EP1572743B1 - Peptides and their use for the treatment of hiv infections - Google Patents
Peptides and their use for the treatment of hiv infections Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1572743B1 EP1572743B1 EP03813584A EP03813584A EP1572743B1 EP 1572743 B1 EP1572743 B1 EP 1572743B1 EP 03813584 A EP03813584 A EP 03813584A EP 03813584 A EP03813584 A EP 03813584A EP 1572743 B1 EP1572743 B1 EP 1572743B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- vir
- seq
- amino acid
- peptides
- cysteine
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 title claims abstract description 300
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 title claims abstract description 202
- 208000031886 HIV Infections Diseases 0.000 title claims description 15
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 235000018417 cysteine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical group NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cysteine Natural products SCC(N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 125000000151 cysteine group Chemical group N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)* 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-phenylalanine Chemical group OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylalanine Chemical group OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 COLNVLDHVKWLRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 235000008729 phenylalanine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 125000000539 amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- BWKMGYQJPOAASG-SECBINFHSA-N D-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CN[C@@H](C(=O)O)CC2=C1 BWKMGYQJPOAASG-SECBINFHSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N L-alanine Chemical group C[C@H](N)C(O)=O QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 235000004279 alanine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N L-Cysteine Chemical group SC[C@H](N)C(O)=O XUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229930182820 D-proline Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-SCSAIBSYSA-N D-Proline Chemical group OC(=O)[C@H]1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-SCSAIBSYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glutamic acid Chemical group OC(=O)C(N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 235000013922 glutamic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000004220 glutamic acid Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 235000018977 lysine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoleucine Chemical group CCC(C)C(N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229960000310 isoleucine Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 235000014705 isoleucine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000004071 biological effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229960002429 proline Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamic acid Chemical group OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(O)=O WHUUTDBJXJRKMK-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-valine Chemical compound CC(C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Proline Natural products OC(=O)C1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Valine Natural products CC(C)C(N)C(O)=O KZSNJWFQEVHDMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 125000003588 lysine group Chemical group [H]N([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(N([H])[H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000004474 valine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N L-aspartic acid Chemical group OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(O)=O CKLJMWTZIZZHCS-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N L-isoleucine Chemical group CC[C@H](C)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AGPKZVBTJJNPAG-WHFBIAKZSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 235000003704 aspartic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-carboxyaspartic acid Chemical group OC(=O)C(N)C(C(O)=O)C(O)=O OQFSQFPPLPISGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229930182817 methionine Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N L-asparagine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Serine Natural products OCC(N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Asparagine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC(N)=O DCXYFEDJOCDNAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-Proline Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1 ONIBWKKTOPOVIA-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N L-methionine Chemical group CSCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O FFEARJCKVFRZRR-BYPYZUCNSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000009582 asparagine Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229960001230 asparagine Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000012217 deletion Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000037430 deletion Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000003607 serino group Chemical group [H]N([H])[C@]([H])(C(=O)[*])C(O[H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-lysine Chemical group NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000001500 prolyl group Chemical group [H]N1C([H])(C(=O)[*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000000741 isoleucyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C(C(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H])C(=O)O* 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract 5
- 241000725303 Human immunodeficiency virus Species 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 125000003275 alpha amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 27
- 210000002381 plasma Anatomy 0.000 claims description 20
- FUVZDXDCPRQZSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,5,6,7-tetrahydroindazol-4-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCC2=C1C=NN2 FUVZDXDCPRQZSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 241000713772 Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Species 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 102000039446 nucleic acids Human genes 0.000 claims description 11
- 108020004707 nucleic acids Proteins 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000007523 nucleic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Leucine Natural products CC(C)CC(N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- QMLQPHUSDUODMB-MFQMBSFASA-N vir-576 Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)CSSC1 QMLQPHUSDUODMB-MFQMBSFASA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- PECGVEGMRUZOML-AWEZNQCLSA-N (2s)-2-amino-3,3-diphenylpropanoic acid Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C([C@H](N)C(O)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 PECGVEGMRUZOML-AWEZNQCLSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 208000037357 HIV infectious disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 8
- ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-leucine Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(O)=O ROHFNLRQFUQHCH-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 208000033519 human immunodeficiency virus infectious disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 8
- 108010043170 VIR-353 Proteins 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- PXVWWSSTCCAART-FDLQWMBGSA-N vir-164 Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)CSSC1 PXVWWSSTCCAART-FDLQWMBGSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- LXXYOCAOYCSKEP-AKMQUIECSA-N vir-165 Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)CSSC1 LXXYOCAOYCSKEP-AKMQUIECSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- YESMVQRSYLSFRN-RWDBCYFGSA-N vir-175 Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1[C@H](C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)CCC1 YESMVQRSYLSFRN-RWDBCYFGSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- BXGGOCBUCJXICQ-DRGMLTCKSA-N vir-344 Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)CSSC1 BXGGOCBUCJXICQ-DRGMLTCKSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- OUUMOQAXRURQKX-MTEOPRFOSA-N vir-345 Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)CSSC1 OUUMOQAXRURQKX-MTEOPRFOSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- FNMASDUSDRXZFM-VUCFILMJSA-N vir-353 Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N2CCC[C@@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)CSSC1 FNMASDUSDRXZFM-VUCFILMJSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 102000004127 Cytokines Human genes 0.000 claims description 6
- 108090000695 Cytokines Proteins 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000032 diagnostic agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940039227 diagnostic agent Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- YGULASGYYBGSET-QMEKEIOJSA-N vir-161 Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N2CCC[C@@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)CSSC1 YGULASGYYBGSET-QMEKEIOJSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- FQQYLDMXDWKZHU-GZVLWNFDSA-N vir-162 Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)CSSC1 FQQYLDMXDWKZHU-GZVLWNFDSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KCVMHSHUKPKSDU-KLYOSARXSA-N vir-163 Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)CSSC1 KCVMHSHUKPKSDU-KLYOSARXSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CTJMVJVDLNBZGP-AIMUUUAVSA-N vir-449 Chemical compound N([C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N1[C@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2C1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(O)=O)C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC CTJMVJVDLNBZGP-AIMUUUAVSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- UECRWTXCCYOUGZ-RFNVLVMMSA-N vir-455 Chemical compound N([C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N1[C@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2C1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(O)=O)C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC UECRWTXCCYOUGZ-RFNVLVMMSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940125777 fusion inhibitor Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- PXVWWSSTCCAART-RGJWJAOBSA-N vir-352 Chemical compound CC(C)C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N1CCC[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H]1C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N2CCC[C@H]2C(=O)N2CCC[C@@H]2C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N2[C@@H](CCC2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(O)=O)CSSC1 PXVWWSSTCCAART-RGJWJAOBSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- IYKLZBIWFXPUCS-VIFPVBQESA-N (2s)-2-(naphthalen-1-ylamino)propanoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(N[C@@H](C)C(O)=O)=CC=CC2=C1 IYKLZBIWFXPUCS-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000710 homodimer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000001909 leucine group Chemical group [H]N(*)C(C(*)=O)C([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000180 D-prolyl group Chemical group N1[C@@H](C(=O)*)CCC1 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940121672 Glycosylation inhibitor Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930182821 L-proline Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000174 L-prolyl group Chemical group [H]N1C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[C@@]1([H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940124158 Protease/peptidase inhibitor Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000001175 cerebrospinal fluid Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007913 intrathecal administration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000137 peptide hydrolase inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003419 rna directed dna polymerase inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007920 subcutaneous administration Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- YPJJGMCMOHDOFZ-ZETCQYMHSA-N (2s)-2-(1-benzothiophen-3-ylamino)propanoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(N[C@@H](C)C(O)=O)=CSC2=C1 YPJJGMCMOHDOFZ-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BVAUMRCGVHUWOZ-ZETCQYMHSA-N (2s)-2-(cyclohexylazaniumyl)propanoate Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](C)NC1CCCCC1 BVAUMRCGVHUWOZ-ZETCQYMHSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SAAQPSNNIOGFSQ-LURJTMIESA-N (2s)-2-(pyridin-4-ylamino)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](C)NC1=CC=NC=C1 SAAQPSNNIOGFSQ-LURJTMIESA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000291 glutamic acid group Chemical group N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001360 methionine group Chemical group N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)* 0.000 claims description 2
- WRQSUCJAKAMYMQ-YFKPBYRVSA-N (2s)-2-(thiophen-3-ylamino)propanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](C)NC=1C=CSC=1 WRQSUCJAKAMYMQ-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 22
- 101800001690 Transmembrane protein gp41 Proteins 0.000 description 21
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 21
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 20
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 238000010647 peptide synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 15
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- -1 amino acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 12
- 208000030507 AIDS Diseases 0.000 description 11
- 206010018910 Haemolysis Diseases 0.000 description 11
- 230000008588 hemolysis Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- BWKMGYQJPOAASG-VIFPVBQESA-N (3s)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CN[C@H](C(=O)O)CC2=C1 BWKMGYQJPOAASG-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000003088 (fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 10
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 10
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoroacetic acid Substances OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 9
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 8
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 230000036436 anti-hiv Effects 0.000 description 8
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 125000006239 protecting group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- PEASPLKKXBYDKL-FXEVSJAOSA-N enfuvirtide Chemical group C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(C)=O)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)CC)C1=CN=CN1 PEASPLKKXBYDKL-FXEVSJAOSA-N 0.000 description 7
- FXHCFPUEIDRTMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydron;1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid;chloride Chemical compound Cl.C1=CC=C2CNC(C(=O)O)CC2=C1 FXHCFPUEIDRTMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 7
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N L-tyrosine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 6
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 6
- YPHMISFOHDHNIV-FSZOTQKASA-N cycloheximide Chemical compound C1[C@@H](C)C[C@H](C)C(=O)[C@@H]1[C@H](O)CC1CC(=O)NC(=O)C1 YPHMISFOHDHNIV-FSZOTQKASA-N 0.000 description 6
- 210000003743 erythrocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tyrosine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 OUYCCCASQSFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 231100000433 cytotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 5
- 230000001472 cytotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000003013 cytotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 5
- 231100000135 cytotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 5
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 5
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
- 102100035875 C-C chemokine receptor type 5 Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 101710149870 C-C chemokine receptor type 5 Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 4
- 102100034349 Integrase Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000000601 blood cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 210000005260 human cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000013641 positive control Substances 0.000 description 4
- JUJBNYBVVQSIOU-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;4-[2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)tetrazol-2-ium-5-yl]benzene-1,3-disulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C1N1[N+](C=2C=CC(I)=CC=2)=NC(C=2C(=CC(=CC=2)S([O-])(=O)=O)S([O-])(=O)=O)=N1 JUJBNYBVVQSIOU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 230000007502 viral entry Effects 0.000 description 4
- MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N (2S)-2-Amino-3-hydroxypropansäure Chemical compound OC[C@H](N)C(O)=O MTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XWHHYOYVRVGJJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluorophenylalanine Chemical compound OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CC=C(F)C=C1 XWHHYOYVRVGJJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 108010041397 CD4 Antigens Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101710205625 Capsid protein p24 Proteins 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 108010032976 Enfuvirtide Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101710091045 Envelope protein Proteins 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N L-tryptophane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C[C@H](N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000282567 Macaca fascicularis Species 0.000 description 3
- BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl tert-butyl ether Chemical compound COC(C)(C)C BZLVMXJERCGZMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 101710177166 Phosphoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101710188315 Protein X Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 101710149279 Small delta antigen Proteins 0.000 description 3
- QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tryptophan Natural products C1=CC=C2C(CC(N)C(O)=O)=CNC2=C1 QIVBCDIJIAJPQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102100022563 Tubulin polymerization-promoting protein Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 230000010933 acylation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005917 acylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 108010005774 beta-Galactosidase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 229920001222 biopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000000119 electrospray ionisation mass spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000816 peptidomimetic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010532 solid phase synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241001430294 unidentified retrovirus Species 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 206010003591 Ataxia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102100026189 Beta-galactosidase Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 102000019034 Chemokines Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010012236 Chemokines Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000000059 Dyspnea Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010013975 Dyspnoeas Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102000001554 Hemoglobins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010054147 Hemoglobins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 206010020852 Hypertonia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N L-threonine Chemical compound C[C@@H](O)[C@H](N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-GBXIJSLDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperidine Chemical compound C1CCNCC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920001213 Polysorbate 20 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000012980 RPMI-1640 medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 2
- 108700008625 Reporter Genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Threonine Natural products CC(O)C(N)C(O)=O AYFVYJQAPQTCCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004473 Threonine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000029936 alkylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005804 alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000840 anti-viral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002648 combination therapy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000412 dendrimer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000736 dendritic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000010511 deprotection reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002019 disulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002949 hemolytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 125000004356 hydroxy functional group Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- 125000002349 hydroxyamino group Chemical group [H]ON([H])[*] 0.000 description 2
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004899 motility Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000010486 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000256 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000446 sulfanediyl group Chemical group *S* 0.000 description 2
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 150000003667 tyrosine derivatives Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 2
- QFAPUKLCALRPLH-UXXRCYHCSA-N (2r,3s,4s,5r,6r)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-nonoxyoxane-3,4,5-triol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCO[C@@H]1O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O QFAPUKLCALRPLH-UXXRCYHCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMJRTKDVFXYEFS-XIFFEERXSA-N (2s)-2,6-bis(9h-fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonylamino)hexanoic acid Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C2C1COC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)O)CCCCNC(=O)OCC1C2=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C21 BMJRTKDVFXYEFS-XIFFEERXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQIIIAZJXTLRE-QMMMGPOBSA-N (2s)-2-amino-6-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonylamino]hexanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O VVQIIIAZJXTLRE-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OIOAKXPMBIZAHL-LURJTMIESA-N (2s)-2-azaniumyl-5-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-5-oxopentanoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)CC[C@H](N)C(O)=O OIOAKXPMBIZAHL-LURJTMIESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BWKMGYQJPOAASG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CNC(C(=O)O)CC2=C1 BWKMGYQJPOAASG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ASOKPJOREAFHNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(O)N=NC2=C1 ASOKPJOREAFHNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFLSOKIMYBSASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-2-[chloro(diphenyl)methyl]benzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1C(Cl)(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 JFLSOKIMYBSASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PKDBCJSWQUOKDO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride Chemical class [Cl-].C1=CC=CC=C1C(N=[N+]1C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NN1C1=CC=CC=C1 PKDBCJSWQUOKDO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000004042 4-aminobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AAAFQLPJNOITCL-SFHVURJKSA-N 9h-fluoren-9-ylmethyl n-[(2s)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamate Chemical compound C([C@@H](C=O)NC(=O)OCC1C2=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C21)C1=CC=CC=C1 AAAFQLPJNOITCL-SFHVURJKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 125000001433 C-terminal amino-acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 102000001902 CC Chemokines Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010040471 CC Chemokines Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000018348 CC chemokine receptor 5 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010017088 CCR5 Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010061299 CXCR4 Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000012000 CXCR4 Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282693 Cercopithecidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 102000009410 Chemokine receptor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050000299 Chemokine receptor Proteins 0.000 description 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 108010069514 Cyclic Peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000001189 Cyclic Peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen disulfide Chemical compound SS BWGNESOTFCXPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000008157 ELISA kit Methods 0.000 description 1
- 102100038132 Endogenous retrovirus group K member 6 Pro protein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical class [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010039334 HIV Envelope Protein gp120 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010089171 HIV Envelope Protein gp41 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- LCWXJXMHJVIJFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxylysine Natural products NCC(O)CC(N)CC(O)=O LCWXJXMHJVIJFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000000588 Interleukin-2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010002350 Interleukin-2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930182816 L-glutamine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N L-histidine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-YFKPBYRVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000011887 Necropsy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000004365 Protease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004617 QSAR study Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108010092799 RNA-directed DNA polymerase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102100036011 T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007059 acute toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000403 acute toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003295 alanine group Chemical group N[C@@H](C)C(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003149 assay kit Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001588 bifunctional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012620 biological material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006664 bond formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004899 c-terminal region Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011088 calibration curve Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005515 capillary zone electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000837 carbohydrate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 150000001728 carbonyl compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003857 carboxamides Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001244 carboxylic acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007910 cell fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001793 charged compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002512 chemotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000263 cytotoxicity test Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- YSMODUONRAFBET-UHFFFAOYSA-N delta-DL-hydroxylysine Natural products NCC(O)CCC(N)C(O)=O YSMODUONRAFBET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000539 dimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006471 dimerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I dipotassium trisodium dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate dichloride Chemical compound P(=O)(O)(O)[O-].[K+].P(=O)(O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[K+].[Cl-].[Na+] LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 1
- 231100000673 dose–response relationship Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000009509 drug development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002330 electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960002062 enfuvirtide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YSMODUONRAFBET-UHNVWZDZSA-N erythro-5-hydroxy-L-lysine Chemical compound NC[C@H](O)CC[C@H](N)C(O)=O YSMODUONRAFBET-UHNVWZDZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012894 fetal calf serum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007499 fusion processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940099052 fuzeon Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000013595 glycosylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006206 glycosylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003630 glycyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000001963 growth medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N histidine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CC1=CN=CN1 HNDVDQJCIGZPNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002835 hiv fusion inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QJHBJHUKURJDLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxy-L-lysine Natural products NCCCCC(NO)C(O)=O QJHBJHUKURJDLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NPZTUJOABDZTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxybenzotriazole Substances O=C1C=CC=C2NNN=C12 NPZTUJOABDZTLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000028993 immune response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010253 intravenous injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004895 liquid chromatography mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001819 mass spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001840 matrix-assisted laser desorption--ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108091005601 modified peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 1
- VMGAPWLDMVPYIA-HIDZBRGKSA-N n'-amino-n-iminomethanimidamide Chemical class N\N=C\N=N VMGAPWLDMVPYIA-HIDZBRGKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000004897 n-terminal region Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000013642 negative control Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000065 noncytotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002020 noncytotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007030 peptide scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- IWHCAJPPWOMXNW-LYKMMFCUSA-N peptide t Chemical compound C[C@H](N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@H](O)C)C(O)=O)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IWHCAJPPWOMXNW-LYKMMFCUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001151 peptidyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002953 phosphate buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 230000026731 phosphorylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006366 phosphorylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011533 pre-incubation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002287 radioligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003259 recombinant expression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L sulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])[O-] QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000011580 syndromic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 125000005931 tert-butyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(OC(*)=O)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002221 trityl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1C([*])(C1=C(C(=C(C(=C1[H])[H])[H])[H])[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000000825 ultraviolet detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- C07K7/04—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links
- C07K7/08—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links having 12 to 20 amino acids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
- A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
- A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
Definitions
- the present invention relates to peptides which exhibit inhibitory activity on the infection of human cells by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
- HIV human immunodeficiency virus
- Entry inhibitors block the uptake of HIV viral particles into blood cells by blocking one of the molecular steps occuring during viral entry.
- An important step is binding of HIV to one of the major chemokine coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 (CC chemokine receptor 5 and CXCR chemokine receptor 4). These coreceptors are located on the surface of blood cells and are required to bind to HIV envelope proteins before viral entry.
- Another step of viral interaction with cells required for fusion is the binding of the HIV envelope protein gp120 to cellular CD4 receptors. These steps are often referred to as attachment of the viral particle to cellular targets.
- the blocking of the binding of HIV to chemokine coreceptors has been shown to suppress viral entry ( Strizki J.M., Proc. Natl.
- the HIV protein gp41 has also been recognised as a potential target for anti-HIV drug development ( Gordon et al., AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 11, 677-686, 1995 ).
- the first approved fusion inhibitor is enfuvirtide (T-20, Fuzeon, DP178) ( WO 01/51673 A2 ; WO 96/40191 ; Cervia J.S et al., Clin. Infect.
- HR-2 has not been shown to bind to protein segments other than HR-1 of HIV gp41 or even other molecules of viral or eukaryotic origin.
- VIRIP virus inhibiting peptide
- the problem remains unsolved that there is still no cure against AIDS, because the known therapeutics, though capable of significantly lowering the level of HIV in the body and of HIV-infected blood cells, do not remove the virus entirely.
- a special drawback is, that the HIV is especially prone to mutations, which often result in the development of resistance against certain therapeutics.
- the known therapeutics are only sufficiently effective if they are administered in combination with other therapeutics.
- Such combined therapies at present extend the lifespan of the average patient without providing a cure, and are generally accompanied by severe side effects and frequently do not allow the patient to lead a "normal" life.
- the present invention faces the problem to provide new therapeutics, which will overcome the problems as described above, and will allow an efficient therapy or will contribute to an efficient combination therapy.
- WO-A-01/03640 discloses a peptide with the following amino acid sequence: Z1-LEAIPMSIPPEVKFNKPFVF-Z2 (VIRIP), in addition to its biologically active fragments and/or variants and/or derivatives, in particular, amidated, acetylated, sulphated, polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified, phosphorylated and/or glycosylated derivatives and to peptides which can be prepared by multiple synthesis and which have the biological activity of VIRIP.
- peptides provided by the present invention which interact at least with the fusion peptide of HIV gp41.
- the fusion peptide is the very amino-terminal part of gp41 consisting of about 30 amino acid residues.
- the hydrophobic fusion peptide of gp41 serves as an anchor connecting the viral particle with the cellular host membrane ( Dimitrov A.S. et al., Biochemistry, 2003, 42, 14150-14158 ; Mobley et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1999, 1418, 1-18 ), and the peptides of the present invention interfere with the HIV cell fusion process, and thus prevent viral entry.
- the peptides of the present invention are those with a biological activity against HIV infection, having amino acid sequence Z 1 -LE-X 1 -IP-X 2 -X 3 -X 4 -P-X 5 -X 6 -X 7 -X 8 -X 9 -X 10 -K-X 11 -X 12 -X 13 -X 14 -X 15 -Z 2 , wherein X 1 is a lysine, alanine, or aspartic acid; X 2 is a cysteine, methionine or isoleucine; X 3 is a serine, cysteine, lysine or glycine; X 4 is an isoleucine, alanine, phenylalanine or cysteine; X 5 is a proline, D-proline or a substituted L-or D-proline; X 6 is a cysteine or glutamic acid; X 7 is an amino acid with a hydrophobic or an aromatic side chain
- X 7 is phenylalanine, cysteine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, 3,3-diphenylalanine, 1- naphthylalanine, or p-fluorophenylalanine
- X 8 is a phenylalanine, leucine, alanine, tryptophan, glycine, cysteine, D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid or L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
- X 9 is a phenylalanine or D-1,2,3,4-
- a further embodiment are peptides according to the invention with a biological activity against infection by HIV, having the amino acid sequence Z 1 -LE-X 1 -IP-X 1 -X 3 -X 4 -P-X 5 -X 6 -X 7 -X 8 -X 9 -X 10 -K-X 11 -FVF-Z 2 , wherein X 1 is a lysine, alanine or aspartic acid; X 2 is a cysteine, methionine or isoleucine; X 3 is a serine, cysteine or glycine; X 4 is an isoleucine or cysteine; X 5 is a proline, D-proline or any substituted L- or D-proline; X 6 is a cysteine or glutamic acid; X 7 is a phenylalanine, cysteine, valine, isoleucine or 3,3-diphenylalanine; X 8 is a phenylalan
- X 9 is a phenylalanine or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
- Z 1 is preferably NH 2 or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues
- Z 2 is preferably COOH or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues.
- peptides according the invention with a biological activity against infection by HIV, having the amino acid sequence Z 1 -LE-X 2 -IP-X 2 -X 3 -IP-X 5 -X 6 -X 7 -X 8 -F-X 10 -KPFVF-Z 2 , wherein X 1 is a lysine, alanine or aspartic acid; X 2 is a cysteine, methionine or isoleucine; X 3 is a serine or glycine; X 5 is a L-proline, D-proline or any substituted L- or D-proline X 6 is a cysteine or glutamic acid; X 7 is a phenyalanine or valine; X 8 is a phenylalanine, leucine, alanine or L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroIsoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid; X 10 is a glycine or asparag
- Z 1 is preferably NH 2 or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues and Z 2 is preferably COOH or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues.
- the biological activity against HIV infection of the peptide, as measured as IC 50 is equal of or below of 800 nM.
- peptides of the invention with biological activity against infection by HIV having the amino acid sequence Z 1 -LEAIP-X 2 -SIP-X 5 -X 6 -V-X 8 -FNKPFVF-Z 2 , wherein X 2 and X 6 are cysteines, or X 2 is methionine and X 6 is glutamic acid X 5 is a D-proline or L-proline; X 8 is an amino acid with a hydrophobic or an aromatic side chain or lysine; Z 1 is NH 2 or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues; Z 2 is COOH or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues; and peptides which are covalently linked oligomers and/or amidated, alkylated, acylated, sulfated, pegylated, phosphorylated and/or glycosylated derivatives with the proviso that at least one of the following is true:
- Z 1 is preferably NH 2 or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues and Z 2 is preferably COOH or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues.
- an embodiment of the peptides of the present invention are those, wherein the cysteine residues at positions 6 and 11, 6 and 12, 7 and 12, or 8 and 13 are connected by an intramolecular disulfide bond.
- the peptides with cysteine residues at these positions may occur with an Intramolecular bridge between these residues, or, under reductive conditions as linear molecules.
- a further embodiment are peptides with a single cysteine residue, wherein said cysteine residue is connected by an inter-molecular disulfide bond to another peptide molecule with a single cysteine residue, forming a homo-dimer.
- peptides wherein the leucine residue at amino acid position 1 and the glutamic acid at amino acid position 2 are covalently linked by an N-alkylated amide bond or by an ester bond or by a reduced peptide bond or by a retro-inverso peptide bond or by an N-alkylated retro-inverso peptide bond.
- a further embodiment are peptides which interact with the HIV fusion peptide of gp41.
- the peptides of the present invention are characterised by an IC 50 of equal or below 6500 nM, preferably an IC 50 of equal or below 2000 nM and most preferably an IC 50 of equal or below 800 nM, such as VIR-344 (SEQ ID NO.
- VIR-345 SEQ ID NO. 50
- VIR-353 SEQ ID NO. 56
- VIR-357 SEQ ID NO. 60
- VIR-358 SEQ ID NO. 61
- VIR-449 SEQ ID NO 73
- VIR-455 SEQ ID NO 76
- VIR-484 SEQ ID NO 79
- VIR-576 SEQ ID NO: 86
- VIR-580 SEQ ID NO. 87
- nucleic acids coding for these peptides are embodiments of the present invention. Further embodiments are antibodies binding specifically to these peptides.
- a further embodiment is a medicament containing anyone of these peptides, nucleic acids coding for these peptides, or specific antibodies directed against these peptides.
- the medicament is in galenic formulations for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intracutaneous, subcutaneous, intrathecal administration, and as an aerosol for transpulmonary administration.
- a further embodiment is said medicament comprising at least one further therapeutic agent.
- an embodiment is the medicament, wherein the said at least one further therapeutic agent is a viral protease inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, a fusion inhibitor, a cytokine, a cytokine inhibitor, a glycosylation inhibitor or a viral mRNA inhibitor, etc.
- a viral protease inhibitor a reverse transcriptase inhibitor
- a fusion inhibitor a cytokine
- a cytokine inhibitor a glycosylation inhibitor or a viral mRNA inhibitor, etc.
- an assay for determining molecules capable of interacting with the fusion peptide of HIV comprising anyone of the above peptides of the invention. Use of these peptides in said assay is also an embodiment.
- a further embodiment is a diagnostic agent containing these peptides, nucleic acids or antibodies.
- One more embodiment is use of the diagnostic agent for assay systems for testing isolated plasma, tissue, urine and cerebrospinal fluid levels for HIV infection. Further specific embodiments of the present invention are the
- the peptides of the present invention are related to the hemofiltrate-derived peptide VIRIP (SEQ ID No. 1) as disclosed and described in WO 01/34640 , which has biological activity in preventing infection by HIV. They differ from VIRIP e.g. in amino acid position 13, where VIRIP contains a lysine residue, while the peptides of the present invention do not contain a lysine residue at amino acid position 13 or have further amino acid changes throughout their 21 amino acids in comparison to VIRIP.
- the peptides of the present invention all posses significantly higher anti-HIV activity (measured as IC 50 against two HIV-1 strains) than VIRIP.
- the increase in anti-HIV activity is at least 4-fold (VIR-184, SEQ ID NO. 12), and the very active peptides of the present invention are up to 161-fold (e.g. VIR-280, SEQ ID NO. 39) more active against HIV than VIRIP.
- the peptides of the invention are based on an amino acid sequence of 21 amino acids, with possible extensions of 1 to 10 amino acids at both ends according to Z 1 and Z 2 , whereby an extension of 3 amino acids is preferred.
- the amino acid numbering used herein always corresponds to the amino acids 1 to 21 of the basic sequence irrespective of a possible N-terminal extension due to a residue Z 1 , such that amino acid position 1 corresponds to leucine and amino acid position 21 to phenylalanine or a deletion.
- the common amino acid one and three letter codes are used. If not indicated otherwise, the L-enantiomers of amino acids were used.
- the small letter “p” stands for D-proline. Other D-enantiomers are indicated by a "D-" prefix.
- Tic stands for tetrahydrisioquinoline carboxylic acid.
- Oic stands for octahydroindole carboxylic acid.
- hydrophobic amino acid as used herein is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular, it refers to any of the amino acids glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and non-endogenous hydrophobic amino acids.
- aromatic amino acid as used herein is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to any of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine, and non-endogenous aromatic amino acids, such as 1-naphthylalanine, 3,3-diphenylalanine, p-fluorophenylalanine, or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid or L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, etc.
- covalently linked oligomers is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to multiple peptide chains covalently linked to each other.
- the peptide chains can have the identical or a different amino acid sequence.
- the covalent bond can be a direct bond between the respective peptide chains such as a disulfide bond, thioether bond, ether bond, amide bond.
- the peptide chains can also be covalently linked by a spacer of any chemical nature ( Houben-Weyl, Methods of organic chemistry, Synthesis of peptides and peptidomimetics, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2002 ).
- derivative is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to a chemically modified peptide. This modification could be chemical modifications of the peptide at the N- and C-terminus, the side chains of the peptide, the C ⁇ - and N ⁇ -atoms of the peptide backbone, and the atoms forming the peptide bonds of the backbone.
- acylated is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides that contain a covalently linked carboxylic acid residue other than an amino acid at amino groups at the N-terminus and/or at side chains of amino groups.
- alkylated is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides which are modified with an alkyl group of various length and structure at the N-terminal amino group, at any backbone atom and/or at any functional group of a side chain.
- sulfated is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides carrying a sulfate moiety at the hydroxyl group of a tyrosine or substituted tyrosine derivative residue.
- pegylated is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides which contain covalently linked a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) moiety consisting of at least two repeating units -CH 2 -CH 2 -O- typical of polyethyleneglycol. Preferred is a so-called mini-PEG group. Pegyl groups may have a molecular weight of up to 20 KDa and can be bound to different functional groups in a peptide sequence directly or via a spacer group at the N- and/or C-terminus and/or side chain functional groups.
- PEG polyethyleneglycol
- the spacer group is selected from the group of bifunctional hydrocarbon chains characterised by a backbone of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or nine carbon atoms, and two functional groups, such as two amino groups, two carboxyl groups or one amino group and one carboxyl group.
- One or more pegyl groups can be contained at different sites of a peptide.
- phosphorylated is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides where the hydroxy groups of the side chains of threonine, serine, hydroproline, hydroxylysine, tyrosine, and/or any other non-natural hydroxy amino acid is esterified with a phosphate group.
- glycosylated is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides that contain a monomeric and/or oligomeric carbohydrate moiety which is linked via the glycosilic or an alcoholic hydroxy group to the side chains of serine, threonine, tyrosine, asparagine, and/or non-natural amino acids.
- cyclic is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides that contain a cyclic structural motif.
- the cyclization can be achieved by backbone cyclization or by linking a side chain of an amino acid to a side chain of a different amino acid present in the same molecule.
- two cysteine residues of a peptide or one carboxylic acid side chain and one amino group-containing side chain form a cyclic motif via a disulfide bond or an amide bond.
- VIR-165 SEQ ID NO. 7
- VIR-166 SEQ ID NO. 8
- VIR-272 SEQ ID NO. 36
- VIR-273 SEQ ID NO. 37
- VIR-274 SEQ ID NO. 38
- VIR-280 SEQ ID NO. 39
- VIR-344 SEQ ID NO. 49
- VIR-345 SEQ ID NO. 50
- VIR-346 SEQ ID NO. 51
- VIR-348 SEQ ID NO. 52
- VIR-350 SEQ ID NO. 53
- VIR-351 SEQ ID NO. 54
- VIR-352 SEQ ID NO. 55
- VIR-353 SEQ ID NO. 56
- VIR-354 SEQ ID NO.
- VIR-355 SEQ ID NO. 58
- VIR-356 SEQ ID NO. 59
- VIR-357 SEQ ID NO. 60
- VIR-358 SEQ ID NO. 61
- VIR-568 SEQ ID NO. 84
- VIR-570 SEQ ID NO. 85
- VIR-576 SEQ ID NO. 86
- VIRIP SEQ ID NO. 1
- peptides with a significantly increased activity against HIV were obtained.
- the most significant increase in activity is observed, when the L-proline at position 10 is substituted by a D-proline, and/or two cysteines are introduced at amino acid positions 6 and 11, and/or when the positively charged lysine at position 13 is exchanged against an amino acid with a hydrophobic or aromatic side chain. It is believed that the activity when compared to wild-type VIRIP (SEQ ID NO. 1) is increased due to a change in structure.
- Cysteine bridges are known to alter the structure and to reduce the flexibility of a peptide significantly, as well as the introduction of a D-proline, which causes a change in secondary structural elements of a peptide and thus a changed orientation of different parts of the peptide to each other. Furthermore, the exchange of a lysine against an uncharged hydrophobic or aromatic amino acid will alter the structure, because a possible interaction of the positively charged lysine side chain with the negatively charged amino acids at positions 2 and 11 of the same molecule, or with a negatively charged portion of a receptor molecule is changed.
- a significant increase in the anti-HIV activity is further observed when the alanine residue at position 3 is exchanged to a positively or negatively charge residue by substitution with lysine or aspartic acid residues.
- the introduction of a charged residue at position 3 can enhance the binding strength to a corresponding part of a receptor molecule by increased electrostatic or dipolar forces.
- the exchange of the amino acid residues at positions 7 or/and 15 against a small amino acid residue, in particular glycine has also been found to increase the anti-HIV activity.
- Glycine residues are the least sterically hindering residues and allow an optimal internal structural arrangement of a peptide when binding to a receptor molecule or when forming aggregates with themselves required for binding with a receptor molecule.
- a dimerization of peptides of the invention can be achieved chemically by covalent linking of two identical peptide chains.
- the covalent link can be a direct bond between side chain functional groups such as the thiol group of cysteine residues, or a bond involving a spacer between the peptide chains as is present when two identical chains of a peptide of the invention are bound to the two amino groups of a lysine residue.
- the latter is often referred to as the smallest form of a lysine-core dendrimer ( Sadler K., J.
- Oligomers in particular dimers of peptides of the invention, can induce a structurally and/or biologically more stable form of the molecules. In addition, they can increase the local concentration of the antivirally active peptide at the site of action. They can thus provide forms of the peptides of the invention which interact more favourable with a receptor molecule.
- Peptides according to the invention can be easily chemically synthesised or produced by recombinant expression. Due to the small size, i.e. the low number of amino acid the peptides of the invention are composed of, the entire peptide synthesis technologies can be utilised to chemically synthesise such substances. In comparison to the synthesis of the HIV fusion inhibitor T-20, which requires the synthesis of three individual fragments, and subsequently the joining of the three fragments to give rise to the final product T-20, the peptides of the present invention, can be synthesised at large scale by stepwise solid phase methods or by solution phase chemistry. Thus the manufacturing process of the peptides of the present invention is straightforward and therefore the costs of the goods comprising the peptides of the present invention are lower. A further advantage of the peptides of the present invention is their solubility and stability over a broad range of pH (pH 2 - 8.5) in solvents of different ionic strength.
- the chemical synthesis can be carried out on a solid support using solid-phase technologies or in solution phase, both being standard methods known to the skilled person.
- Peptides according to the invention can also be synthesized by the ligation of two or more side chain-protected or side chain-unprotected fragments, standard methods known to the skilled person ( Tam J.P., Biopolymers, 2001, 60, 194-205 ).
- the solid-phase synthesis of peptides according to the invention or its fragments can be carried out using the Fmoc/tBu- or Boc/Bzl-protection pattern of amino acids. Other protective groups that are not in the standard Fmoc-protection scheme can be used.
- a disulfide bond into peptides of the invention may be achieved by applying oxidative chemical methods with peptides containing two cysteine residues known to the skilled person ( Pennington et al. (editors), Peptide synthesis protocols, Humana Press, Totowa 1994 ; Chan W.C. et al. (editors), Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000 ).
- Disulfides of peptides of the invention may be generated from reduced precursor peptides containing one or two unprotected cysteine residues obtained from solid-phase or solution synthesis by oxidative treatment.
- Oxidizing agents oxygen, dimethylsulfoxide, iron(III) salts, iodine, or others may be used.
- Disulfides of peptides of the invention may alternatively be introduced into the peptides from precursors containing protective groups at the corresponding cysteine residues.
- protective groups acetamidomethyl, tert-butyl, S-tert-butyl or others may be used.
- Cleavage of protective groups and intra-chain disulfide bond formation may be carried out using agents such as iodine, phosphines, or others.
- Cyclic peptides other than those with a disulfide bond can be obtained via backbone cyclization of the peptide or via a chemical bond between at least one reactive side chain group such as amino, carboxy, hydroxy or thio and any other reactive group present in the same molecule, as known to the skilled person ( Li et al., Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2002, 2, 325-341 ; Tam J.P., Biopolymers, 2001, 60, 194-205 ; Goodman M., Houben-Weyl, Methods of organic chemistry, Synthesis of peptides and peptidomimetics, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2002 ).
- Covalently linked oligomers of peptides are obtained by linking two peptide chains via different types of chemical bonds.
- Disulfide-linked oligomers are synthesized by coupling the two peptide chains either via activated cysteines or without any preactivation of the cysteines ( Sacca B. et al., J. Pept. Sci., 2002, 8, 192-204 ; Seewald N. et al., Peptides: biology and chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002 ).
- Thioether bonds and ether bonds and peptide bonds between two peptide chains can be introduced according to different methods known to the skilled person and described in the literature ( Seewald N.
- Lysine-core dendrimers can be synthesized by coupling Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH to a solid support. After deprotection of the amino acid solid phase peptide synthesis leads to the oligomeric peptides ( Seewald N. et al., Peptides: biology and chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002 ; Chan W.C. (editors) Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000 ). Lysine can be replaced by any other amino acid containing two amino groups.
- Amidated peptides are obtained by solid phase peptide synthesis using resins carrying an amide linker on which the peptide chain is assembled. Acid cleavage of correspondingly synthesized peptides results in peptide amides. In solution phase synthesis amidated peptides are obtained when the C-terminal amino acid is used as a building block which has a preformed carboxamide at the C-terminus. ( Chan W.C. (editors) Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000 ).
- Acylated peptides are obtained by the skilled person through converting a peptide with free amino or hydroxy groups using activated acylation reagents derived from carboxylic acids such as acyl halogenides or carboxylic anhydride or other reactive carbonyl compounds to a corresponding acylated peptide.
- carboxylic acids such as acyl halogenides or carboxylic anhydride or other reactive carbonyl compounds
- Acylated peptides are obtained by the skilled person through converting a peptide with free amino or hydroxy groups using activated acylation reagents derived from carboxylic acids such as acyl halogenides or carboxylic anhydride or other reactive carbonyl compounds to a corresponding acylated peptide.
- acylation reagents derived from carboxylic acids such as acyl halogenides or carboxylic anhydride or other reactive carbonyl compounds
- a acylated peptide can be achieved using free carboxylic acids
- Alkylated peptides may be obtained by incorporating prealkylated amino acid building blocks when carrying out peptide synthesis on the solid support or in solution. Such amino acids are coupled onto the peptide chains using standard activation protocols known to the skilled person ( Chan W.C. (editors) Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000 ). Alkylation may also be achieved after assembly of a peptide chain by using appropriate alkylation methods known to the skilled person ( Greene T.W., Protective groups in organic chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991 ; Kocienski P., Protecting groups, Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart 1994 ).
- Such methods may be applied to reactive groups such as amino, hydroxy, thio and peptide bonds of the peptide backbone in a partially protected peptide.
- Sulfated peptides are obtained by using presulfated building blocks of tyrosine or tyrosine derivatives in solid phase or solution peptide synthesis. O-sulfates remain attached to the hydroxy group during peptide cleavage from the resin when highly acid-labile resins such as 2-chlorotrityl resin are used for synthesis ( Seewald N. et al., Peptides: biology and chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002 ).
- Pegylated peptides contain pegyl residues bound to functional groups of a peptide.
- Pegyl residues are characterized as hydrophilic linear or branched polymeric chains with a repeating unit -CH 2 -CH 2 O-.
- Pegyl residues are introduced into a peptide after assembly of the peptide chain using suitable functionally modified and reactive pegyl-containing substances.
- Various activated pegyl groups can be attached by the skilled person to peptides by different activation methods to different side chains or terminal functional groups of a peptide such as amino, carboxyl, hydroxy and thio ( Veronese F.M. et al., Bioconjug. Chem., 2001, 12, 62-70 ; Veronese F.M., Biomaterials, 2001, 22, 405-417 ).
- Phosphorylated peptides can be synthesized by solid phase or solution phase peptide synthesis. Synthesis of phosphorylated peptides is usually achieved by the skilled person utilizing phosphorylated hydroxy amino acid building blocks and/or by post-chain assembly phosphorylation of protected peptides with one or more free hydroxy functional groups ( Murray J.S., Biopolymers; 2001, 60, 3-31 ; Chan W.C. et al. (editors), Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000 ; Seewald N. et al., Peptides: biology and chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002 ).
- Glycosylated peptides can be obtained by the skilled person using glycosylated amino acid building blocks which can be incorporated into soild phase or solution phase synthesis of peptides or by the global post-chain assembly glycosylation approach ( Davis B.G., Chem. Rev., 2002, 102, 579-602 ; Chan W.C. et al. (editors), Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000 ; Seewald N. et al., Peptides: biology and chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002 ).
- the invention also relates to nucleic acids coding for peptides of the invention.
- Preferred nucleic acids are DNA and RNA, especially cDNA and mRNA.
- Subject of the invention are also antibodies specifically binding to peptides of the invention.
- the term "specifically” is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular, it means that the antibodies do not bind or do essentially not bind related peptides like VIRIP which are not peptides of the invention.
- a person skilled in the art obtains antibodies against peptides of the invention by routine methods, and will select specific antibodies of the invention by known screening methods.
- the invention relates to peptides which specifically interact with and bind to the N-terminal region of the envelope protein gp41 of HIV.
- the term "interact with” and “bind to” is readily understood by the skilled person. By such binding and interaction, peptides of the invention block infection of host cells by HIV particles.
- the present invention also relates to peptides which bind to synthetic peptides corresponding to the fusion peptide of gp41 of HIV.
- a person skilled in the art detects binding and interaction of peptides of the invention to the synthetic fusion peptide of gp41 of HIV by applying quantitative structure/activity relationship (QSAR) assays.
- QSAR quantitative structure/activity relationship
- These assays comprise but are not limited to the detection of the suppression of the hemolytic effect of the synthetic fusion peptide ( Mobley P.W. et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1992, 1139, 251-256 ; Gordon L., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1992, 1139, 257-274 ), microcalorimetry ( Gohlke H. et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2002, 41, 2644-2676 ), or NMR-spectroscopical techniques which can be chemical shift titration experiments or saturation transfer difference spectroscopy ( Meyer et al., Ernst Schering Res. Found. Workshop, 2004, 44, 149-167 ).
- the invention also relates to a medicament containing the peptides, nucleic acids or antibodies of the invention.
- the medicament is preferably provided in galenic formulations for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intracutaneous, subcutaneous, intrathecal administration, or as an aerosol for transpulmonary administration.
- the medicament comprises at least one further therapeutic agent.
- Said at least one further therapeutic agent can be a viral protease inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, a fusion inhibitor, a cytokine, a cytokine inhibitor, a glycosylation inhibitor or a viral mRNA inhibitor, etc.
- such inhibitors are directed against HIV.
- Such combined therapeutics are highly relevant in the treatment of AIDS.
- the peptides, nucleic acids and antibodies of the invention are preferably used in manufacturing of a medicament for the treatment of HIV infections. This comprises all known strains of the retrovirus HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), especially the most common strains of HIV-1. HIV-1 is associated with the outbreak of AIDS.
- the invention also relates to a diagnostic agent containing peptides, nucleic acids or antibodies of the invention.
- the diagnostic agent may be used for assay systems for testing isolated plasma, serum, tissue, urine and cerebrospinal fluid levels for HIV infections.
- the invention also relates to assay systems which involve peptides of the invention as a tool to identify substances which bind to the envelope protein gp41 of HIV, in particular the N-terminal fusion peptide of gp41.
- assays can be any system which is suitable to measure the binding of any substance to the fusion peptide either integrated in the entire gp41 protein in isolated, viral, or any other form, or in synthetic form with a length up to 35 amino acid residues starting with the very N-terminus of gp41.
- assays which can be any spectroscopical, cellular, or radio-ligand assay, the binding of a substance in competition to peptides of the invention is measured.
- VIR-161 SEQ ID NO. 3
- VIR-162 SEQ ID NO. 4
- VIR-163 SEQ ID NO. 5
- VIR-164 SEQ ID NO. 6
- VIR-165 SEQ ID NO. 7
- VIR-166 SEQ ID NO. 8
- VIR-170 SEQ ID NO. 9
- VIR-175 SEQ ID NO. 10
- VIR-182 SEQ ID NO. 11
- VIR-184 SEQ ID NO. 12
- VIR-190 SEQ ID NO. 13
- VIR-191 SEQ ID NO. 14
- VIR-192 SEQ ID NO.
- VIR-193 SEQ ID NO. 16
- VIR-197 SEQ ID NO. 17
- VIR-199 SEQ ID NO. 18
- VIR-229 SEQ ID NO. 19
- VIR-234 SEQ ID NO. 20
- VIR-243 SEQ ID NO. 21
- VIR-252 SEQ ID NO. 22
- VIR-255 SEQ ID NO. 23
- VIR-257 SEQ ID NO. 24
- VIR-258 SEQ ID NO. 25
- VIR-259 SEQ ID NO. 26
- VIR-260 SEQ ID NO. 27
- VIR-261 SEQ ID NO. 28
- VIR-262 SEQ ID NO. 29
- VIR-263 SEQ ID NO. 30
- VIR-264 SEQ ID NO.
- VIR-265 SEQ ID NO. 32
- VIR-266 SEQ ID NO. 33
- VIR-268 SEQ ID NO. 34
- VIR-269 SEQ ID NO. 35
- the second set of experiments concerned the efficacy of the peptides of the present invention to inhibit HIV infection (see table 2).
- the peptides were tested on two HIV-1 strains and IC 50 values were calculated.
- the most active peptides had an IC 50 of equal or below 800 nM, whereby for example VIR-484 (SEQ ID NO. 79) had an IC 50 of 100 nM.
- Peptides with still considerable activity where those with an IC 50 of equal or below 2000 nM, and those with an IC 50 of equal or below 6500 nM still had an increased activity in comparison to the native VIRIP (SEQ ID NO. 1); the native VIRIP (SEQ ID NO.
- the third set of experiments determined the in vivo toxicity of the VIRIP peptides of the present invention. Considering the positive outcome of the in vitro cytotoxicity test, it was sufficient to test only one compound. Mice were injected with VIR-121 (SEQ ID NO. 2), observed over a period before sacrificing them. Throughout the life of the mice no signs of reduced or increased motility, dyspnea, ataxia, nor a reduced or increased muscle tone were observed. No changes of behaviour were observed, and behaviour was comparable to that of the control animals. The pathological examination did not reveal any abnormalities. It was therefore concluded that the peptides of the present invention are well tolerated by a living organism.
- a forth set of experiments concerned the stability of the peptides of the present invention in mammalian plasma (see table 3).
- Plasma isolated from various animals and humans was spiked with defined amounts of various peptides of the present invention.
- the peptides displayed a considerable half life in human plasma, most prominent being VIR-512 (SEQ ID NO. 83), VIR-580 (SEQ ID NO. 87) and VIR-357 (SEQ ID NO. 60), with a half-life of 315 h, 38.9 h and 23.3 h, respectively.
- VIR-512 SEQ ID NO. 83
- VIR-580 SEQ ID NO. 87
- VIR-357 SEQ ID NO. 60
- These peptides also showed considerable stability in the animal plasma, but the actual values varied from those found for human plasma.
- the native VIRIP (SEQ ID NO. 1) has a half-life of 53.7 h in human plasma.
- the results also showed, that rat plasma is not a suitable model system for these type
- the peptides of the present invention are characterised by their anti-HIV activity, which, expressed as IC 50 , is equal to or below 6500 nM, whereby the most active peptides have an IC 50 of below 800 nM. Individual peptides of the present invention were found to have IC 50 of below 100 nM (see table 1).
- Example 1 Chemical synthesis of peptides of the present invention
- the peptides according to the invention were chemically synthesized utilizing the principle of solid-phase peptide synthesis and the Fmoc or Boc protective group strategy ( Atherton and Sheppard, 1989, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, IRL Press ; Merrifield, 1986, Solid phase synthesis, Science 232, 341-347 ), but can also be synthesized with solution phase synthesis or by coupling protected or unprotected fragments of the peptides according to the invention.
- peptide VIR-199 amino acid sequence: LEAIPMSIPpEFLFNKPFVF
- SEQ ID NO. 18 fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protected amino acids on an automated peptide synthesizer 433A (Applied Biosystems).
- the synthesis was performed using a preloaded Fmoc-Phe-Wang resin with a loading capacity of 1 mmol/g resin with standard HBTU [(2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium-hexafluorophosphate)/HOBt (1-hydroxybenzotriazol) activation with capping cycles using acetic anhydride in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) at a scale of 0.2 mmol.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidinone
- the resulting precipitate was separated by centrifugation, washed with TBME and dried under vacuum.
- the crude peptide was dissolved in diluted acetic acid and loaded onto a preparative Vydac C18 column (47x300 mm, 15-20 ⁇ m, flow rate 40 ml/min; solvent A, 0.07 volume % TFA; solvent B, 0.07 volume % TFA in acetonitrile/H 2 O 80:20 (volume %); UV detection at 215 nm; with the following gradient: 45-70 volume % B in 50 min.
- the yield of the peptide LEAIPMSIPpEFLFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 18 was 138 mg.
- the process for synthesis of the peptides according to the invention was adapted to larger scales ranging from 0.5 to 20 mmol yielding purified peptides of the present invention in amounts between 1 g and 5 g.
- the synthesis process was also adapted to small-scale multiple peptide synthesis.
- Peptides according to the invention having intramolecular disulfide bonds were treated with air at pH 7.5-8.5, with or without dimethylsulfoxide, or alternatively, from linear precursors with two acetamidomethyl-protected cysteine residues by iodine oxidation to facilitate cysteine bridge formation.
- Example 2 Cytotoxicity of the peptides of present invention on human cells
- THP-1 cells The cytotoxicity of peptides of the invention was tested by evaluating the viability of human monocytic THP-1 cells. Cytotoxic effects of the peptides were tested by their influence on metabolic activity by means of the WST-1 assay (Roche Diagnostics, Germany). THP-1 cells were incubated with test peptides in a 96-well plate (approx. 25,000 cells per well) for 24 hours in RPMI-1640 medium containing 25 mM L-glutamine and 10 volume % fetal calf serum at 37 °C in an atmosphere with 5 volume % CO 2 , Ten ⁇ l of a WST-1 solution was added to each cavity, and incubation of THP-1 cells was allowed for 2 further hours at corresponding conditions.
- Metabolically active THP-1 cells reduce WST-1, a light red tetrazolium salt, yielding a soluble yellow formazan salt.
- the known cytotoxic substance cycloheximide was used at a concentration of 50 ⁇ g/ml; the cytotoxicity of cycloheximide was set to 100%.
- the peptide MBI-28 a highly cytotoxic peptide known to the skilled person, was used with a maximum concentration of 300 ⁇ g/mL.
- V ⁇ i ⁇ a ⁇ b ⁇ i ⁇ l ⁇ i ⁇ t ⁇ y % A 450 ⁇ n ⁇ m p ⁇ e ⁇ p ⁇ t ⁇ i ⁇ d ⁇ e - A 450 ⁇ n ⁇ m c ⁇ y ⁇ c ⁇ l ⁇ o ⁇ h ⁇ e ⁇ x ⁇ i ⁇ m ⁇ i d ⁇ e / A 450 ⁇ n ⁇ m n ⁇ e ⁇ g ⁇ a ⁇ t ⁇ i ⁇ v ⁇ e ⁇ c ⁇ o ⁇ n ⁇ t ⁇ r ⁇ o ⁇ l
- VIR-191 SEQ ID NO. 14
- VIR-192 SEQ ID NO. 15
- VIR-193 SEQ ID NO. 16
- VIR-197 SEQ ID NO. 17
- VIR-199 SEQ ID NO. 18
- VIR-229 SEQ ID NO. 19
- VIR-234 SEQ ID NO. 20
- VIR-243 SEQ ID NO. 21
- VIR-252 SEQ ID NO. 22
- VIR-255 SEQ ID NO. 23
- VIR-257 SEQ ID NO. 24
- VIR-258 SEQ ID NO. 25
- VIR-259 SEQ ID NO. 26
- VIR-260 SEQ ID NO. 27
- VIR-261 SEQ ID NO. 28
- VIR-262 SEQ ID NO.
- VIR-263 SEQ ID NO. 30
- VIR-264 SEQ ID NO. 31
- VIR-265 SEQ ID NO. 32
- VIR-266 SEQ ID NO. 33
- VIR-268 SEQ ID NO. 34
- VIR-269 SEQ ID NO. 35
- Example 3 Inhibition of the HIV infection by the peptides of present invention
- P4-CCR5 indicator cells ( Charneau et al., 1994; Journal of Molecular Biology 241, 651-662 ) expressing the primary CD4 receptor and both major HIV-1 entry cofactors CXCR4 and CCR5, were used to evaluate whether peptides according to the invention are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 infection.
- These cells contain the ß-galactosidase reporter gene under the control of the HIV-1 promoter.
- activation of the ß-galactosidase reporter gene allows to measure the efficiency of HIV-1 infection and thus to quantitate the potency of HIV-1 inhibitors ( Detheux M. et al., 2000; Journal of Experimental Medicine 192, 1501-1508 ; Münch et al., 2002; Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, 982-990 ).
- P4-CCR5 cells ( Charneau et al., 1994; Journal of Molecular Biology 241, 651-662 ; Charneau et al., Virology. 1994 205, 247-53 ) were kept in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10 volume % FCS. This cell line coexpresses CD4 and both HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 and contains the ß-galactosidase gene under the control of the HIV-1 promoter. Virus stocks were generated by the calcium coprecipitation method as described ( Detheux et al., J Exp Med.
- peptides according to the invention have greatly enhanced anti-HIV-1 activity as compared to VIRIP.
- Peptides of the invention inhibited the infection by the X4-tropic HIV-1 NL4-3 and the HIV-1 NL4-3 DTV (from hereon called DTV) - DTV is a variant of NL4-3 and was originally described by Rimsky et al. (Journal of Virology 72, 986-993; 1998 ) as r4 - molecular clones with more than 10-fold up to more than 100-fold higher efficiency than the original VIRIP.
- Peptides of the invention were also active against infection by the R5-tropic HIV-1 YU-2 molecular clone.
- Example 4 Toxicity of the peptides of the present invention in mice
- VIR-121 LMAIPMSIPpEVAFNKPFVF
- Three animals were treated with the test substance, and the animals were observed at time points of 5, 15, 30 min, and 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours after administration of the sample into the tail vein. As a control, 3 mice were each treated with a corresponding volume of vehicle (0.9 volume % NaCl).
- Example 5 Stability of peptides of the invention in mammalian plasma
- peptides of the invention were examined in mammalian plasma after incubation in EDTA plasma obtained from human, dog, cynomolgus and rat at 37 °C. Plasma was spiked resulting in concentrations of 40 ⁇ g/ml and stored at 37 °C. At time points 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min samples of 20 ⁇ l were taken. The plasma was immediately mixed for precipitation with the two-fold volume of acetonitrile containing 0.15% (w/v) n- nonyl- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside.
- eluent A water containing 0.06% trifluroacetic acid (v/v)
- eluent B acetonitrile/water 80:20 (v/v; with 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid; v/v).
- a C18 precolumn was used in combination with a C18 separation column (300 ⁇ , 5 ⁇ m, 150 x 1 mm inner diameter) at a flow rate of 30 ⁇ l/min.
- HPLC eluates were ionized by the electrospray technique of a LCQ classic mass spectrometer. Areas of the detected peaks of the peptides of te present invention were measured and used for quantification by external calibration.
- the calibration curve was linear over a range from 0.5 ⁇ g/ml to 250 ⁇ g/ml plasma.
- Half life - defined as the period for a concentration decrease to 50% of the initial concentration - was calculated from the slope of an extrapolated curve plotting the relative peptide concentration at a given time point (logarithm scale) against the incubation time.
- the synthetic fusion peptide of HIV gp41 causes concentration-dependent hemolysis which can be measured by hemoglobin released by erythrocytes. Peptides and any other substance binding to the fusion peptide impair its potency to lyse erythrocytes by changing its structural properties.
- the inhibition of fusion peptide induced hemolysis was tested as follows: Blood from healthy donors was collected in citrate monovettes and the erythrocytes were extracted by a standard centrifugation and washing protocol known to the skilled person. The final erythrocyte-containing pellett was diluted 1:100 with phosphate-saline buffer.
- the 96-well plate is centrifuged 5 min at 2800 rpm and of the supernatant fluid 150 ⁇ l were transferred to a flat-bottom microtiter plate, and the absorbance was measured at 450 nm.
- the percentage hemolysis was calculated by: [(A450 of the peptide treated sample - A450 of buffer treated sample)/(A450 of Tween-20 treated sample - A450 of buffer treated sample)] x 100%.
- results show that the fusion peptide-induced hemolysis is inhibited upon addition of increasing concentrations of peptides of the invention.
- the fusion peptide-induced hemolysis is more effectively inhibited by peptides of the invention compared to VIRIP.
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to peptides which exhibit inhibitory activity on the infection of human cells by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
- In the last years, intensive research for therapeutics with activity against infection by HIV was performed. Several medicaments were developed and tested, which delay and suppress the outbreak of AIDS and lower the level of the HIV in blood. In the US the life-span of HIV-infected patients after the outbreak of AIDS was raised from 11 month in 1984 to 46 month in 1997.
- In the search for therapeutics various strategies were applied, which lead to several classes of medicaments such as the protease-blockers inhibiting a protease, which the virus requires for replication, and medicaments inhibiting the viral reverse transcriptase, which is essential for the replication of retroviruses. A group of active agents developed only recently are fusion inhibitors, which shall prevent the entry of the virus into cells. It was also shown that the provision of interleukin-2 in combination with other active agents could increase the strength of the immune response.
- Entry inhibitors block the uptake of HIV viral particles into blood cells by blocking one of the molecular steps occuring during viral entry. An important step is binding of HIV to one of the major chemokine coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 (CC chemokine receptor 5 and CXCR chemokine receptor 4). These coreceptors are located on the surface of blood cells and are required to bind to HIV envelope proteins before viral entry. Another step of viral interaction with cells required for fusion is the binding of the HIV envelope protein gp120 to cellular CD4 receptors. These steps are often referred to as attachment of the viral particle to cellular targets. The blocking of the binding of HIV to chemokine coreceptors has been shown to suppress viral entry (Strizki J.M., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 2001, 98, 12718-12723). The same was reported by blocking the interaction of gp120 with CD4 receptors (Lin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 2003, 100, 11013-11018). The HIV protein gp41 has also been recognised as a potential target for anti-HIV drug development (Gordon et al., AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 11, 677-686, 1995). The first approved fusion inhibitor is enfuvirtide (T-20, Fuzeon, DP178) (
WO 01/51673 A2 WO 96/40191 Figure 4 ), thus preventing the binding of HR-2 to the HR-1 segment of gp41 which in turn prevents the formation of a six-helix bundle required for fusion of the viral particle and the blood cell. T-20 has not been shown to bind to protein segments other than HR-1 of HIV gp41 or even other molecules of viral or eukaryotic origin. A further agent with biological activity against HIV was recently described inWO 01/34640 - Despite those efforts and different available medication, the problem remains unsolved that there is still no cure against AIDS, because the known therapeutics, though capable of significantly lowering the level of HIV in the body and of HIV-infected blood cells, do not remove the virus entirely. A special drawback is, that the HIV is especially prone to mutations, which often result in the development of resistance against certain therapeutics. In general, the known therapeutics are only sufficiently effective if they are administered in combination with other therapeutics. Such combined therapies at present extend the lifespan of the average patient without providing a cure, and are generally accompanied by severe side effects and frequently do not allow the patient to lead a "normal" life.
- There is a great medical need to provide new therapeutics and improved therapeutics, which will lead to improved therapies, less side effects, and significant extension of the life expectancy of those infected by HIV, before or after the outbreak of AIDS.
- The present invention faces the problem to provide new therapeutics, which will overcome the problems as described above, and will allow an efficient therapy or will contribute to an efficient combination therapy.
-
WO-A-01/03640 - Surprisingly, the problem is solved by peptides provided by the present invention, which interact at least with the fusion peptide of HIV gp41. The fusion peptide is the very amino-terminal part of gp41 consisting of about 30 amino acid residues. In a current model, the hydrophobic fusion peptide of gp41 serves as an anchor connecting the viral particle with the cellular host membrane (Dimitrov A.S. et al., Biochemistry, 2003, 42, 14150-14158; Mobley et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1999, 1418, 1-18), and the peptides of the present invention interfere with the HIV cell fusion process, and thus prevent viral entry.
- The peptides of the present invention are those with a biological activity against HIV infection, having amino acid sequence
Z1-LE-X1-IP-X2-X3-X4-P-X5-X6-X7-X8-X9-X10-K-X11-X12-X13-X14-X15-Z2, wherein
X1 is a lysine, alanine, or aspartic acid;
X2 is a cysteine, methionine or isoleucine;
X3 is a serine, cysteine, lysine or glycine;
X4 is an isoleucine, alanine, phenylalanine or cysteine;
X5 is a proline, D-proline or a substituted L-or D-proline;
X6 is a cysteine or glutamic acid;
X7 is an amino acid with a hydrophobic or an aromatic side chain or cysteine;
X8 is an amino acid with a hydrophobic or an aromatic side chain or cysteine;
X9 is an amino acid with an aromatic side chain;
X10 is a glycine, alanine or asparagine;
X11 is a proline, aspartic acid, octahydroindolyl-2-carboxylic acid or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid;
X12 is a phenylalanine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid;
X13 is an amino acid with a hydrophobic or an aromatic side chain;
X14 is an amino acid with a hydrophobic or an aromatic side chain;
X15 is a phenylalanine or deletion;
Z1 is NH2 or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
Z2 is COOH or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
and peptides which are covalently linked oligomers and/or amidated, alkylated, acylated, sulfated, pegylated, phosphorylated and/or glycosylated derivatives with the provisio that - (a) if X12 is alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid then X13, X14 and X15 are phenylalanine, valine and phenylalanine respectively; and/or
- (b) if X12 is phenylalanine, then X13, X14 and X15 are valine, phenylalanine and a deletion, respectively; and
- (c) that there are at maximum two cysteine residues in a peptide.
- In a preferred embodiment of the above peptide with the generic formula Z1-LE-X1-IP-X2-X3-X4-P-X5-X6-X7-X8-X9-X10-K-X11-X12-X13-X14-X15-Z2, X7 is phenylalanine, cysteine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, 3,3-diphenylalanine, 1- naphthylalanine, or p-fluorophenylalanine; X8 is a phenylalanine, leucine, alanine, tryptophan, glycine, cysteine, D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid or L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid; X9 is a phenylalanine or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid; and Z1 is preferably NH2 or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues and Z2 is preferably COOH or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues. The biological activity against HIV infection of the above peptides, as measured as IC50, is equal of or below of 6500 nM.
- A further embodiment are peptides according to the invention with a biological activity against infection by HIV, having the amino acid sequence
Z1-LE-X1-IP-X1-X3-X4-P-X5-X6-X7-X8-X9-X10-K-X11-FVF-Z2,
wherein
X1 is a lysine, alanine or aspartic acid;
X2 is a cysteine, methionine or isoleucine;
X3 is a serine, cysteine or glycine;
X4 is an isoleucine or cysteine;
X5 is a proline, D-proline or any substituted L- or D-proline;
X6 is a cysteine or glutamic acid;
X7 is a phenylalanine, cysteine, valine, isoleucine or 3,3-diphenylalanine;
X8 is a phenylalanine, leucine, alanine, glycine, cysteine, D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid or L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid;
X9 is an amino acid with an aromatic side chain;
X10 is a glycine or asparagine;
X11 is a proline or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic;
Z1 is NH2 or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
Z2 is COOH or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
and peptides which are covalently linked oligomers and/or amidated, alkylated, acylated, sulfated, pegylated, phosphorylated and/or glycosylated derivatives,
with the provisio that - (a) if two cysteine residues are present, said residues are separated by four other amino acid residues; and
- (b) if L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid and/or 3,3-diphenylalanine are present, no cysteine residue is present.
- In a preferred embodiment of the above peptide with the generic formula Z1-LE-X1-IP-X1-X3-X4-P-X5-X6-X8-X9-X9-X10-K-X11-FVF-Z2, X9 is a phenylalanine or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, Z1 is preferably NH2 or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues and Z2 is preferably COOH or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues. The biological activity against HIV infection of the above peptide, as measured as IC50, is equal of or below of 2000 nM.
- An even further embodiment are peptides according the invention with a biological activity against infection by HIV, having the amino acid sequence
Z1-LE-X2-IP-X2-X3-IP-X5-X6-X7-X8-F-X10-KPFVF-Z2,
wherein
X1 is a lysine, alanine or aspartic acid;
X2 is a cysteine, methionine or isoleucine;
X3 is a serine or glycine;
X5 is a L-proline, D-proline or any substituted L- or D-proline
X6 is a cysteine or glutamic acid;
X7 is a phenyalanine or valine;
X8 is a phenylalanine, leucine, alanine or L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroIsoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid;
X10 is a glycine or asparagine;
Z1 is NH2 or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
Z2 is COOH or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
and peptides which are covalently linked oligomers and/or amidated, alkylated, acylated, sulfated, pegylated, phosphorylated and/or glycosylated derivatives. - In a preferred embodiment of the peptide with the generic formula Z1-LE-X2-IP-X2-X3-IP-X6-X7-X8-F-X10-KPFVF-Z2, Z1 is preferably NH2 or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues and Z2 is preferably COOH or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues. The biological activity against HIV infection of the peptide, as measured as IC50, is equal of or below of 800 nM.
- An even further embodiment are peptides of the invention with biological activity against infection by HIV, having the amino acid sequence
Z1-LEAIP-X2-SIP-X5-X6-V-X8-FNKPFVF-Z2,
wherein
X2 and X6 are cysteines, or X2 is methionine and X6 is glutamic acid
X5 is a D-proline or L-proline;
X8 is an amino acid with a hydrophobic or an aromatic side chain or lysine;
Z1 is NH2 or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
Z2 is COOH or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
and peptides which are covalently linked oligomers and/or amidated, alkylated, acylated, sulfated, pegylated, phosphorylated and/or glycosylated derivatives with the proviso that at least one of the following is true: - X2 is proline or
- X5 is not leucine or
- X6 and X8 are cysteine.
- In a preferred embodiment of the peptide with the generic formula Z1-LEAIP-X2-SIP-X5-X6-V-X8-FNKPFVF-Z2, Z1 is preferably NH2 or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues and Z2 is preferably COOH or a sequence of 1 to 3 amino acid residues.
- Also an embodiment of the peptides of the present invention are those, wherein the cysteine residues at positions 6 and 11, 6 and 12, 7 and 12, or 8 and 13 are connected by an intramolecular disulfide bond. The peptides with cysteine residues at these positions may occur with an Intramolecular bridge between these residues, or, under reductive conditions as linear molecules. A further embodiment are peptides with a single cysteine residue, wherein said cysteine residue is connected by an inter-molecular disulfide bond to another peptide molecule with a single cysteine residue, forming a homo-dimer. Also embodiments are those peptides, wherein the leucine residue at
amino acid position 1 and the glutamic acid atamino acid position 2 are covalently linked by an N-alkylated amide bond or by an ester bond or by a reduced peptide bond or by a retro-inverso peptide bond or by an N-alkylated retro-inverso peptide bond. A further embodiment are peptides which interact with the HIV fusion peptide of gp41. The peptides of the present invention are characterised by an IC50 of equal or below 6500 nM, preferably an IC50 of equal or below 2000 nM and most preferably an IC50 of equal or below 800 nM, such as VIR-344 (SEQ ID NO. 49) with an IC50 of 348 nM, VIR-345 (SEQ ID NO. 50) with an IC50 of 298 nM, VIR-353 (SEQ ID NO. 56) with an IC50 of 225 nM, VIR-357 (SEQ ID NO. 60) with an IC50 of 497 nM, VIR-358 (SEQ ID NO. 61) with an IC50 of 706 nM, VIR-449 (SEQ ID NO 73) with an IC50 of 274 nM, VIR-455 (SEQ ID NO 76) with an IC50 of 134 nM, VIR-484 (SEQ ID NO 79) with an IC50 of 100 nM, VIR-512 (SEQ ID NO. 83) with an IC50 of 138 nM, VIR-576 (SEQ ID NO: 86) with an IC50 of 107 nM and VIR-580 (SEQ ID NO. 87) with an IC50 of 150 nM. - All IC50 values mentioned herein were measured according to example 3, inhibition to the X4-trophic HIV-1 NL 4-3.
- Also the nucleic acids coding for these peptides are embodiments of the present invention. Further embodiments are antibodies binding specifically to these peptides. A further embodiment is a medicament containing anyone of these peptides, nucleic acids coding for these peptides, or specific antibodies directed against these peptides. In one embodiment the medicament is in galenic formulations for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intracutaneous, subcutaneous, intrathecal administration, and as an aerosol for transpulmonary administration. A further embodiment is said medicament comprising at least one further therapeutic agent. Also an embodiment is the medicament, wherein the said at least one further therapeutic agent is a viral protease inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, a fusion inhibitor, a cytokine, a cytokine inhibitor, a glycosylation inhibitor or a viral mRNA inhibitor, etc. Use of these peptides for the manufacturing of a medicament for the treatment of HIV infections is a further embodiment. Also an embodiment is an assay for determining molecules capable of interacting with the fusion peptide of HIV, comprising anyone of the above peptides of the invention. Use of these peptides in said assay is also an embodiment. A further embodiment is a diagnostic agent containing these peptides, nucleic acids or antibodies. One more embodiment is use of the diagnostic agent for assay systems for testing isolated plasma, tissue, urine and cerebrospinal fluid levels for HIV infection. Further specific embodiments of the present invention are the peptides according to claim 8.
-
-
Figure 1 : C18 HPLC trace of purified VIR-199 (sequence: LEAIPMSIPpEFLFNKPFVF) (SEQ ID NO. 18). Conditions: Vydac C18 (4.6 x 250 mm, 300 Å, 5 µm, flow rate: 0.8 ml/min, gradient: 10-70 volume % B in 30 min, buffer A: 0.07 volume % TFA, buffer B: 0.05 volume % TFA, 80 volume % acetonitrile). -
Figure 2 : Electrospray-ionization mass spectrum (ESI-MS) of purified VIR-199 (sequence: LEAIPMSIPpEFLFNKPFVF) (SEQ ID NO. 18). The mass spectrum was recorded using aSciex API 100 mass spectrometer. The molecular ions for [M+2H]2+ (m/z 1169.0) and [M+3H]3+ (m/z 780.0) are indicated. -
Figure 3 : Dose dependent inhibition of fusion peptide hemolysis by various VIRIP peptides. The peptides (VIRIP (SEQ ID NO. 1), VIR-164 (SEQ ID NO. 6), VIR-165 (SEQ ID NO. 7), VIR-175 (SEQ ID NO. 10), VIR-269 (SEQ ID NO. 35) at 1000 µM, 100 µM and 10 µM were preincubated with 100 µM fusion peptide and the hemoglobin release in human erythrocytes was measured. The Y-axis reflects the inhibition of the fusion pepide-induced hemolysis depending of the concentration of peptides. The extent of inhibition of hemolysis is thus a measure for the binding of peptides to the fusion peptide. Peptides that exhibit lower IC50 values than VIRIP inhibit more effectively infection of cells compared to VIRIP. -
Figure 4 : Schematic drawing of gp41. The three domains, the fusion peptide (FP) domain, the HR-1 and HR-2 domains are indicated. The fusion peptide is located at the N-terminus of gp41. - The peptides of the present invention are related to the hemofiltrate-derived peptide VIRIP (SEQ ID No. 1) as disclosed and described in
WO 01/34640 - The peptides of the invention are based on an amino acid sequence of 21 amino acids, with possible extensions of 1 to 10 amino acids at both ends according to Z1 and Z2, whereby an extension of 3 amino acids is preferred. The amino acid numbering used herein always corresponds to the
amino acids 1 to 21 of the basic sequence irrespective of a possible N-terminal extension due to a residue Z1, such thatamino acid position 1 corresponds to leucine and amino acid position 21 to phenylalanine or a deletion. The common amino acid one and three letter codes are used. If not indicated otherwise, the L-enantiomers of amino acids were used. The small letter "p" stands for D-proline. Other D-enantiomers are indicated by a "D-" prefix. "Tic" stands for tetrahydrisioquinoline carboxylic acid. "Oic" stands for octahydroindole carboxylic acid. - The term "hydrophobic amino acid" as used herein is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular, it refers to any of the amino acids glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and non-endogenous hydrophobic amino acids.
- The term "aromatic amino acid" as used herein is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to any of the amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine, and non-endogenous aromatic amino acids, such as 1-naphthylalanine, 3,3-diphenylalanine, p-fluorophenylalanine, or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid or L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, etc.
- The term "covalently linked oligomers" is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to multiple peptide chains covalently linked to each other. The peptide chains can have the identical or a different amino acid sequence. The covalent bond can be a direct bond between the respective peptide chains such as a disulfide bond, thioether bond, ether bond, amide bond. The peptide chains can also be covalently linked by a spacer of any chemical nature (Houben-Weyl, Methods of organic chemistry, Synthesis of peptides and peptidomimetics, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2002).
- The term "derivative" is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to a chemically modified peptide. This modification could be chemical modifications of the peptide at the N- and C-terminus, the side chains of the peptide, the Cα- and Nα-atoms of the peptide backbone, and the atoms forming the peptide bonds of the backbone.
- The term "amidated" is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to a modification of a peptide in which the C-terminal carboxyl group is replaced by an CONR2-group where R is a hydrogen atom or any functional group that can replace at least one of the hydrogen atoms.
- The term "acylated" is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides that contain a covalently linked carboxylic acid residue other than an amino acid at amino groups at the N-terminus and/or at side chains of amino groups.
- The term "alkylated" is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides which are modified with an alkyl group of various length and structure at the N-terminal amino group, at any backbone atom and/or at any functional group of a side chain.
- The term "sulfated" is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides carrying a sulfate moiety at the hydroxyl group of a tyrosine or substituted tyrosine derivative residue.
- The term "pegylated" is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides which contain covalently linked a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) moiety consisting of at least two repeating units -CH2-CH2-O- typical of polyethyleneglycol. Preferred is a so-called mini-PEG group. Pegyl groups may have a molecular weight of up to 20 KDa and can be bound to different functional groups in a peptide sequence directly or via a spacer group at the N- and/or C-terminus and/or side chain functional groups. The spacer group is selected from the group of bifunctional hydrocarbon chains characterised by a backbone of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or nine carbon atoms, and two functional groups, such as two amino groups, two carboxyl groups or one amino group and one carboxyl group. One or more pegyl groups can be contained at different sites of a peptide.
- The term "phosphorylated" is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides where the hydroxy groups of the side chains of threonine, serine, hydroproline, hydroxylysine, tyrosine, and/or any other non-natural hydroxy amino acid is esterified with a phosphate group.
- The term "glycosylated" is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides that contain a monomeric and/or oligomeric carbohydrate moiety which is linked via the glycosilic or an alcoholic hydroxy group to the side chains of serine, threonine, tyrosine, asparagine, and/or non-natural amino acids.
- The term "cyclic" is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular it refers to peptides that contain a cyclic structural motif. The cyclization can be achieved by backbone cyclization or by linking a side chain of an amino acid to a side chain of a different amino acid present in the same molecule. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, two cysteine residues of a peptide or one carboxylic acid side chain and one amino group-containing side chain form a cyclic motif via a disulfide bond or an amide bond. The peptides VIR-161 (SEQ ID NO. 3), VIR-162 (SEQ ID NO. 4), VIR-163 (SEQ ID NO. 5), VIR-164 (SEQ ID NO. 6), VIR-165 (SEQ ID NO. 7), VIR-166 (SEQ ID NO. 8), VIR-272 (SEQ ID NO. 36), VIR-273 (SEQ ID NO. 37), VIR-274 (SEQ ID NO. 38), VIR-280 (SEQ ID NO. 39), VIR-344 (SEQ ID NO. 49), VIR-345 (SEQ ID NO. 50), VIR-346 (SEQ ID NO. 51), VIR-348 (SEQ ID NO. 52), VIR-350 (SEQ ID NO. 53), VIR-351 (SEQ ID NO. 54), VIR-352 (SEQ ID NO. 55), VIR-353 (SEQ ID NO. 56), VIR-354 (SEQ ID NO. 57), VIR-355 (SEQ ID NO. 58), VIR-356 (SEQ ID NO. 59), VIR-357 (SEQ ID NO. 60), VIR-358 (SEQ ID NO. 61), VIR-568 (SEQ ID NO. 84), VIR-570 (SEQ ID NO. 85), VIR-576 (SEQ ID NO. 86) all possess two cysteine residues and may adapt a cyclic form. These peptides may also occur as linear molecules. Preferred embodiments are the cyclic form of these peptides since they are characterised by a higher structural and biological stability.
- Surprisingly, it was found that by specifically varying the amino acid sequence of VIRIP (SEQ ID NO. 1), peptides with a significantly increased activity against HIV were obtained. The most significant increase in activity is observed, when the L-proline at
position 10 is substituted by a D-proline, and/or two cysteines are introduced at amino acid positions 6 and 11, and/or when the positively charged lysine at position 13 is exchanged against an amino acid with a hydrophobic or aromatic side chain. It is believed that the activity when compared to wild-type VIRIP (SEQ ID NO. 1) is increased due to a change in structure. Cysteine bridges are known to alter the structure and to reduce the flexibility of a peptide significantly, as well as the introduction of a D-proline, which causes a change in secondary structural elements of a peptide and thus a changed orientation of different parts of the peptide to each other. Furthermore, the exchange of a lysine against an uncharged hydrophobic or aromatic amino acid will alter the structure, because a possible interaction of the positively charged lysine side chain with the negatively charged amino acids atpositions 2 and 11 of the same molecule, or with a negatively charged portion of a receptor molecule is changed. A significant increase in the anti-HIV activity is further observed when the alanine residue at position 3 is exchanged to a positively or negatively charge residue by substitution with lysine or aspartic acid residues. The introduction of a charged residue at position 3 can enhance the binding strength to a corresponding part of a receptor molecule by increased electrostatic or dipolar forces. The exchange of the amino acid residues at positions 7 or/and 15 against a small amino acid residue, in particular glycine, has also been found to increase the anti-HIV activity. Glycine residues are the least sterically hindering residues and allow an optimal internal structural arrangement of a peptide when binding to a receptor molecule or when forming aggregates with themselves required for binding with a receptor molecule. The described substitutions may be combined in peptides of the invention. Furthermore, the antiviral activity is increased when peptides of the invention are homooligomerized, in particular homodimerized. A dimerization of peptides of the invention can be achieved chemically by covalent linking of two identical peptide chains. The covalent link can be a direct bond between side chain functional groups such as the thiol group of cysteine residues, or a bond involving a spacer between the peptide chains as is present when two identical chains of a peptide of the invention are bound to the two amino groups of a lysine residue. The latter is often referred to as the smallest form of a lysine-core dendrimer (Sadler K., J. Biotechnology, 2002, 90, 195-229). Oligomers, in particular dimers of peptides of the invention, can induce a structurally and/or biologically more stable form of the molecules. In addition, they can increase the local concentration of the antivirally active peptide at the site of action. They can thus provide forms of the peptides of the invention which interact more favourable with a receptor molecule. - Peptides according to the invention can be easily chemically synthesised or produced by recombinant expression. Due to the small size, i.e. the low number of amino acid the peptides of the invention are composed of, the entire peptide synthesis technologies can be utilised to chemically synthesise such substances. In comparison to the synthesis of the HIV fusion inhibitor T-20, which requires the synthesis of three individual fragments, and subsequently the joining of the three fragments to give rise to the final product T-20, the peptides of the present invention, can be synthesised at large scale by stepwise solid phase methods or by solution phase chemistry. Thus the manufacturing process of the peptides of the present invention is straightforward and therefore the costs of the goods comprising the peptides of the present invention are lower. A further advantage of the peptides of the present invention is their solubility and stability over a broad range of pH (pH 2 - 8.5) in solvents of different ionic strength.
- The chemical synthesis can be carried out on a solid support using solid-phase technologies or in solution phase, both being standard methods known to the skilled person. Peptides according to the invention can also be synthesized by the ligation of two or more side chain-protected or side chain-unprotected fragments, standard methods known to the skilled person (Tam J.P., Biopolymers, 2001, 60, 194-205). The solid-phase synthesis of peptides according to the invention or its fragments can be carried out using the Fmoc/tBu- or Boc/Bzl-protection pattern of amino acids. Other protective groups that are not in the standard Fmoc-protection scheme can be used. Purification of synthetic peptides is achieved by chromatographic methods such as reverse-phase, ion exchange or size-exclusion. The chemical methods for the chemical synthesis of the peptides of the invention mentioned here are surveyed in several review publications (examples: Chan W.C. et al. (editors), Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000; Seewald N. et al., Peptides: biology and chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002; Goodman M., Houben-Weyl, Methods of organic chemistry, Synthesis of peptides and peptidomimetics, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2002).
- The introduction of a disulfide bond into peptides of the invention may be achieved by applying oxidative chemical methods with peptides containing two cysteine residues known to the skilled person (Pennington et al. (editors), Peptide synthesis protocols, Humana Press, Totowa 1994; Chan W.C. et al. (editors), Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000). Disulfides of peptides of the invention may be generated from reduced precursor peptides containing one or two unprotected cysteine residues obtained from solid-phase or solution synthesis by oxidative treatment. As oxidizing agents oxygen, dimethylsulfoxide, iron(III) salts, iodine, or others may be used. Disulfides of peptides of the invention may alternatively be introduced into the peptides from precursors containing protective groups at the corresponding cysteine residues. As protective groups acetamidomethyl, tert-butyl, S-tert-butyl or others may be used. Cleavage of protective groups and intra-chain disulfide bond formation may be carried out using agents such as iodine, phosphines, or others.
- Cyclic peptides other than those with a disulfide bond can be obtained via backbone cyclization of the peptide or via a chemical bond between at least one reactive side chain group such as amino, carboxy, hydroxy or thio and any other reactive group present in the same molecule, as known to the skilled person (Li et al., Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2002, 2, 325-341; Tam J.P., Biopolymers, 2001, 60, 194-205; Goodman M., Houben-Weyl, Methods of organic chemistry, Synthesis of peptides and peptidomimetics, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2002).
- Covalently linked oligomers of peptides are obtained by linking two peptide chains via different types of chemical bonds. Disulfide-linked oligomers are synthesized by coupling the two peptide chains either via activated cysteines or without any preactivation of the cysteines (Sacca B. et al., J. Pept. Sci., 2002, 8, 192-204; Seewald N. et al., Peptides: biology and chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002). Thioether bonds and ether bonds and peptide bonds between two peptide chains can be introduced according to different methods known to the skilled person and described in the literature (Seewald N. et al., Peptides: biology and chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002). Lysine-core dendrimers can be synthesized by coupling Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH to a solid support. After deprotection of the amino acid solid phase peptide synthesis leads to the oligomeric peptides (Seewald N. et al., Peptides: biology and chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002; Chan W.C. (editors) Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000). Lysine can be replaced by any other amino acid containing two amino groups.
- Amidated peptides are obtained by solid phase peptide synthesis using resins carrying an amide linker on which the peptide chain is assembled. Acid cleavage of correspondingly synthesized peptides results in peptide amides. In solution phase synthesis amidated peptides are obtained when the C-terminal amino acid is used as a building block which has a preformed carboxamide at the C-terminus. (Chan W.C. (editors) Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000).
- Acylated peptides are obtained by the skilled person through converting a peptide with free amino or hydroxy groups using activated acylation reagents derived from carboxylic acids such as acyl halogenides or carboxylic anhydride or other reactive carbonyl compounds to a corresponding acylated peptide. As an alternative, acelytion can be achieved using free carboxylic acids which are acivated in situ by phosphonium- or uronium-type compunds (Greene T.W., Protective groups in organic chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991; Kocienski P., Protecting groups, Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart 1994).
- Alkylated peptides may be obtained by incorporating prealkylated amino acid building blocks when carrying out peptide synthesis on the solid support or in solution. Such amino acids are coupled onto the peptide chains using standard activation protocols known to the skilled person (Chan W.C. (editors) Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2000). Alkylation may also be achieved after assembly of a peptide chain by using appropriate alkylation methods known to the skilled person (Greene T.W., Protective groups in organic chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991; Kocienski P., Protecting groups, Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart 1994). Such methods may be applied to reactive groups such as amino, hydroxy, thio and peptide bonds of the peptide backbone in a partially protected peptide. Sulfated peptides are obtained by using presulfated building blocks of tyrosine or tyrosine derivatives in solid phase or solution peptide synthesis. O-sulfates remain attached to the hydroxy group during peptide cleavage from the resin when highly acid-labile resins such as 2-chlorotrityl resin are used for synthesis (Seewald N. et al., Peptides: biology and chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002).
- Pegylated peptides contain pegyl residues bound to functional groups of a peptide. Pegyl residues are characterized as hydrophilic linear or branched polymeric chains with a repeating unit -CH2-CH2O-. Pegyl residues are introduced into a peptide after assembly of the peptide chain using suitable functionally modified and reactive pegyl-containing substances. Various activated pegyl groups can be attached by the skilled person to peptides by different activation methods to different side chains or terminal functional groups of a peptide such as amino, carboxyl, hydroxy and thio (Veronese F.M. et al., Bioconjug. Chem., 2001, 12, 62-70; Veronese F.M., Biomaterials, 2001, 22, 405-417).
- Phosphorylated peptides can be synthesized by solid phase or solution phase peptide synthesis. Synthesis of phosphorylated peptides is usually achieved by the skilled person utilizing phosphorylated hydroxy amino acid building blocks and/or by post-chain assembly phosphorylation of protected peptides with one or more free hydroxy functional groups (Murray J.S., Biopolymers; 2001, 60, 3-31; Chan W.C. et al. (editors), Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000; Seewald N. et al., Peptides: biology and chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002).
- Glycosylated peptides can be obtained by the skilled person using glycosylated amino acid building blocks which can be incorporated into soild phase or solution phase synthesis of peptides or by the global post-chain assembly glycosylation approach (Davis B.G., Chem. Rev., 2002, 102, 579-602; Chan W.C. et al. (editors), Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis: A practical approach, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000; Seewald N. et al., Peptides: biology and chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002).
- The invention also relates to nucleic acids coding for peptides of the invention. Preferred nucleic acids are DNA and RNA, especially cDNA and mRNA.
- Subject of the invention are also antibodies specifically binding to peptides of the invention. The term "specifically" is readily understood by the skilled person. In particular, it means that the antibodies do not bind or do essentially not bind related peptides like VIRIP which are not peptides of the invention. A person skilled in the art obtains antibodies against peptides of the invention by routine methods, and will select specific antibodies of the invention by known screening methods.
- The invention relates to peptides which specifically interact with and bind to the N-terminal region of the envelope protein gp41 of HIV. The term "interact with" and "bind to" is readily understood by the skilled person. By such binding and interaction, peptides of the invention block infection of host cells by HIV particles. The present invention also relates to peptides which bind to synthetic peptides corresponding to the fusion peptide of gp41 of HIV. A person skilled in the art detects binding and interaction of peptides of the invention to the synthetic fusion peptide of gp41 of HIV by applying quantitative structure/activity relationship (QSAR) assays. These assays comprise but are not limited to the detection of the suppression of the hemolytic effect of the synthetic fusion peptide (Mobley P.W. et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1992, 1139, 251-256; Gordon L., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1992, 1139, 257-274), microcalorimetry (Gohlke H. et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2002, 41, 2644-2676), or NMR-spectroscopical techniques which can be chemical shift titration experiments or saturation transfer difference spectroscopy (Meyer et al., Ernst Schering Res. Found. Workshop, 2004, 44, 149-167).
- The invention also relates to a medicament containing the peptides, nucleic acids or antibodies of the invention. The medicament is preferably provided in galenic formulations for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intracutaneous, subcutaneous, intrathecal administration, or as an aerosol for transpulmonary administration.
- In a preferred embodiment, the medicament comprises at least one further therapeutic agent. Said at least one further therapeutic agent can be a viral protease inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, a fusion inhibitor, a cytokine, a cytokine inhibitor, a glycosylation inhibitor or a viral mRNA inhibitor, etc. Preferably, such inhibitors are directed against HIV. Such combined therapeutics are highly relevant in the treatment of AIDS. The peptides, nucleic acids and antibodies of the invention are preferably used in manufacturing of a medicament for the treatment of HIV infections. This comprises all known strains of the retrovirus HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), especially the most common strains of HIV-1. HIV-1 is associated with the outbreak of AIDS.
- The invention also relates to a diagnostic agent containing peptides, nucleic acids or antibodies of the invention. The diagnostic agent may be used for assay systems for testing isolated plasma, serum, tissue, urine and cerebrospinal fluid levels for HIV infections.
- The invention also relates to assay systems which involve peptides of the invention as a tool to identify substances which bind to the envelope protein gp41 of HIV, in particular the N-terminal fusion peptide of gp41. Such assays can be any system which is suitable to measure the binding of any substance to the fusion peptide either integrated in the entire gp41 protein in isolated, viral, or any other form, or in synthetic form with a length up to 35 amino acid residues starting with the very N-terminus of gp41. In such assays, which can be any spectroscopical, cellular, or radio-ligand assay, the binding of a substance in competition to peptides of the invention is measured. As a result of such competition assays using peptides of the invention as a tool, the identification of substances with increased affinity and binding site specificity to HIV gp41 is achieved. Such substances have an improved potency to block cellular infection by HIV particles. They can be used as improved therapeutic agents to cure AIDS.
- After synthesis of the various peptides of the present invention, yields were examined. For all peptides good yields were achieved (see table 1), reflecting the ease of the synthesis process. The peptides of the present invention were subjected to various tests.
- First, human cells were exposed to the peptides of the present invention in order to test their cytotoxicity. All peptides that were tested, namely VIR-161 (SEQ ID NO. 3), VIR-162 (SEQ ID NO. 4), VIR-163 (SEQ ID NO. 5), VIR-164 (SEQ ID NO. 6), VIR-165 (SEQ ID NO. 7), VIR-166 (SEQ ID NO. 8), VIR-170 (SEQ ID NO. 9), VIR-175 (SEQ ID NO. 10), VIR-182 (SEQ ID NO. 11), VIR-184 (SEQ ID NO. 12), VIR-190 (SEQ ID NO. 13), VIR-191 (SEQ ID NO. 14), VIR-192 (SEQ ID NO. 15), VIR-193 (SEQ ID NO. 16), VIR-197 (SEQ ID NO. 17), VIR-199 (SEQ ID NO. 18), VIR-229 (SEQ ID NO. 19), VIR-234 (SEQ ID NO. 20), VIR-243 (SEQ ID NO. 21), VIR-252 (SEQ ID NO. 22), VIR-255 (SEQ ID NO. 23), VIR-257 (SEQ ID NO. 24), VIR-258 (SEQ ID NO. 25), VIR-259 (SEQ ID NO. 26), VIR-260 (SEQ ID NO. 27), VIR-261 (SEQ ID NO. 28), VIR-262 (SEQ ID NO. 29), VIR-263 (SEQ ID NO. 30), VIR-264 (SEQ ID NO. 31), VIR-265 (SEQ ID NO. 32), VIR-266 (SEQ ID NO. 33), VIR-268 (SEQ ID NO. 34), VIR-269 (SEQ ID NO. 35) were free of any cytotoxic effect. These data strongly suggest, that also those peptides not tested yet are non-cytotoxic.
- The second set of experiments concerned the efficacy of the peptides of the present invention to inhibit HIV infection (see table 2). The peptides were tested on two HIV-1 strains and IC50 values were calculated. The most active peptides had an IC50 of equal or below 800 nM, whereby for example VIR-484 (SEQ ID NO. 79) had an IC50 of 100 nM. Peptides with still considerable activity where those with an IC50 of equal or below 2000 nM, and those with an IC50 of equal or below 6500 nM still had an increased activity in comparison to the native VIRIP (SEQ ID NO. 1); the native VIRIP (SEQ ID NO. 1) was found to have an IC50 of 15,000 or 22,000, if tested with HIV strains NL4-3 or DTV, respectively. To summarise table 2, the peptides of the present invention displayed a 4-fold to 161-fold increase in anti-HIV activity in comparison to the native VIRIP.
- The third set of experiments determined the in vivo toxicity of the VIRIP peptides of the present invention. Considering the positive outcome of the in vitro cytotoxicity test, it was sufficient to test only one compound. Mice were injected with VIR-121 (SEQ ID NO. 2), observed over a period before sacrificing them. Throughout the life of the mice no signs of reduced or increased motility, dyspnea, ataxia, nor a reduced or increased muscle tone were observed. No changes of behaviour were observed, and behaviour was comparable to that of the control animals. The pathological examination did not reveal any abnormalities. It was therefore concluded that the peptides of the present invention are well tolerated by a living organism.
- A forth set of experiments concerned the stability of the peptides of the present invention in mammalian plasma (see table 3). Plasma isolated from various animals and humans was spiked with defined amounts of various peptides of the present invention. The peptides displayed a considerable half life in human plasma, most prominent being VIR-512 (SEQ ID NO. 83), VIR-580 (SEQ ID NO. 87) and VIR-357 (SEQ ID NO. 60), with a half-life of 315 h, 38.9 h and 23.3 h, respectively. These peptides also showed considerable stability in the animal plasma, but the actual values varied from those found for human plasma. The native VIRIP (SEQ ID NO. 1) has a half-life of 53.7 h in human plasma. The results also showed, that rat plasma is not a suitable model system for these type of experiments.
- In the final set of experiments the ability of peptides of the invention to interact with the fusion peptide of gp41 by measuring the suppression of the fusion peptide-induced hemolysis upon addition of increasing doses of peptides of the invention was tested. All peptides tested were more efficient in inhibiting the hemolytic effect of the fusion peptide than the native VIRIP. It was concluded that peptides of the invention change structural properties of the fusion peptide by specific interaction.
- In essence, the peptides of the present invention are characterised by their anti-HIV activity, which, expressed as IC50, is equal to or below 6500 nM, whereby the most active peptides have an IC50 of below 800 nM. Individual peptides of the present invention were found to have IC50 of below 100 nM (see table 1).
- In total over 600 peptides were synthesised, of which only 84 are presented here in more detail (see table 1). Not every experiment was conducted with each peptide. Those 84 peptides presented here were more active against HIV as judged by their IC50, than the remaining peptides. However, the 22 most active peptides of the group of 84 peptides were further selected, and subjected to an additional anti-viral activity test, using a different HIV strain. The most promising candidates of that screening were subjected to a plasma stability test. A detailed description of the performed experiments is given below.
- The peptides according to the invention were chemically synthesized utilizing the principle of solid-phase peptide synthesis and the Fmoc or Boc protective group strategy (Atherton and Sheppard, 1989, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, IRL Press; Merrifield, 1986, Solid phase synthesis, Science 232, 341-347), but can also be synthesized with solution phase synthesis or by coupling protected or unprotected fragments of the peptides according to the invention.
- As an example, the synthesis of the peptide VIR-199 (amino acid sequence: LEAIPMSIPpEFLFNKPFVF) (SEQ ID NO. 18) is described here using fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protected amino acids on an automated peptide synthesizer 433A (Applied Biosystems). The synthesis was performed using a preloaded Fmoc-Phe-Wang resin with a loading capacity of 1 mmol/g resin with standard HBTU [(2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium-hexafluorophosphate)/HOBt (1-hydroxybenzotriazol) activation with capping cycles using acetic anhydride in N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP) at a scale of 0.2 mmol. The side chains of the amino acid building blocks used were protected as follows: Glu(OtBu), Ser(tBu), Lys(Boc), Asn(Trt). Acylation steps for peptide chain assembly were carried out for 15-60 min, and Fmoc groups were deprotected with piperidine in NMP after each acylation. After deprotection of the leucine residue at
position 1, the resulting protected peptidyl resin was washed with NMP, 2-propanol and dichloromethane and then dried. The dry resin was treated at room temperature with a fresh mixture of trifluoracetic acid/ethanedithiole/water (94:3:3, vol/vol/vol, 40 ml/g resin) for 2-4.5 h. The mixture was filtrated into ice-cold tert-butylmethylether (TBME) to facilitate precipitation of the peptide. The resulting precipitate was separated by centrifugation, washed with TBME and dried under vacuum. The crude peptide was dissolved in diluted acetic acid and loaded onto a preparative Vydac C18 column (47x300 mm, 15-20 µm,flow rate 40 ml/min; solvent A, 0.07 volume % TFA; solvent B, 0.07 volume % TFA in acetonitrile/H2O 80:20 (volume %); UV detection at 215 nm; with the following gradient: 45-70 volume % B in 50 min. The fractions containing the desired pure peptide, as detected by mass spectrometry (API 100, Perkin Elmer) and analytical C18 HPLC or, alternatively, capillary zone electrophesis, were pooled and dried by lyophilization. The lyophilized peptide was used for analysis of purity and molecular weight by analytical C18 HPLC (Figure 1 ), capillary zone electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry (Figure 2 ). The yield of the peptide LEAIPMSIPpEFLFNKPFVF (SEQ ID NO. 18) was 138 mg. - The process for synthesis of the peptides according to the invention was adapted to larger scales ranging from 0.5 to 20 mmol yielding purified peptides of the present invention in amounts between 1 g and 5 g. The synthesis process was also adapted to small-scale multiple peptide synthesis.
- Peptides according to the invention having intramolecular disulfide bonds were treated with air at pH 7.5-8.5, with or without dimethylsulfoxide, or alternatively, from linear precursors with two acetamidomethyl-protected cysteine residues by iodine oxidation to facilitate cysteine bridge formation.
- Using these general synthetic approaches, the following peptides, among others, were synthesized, purified by chromatographic methods to a degree of up to 98% and analysed:
Table 1: Yields and molecular weight of synthetic peptides. Yields are obtained from synthesis at various scales. Peptide Yield
[mg]Molecular weight
(calculated)Molecular weight
(determined by mass spectrometry)VIR-121 109 2246.7 2246.5 VIR-161 34 2190.6 2190.3 VIR-162 56 2119.6 2119.0 VIR-163 98 2232.7 2232.8 VIR-164 35 2266.7 2266.5 VIR-165 72 2238.7 2238.0 VIR-166 37 2361.4 2362.3 VIR-170 50 2265.7 2267.0 VIR-175 105 2279.7 2279.5 VIR-182 56 2217.6 2217.2 VIR-184 82 2260.7 2260.4 VIR-190 71 2175.6 2175.2 VIR-191 25 2231.7 2231.8 VIR-192 53 2265.7 2265.0 VIR-193 138 2294.7 2295.0 VIR-197 50 2322.7 2322.3 VIR-199 138 2336.8 2336.5 VIR-229 58 2228.6 2228.3 VIR-234 78 2216.6 2217.0 VIR-243 34 2312.7 2312.7 VIR-252 142 2290.7 2290.3 VIR-255 56 2303.7 2303.5 VIR-257 151 2329.0 2328.2 VIR-258 50 2345.0 2344.4 VIR-259 110 2312.9 2312.4 VIR-260 162 2324.0 2323.4 VIR-261 79 2371.0 2370.3 VIR-262 61 2234.6 2334.3 VIR-263 147 2334.6 2334.3 VIR-264 102 2379.1 2378.5 VIR-265 118 2329.0 2330.0 VIR-266 175 2361.8 2361.2 VIR-268 123 2308.5 2308.3 VIR-269 46 2301.0 2300.3 VIR-272 44 2306.8 2306.5 VIR-273 21 2340.8 2340.3 VIR-274 24 2249.7 2249.0 VIR-280 15 2223.7 2223.0 VIR-284 34 2247.7 2247.3 VIR-286 32 2199.7 2199.3 VIR-290 44 2247.7 2247.3 VIR-298 35 2343.8 2342.8 VIR-320 37 2235.7 2235.3 VIR-322 45 2292.8 2291.8 VIR-323 44 2306.8 2306.3 VIR-326 43 2260.7 2260.8 VIR-328 49 2331.8 2331.8 VIR-344 7 2209.8 2209.7 VIR-345 19 2223.7 2223.0 VIR-346 34 2161.6 2161.0 VIR-348 5 2119.6 2119.0 VIR-350 13 2211.7 2210.5 VIR-351 32 2238.7 2238.5 VIR-352 23 2266.8 2266.5 VIR-353 17 2280.8 2280.0 VIR-354 26 2190.7 2190.7 VIR-355 18 2160.6 2160.0 VIR-356 14 2256.7 2256.0 VIR-357 26 2234.7 2234.3 VIR-358 24 2247.7 2248.0 VIR-376 53 2350.8 2350.3 VIR-377 53 2336.8 2336.3 VIR-380 46 2426.9 2427.0 VIR-384 43 2408.9 2408.3 VIR-396 38 2237.7 2237.0 VIR-400 40 2313.8 2314.3 VIR-416 36 2249.7 2249.3 VIR-418 40 2306.8 2306.5 VIR-445 30 2316.7 2316.8 VIR-447 37 2290.6 2289.8 VIR-448 31 2304.7 2304.3 VIR-449 27 2304.7 2304.8 VIR-452 28 2378.8 2378.3 VIR-454 37 2391.8 2391.8 VIR-455 25 2391.8 2391.8 VIR-479 36 2332.8 2332.3 VIR-483 35 2343.7 2344.0 VIR-484 25 2343.7 2343.8 VIR-485 42 2317.7 2317.8 VIR-487 34 2330.7 2330.3 VIR-488 36 2304.6 2304.5 VIR-512 37 2293.6 2293.3 VIR-568 13 2257.7 2257.3 VIR-570 21 2205.6 2205.3 VIR-576* 12 4501.4 4502.0 VIR-580 41 2569.2 2568.5 VIR-590 41 2321.6 2320.8 VIRIP 265 2303.8 2303.6 * VIR-576 is a homo-dimer; an intermolecular disulfide bridge occurs at the cysteine at amino acid position 6. - The cytotoxicity of peptides of the invention was tested by evaluating the viability of human monocytic THP-1 cells. Cytotoxic effects of the peptides were tested by their influence on metabolic activity by means of the WST-1 assay (Roche Diagnostics, Germany). THP-1 cells were incubated with test peptides in a 96-well plate (approx. 25,000 cells per well) for 24 hours in RPMI-1640 medium containing 25 mM L-glutamine and 10 volume % fetal calf serum at 37 °C in an atmosphere with 5 volume % CO2, Ten µl of a WST-1 solution was added to each cavity, and incubation of THP-1 cells was allowed for 2 further hours at corresponding conditions. Metabolically active THP-1 cells reduce WST-1, a light red tetrazolium salt, yielding a soluble yellow formazan salt. The amount of reduced WST-1 correlates directly to the number of living cells, and is measured photometrically at a wavelength of λ=450 nm using a microtiter plate reader (reference wavelength is 630 nm). As a positive control, the known cytotoxic substance cycloheximide was used at a concentration of 50 µg/ml; the cytotoxicity of cycloheximide was set to 100%. As another positive control the peptide MBI-28, a highly cytotoxic peptide known to the skilled person, was used with a maximum concentration of 300 µg/mL. As a negative control, cultured THP-1 cells not treated with the peptides of the invention or a positive control were used. The cytotoxicity of VIRIP peptides was calculated using the formula
and was correlated to the averaged viability of untreated THP-1 cells. The experiments were carried out at concentrations of peptides according to the invention of 30 µg/mL, 100 µg/mL, 300 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL. The peptides VIR-161 (SEQ ID NO. 3), VIR-162 (SEQ ID NO. 4), VIR-163 (SEQ ID NO. 5), VIR-164 (SEQ ID NO. 6), VIR-165 (SEQ ID NO. 7), VIR-166 (SEQ ID NO. 8), VIR-170 (SEQ ID NO. 9), VIR-175 (SEQ ID NO. 10), VIR-182 (SEQ ID NO. 11), VIR-184 (SEQ ID NO. 12), VIR-190 (SEQ ID NO. 13), VIR-191 (SEQ ID NO. 14), VIR-192 (SEQ ID NO. 15), VIR-193 (SEQ ID NO. 16), VIR-197 (SEQ ID NO. 17), VIR-199 (SEQ ID NO. 18), VIR-229 (SEQ ID NO. 19), VIR-234 (SEQ ID NO. 20), VIR-243 (SEQ ID NO. 21), VIR-252 (SEQ ID NO. 22), VIR-255 (SEQ ID NO. 23), VIR-257 (SEQ ID NO. 24), VIR-258 (SEQ ID NO. 25), VIR-259 (SEQ ID NO. 26), VIR-260 (SEQ ID NO. 27), VIR-261 (SEQ ID NO. 28), VIR-262 (SEQ ID NO. 29), VIR-263 (SEQ ID NO. 30), VIR-264 (SEQ ID NO. 31), VIR-265 (SEQ ID NO. 32), VIR-266 (SEQ ID NO. 33), VIR-268 (SEQ ID NO. 34), VIR-269 (SEQ ID NO. 35), were tested. These peptides did not exhibit a cytotoxic effect on monocytic THP-1 cells compared to the positive controls cycloheximid and MBI-28. - P4-CCR5 indicator cells (Charneau et al., 1994; Journal of Molecular Biology 241, 651-662) expressing the primary CD4 receptor and both major HIV-1 entry cofactors CXCR4 and CCR5, were used to evaluate whether peptides according to the invention are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 infection. These cells contain the ß-galactosidase reporter gene under the control of the HIV-1 promoter. Thus, activation of the ß-galactosidase reporter gene allows to measure the efficiency of HIV-1 infection and thus to quantitate the potency of HIV-1 inhibitors (Detheux M. et al., 2000; Journal of Experimental Medicine 192, 1501-1508; Münch et al., 2002; Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, 982-990).
- To perform a typical infection assay, P4-CCR5 cells (Charneau et al., 1994; Journal of Molecular Biology 241, 651-662; Charneau et al., Virology. 1994 205, 247-53) were kept in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10 volume % FCS. This cell line coexpresses CD4 and both HIV-1 coreceptors CCR5 and CXCR4 and contains the ß-galactosidase gene under the control of the HIV-1 promoter. Virus stocks were generated by the calcium coprecipitation method as described (Detheux et al., J Exp Med. 192:1501-8; 2000), and the p24 antigen levels were quantitated with an HIV p24 ELISA kit obtained through the NIH AIDS Reagent Program. Cells were seeded in flat-bottomed 96-well dishes, cultured overnight, and incubated with the different doses of peptide for 2 h before infection with virus containing 1 ng of p24 antigen in a total volume of 50 ml of medium. After overnight incubation, cells were washed twice and cultivated in fresh culture medium without inhibitory peptide. Three days after infection the cells were lysed, and infectivity was quantitated using the Galacto-Light PlusTm chemiluminescence reporter assay kit (Tropix, Bedford, MA) as recommended by the manufacturer. All infections were performed in quintuplicate.
- The results of this assay demonstrate that peptides according to the invention have greatly enhanced anti-HIV-1 activity as compared to VIRIP. Peptides of the invention inhibited the infection by the X4-tropic HIV-1 NL4-3 and the HIV-1 NL4-3 DTV (from hereon called DTV) - DTV is a variant of NL4-3 and was originally described by Rimsky et al. (Journal of Virology 72, 986-993; 1998) as r4 - molecular clones with more than 10-fold up to more than 100-fold higher efficiency than the original VIRIP. Peptides of the invention were also active against infection by the R5-tropic HIV-1 YU-2 molecular clone. These data demonstrate that the specific modifications of VIRIP greatly enhance the anti-HIV-1 potency of peptides according to the invention. Below, the IC50 values of peptides of the invention obtained from the described infection assay are provided.
Table 2: Amino acid sequence and anti-HIV activity Peptide Amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO IC50 NL4-3 [nM] IC50 DTV [nM] VIR-121 LEAIPMSIPpEVAFNKPFVF 2 370 1790 VIR-161 LEAIPCSIPpCVAFNKPFVF 3 550 570 VIR-162 LEAIPCSIPPCVGFGKPFVF 4 660 950 VIR-163 LEAIPCSIPPCVLFNKPFVF 5 760 290 VIR-164 LEAIPCSIPPCVFFNKPFVF 6 340 370 VIR-165 LEAIPCSIPPCFAFNKPFVF 7 270 140 VIR-166 LEAIPCSIPPCVA(D-Tic)NKP(D-Tic)FVF 8 356 506 VIR-170 LEAIPMSIPPEVFFGKPFVF 9 1520 2000 VIR-175 LEAIPMSIPPEFLFGKPFVF 10 225 300 VIR-182 LEAIPMSIPPELAFAKPFVF 11 2250 2970 VIR-184 LEAIPMSIPPEIAFNKPFVF 12 1990 5390 VIR-190 LEAIPMSIPpEVGFGKPFVF 13 1840 3110 VIR-191 LEAIPMSIPpEVLFGKPFVF 14 1790 560 VIR-192 LEAIPMSIPpEVFFGKPFVF 15 1540 1210 VIR-193 LEAIPMSIPpEFAFNKPFVF 16 1740 1380 VIR-197 LEAIPMSIPpEVFFNKPFVF 17 1270 1440 VIR-199 LEAIPMSIPpEFLFNKPFVF 18 2140 1650 VIR-229 LEAIPISIPpEVAFNKPFVF 19 1280 2260 VIR-234 LEAIPMGIPpEVAFNKPFVF 20 740 6410 VIR-243 LEAIPMSIPPEFAFNKDFVF 21 2160 1980 VIR-252 LEDIPMSIPpEVAFNKPFVF 22 1750 1870 VIR-255 LEKIPMSIPpEVAFNKPFVF 23 650 1230 VIR-257 LEAIPMSIPpEV(cyclohexylalanine)FNKPFVF 24 860 660 VIR-258 LEAIPMSIPpE(1-naphthylalanine)AFNKPFVF 25 640 620 VIR-259 LEAIPMSIPpE(p-fluorophenylalanine)AFNKPFVF 26 860 1030 VIR-260 LEAIPMSIPpEV(4-pyridylalanine)FNKPFVF 27 2150 2380 VIR-261 LEAIPMSIPpE(3,3-diphenylalanine)AFNKPFVF 28 538 1029 VIR-262 LEAIPMSIPpEV(D-Tic)FNKPFVF 29 940 580 VIR-263 LEAIPMSIPpEV(L-Tic)FNKPFVF 30 770 330 VIR-264 LEAIPMSIPpEV(3-benzothienylalanine)FNKPFVF 31 590 700 VIR-265 LEAIPMSIPpEV(3-thienylaianine)FNKPFVF 32 1290 2210 VIR-266 LEAIPMSIPpEVWFNKPFVF 33 590 830 VIR-268 LEAIPMSIPpEVAFNK(L-Tic)FVF 34 1730 1480 VIR-269 LEAIPMSIPpEVAFNK(Oic)FVF 35 2610 900 VIR-272 LEAIPMCIPPECLFNKPFVF 36 999 VIR-273 LEAIPMCIPPECFFNKPFVF 37 332 1102 VIR-274 LEAIPMCIPPECLFGKPFVF 38 576 1421 VIR-280 LEAIPCSIPPCFLFGKPFVF 39 93 VIR-284 LEAIPISIPPEVFFGKPFVF 40 281 VIR-286 LEAIPISIPPELAFAKPFVF 41 559 VIR-290 LEAIPISIPpEVFFGKPFVF 42 562 VIR-298 LEAIPISIPpEVWFNKPFVF 43 969 VIR-320 LEAIPMGIPpEVFFGKPFVF 44 277 VIR-322 LEAIPMGIPpEVFFNKPFVF 45 836 VIR-323 LEAIPMGIPpEFLFNKPFVF 46 924 VIR-326 LEDIPMGIPpEVAFNKPFVF 47 963 VIR-328 LEAIPMGIPpEVWFNKPFVF 48 685 VIR-344 LEAIPCSIPPCVFFGKPFVF 49 348 448 VIR-345 LEAIPCSIPPCFLFGKPFVF 50 298 376 VIR-346 LEAIPCSIPPCLAFAKPFVF 51 541 VIR-348 LEAIPCSIPpCVGFGKPFVF 52 326 541 VIR-350 LEAIPCSIPpCVFFGKPFVF 53 198 VIR-351 LEAIPCSIPpCFAFNKPFVF 54 203 VIR-352 LEAIPCSIPpCVFFNKPFVF 55 340 624 VIR-353 LEAIPCSIPpCFLFNKPFVF 56 225 181 VIR-354 LEAIPCSIPpCVAFNKPFVF 57 619 VIR-355 LEAIPCGIPpCVAFNKPFVF 58 582 VIR-356 LEAIPCSIPPCFAFNKDFVF 59 700 VIR-357 LEDIPCSIPpCVAFNKPFVF 60 497 704 VIR-358 LEKIPCSIPpCVAFNKPFVF 61 706 944 VIR-376 LEAIPMSIPpEFLFGKPAFVF 62 568 VIR-377 LEAIPMSIPpEFLFGKPGFVF 63 487 VIR-380 LEAIPMSIPpEFLFGKPFFVF 64 540 VIR-384 LEAIPMSIPpEFLFGKPEFVF 65 622 VIR-396 LEAIPMSAPpEFLFGKPFVF 66 628 VIR-400 LEAIPMSFPpEFLFGKPFVF 67 590 VIR-416 LEAIPMGIPpEFLFGKPFVF 68 369 VIR-418 LEKIPMGIPpEFLFGKPFVF 69 500 VIR-445 LEAIPISIPpEV(D-Tic)FNKPFVF 70 224 VIR-447 LEAIPISIPpEVAFNK(L-Tic)FVF 71 620 VIR-448 LEAIPMGIPpEV(D-Tic)FNKPFVF 72 318 325 VIR-449 LEAIPMGIPpEV(L-Tic)FNKPFVF 73 274 240 VIR-452 LEDIPMSIPpEV(L-Tic)FNKPFVF 74 184 VIR-454 LEKIPMSIPpEV(D-Tic)FNKPFVF 75 464 1089 VIR-455 LEKIPMSIPpEV(L-Tic)FNKPFVF 76 134 353 VIR-479 LEDIPIGIPpEFLFNKPFVF 77 479 VIR-483 LEKIPIGIPpEV(D-Tic)FNKPFVF 78 765 866 VIR-484 LEKIPIGIPpEV(L-Tic)FNKPFVF 79 100 339 VIR-485 LEKIPIGIPpEVAFNK(L-Tic)FVF 80 760 VIR-487 LEDIPIGIPpEV(L-Tic)FNKPFVF 81 256 VIR-488 LEDIPIGIPpEVAFNK(L-Tic)FVF 82 415 VIR-512 N-Me-LEAIPMSIPPEFLFGKPFVF 83 138 615 VIR-568 LEAIPMSCPPEFCFGKPFVF 84 367 552 VIR-570 LEAIPCSIPPECLFGKPFVF 85 231 VIR-576* (LEAIPCSIPPEFLFGKPFVF)2 86 107 296 VIR-580 LEAIPMSIPPEFLFGKPFVF-miniPEG 87 150 497 VIR-590 LEAIPMKIPPEFLFGKPFVF 88 343 VIRIP LEAIPMSIPPEVKFNKPFVF 1 15000 22200 * VIR-576 is a homo-dimer; an intermolecular disulfide bridge occurs at the cysteine at amino acid position 6. - Acute toxicity was evaluated with VIR-121 (LEAIPMSIPpEVAFNKPFVF) after a single intravenous injection into the tail vein of SCID-C.B 17-mice. A dose of 927 mg VIR-121 (SEQ ID NO. 2) dissolved in 13.6 ml 0.9 volume % sodium chloride solution per kg body weight (equivalent to 20.4 mg or 272 µL per mouse) was applied. Injection speed was dose within 15 seconds. Three animals were treated with the test substance, and the animals were observed at time points of 5, 15, 30 min, and 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours after administration of the sample into the tail vein. As a control, 3 mice were each treated with a corresponding volume of vehicle (0.9 volume % NaCl). After 24 hours, the animals were sacrificed, dissected and inspected macroscopically. During and after application until the end of the observation period of 24 hours for all animals treated with VIR-121 (SEQ ID NO. 2) no signs of reduced or increased motility, dyspnea, ataxia, nor a reduced or increased muscle tone were observed. No changes of behaviour was observed, and behaviour was comparable to that of the control animals. No findings were obtained from macroscopic necropsy compared to the control group.
- To evaluate the half-life and exposure of peptides of the invention, the stability of peptides was examined in mammalian plasma after incubation in EDTA plasma obtained from human, dog, cynomolgus and rat at 37 °C. Plasma was spiked resulting in concentrations of 40 µg/ml and stored at 37 °C. At
time points Table 3: Half-lives of the peptides of the present invention in plasma of human, rat, dog and cynomolgus monkey. Peptide t 1/2 human [h] t 1/2 rat [h] t 1/2 dog [h] t 1/2 cynomolgus [h] VIRIP 53.7 1.7 35.9 5.1 VIR-166 7.6 0.4 11 12.1 VIR-175 5.3 0.2 17.3 3 VIR-261 7 0.2 15.1 6.5 VIR-273 4.2 0.1 12.4 3.6 VIR-274 2 0.1 9.5 2.8 VIR-344 7 0.1 6.6 10.5 VIR-345 5.6 0.1 10.7 5.1 VIR-348 3.3 0.2 9.3 3 VIR-352 3.6 0.2 23.7 6.4 VIR-353 4 0.2 15.2 5 VIR-357 23.3 0.6 71.5 13.2 VIR-358 5.9 0.4 16 4.7 VIR-448 3.1 0.2 18 4.5 VIR-449 4.8 0.2 42.2 4.2 VIR-454 4.4 0.2 15.6 4.4 VIR-455 5.8 0.3 8.6 6.8 VIR-483 2.6 0.2 6.2 2.2 VIR-484 5 0.2 12.4 3.6 VIR-512 315 > 6 48.1 33.6 VIR-568 3.9 0.1 4 2.2 VIR-576 5.8 2.6 12.6 3.8 VIR-580 38.9 1.4 42 10.2 - The synthetic fusion peptide of HIV gp41 causes concentration-dependent hemolysis which can be measured by hemoglobin released by erythrocytes. Peptides and any other substance binding to the fusion peptide impair its potency to lyse erythrocytes by changing its structural properties. The inhibition of fusion peptide induced hemolysis was tested as follows: Blood from healthy donors was collected in citrate monovettes and the erythrocytes were extracted by a standard centrifugation and washing protocol known to the skilled person. The final erythrocyte-containing pellett was diluted 1:100 with phosphate-saline buffer. To the peptides (10, 100, or 1000 equivalents) 20 µl of a 100 µM fusion peptide solution in 10% DMSO were added and the solution was diluted to 100 µl with phosphate-buffered saline. A 60 min incubation at 37 °C was carried out. After the preincubation the samples were transfered to 96-well plates and 100 µl of the erythrocyte suspension were added and incubated for 60 min at 37 °C. Total hemolysis was achieved with 1% Tween-20. The 96-well plate is centrifuged 5 min at 2800 rpm and of the supernatant fluid 150 µl were transferred to a flat-bottom microtiter plate, and the absorbance was measured at 450 nm. The percentage hemolysis was calculated by: [(A450 of the peptide treated sample - A450 of buffer treated sample)/(A450 of Tween-20 treated sample - A450 of buffer treated sample)] x 100%.
- The results show that the fusion peptide-induced hemolysis is inhibited upon addition of increasing concentrations of peptides of the invention. In particular, the fusion peptide-induced hemolysis is more effectively inhibited by peptides of the invention compared to VIRIP. These results demonstrate that peptides of the invention block cellular infection by HIV particles by interacting with the viral gp41 protein.
-
- AIDS:
- aquired immuno-defincy syndrome
- Boc:
- tert-butyloxycarbonyl
- CXCR4:
-
CXC chemokine receptor 4 - CCR5:
- CC chemokine recptor 5
- ESI-MS:
- electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry
- FP:
- fusion peptide
- HIV:
- human immunodeficiency virus
- HPLC:
- high performance liquid chromatography
- HR-1, HR-2:
-
heptad repeat - MALDI-TOF:
- matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight
- Mini-PEG:
- -NH-(CH2)2-O-(CH2)2-O-CH2-CO-NH-(CH2)2-O-(CH2)2-O- CH2-CO-NH2
- NMR:
- nuclear magnetic resonance
- Oic:
- octahydroindolyl-2-carboxylic acid
- PEG:
- pegyl, polyoxyethyleneglycol
- QSAR:
- quantitative structure-activity relationship
- tBu:
- tert-butyl
- TFA:
- trifluoroacetc acid
- Tic:
- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
- Trt:
- trityl
Claims (21)
- Peptides with biological activity against infection by HIV, having the amino acid sequence
Z1-LE-X1-IP-X2-X3-X4-P-X5-X6-X7-X8- X9-X10-K-X11-X12-X14-X15-Z2, wherein
X1 is a lysine, alanine, or aspartic acid;
X2 is a cysteine, methionine or isoleucine;
X3 is a serine, cysteine, lysine or glycine;
X4 is an isoleucine, alanine, phenylalanine or cysteine;
X5 is a proline, D-proline or a substituted L-or D-proline;
X6 is a cysteine or glutamic acid;
X7 is an amino acid with a hydrophobic or an aromatic side chain or cysteine;
X8 is an amino acid with a hydrophobic or an aromatic side chain or cysteine;
X9 is an amino acid with an aromatic side chain;
X10 is a glycine, alanine or asparagine;
X11 is a proline, aspartic acid, octahydroindolyl-2-carboxylic acid or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid;
X12 is a phenylalanine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid;
X13 is an amino acid with a hydrophobic or an aromatic side chain;
X14 is an amino acid with a hydrophobic or an aromatic side chain;
X15 is a phenylalanine or deletion;
Z1 is NH2 or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
Z2 is COOH or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
and peptides which are covalently linked oligomers and/or amidated, alkylated, acylated, sulfated, pegylated, phosphorylated and/or glycosylated derivatives;
and with the provisio that(a) if X12 is alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid then X13, X14 and X15 are phenylalanine, valine and phenylalanine respectively; and/or(b) if X12 is phenylalanine, then X13, X14 and X15 are valine, phenylalanine and a deletion, respectively; and(c) that there are at maximum two cysteine residues in a peptide. - Peptides according to claim 1 with a biological activity against infection by HIV having the amino acid sequence
Z1-LE-X1-IP-X2-X3-X4-P-X5- X6-X7-X8- X9-X10-K-X11-FVF-Z2,
wherein
X1 is a lysine, alanine or aspartic acid;
X2 is a cysteine, methionine or isoleucine;
X3 is a serine, cysteine or glycine;
X4 is a isoleucine or cysteine;
X5 is a proline, D-proline or any substituted L- or D-proline;
X6 is a cysteine or glutamic acid;
X7 is a phenylalanine, cysteine, valine, isoleucine or 3,3-diphenylalanine; X8 is a phenylalanine, leucine, alanine, glycine, cysteine, D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid or L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid;
X9 is an amino acid with an aromatic side chain;
X10 is a glycine or asparagine;
X11 is a proline or D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic;
Z1 is NH2 or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
Z2 is COOH or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
and peptides which are covalently linked oligomers and/or amidated, alkylated, acylated, sulfated, pegylated, phosphorylated and/or glycosylated derivatives,
with the provisio that(a) if two cysteine residues are present, said residues are separated by four other amino acid residues; and(b) L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (L-Tic), D-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (D-Tic) and/or 3,3-diphenylalanine are present, no cysteine residue is present. - Peptides according to claims 1 to 2 with a biological activity against infection by HIV, having the amino acid sequence
Z1-LE-X1-IP-X2-X3-IP-X5-X6-X7-X8-F-X10-KPFVF-Z2,
wherein
X1 is a lysine, alanine or aspartic acid;
X2 is a cysteine, methionine or isoleucine;
X3 is a serine or glycine;
X5 is a L-proline, D-proline or any substituted L- or D-proline X6 is a cysteine or glutamic acid;
X7 is a phenyalaline or valine;
X8 is a phenylalanine, leucine, alanine or L-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid;
X10 is a glycine or asparagine;
Z1 is NH2 or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
Z2 is COOH or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues, and
and peptides which are covalently linked oligomers and/or amidated, alkylated, acylated, sulfated, pegylated, phosphorylated and/or glycosylated derivatives. - Peptides according to claim 1 to 3, having the amino acid sequence
Z1-LEAIP-X2-SIP-X5-X6-V-X8-FNKPFVF-Z2,
wherein
X2 and X6 are cysteines, or X2 is methionine and X6 is glutamic acid X5 is a D-proline or L-proline;
X8 is an amino acid with a hydrophobic or an aromatic side chain or lysine; Z1 is NH2 or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
Z2 is COOH or a sequence of 1 to 10 amino acid residues;
and peptides which are covalently linked oligomers and/or amidated, alkylated, acylated, sulfated, pegylated, phosphorylated and/or glycosylated derivatives, with biological activity against infection by HIV, with the proviso that at least one of the following is true:X5 is D-proline orX8 is not lysine orX2 and X6 are cysteine. - Peptides according to anyone of the claim 1 to 4, wherein the cysteine residues at positions 6 and 11, 6 and 12, 7 and 12, or 8 and 13 are connected by an intramolecular disulfide bond.
- Peptides according to anyone of the claim 1 to 4, with a single cysteine residue, wherein said cysteine residue is connected by an intermolecular disulfide bond to another peptide with a single cysteine residue, forming a homo-dimer.
- Peptides according to anyone of the claims 1 to 6, wherein the leucine residue at amino acid position 1 and the glutamic acid at amino acid position 2 are covalently linked by an N-alkylated amide bond or by an ester bond or by a reduced peptide bond or by a retro-inverso peptide bond or by an N-alkylated retro-inverso peptide bond.
- Peptides according to any of the claims 1 to 7 with one of the amino acid sequences
VIR-121 LEAIPMSIPpEVAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 2 VIR-161 LEAIPCSIPpCVAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 3 VIR-162 LEAIPCSIPPCVGFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 4 VIR-163 LEAIPCSIPPCVLFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 5 VIR-164 LEAIPCSIPPCVFFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 6 VIR-165 LEAIPCSIPPCFAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 7 VIR-166 LEAIPCSIPPCVA(D-Tic)NKP(D-Tic)FVF SEQ ID NO. 8 VIR-170 LEAIPMSIPPEVFFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 9 VIR-175 LEAIPMSIPPEFLFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 10 VIR-182 LEAIPMSIPPELAFAKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 11 VIR-184 LEAIPMSIPPEIAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 12 VIR-190 LEAIPMSIPpEVGFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 13 VIR-191 LEAIPMSIPpEVLFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 14 VIR-192 LEAIPMSIPpEVFFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 15 VIR-193 LEAIPMSIPpEFAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 16 VIR-197 LEAIPMSIPpEVFFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 17 VIR-199 LEAIPMSIPpEFLFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 18 VIR-229 LEAIPISIPpEVAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 19 VIR-234 LEAIPMGIPpEVAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 20 VIR-243 LEAIPMSIPPEFAFNKDFVF SEQ ID NO. 21 VIR-252 LEDIPMSIPpEVAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 22 VIR-255 LEKIPMSIPpEVAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 23 VIR-257 LEAIPMSIPpEV(cyclohexylalanine)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 24 VIR-258 LEAIPMSIPpE(1-naphthylalanine)AFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 25 VIR-259 LEAIPMSIPpE(p-fluorophenylanine)AFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 26 VIR-260 LEAIPMSIPpEV(4-pyridylalanine)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 27 VIR-261 LEAIPMSIPpE(3,3-diphenylalanine)AFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 28 VIR-262 LEAIPMSIPpEV(D-Tic)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 29 VIR-263 LEAIPMSIPpEV(L-Tic)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 30 VIR-264 LEAIPMSIPpEV(3-benzothienylalanine)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 31 VIR-265 LEAIPMSIPpEV(3-thienylalanine)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 32 VIR-266 LEAIPMSIPpEVWFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 33 VIR-268 LEAIPMSIPpEVAFNK(L-Tic)FVF SEQ ID NO. 34 VIR-269 LEAIPMSIPpEVAFNK(Oic)FVF SEQ ID NO. 35 VIR-272 LEAIPMCIPPECLFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 36 VIR-273 LEAIPMCIPPECFFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 37 VIR-274 LEAIPMCIPPECLFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 38 VIR-280 LEAIPCSIPPCFLFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 39 VIR-284 LEAIPISIPPEVFFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 40 VIR-286 LEAIPISIPPELAFAKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 41 VIR-290 LEAIPISIPpEVFFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 42 VIR-298 LEAIPISIPpEVWFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 43 VIR-320 LEAIPMGIPpEVFFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 44 VIR-322 LEAIPMGIPpEVFFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 45 VIR-323 LEAIPMGIPpEFLFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 46 VIR-326 LEDIPMGIPpEVAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 47 VIR-328 LEAIPMGIPpEVWFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 48 VIR-344 LEAIPCSIPPCVFFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 49 VIR-345 LEAIPCSIPPCFLFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 50 VIR-346 LEAIPCSIPPCLAFAKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 51 VIR-348 LEAIPCSIPpCVGFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 52 VIR-350 LEAIPCSIPpCVFFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 53 VIR-351 LEAIPCSIPpCFAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 54 VIR-352 LEAIPCSIPpCVFFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 55 VIR-353 LEAIPCSIPpCFLFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 56 VIR-354 LEAIPCSIPpCVAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 57 VIR-355 LEAIPCGIPpCVAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 58 VIR-356 LEAIPCSIPPCFAFNKDFVF SEQ ID NO. 59 VIR-357 LEDIPCSIPpCVAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 60 VIR-358 LEKIPCSIPpCVAFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 61 VIR-376 LEAIPMSIPpEFLFGKPAFVF SEQ ID NO. 62 VIR-377 LEAIPMSIPpEFLFGKPGFVF SEQ ID NO. 63 VIR-380 LEAIPMSIPpEFLFGKPFFVF SEQ ID NO. 64 VIR-384 LEAIPMSIPpEFLFGKPEFVF SEQ ID NO. 65 VIR-396 LEAIPMSAPpEFLFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 66 VIR-400 LEAIPMSFPpEFLFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 67 VIR-416 LEAIPMGIPpEFLFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 68 VIR-418 LEKIPMGIPpEFLFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 69 VIR-445 LEAIPISIPpEV(D-Tic)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 70 VIR-447 LEAIPISIPpEVAFNK(L-Tic)FVF SEQ ID NO. 71 VIR-448 LEAIPMGIPpEV(D-Tic)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 72 VIR-449 LEAIPMGIPpEV(L-Tic)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 73 VIR-452 LEDIPMSIPpEV(L-Tic)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 74 VIR-454 LEKIPMSIPpEV(D-Tic)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 75 VIR-455 LEKIPMSIPpEV(L-Tic)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 76 VIR-479 LEDIPIGIPpEFLFNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 77 VIR-483 LEKIPIGIPpEV(D-Tic)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 78 VIR-484 LEKIPIGIPpEV(L-Tic)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 79 VIR-485 LEKIPIGIPpEVAFNK(L-Tic)FVF SEQ ID NO. 80 VIR-487 LEDIPIGIPpEV(L-Tic)FNKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 81 VIR-488 LEDIPIGIPpEVAFNK(L-Tic)FVF SEQ ID NO. 82 VIR-512 N-Me-LEAIPMSIPPEFLFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 83 VIR-568 LEAIPMSCPPEFCFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 84 VIR-570 LEAIPCSIPPECLFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 85 VIR-576 (LEAIPCSIPPEFLFGKPFVF)2 SEQ ID NO. 86 VIR-580 LEAIPMSIPPEFLFGKPFVF-miniPEG SEQ ID NO. 87 VIR-590 LEAIPMKIPPEFLFGKPFVF SEQ ID NO. 88 - The peptides according to anyone of claims 1 to 8, which interact with the fusion peptide of HIV.
- The peptides according to anyone of claims 1 to 9, which have an IC50 of equal or below 6500 nM measured according to example 3, inhibition to the X4-tropic HIV-1 NL 4-3, preferably those having an IC50 of equal or below 2000 nM and most preferably those having an IC50 of equal or below 800 nM such as VIR-344 (SEQ ID NO. 49) with an IC50 of 348 nM, VIR-345 (SEQ ID NO. 50) with an IC50 of 298 nM, VIR-353 (SEQ ID NO. 56) with an IC50 of 225 nM, VIR-357 (SEQ ID NO. 60) with an IC50 of 497 nM, VIR-358 (SEQ ID NO. 61) with an IC50 of 706 nM, VIR-449 (SEQ ID NO. 73) with an IC50 of 274 nM, VIR-455 (SEQ ID NO. 76) with an IC50 of 134 nM, VIR-484 (SEQ ID NO. 79) with an IC50 of 100 nM, VIR-512 (SEQ ID NO. 83) with an IC50 of 138 nM, VIR-576 (SEQ ID NO. 86) with an IC50 of 107 nM and VIR-580 (SEQ ID NO. 87) with an IC50 of 150 nM.
- Nucleic acids coding for peptides according to any of claims 1 to 10.
- Antibodies binding specifically to peptides according to claims 1 to 10.
- A medicament containing the peptides according to claims 1 to 10, nucleic acids of claim 11 or antibodies of claim 12.
- The medicament of claim 13 in galenic formulations for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, intracutaneous, subcutaneous, intrathecal administration, and as an aerosol for transpulmonary administration.
- The medicament of claim 13 or 14 comprising at least one further therapeutic agent.
- The medicament of claim 15, wherein the said at least one further therapeutic agent is a viral protease inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, a fusion inhibitor, a cytokine, a cytokine inhibitor, a glycosylation inhibitor or a viral mRNA inhibitor.
- Use of the peptides according to claims 1 to 10 for the manufacturing of a medicament for the treatment of HIV infections.
- An assay for determining molecules capable of interaction with the fusion peptide of HIV, comprising a peptide according to anyone of claims 1 to 10 wherein the assay is not performed on man.
- Use of the peptides according to anyone of claims 1 to 10 in an assay according to claim 18.
- A diagnostic agent containing peptides according to any of claims 1 to 10, nucleic acids according to claim 11 or antibodies according to claim 12.
- Use of the diagnostic agent according to claim 18 for assay systems for testing isolated plasma, tissue, urine and cerebrospinal fluid levels for HIV infection.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP03813584A EP1572743B1 (en) | 2002-12-19 | 2003-12-19 | Peptides and their use for the treatment of hiv infections |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP02028465 | 2002-12-19 | ||
EP02028465 | 2002-12-19 | ||
EP03813584A EP1572743B1 (en) | 2002-12-19 | 2003-12-19 | Peptides and their use for the treatment of hiv infections |
PCT/EP2003/014654 WO2004056871A2 (en) | 2002-12-19 | 2003-12-19 | Peptides and their use for the treatment of hiv infections |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1572743A2 EP1572743A2 (en) | 2005-09-14 |
EP1572743B1 true EP1572743B1 (en) | 2011-08-10 |
Family
ID=32668727
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03813584A Expired - Lifetime EP1572743B1 (en) | 2002-12-19 | 2003-12-19 | Peptides and their use for the treatment of hiv infections |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7655629B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1572743B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4505336B2 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE519782T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2003303218A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2509423A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2369771T3 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004056871A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100144630A1 (en) * | 1999-03-05 | 2010-06-10 | Leland Shapiro | Compositions, methods and uses for inhibition and/or treatment of influenza infection |
US20100210528A1 (en) * | 1999-03-05 | 2010-08-19 | Leland Shapiro | Compositions, methods and uses for inhibition and/or treatment of influenza infection |
CA2569807A1 (en) * | 2004-06-18 | 2005-12-29 | Ipf Pharmaceuticals Gmbh | Oligomeric peptides and their use for the treatment of hiv infections |
JP2009514533A (en) * | 2005-11-02 | 2009-04-09 | アンブルックス,インコーポレイテッド | Biosynthetic polypeptide fusion inhibitors |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA2108689A1 (en) | 1991-04-18 | 1992-10-19 | Edward J. Miller | Compositions and methods for inhibiting elastase |
US5972901A (en) * | 1994-03-23 | 1999-10-26 | Case Western Reserve University | Serpin enzyme complex receptor--mediated gene transfer |
US6296164B1 (en) | 1999-07-13 | 2001-10-02 | Dale Medical Products, Inc. | Medical device holder |
JP2003505518A (en) * | 1999-07-29 | 2003-02-12 | ケース ウェスタン リザーブ ユニバーシティ | Enhanced delivery via serpin enzyme complex receptor |
EP1228203B1 (en) | 1999-11-08 | 2008-06-18 | IPF Pharmaceuticals GmbH | Peptide (virip) which inhibits a circulating virus in humans and the use thereof |
-
2003
- 2003-12-19 CA CA002509423A patent/CA2509423A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-19 AT AT03813584T patent/ATE519782T1/en active
- 2003-12-19 JP JP2004561391A patent/JP4505336B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-19 WO PCT/EP2003/014654 patent/WO2004056871A2/en active Application Filing
- 2003-12-19 US US10/539,627 patent/US7655629B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-19 ES ES03813584T patent/ES2369771T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-19 AU AU2003303218A patent/AU2003303218A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-19 EP EP03813584A patent/EP1572743B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
"Houben-Weyl Methods in Organic Chemistry Synthesis of Peptides and Peptidomimetics", vol. E22C, 2002, THIEME, US, ISBN: 978-3-13-125514-3, pages: 274ff * |
L. STRYER: "Biochemistry", 1995, WH FREEMAN AND COMPANY, New Yorkl, ISBN: 0716720094, pages: 71 - 74 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2369771T3 (en) | 2011-12-05 |
JP4505336B2 (en) | 2010-07-21 |
US7655629B2 (en) | 2010-02-02 |
AU2003303218A8 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
CA2509423A1 (en) | 2004-07-08 |
AU2003303218A1 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
ATE519782T1 (en) | 2011-08-15 |
WO2004056871A2 (en) | 2004-07-08 |
JP2006522584A (en) | 2006-10-05 |
US20070072805A1 (en) | 2007-03-29 |
EP1572743A2 (en) | 2005-09-14 |
WO2004056871A3 (en) | 2004-10-21 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
AU2005254736B2 (en) | Oligomeric peptides and their use for the treatment of HIV infections | |
KR100679576B1 (en) | Peptides and Compounds That Bind to a Receptor | |
JP5384342B2 (en) | Peptides with pharmacological activity for the treatment of disorders associated with altered cell migration such as cancer | |
AU2014232954A1 (en) | Hepcidin analogues and uses therof | |
EP3559020B1 (en) | New stapled-peptides and uses thereof | |
CN111183146A (en) | Conjugates that bind CXCR4 with high affinity selectivity and methods of use thereof | |
JP2011523634A (en) | Peptides, peptidomimetics and their derivatives, their production and their use for preparing pharmaceutical compositions with therapeutic and / or prophylactic activity | |
EP1572743B1 (en) | Peptides and their use for the treatment of hiv infections | |
JP2003500334A (en) | RANTES-derived peptide having anti-HIV activity | |
JP2011519957A (en) | Peptides and their derivatives, their production and their use for preparing pharmaceutical compositions with therapeutic and / or prophylactic activity | |
EP1370587A2 (en) | Antiangiogenic peptides derived from endostatin | |
AU2019375096B2 (en) | Polypeptides for the treatment of stress, immunoreaction and stroke syndromes |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20050617 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR |
|
AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: AL LT LV MK |
|
RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: ADERMANN, KNUT Inventor name: KIRCHHOFF, FRANK Inventor name: MUENCH, JAN Inventor name: SCHULZ, AXEL |
|
DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: KIRCHHOFF, FRANK Inventor name: MUENCH, JAN Inventor name: ADERMANN, KNUT Inventor name: FORSSMANN, WOLF-GEORG Inventor name: SCHULZ, AXEL |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20080319 |
|
GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
GRAS | Grant fee paid |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3 |
|
GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: FG4D |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: FG4D |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R096 Ref document number: 60338013 Country of ref document: DE Effective date: 20111013 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: NV Representative=s name: SCHMAUDER & PARTNER AG PATENT- UND MARKENANWAELTE |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: NL Ref legal event code: T3 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FG2A Ref document number: 2369771 Country of ref document: ES Kind code of ref document: T3 Effective date: 20111205 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: PT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20111212 Ref country code: FI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20110810 Ref country code: SE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20110810 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20110810 Ref country code: GR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20111111 Ref country code: CY Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20110810 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: SK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20110810 Ref country code: CZ Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20110810 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: EE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20110810 Ref country code: RO Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20110810 |
|
PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20110810 |
|
26N | No opposition filed |
Effective date: 20120511 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: MC Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20111231 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R097 Ref document number: 60338013 Country of ref document: DE Effective date: 20120511 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: CH Payment date: 20121218 Year of fee payment: 10 Ref country code: IE Payment date: 20121213 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Payment date: 20121217 Year of fee payment: 10 Ref country code: TR Payment date: 20121213 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Payment date: 20121217 Year of fee payment: 10 Ref country code: AT Payment date: 20121214 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BE Payment date: 20121217 Year of fee payment: 10 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20111219 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: BG Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20111110 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: HU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20110810 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IT Payment date: 20131212 Year of fee payment: 11 |
|
BERE | Be: lapsed |
Owner name: IPF PHARMACEUTICALS G.M.B.H. Effective date: 20131231 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: NL Ref legal event code: V1 Effective date: 20140701 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: AT Ref legal event code: MM01 Ref document number: 519782 Country of ref document: AT Kind code of ref document: T Effective date: 20131219 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: MM4A |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20131231 Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20131231 Ref country code: NL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20140701 Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20131231 Ref country code: IE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20131219 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: AT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20131219 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: ES Ref legal event code: FD2A Effective date: 20150709 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: ES Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20131220 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: TR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20131219 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: PLFP Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: IT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20141219 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Payment date: 20151221 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20151218 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20151221 Year of fee payment: 13 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R119 Ref document number: 60338013 Country of ref document: DE |
|
GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20161219 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: ST Effective date: 20170831 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20170102 |
|
PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20170701 Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20161219 |