2) , and

■ response (Fig. 3) .

The first of these functions preferably includes these constituent steps:

STEP 1 — Incident rays 13 from a light source 1 illuminate the system, on its host platform, at a relative angle Bχ_f θ_γ.

STEP 2 — An afocal lens assembly 14 reduces a collimated or nominally collimated incident or exiting ray angle, θ_x, θy (i. e. , outside the optical system) by the ratio of the two focal lengths designed into the assembly, 1:3 in this example, resulting in much smaller of -axis angles of θχ/3, θy/3 inside the optical system 10 — i. e. at the scan mirror or mirrors 15. This arrangement is optimal to effectively, or virtually, bring the incident rays within the native scan range of the MEMS scan system.

The lens assembly 14 is described as "afocal" because it is not used to focus the incoming rays directly onto the detector 24; rather the primary lens 45 forms (inside the lens assembly) only a vir- tual image 4.4 , which the secondary lens 46 then recollimates — but only if the incoming beam 13a, 13 is itself at least approximately collimated — to produce substantially parallel rays in the beam approaching the detector assembly 22.

STEP 3 — The MEMS scan mirror continuously raster- cans the field of regard. When the MEMS scan mirror intercepts laser energy at the corresponding original angles θ_x, θ_y (and reduced angles θ_x/3, θy/3) , the detector detects the energy and in turn transmits the signal to the control processor. The relative position reported at that same instant by the MEMS scan mirror assembly, and therefore corresponding to θ_x, θ_γ is recorded by the control processor 26. To enable this result, a conventional two-axis angle sensor (not shown) that measures shaft angle of the MEMS mirror has been precalibrated to provide the corresponding field of regard angle (θ_x, θ_y) relative to the optical axis. STEP 4 — The 2-D detector is fitted with a reimaging lens that focuses the incident beam at its conjugate location on the detector, relative to the system axis, provided that (1) the MEMS scan mirror is at an appropriate angle to direct the beam into the detector field of view, and (2) the incoming beam, within the envelope of extreme captured rays 13, 13a (Fig. 5) , is collimated or very nearly so. This arrangement tends to somewhat diffuse the image of relatively nearby sources on the detector, and thus limit the response to light from relatively remote sources .

The detector is thus aided in essentially disregarding illumination from nearby sources, which for purposes of preferred embodi- ments of the present invention are deemed to be most-typically irrelevant. (As will be understood, contrary assumptions can be implemented instead, if desired, in other — generally conventional — optical trains . ) Such exclusion of illumination that is not of interest, however, is generally secondary in relation to other selec- tive features in the system — e. q. spectral filtering 21, 55, and a. c. signal filtering 56 or other arrangements for enhancing sensitivity to anticipated known modulation patterns .

The position-sensing detector next comes into play, sensing not only presence of the illumination but also the displacements ΔX, ΔY of its focal point (conjugate location) from the optical axis — and generating corresponding ΔX, ΔY signals for transmission to the control processor.

STEP 5 — Mirror-bias coraaands ΔΘ_X, Δθ_γ, proportional to the Ml, ΔY values, are generated by the control processor and sent to the MEMS scan-mirror assembly. These signals drive the conjugate location approximately to the optical axis; and as that location approaches the axis the error signals ΔX, ΔY become progressively more linear and stable, by virtue of the inherent behavior of the PSD 24, so that the eventual determination of incident-beam location is extremely precise, accurate, and stable. At each instant the source angles outside the optical system are related to the coordinates on the PSD surface by the final-stage focal length, i. e. each angle Δθ_x or Δθ_γ equals the corresponding ΔX or ΔY coordinate divided by the 2-D detector imaging-optic focal length f_D (Fig. 5) — subject to the angle-scaling effect of the afocal assembly 14, discussed at "step 2" above. STEP 6 — The Δθ_x, Δθy incident-ray relative position as then measured by the MEMS scan-mirror local angle sensors are made available, for later functions, as an accurate line-of-sight location of the incident ray relative to the system axis .

The second function of the system basically includes determining the wavelength and any accompanying temporal or spectral modulation of the incident ray or signal. Continuing the above sequence:

Step 7 — A fold mirror 21 (Fig. 2) rotates to direct the inci- dent beam 13 to a spectrometer or photodiode 31. The fold mirror is basically a simple, motorized mirror that redirects light; but in other preferred embodiments this mirror can be replaced by a MEMS mirror or, as noted earlier, a beam splitter. One or more splitters, in tandem as appropriate, are particularly advantageous to permit simultaneous operations of different types, e. q. detection, spectral analysis, imaging, distance probing, or active response — and combinations of these.

Step 8 — A spectrometer 31 determines the incident ray wavelength; and either the detector in the spectrometer acquires any temporal or spectral intensity or wavelength or temporal modulation to be detected and sent 32 to the control processor. Portions of this task may be assigned to the PSD 24, filter 56 (Fig. 1) and processor 26 for data acquisition during earlier steps 5 and 6.

The third system function is most typically an optical response that can take any of several forms. One such form (Fig. 3), which makes use of the directional information collected in the first function, is generation and projection of a very bright beam of radiation opposite the incident ray, to temporarily dazzle or confuse an operator or aiming-control apparatus at the source. Again continuing from the first-function sequence:

STEP 7 — The fold mirror 21 (Fig. 3) rotates from its earlier positions 21' to align a powerful laser 34 along the optical axis, and thereby along the known path to the source. STEP 8 — The laser transmits a temporarily blinding beam 35-38 in a direction opposite the incident rays 13, but back along the same path, in response to a command 33 from the control processor 26.

A fourth function uses the information collected in the second function to generate and project a precisely wavelength-matched and temporal-modulation-matched beam to a nearby location, preferably one that progressively moves away from the host position, to draw any guided object away from the host. Friendly as well as hostile guided rendezvous can be facilitated in this way. This fourth funσ- tion includes issuance of a processor command 41 (Fig. 3) — with necessary data λ, f (t) — to the auxiliary light source, e. q. tunable modulated laser 42. At substantially the same time the determined information is advantageously transmitted (preferably as interpreted, encoded data) to a remote station to document, e. . for subsequent refined avoidance, what has occurred.

As will be understood, if the application at hand calls for directing a beam into the originally searched input volume 11 , rather than a location laterally offset from that volume, then instead of the auxiliary laser 42 it is possible to use the previously en- tioned laser 34 — i . e. ,the one that can be aligned with the main optical path through the lens assembly 14. This option is particularly practical in the case of a plural-sensor-system apparatus configured to scan 2κ or 4.K steradians as previously discussed. In such applications essentially all locations are within the scanned range of at least some one of the component sensor systems .

A complex of other possible responses, and alternative applications of the information gathered in the first two functions, is within the scope of the invention (Fig. 4) . One such response is initiation of a distance probe operation to collect additional information about any such object that may be associated with the beam, or about facilities at the source, or both. Several of the references cited at the beginning of this document provide very extensive information about distance-determining capabilities and design. Other ranging methods may be substituted as desired. This form of the invention can also be used for any of various other applications, such as for example transmission of modulated optical signals for free-space laser communications.

For each of the various applications additional components may be added, such as additional processing capability for further pro- cessing data, an annunciator for alerting an operator or connecting to an alarm for monitoring the system, or robotics for performing additional functions in response to the detection.

Particularly preferred applications, as shown, include use of the system in a vehicle or other host for detection of objects, or use of the system as a guide for a laser communications telescope — for which the system "communicates" angular, wavelength, frequency- modulation (or other temporal modulation) or other information between two telescopes . Also included is use of the system for continuous observation purposes such as recognition and location of emergency distress signals e. q. a beacon, or flares, or identification of approaching vehicles.

Furthermore the system can detect such light signals in outer space or even through large bodies of water. Thus objects can be identified and located regardless of whether they are floating in space, under the sea or on land. Other beneficial uses will appear from the drawing; however, it is to be understood that Fig. 4 is not intended to be exhaustive; i. e. , not all functions of the invention described and discussed in this document appear in that drawing. Because of the versatility of the system and its many func- tions, it has a wide range of applications spanning industries as diver e as telecommunications , optics, automotive, marine, aerospace, continuing observation, and search and rescue.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the system, the sen- sor system utilizes a two-axis scan mirror (Fig. 5) of dimensions

1.5 x 2.1 mm, with mechanical scan angle of plus-or-minus 10° to 15° — for a total excursion of 20° to 30° — about both axes. A two- axis scan mirror is not a requirement; a single-axis scan mirror with one-dimensional detector can be substituted. Using a two-axis scan mirror with a 2-D detector, however, allows greater flexibility in detecting throughout a volume or detecting in more than one dimension. The ±10° or ±15° sweep 16, i. e. 20° or 30° full-excursion, of the MEMS mirror or mirrors 15 is doubled — by the effect of reflection — to produce a 40° or 60° deflection of the beam at that point. The MEMS system, in turn, is behind a lens assembly whose focal-length ratio (typically 1:3) triples that 40° or 60° deflection to provide, typically, a 120° to 180° overall field of regard. The two-axis MEMS scan mirror, operating at approximately four mil- liradians for approximately the magnification (again, typically three) times 2λ/d, repeatedly sweeps the full 120° x 120° volume at more than 10 Hz. This then is the frame rate for a complete scan of that field of regard.

If a collimated or nominally collimated incident ray is directed toward the host within this overall field of view, the ray is projected — through its reimaging lens — onto the detector when the MEMS two-axis scanning mirror is at the corresponding angular position. The MEMS scan-mirror control system then drives the scan mirror to maintain the incident ray on the detector, ideally a position-sensing photodiode detector as described earlier — and preferably at its center. This detector provides positional closed-loop feedback to the scan mirror, driving the focal point to minimize the ΔX and ΔY coordinates. In other words the beam is driven to the native origin on the photosensitive surface of the diode.

When in that condition, the angular positions of the mirror provide the corresponding azimuth and elevation angles Δθ_x, Δθy of the incident rays — based on the corresponding error coordinates ΔX, ΔY at the detector surface, and the corresponding known relative mirror angles as explained earlier. Limiting uncertainty of the input collimated laser-beam angle is the limiting resolution of the 2-D detector divided by the reimaging lens focal length f_D.

In addition to illuminating the PSD, the system advantageously includes a multiposition relay mirror (or fold mirror etc. ) to alternatively direct the incident beam to other detectors such as a spectrometer used to determine incident-ray wavelength — or a beam- splitter to do so concurrently. If preferred, quad cells, focal plane arrays, or line arrays such as a charge-coupled device (CCD) or other light sensitive arrays can be used instead. Ideally each individual detector of an array can be provided with its own individual microlens. Nevertheless the previously mentioned quantization effect remains a concern, and array detectors are generally slower than PSDs, particularly when taking into account the neces- sary algorithmic procedures for readout and interpretation of optical signals .

The same multiposition mirror can also serve to route output rays, from an onboard laser or other bright lamp, back along the original optical path toward the source of the initially detected incident beam — to blind the source operator, or locate the source facility, or communicate with it, all as set forth earlier.

In practice of many of the preferred embodiments of the invention — but particularly for situations in which the system cannot lock on to an active source, usually because no active optical source is present or none is being concurrently detected and tracked — it is especially helpful to provide a vibration-sensing subsystem 57 (Figs. 1 and 2) adjacent to the scan mirror or mirrors, and a correctional-data path 58 for flow of vibration information from the outputs of these sensors to the main processor. (Although included in Fig. 1, such provisions most typically are in order only when no positional detection is available, e. q. as in Fig. 2 with the detector 24 out of service, or absent. Vibration sensing 57, 58 and input filtering 55, 56 are omitted from Figs. 3 and 5 only to avoid f rther clutter in those drawings . ) This sensing module 57 with its correction path 58 enables a spectrometer, or an imaging system or distance-determining system, that is part of the invention embodiments to form a stable, high-resolution 2-D or 3-D image despite vibration in the host platform. Most typically the vibration sensor includes a gyroscope or set of accelerometers , separated by known lever arms. These devices provide enough information — most typically with respect to five degrees of freedom — to enable the system to incorporate compensating maneuvers of its moving mirrors, canceling out the effects of such vibration. These devices should be augmented by a GPS sensor for geodetic coordinates Sensing elements 57 positioned along the plane of a supporting base of the moving mirror or mirror assembly 15 can for example include three linked accelerometers sensitive to motion normal to that plane, and two others sensitive to motion within that plane — ordi- narily but not necessarily parallel to orthogonal edges of the base. Such vibration-sensing devices in effect define instantaneous characteristics of any host-platform vibration. Such sensing subsystems in themselves are well known and conventional. The data they produce must flow to the processor 26 and be interpreted promptly enough to enable effective feedback into the control circuits of the moving mirror or mirrors , to achieve cancellation within the desired imaging accuracy of the overall system.

For most purposes of the present invention, as previously mentioned, raster scans are advantageously performed using a spiraling pattern 59 (Fig. 6) . With moving mirrors, executing such a pattern is most typically far more energy-efficient and fast than tracing a more-conventional rectangular-envelope serpentine pattern. For optimum speed and efficiency the sequence reverses direction at each end — i. e.. outward in one scan, inward in the next, and so forth. As in any raster operation, the number and pitch of the spiral revolutions should be selected with care to obtain good resolution without significant gaps in the image.

In accompanying apparatus claims generally the term "such" is used (instead of "said" or "the") in the bodies of the claims, when reciting elements of the claimed invention, for referring back to features which are introduced in preamble as part of the context or environment of the claimed invention. The purpose of this conven- tion is to aid in more particularly and emphatically pointing out which features are elements of the claimed invention, and which are parts of its context — and thereby to more distinctly claim the invention.

The foregoing disclosure is intended to be merely exemplary, and not to limit the scope of the invention — which is to be determined by reference to the appended claims .

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. An optical system for dynamically determining radiation characteristics, including associated angular direction, of an external article in a volume outside the system; said optical system comprising: an optical detector; an entrance aperture; and disposed along an optical path between the detector and the entrance aperture, at least one mirror, rotatable about plural axes, for causing the detector to address varying portions of such volume outside the optical system; each mirror of the at least one mirror having dimensions in a range from thirty microns to five millimeters .

2. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein: each mirror of the at least one mirror is a microelectromechanical mirror.

3. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein: each mirror of the at least one mirror is independently manipulabl .

4. The optical system of claim 1 , wherei : in use, each mirror of the at least one mirror operates from a substantially stationary rest position.

5. The optical system of claim 1 , further comprising: a lens assembly disposed at the aperture to amplify the varying introduced by the at least one mirror.

6. The optical system of claim 3, wherein: the lens assembly does not focus such external article on any solid element of the optical system.

7. The optical system of claim 1, further comprising: means for automatically servocontrolling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the volume.

8. The optical system of claim 7, wherein: the servocontrolling means comprise means for performing the raster scan in a spiraling pattern.

9. The optical system of claim 1, wherein: the at least one mirror is an array of mirrors having said dimensions .

10. The optical system of claim 1, further comprising: means for sensing vibration; and means, responsive to the vibration-sensing means, for correcting determinations made by the system.

11. The optical system of claim 1, further comprising: a global positioning system for associating geodetic coordinates with determinations made by the system.

12. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the external article comprises a radiation source of a particular type, said characteristics comprise existence and presence of the source, and the optical system is for detecting the source and determining its angular location, and: said optical detector is a detector for such radiation from such source of such particular type.

13. The optical system of claim 12, further comprising: means for automatically responding to the detector by actively servocontrolling the at least one mirror to substantially center an image of a detected source on the detector.

14. The optical system of claim 13, further comprising: means for reading and interpreting angular position from mirror position feedback signals while the image is substantially centered on the detector.

15. The optical system of claim 13, wherein: the responding means comprise means for continuing to servocontrol the at least one mirror to track the already-detected source substantially at the detector center.

16. The optical system of claim 15, wherein: the at least one mirror comprises plural mirrors; and the continuing means comprise means for using one or more mirrors to track the already-detected source, and one or more other mirrors to instead simultaneously perform another function.

17. The optical system of claim 16, wherein: the other function comprises searching for another source, previously not yet detected.

18. The optical system of claim 16, wherein: the other function comprises imaging, distance-determination, or spectrometry, or combinations of these, for said already-detected source or another article or scene.

19. The optical system of claim 15, further comprising: operating a beam-splitter to enable imaging, distance-determination, or spectrometry, or combinations of these, for said already- detected source or another article or scene, simultaneously with said continuing tracking of the already-detected source.

20. The optical system of claim 12, wherein: the detector is a position-sensing detector (PSD)

21. The optical system of claim 12, wherein: the detector is a quad cell.

22. The optical system of claim 12, further comprising: means for substituting a detector array for the detector, to image the already-detected source or associated objects, or both.

23. The optical system of claim 12, further comprising: means for automatically directing a response toward the detected source or an object associated therewith, or both.

24. The optical system of claim 23, wherein: the response-directing means comprise means for emitting a beam of radiation that uses said entrance aperture as an exit aperture, sharing said entrance aperture with such radiation from such source.

25. The optical system of claim 23, wherein: the response-directing means comprise means for emitting a ranging beam pulse.

26. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the external article comprises a radiation source, said characteristics comprise spectral properties of radiation from the source, and the optical system is for determining the radiation spectrum of the source as a function of angular direction, and: wherein said optical detector is a spectrometer.

27. The optical system of claim 26, further comprising: means for automatically controlling the at least one mirror to perform a spectrometric raster scan of the spectrometer over the sourc .

28. The optical system of claim 26, wherein: the spectrometer comprises an interferometric spectrometer.

29. The optical system of claim 26, wherein: the spectrometer comprises a grating spectrometer,

30. The optical system of claim 26, wherein: the spectrometer comprises a prism spectrometer.

31. The optical system of claim 26, wherein said characteristics further comprise at least one temporal modulation pattern of radiation from the source; and further comprising: means for analyzing such radiation to determine such at least one temporal modulation pattern as a function of angular direction.

32. The optical system of claim 31, further comprising: means for generating a beam of radiation having such determined spectrum and such determined at least one temporal modulation pattern.

33. The optical system of claim 31, further comprising: means for transmitting the determined spectrum and determined at least one temporal modulation pattern to a remote station.

34. The optical system of claim 1 , wherein the external article comprises an object or scene, said characteristics comprise an image of the object or scene, and the optical system is for forming such an image, and: wherein said optical detector is an imager detector; and further comprising means for automatically controlling the at least one mirror to perform an imaging raster scan of the detector over the object or scene.

35. The optical system of claim 34, wherein: the detector is an infrared detector.

36. The optical system of claim 34, wherein: the detector is a visible-light detector.

37. The optical system of claim 34, wherein: the detector is a single-pixel detector.

38. The optical system of claim 34, wherein: the detector has a f w pixels .

39. The optical system of claim 1, wherein the external article comprises an object or scene of interest, said characteristics comprise range data for different portions, respectively, of the object or scene, and the optical system is for forming such range data, and: said optical detector comprises a distance-determining receiver.

40. The optical system of claim 39: wherein the receiver comprises a single-pixel distance-determining receiver; and further comprising means for controlling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the single-pixel receiver over the o ject or scen .

41. The optical system of claim 39: wherein the system comprises a distance-determining receiver having a few pixels; and further comprising means for controlling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the few-pixels receiver over the object or scene.

42. The optical system of claim 39, further comprising: a transmitter that uses the entrance aperture as also an exit aperture for a pulsed distance-determining excitation beam.

43. An optical system for impairing function or structural integrity of an external article in a volume outside the optical system, including controlled effect upon the article as a function of angular direction; said optical system comprising: a laser; an exit aperture; and disposed along an optical path between the laser and the exit aperture, at least one mirror, rotatable about plural axes, for causing the laser to address varying portions of such volume outside the optical system, to impair function or structural integrity of corresponding portions of such external article; each mirror of the at least one mirror having dimensions in a range from thirty microns to five millimeters .

44. The optical system of claim 43, further comprising: means for using said exit aperture as an entrance aperture, to receive a sensing beam from an optical source in such volume.

45. The optical system of claim 43, further comprising: means for controlling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the laser over the external article.

46. Apparatus for dynamically detecting and determining radiation characteristics, including associated angular direction, of an article outside the apparatus; said apparatus comprising: an optical detector; and at least one microelectromechanical mirror for causing the detector to address varying portions of the article.

47. The optical system of claim 46, further comprising: a lens assembly disposed at the aperture to amplify the varying introduced by the at least one microelectromechanical mirror.

48. The optical system of claim 47, wherein: the lens assembly does not focus such external article on any solid element of the optical system.

49. The optical system of claim 46, further comprising: means for automatically servocontrolling the at least one microelectromechanical mirror to perform a raster scan of the volume.

50. The optical system of claim 49, wherein: the servocontrolling means comprise means for performing the raster scan in a spiraling pattern.

51. The optical system of claim 46, wherein: the at least one microelectromechanical mirror is an array of microelectromechanical mirrors .

52. The optical system of claim 46, wherein the external article comprises a radiation source of a particular type, said characteristics comprise existence and presence of the source, and the optical system is for detecting the source and determining its angular location, and: said optical detector is a detector for radiation from such source of such particular type.

53. The optical system of claim 52, further comprising: means for automatically responding to the detector by actively servocontrolling the at least one microelectromechanical mirror to substantially center an image of a detected source on the detector.

54. The optical system of claim 53, wherein: the responding means comprise means for continuing to servocontrol the at least one microelectromechanical mirror to track the already-detected source substantially at the detector center.

55. The optical system of claim 52 , wherei : the detector is a position-sensing detector (PSD)

56. The optical system of claim 52, further comprising: means for substituting a detector array for the detector, to image the already-detected source or associated objects, or both.

57. The optical system of claim 52, further comprising: means for automatically directing a response toward the detected source or an object associated therewith, or both.

58. The optical system of claim 57, wherein: the response-directing means comprise means for emitting a beam of radiation that uses said entrance aperture as an e∑sit aperture, sharing said entrance aperture with such radiation from such source.

59. The optical system of claim 46, wherein the external article comprises a radiation source, said characteristics comprise spectral properties of radiation from the source, and the optical system is for determining the radiation spectrum of the source as a function of angular direction, and: wherein said optical detector is a spectrometer.

60. The optical system of claim 59, further comprising: means for automatically controlling the at least one microelectromechanical mirror to perform a spectrometric raster scan of the spectrometer over the source.

61. The optical system of claim 59, wherein said characteristics further comprise at least one temporal modulation pattern of radiation from the source; and further comprising: means for analyzing such radiation to determine such at least one temporal modulation pattern as a function of angular direction.

62. The optical system of claim 61, further comprising: means for generating a beam of radiation having such determined spectrum and such determined at least one temporal modulation pattern.

63. The optical system of claim 62, further comprising: means for transmitting such determined spectrum and such determined at least one temporal modulation pattern to a remote station.

64. The optical system of claim 46, wherein the external article comprises an object or scene, said characteristics comprise an image of the object or scene, and the optical system is for forming such an image, and: wherein said optical detector is an imager detector; and further comprising means for automatically controlling the at least one microelectromechanical mirror to perform an imaging raster scan of the detector over the object or scene.

65. The optical system of claim 46, wherein the external article comprises an object or scene, said characteristics comprise range data for different portions, respectively, of the object or scene, and the optical system is for forming such range data, and: said optical detector comprises a distance-determining receiver.

66. The optical system of claim 65: wherein the receiver comprises a single-pixel distance-determining receiver; and further comprising means for controlling the at least one mir- ror to perform a raster scan of the receiver over the object or scene.

67. The optical system of claim 65, further comprising: a transmitter that uses the entrance aperture as also an exit aperture for a pulsed distance-determining excitation beam.

68. The optical system of claim 46, further comprising: a vibration senso ; and means for applying information from the vibration sensor to stabilise lines of sight of the microelectromechanical mirrors.

69. An optical system for impairing function or structural integrity of an article outside the optical system, including controlled effect upon the article as a function of angular direction; said optical system comprising: a laser; and at least one microelectromechanical mirror for causing the laser to address varying portions of such article, to impair function or structural integrity of corresponding portions of such article.

70. The optical system of claim 69, further comprising: means for controlling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the laser over the external article.

71. The optical system of claim 70, wherein: the servocontrolling means comprise means for performing the raster scan in a spiraling pattern.

72. Apparatus for detecting and determining angular direction of radiation from an external source; said apparatus comprising: an optical system having a detector component that reports relative location of incident radiation on a sensitive surface of the detector component; at least one mirror for causing the detector component to address varying portions of a volume outside the optical system; and means for automatically responding to the detector component by actively servocontrolling the at least one mirror to substantially center an image of a detected source on the detector.

73. The apparatus of claim 72, wherein: the detector component comprises a position-sensing detector (PSD) .

74. The apparatus of claim 72, wherein: the detector component comprises a quad cell .

75. The apparatus of claim 72, wherein: the detector component comprises a focal-plane array.

76. The apparatus of claim 75, wherein: the detector component further comprises a processor operating a program for analyzing data from the focal-plane array.

77. The apparatus of claim 72, wherein: each mirror of the at least one mirror is a microelectromechanical mirror.

78. The apparatus of claim 72, wherein: the at least one mirror is an array of microelectromechanical mirrors.

79. The apparatus of claim 72, further comprising: an optical-system aperture; and a lens disposed at the aperture to amplify the varying introduced by the at least one mirror.

80. The apparatus of claim 79, wherein: the lens at the aperture does not focus such radiation from such external source.

81. The apparatus of claim 72, further comprising: means for automatically controlling the at least one mirror to perform a raster scan of the volume.

82. The apparatus of claim 81, wherein: the servocontrolling means continue to servocontrol the at least one mirror to track the already-detected source substantially at the detector center.

83. The apparatus of claim 72, further comprising: means for substituting a detector array for the detector, to image the already-detected source or associated objects, or both.

84. The apparatus of claim 72, further comprising: means for automatically directing a response toward the detected source or an object associated therewith, or both.

85. The apparatus of claim 84: further comprising an entrance aperture for collecting radiation from such source; and wherein the response-directing means comprise means for emitting a beam of radiation that uses the entrance aperture as an exit aperture, sharing said entrance aperture with such radiation from such source.

86. The apparatus of claim 84, wherein: the response-directing means comprise means for emitting a ranging beam pulse.

87. An optical system for varying angular direction, outside the optical system, of a transmitted or received beam of collimated radiation; said optical system comprising: a physical-interaction stage where such transmitted beam is generated, or such received beam is intercepted by utilization means; at least one movable mirror for varying direction, outside the optical system, of such beam by rotation of beam direction at the mirror through a particular angle; and means for multiplying the particular angle by a desired factor, said multiplying means comprising plural focal elements, in series, that have respectively different focal lengths; and wherein the desired factor is equal to a ratio of said focal lengths; and the at least one movable mirror is disposed along an optical path between the physical-interaction stage and the angle-multiplying means .

88. The optical system of claim 87, wherein: the focal elements are lenses .

89. The optical system of claim 87, wherein: the focal elements focus such collimated beam to a virtual, substantially point image and form another collimated beam from the substantially point image.

90. The optical system of claim 89, wherein: the focal elements form the virtual, substantially point image between the focal elements .

91. The optical system of claim 87 , wherein the plural focal elements are disposed between the movable mirror and: an exit aperture, if the beam is a transmitted beam; or an entrance aperture, if the beam is a received beam.

92. The optical system of claim 87, wherein: the focal lengths are in a ratio of between 1 : 4 and 1 :2 (or between 2:1 and 4:1), approximately; and accordingly the desired factor is between 2 and 4 (or between 1/4 and 1/2) , approximately.

93. The optical system of claim 87, wherein: the focal lengths are in the ratio of approximately 1:3 or 3:1, and the desired factor is approximately 3 or 1/3 respectively.

94. The optical system of claim 87, wherein: the plural focal elements comprise more than two focal elements; and the ratio of focal lengths equals a ratio of (1) a first com- posite effective focal length of a subgroup of two or more of the focal elements, and (2) an effective focal length of all remaining ocal elements .

95. The optical system of claim 87, wherein: the multiplying means provide a field of view, outside the optical system, of twenty degrees to one hundred fifty degrees .