EP1554677A2 - Planning for increasing shareholder value - Google Patents
Planning for increasing shareholder valueInfo
- Publication number
- EP1554677A2 EP1554677A2 EP03809412A EP03809412A EP1554677A2 EP 1554677 A2 EP1554677 A2 EP 1554677A2 EP 03809412 A EP03809412 A EP 03809412A EP 03809412 A EP03809412 A EP 03809412A EP 1554677 A2 EP1554677 A2 EP 1554677A2
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- European Patent Office
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- value
- computer
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- business
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
- G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
- G06Q10/10—Office automation; Time management
Definitions
- This invention relates to methods and tools for planning and budgeting within a business organization. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and tools for efficiently setting strategic targets and budgets within a business organization so as to increase cash flow and shareholder value.
- budgets are time consuming and costly to put together; budgets constrain responsiveness and flexibility and are often a barrier to change; budgets are rarely strategically focused and often contradictory; budgets add little value, especially given the time required to prepare them; budgets concentrate on cost reduction and not on value creation; budgets strengthen vertical command and control; budgets do not reflect the emerging network structures that organizations are adopting; budgets encourage "gaming" and perverse behaviors; budgets are developed and updated too infrequently, usually annually; budgets are based on unsupported assumptions and guess-work; budgets reinforce departmental barriers rather than encourage knowledge sharing; and budgets make people feel under-valued.
- Traditional planning and budgeting is viewed as the periodic process by which organizations tend to define their forward operational expenditures and forecasted incomes. In its traditional sense, it is a top-down process, whereby budget packets go out from the corporate office to various divisions and operating units, accompanied by forms to be filled in and sales and operational forecasts to be completed. Once the necessary data has been entered, these budget packs are returned "bottom-up" to the corporate office. Subsequently, multiple iterations, which include the same path, are performed until final agreement is achieved. The resulting budget is usually produced weeks or months after the initial distribution of the budget forms, and this sets the "limits" to operate within and targets to be achieved, for the next budget period which is usually one year. Typically, monthly variance reports are produced and discussed.
- ABB Activity Based Budgeting
- ABSC Activity Based Costing
- ABSM Activity Based Management
- ABM involves structuring the organization's activities and business processes, so that they better meet customer and external needs.
- ABB builds on this and seeks to ensure that any resource and capital allocation decisions that are made are consistent with the ABM analysis.
- Effectively ABB involves planning and controlling along the lines of value-adding activities and processes.
- Advocates of this approach have claimed that it can result in cost savings of between 10% and 20% through the implementation of better methods of working and the elimination of bureaucracy.
- Zero-Based Budgeting rather than basing budgets on previous years or periods, expenditures must be re-justified during each budgeting cycle.
- Rolling Budgets and Forecasts relate to the need to make budgeting and forecasting more frequent to keep pace with changing circumstances.
- Methodologies in this area include rolling budgets, perpetual planning and rolling forecasts. These approaches are seen as more responsive to changing circumstances because they solve the problems associated with infrequent budgeting and hence result in more accurate forecasts. They are also designed to overcome the problems associated with budgeting to a fixed point in time - i.e., the year end and the often dubious practices that such cut- offs encourage.
- a disadvantage of the rolling budget approach is that it can result in greater cost to the organization because budgets have to be put together more frequently.
- Rolling forecasts overcome this problem because they are often developed based on business models which in turn incorporate specific assumptions about the drivers of income and expenditure.
- Value-Based Budgeting while not an explicit replacement for budgeting and planning, provides a formal and systematic approach for managing the creation of shareholder value over time. It has three elements: beliefs, principles, and processes. The main approach is that all expenditure plans should be evaluated as project appraisals and assessed in terms of the shareholder value that they will create. Proponents of the approach note its ability to link strategy and shareholder value to planning and budgeting. However, there are few demonstrated detailed techniques for implementation, so much of the discussion on the topic appears to be of a conceptual nature. In fact, some commentators have gone as far as suggesting that too many organizations have become focussed on value measurement, rather than value management, which in turn limits the focus on value creation.
- the Profit Planning wheel model for planning future financial cash flows of profit centers by assessing whether an organization or unit generates sufficient cash, creates economic value and attracts sufficient financial resources for investment. In theory this approach ensures consideration of an organization's short and long-term decisions when preparing its financial plans. However, there are few examples of its practical applications.
- the inventors have recognized that the budget process can be improved by more closely aligning the organizational targets as represented by the budget and planning outputs with key strategies that will add real value to a company, and have implemented a number of strategies and developed a number of tools in order to allow an organization to better plan for value, budget for value, and incorporate planning for value within the culture of the organization.
- the market prices of stocks are based on expectations of future cash flows, not strictly traditional accounting measures of corporate performance. Shareholder value is significantly affected by a company's strategy, capability, decisions, action, and results, and shareholders' perceptions of those factors.
- the most desirable goals to target in all phases of planning including the budgeting process are the goals that will return the highest shareholder value and will be the most achievable, i.e., the most manageable.
- the least desirable goals are those that return the lowest shareholder value and will be the most difficult to achieve.
- the present method helps to take the guesswork out of much of the budgeting process in which managers at the bottom levels on up previously had to base much of their budget on guesses as to which goals the board of directors would support and to what extent, and which goals they would not support.
- the managers at all levels of an organization can now know from the beginning what goals and strategies the board will support, they can plan and budget to achieve those goals knowing that there will be in most cases very little change to their detailed tactics for implementing those pre- selected and pre-approved goals and strategies.
- This method of planning is preferably performed repeatedly with each consecutive budget cycle, and is incorporated into the culture of the organization.
- the process can be described as the steps of strategic planning and evaluation, followed by target setting, followed by bottom-up budgeting and cyclical forecasting, followed by performance management.
- the inventors have developed an integrated approach to instill within an organization a value ethic in order to change the mindset and framework used for making organizational decisions. That approach includes the steps of (1) identifying and prioritizing the key drivers of value for a company, (2) creating operating strategies to maximize the impact on the key value drivers, (3) building and/or enhancing the critical capabilities necessary to execute the strategy, (4) aligning management processes, performance measures and compensation around execution of strategy, and (5) communicating both internally and externally on strategy and execution.
- One aspect of an embodiment of the invention lies in the process by which the budget is set within an organization.
- the board of directors or other managing entity determines a candidate set of goals for the organization.
- Candidate goals might include, for example, decreasing the average outstanding sales account lag by ten days; purchasing new information technology; upgrading a manufacturing line; increasing brand name recognition to a specified level; improving customer perception of the company as an environmentally friendly company, i.e., a green company; implementing a web-based option for consumer purchasing; or any one of many other possible candidate goals.
- Those candidate goals are then given to an evaluator to evaluate.
- the evaluator can evaluate at least some of the various options using a set of unique Value
- VT Targeting
- the VT tools includes a database containing data from thousands of companies. That data includes a variety of metrics including price, earnings, capitalization, debt to equity ratio, and many other metrics.
- the evaluator can select various similar companies and compare them to other companies, and view the differences between the selected companies in the selected metrics and shareholder value. The evaluator can then make an evaluation of the increased value to the company that would be obtained by achieving each of the various candidate goals proposed by the board.
- an embodiment of the present invention includes a unique set of steps for value targeting.
- Those steps consist of (1) identifying opportunities to increase value, (2) defining key value drivers and opportunities, (3) testing the sensitivity of value drivers, and (4) defining and evaluating the target value strategy.
- the step of identifying opportunities includes the use of a web-based financial analysis program comparing various companies on the basis of various criteria.
- the step of defining key value drivers and opportunities includes the step of employing stock valuation templates and examples.
- the step of testing the sensitivity of value drivers includes the step of using value driver sensitivity analysis templates and examples.
- the step of defining and evaluating target value strategy includes the step of using a value strategy impact model.
- an embodiment of the invention includes the recognition that setting absolute budgetary numbers may be unrealistic in a fast changing environment, and therefore budgets can advantageously include relative targets rather than absolute
- FIG. 1 is a conceptual flow diagram of the traditional prior art budgeting process.
- FIG. 2 is a conceptual flow diagram of the planning for value budgeting process according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 presents an overview of four computer tools that have been developed to allow a user to select value-adding strategies according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is an exemplary screen shot of the target/comparison companies select screen within a web-enabled financial analysis tool according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is an exemplary screen shot of the metric select screen within the financial analysis tool.
- FIG. 6 is an exemplary screen shot of a tabular printout of a comparison of one target company to one comparison company.
- FIG. 7 is an exemplary screen shot of a graph of a first metric of a target company to a comparison company using the financial analysis tool.
- FIG. 8 is an exemplary screen shot of a graph of a second metric of the target company to the comparison company using the financial analysis tool, comparing total
- FIG. 9 is an exemplary screen shot showing a graphical bar chart comparison of several different companies over several different years, on the basis of a third metric
- FIG. 10 is an exemplary screen shot showing a first step of the Value Strategy
- FIG. 1 1 is an exemplary screen shot showing a second step of the Value Strategy Impact Model according to an embodiment of the invention, in which the software prompts a user to input certain statistics and assumptions regarding a chosen strategy.
- FIG. 12 is an exemplary screen shot showing a third step of the Value Strategy
- Impact Model in which the software prompts a user to input a second set of statistics and assumptions regarding a chosen strategy.
- FIG. 13 is an exemplary screen shot of the Value Strategy Impact Model according to an embodiment of the invention, showing various inputs and outputs of the model.
- FIG. 14 is an exemplary screen shot of the Value Strategy Impact Model according to an embodiment of the invention, showing figures for operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities.
- FIG. 15 is an exemplary screen shot of the Value Strategy Impact Model according to an embodiment of the invention, showing certain prompting and inputs relating to a chosen accounts payable strategy.
- FIG. 16 is an exemplary screen shot of the Value Strategy Impact Model according to an embodiment of the invention, showing an income statement for an accounts payable strategy.
- FIG. 17 is an exemplary screen shot of the Value Strategy Impact Model according to an embodiment of the invention, showing a balance sheet for an accounts payable strategy.
- FIG. 18 is an exemplary screen shot of the Value Strategy Impact Model according to an embodiment of the invention, showing cash flows for an accounts payable strategy.
- FIG. 19 is an exemplary screen shot of the Value Strategy Impact Model according to an embodiment of the invention, showing prompts and inputs for an Inventory Analysis strategy.
- FIG. 20 is an exemplary screen shot of the Value Strategy Impact Model according to an embodiment of the invention, showing an income statement for an inventory analysis strategy.
- FIG. 21 is an exemplary screen shot of the Value Strategy Impact Model according to an embodiment of the invention, showing a balance sheet for an inventory analysis strategy.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram illustrating the role that the Value Impact Model plays in the value driver analysis process according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram illustrating a holistic approach to business planning and reporting, and alignment according to an aspect of one embodiment of the invention.
- managers at the bottom levels of an organization would propose budgets for their departments or sub-departments, flow those budgets up to the next level where the budget would get consolidated with budgets from other levels, and on up the chain multiple levels until a master budget finally reached the board of directors, chief financial officer, or other budget-making authority.
- the budgets would be based, at least in part, on the lower level managers' educated guesses of what strategies, tactics, and other programs, expenditures, and/or purchases the board or other high level budget making authority within an organization would support.
- FIG. 2 is a conceptual flow diagram of the planning for value budgeting process according to one aspect of one embodiment of the present invention.
- the invention improves the traditional process by allowing high level management such as the head of the finance department or the board of directors to select one or more target strategies that will add significant value to a company, and flow those target strategies down to various budget-setting managers and departments within the organization, such that the budget-setting managers can prepare their draft budgets with confidence that the board will support the major targets and initiatives which the budget represents.
- high level management such as the head of the finance department or the board of directors
- target strategies that will add significant value to a company
- various budget-setting managers and departments within the organization such that the budget-setting managers can prepare their draft budgets with confidence that the board will support the major targets and initiatives which the budget represents.
- much of the guesswork and consequent iterative reworking of the budget is taken out of the budget and planning process.
- strategic planning is performed to identify value-adding and manageable organizational targets from among a set of possible targets. How the targets are selected is another aspect of the invention which will be described in detail further below.
- the strategically planned targets are selected, those targets are communicated downward within the organizational hierarchy to various hierarchical management levels below.
- the budget-setting managers at the lower levels of management can prepare their budgets knowing that the strategies and tactics which will be reflected in the budgets that they draft will be strategies and tactics which the board will support, because it is the board or other high level management or authority which selected them and mandated them.
- high level management within the organization can include but is not limited to the board of directors, the head of finance, the chief executive officer, the chief operating officer, and the like; it also includes any person or department who reports to foregoing, whether that person or department be an in-house employee or department or an outside consultant working under contract to the organization.
- the budget spreadsheets which are normally distributed in software form, are distributed throughout the organization.
- the budget spreadsheets contain numerous blocks such as zeroes or other placeholder numbers or items for budget setting managers to populate with their proposed budgetary numbers, in accordance with the preselected targets. Because the budgets should be responsive to the strategically chosen targets, the budget forms are not completed or preferably not even substantially completed until the strategically chosen targets have been flowed down to the budget setting managers.
- the budget forms are not even provided to the budget setting managers until the strategically chosen targets have been appropriately communicated to the budget setting managers.
- the budgets may even explicitly reflect the selected targets, such as by including rows and columns including descriptions of the targets or tasks and subtasks for achieving the targets, and placeholders for the budget setting managers to fill in according to the expected materials costs, vendor costs, labor costs, and timelines for implementing the selected targets. From their very inception, therefore, the budget forms reflect and embody the chosen targets and cause budget setting mangers to focus on the value creating target strategies.
- the resulting budgets are substantially driven by, and substantially reflect, the selected strategically planned targets. This helps to drive a value-centric approach to planning deep within the culture of the organization.
- the budgets are then flowed upward within the organizational hierarchy, consolidated, and given to the board for review.
- the target setting level need not necessarily be the board, and the budget reviewing level need not necessarily be the board either, but the board will be referred to as a convenient shorthand to include any appropriate high level managerial function within the organization.
- the board can then review the draft budgets to ensure that they properly reflect the targets chosen by the board, that they are financially sound, and are otherwise in accordance with sound business practices according to criteria which are well known within the art of planning, budgeting, and management. The board makes any changes that it believes appropriate to the draft budgets.
- a valuable feature of this embodiment of the present invention is that, because the board has preselected the targets, there should be only relatively minor discrepancies between the draft budgets which are then flowed upward and the budgets as amended by the board after the board's review of, and amendments to, those draft budgets.
- the amended budgets can then be flowed downward again if necessary for redrafting and final adjustments and realignment by the lower level budget setting managers. After the budget is finalized, the performance of the organization can then be measured against the selected targets.
- the organization can obtain feedback by measuring whether it has effectively accomplished the desired reduction in the days of extra inventory, the average numbers of days of accounts receivable, the brand name recognition of selected brands, etc., and incorporate any necessary changes in order to more fully align the strategies and tactics of the organization with the selected value adding goals.
- the process may be repeated each cyclical budget cycle, which is typically annually but may be of any other periodicity.
- the process can also be used with non-cyclic budgeting such as with rolling budgets. By repeating the process, the organization's culture is fundamentally changed to focus all levels of the organization on creating long term value for shareholders. Non-monetary goals can also be incorporated into the budget and included within budget reports.
- the periodic budget and financial reports which are prepared periodically throughout the budget cycle so that management can see whether the organization is "on budget" for the year, can also include the results of supermarket surveys taken to gauge brand name recognition for that brand. In this way, management can view within one document and even one page side-by-side comparisons of the dollars that were expected to be spent, what is the variance between dollars expected to be spent and dollars actually spent, what brand name recognition was expected to be achieved, and what is the variance between brand name recognition expected to be achieved and brand name recognition actually achieved.
- the improved budgeting and planning method described herein can reduce the number and scope of changes and iterations necessary within the budget process, thus reducing the calendar time and labor as measured by person-hours needed for an organization to arrive at a budget for the following year or budget period, and thus resulting in cost savings. Additionally, by reducing the time to plan and implement strategies and tactics, the organization is more nimble and is able to respond more quickly and effectively to changing conditions within the marketplace.
- FIG. 3 presents an overview of four The first unique software tool developed will be called the Value Management
- VMFAT Financial Analysis Tool
- the purpose of the VMFAT is to enable fast financial comparative analyses between a target company and a number of its peer companies.
- the user first decides which companies to compare.
- the user can select from classes of companies based upon their industry and country, and then select the target company that he wishes to examine and the single comparison company or multiple comparison companies to which he wishes to compare the target company.
- FIG. 4 is an example of a screen shot of the web-based VMFAT tool, showing that the user has selected USAir as the target company and Delta Air Lines as the single comparison company.
- the user is then presented with a menu of key metrics from which to select.
- FIG. 5 is an exemplary screen shot showing the menu of metrics from which the user selects.
- FIG. 6 is an exemplary screen shot of a tabular printout of a comparison of one target company to one comparison company, over a number of different years.
- FIG. 7 is an exemplary screen shot of a graph of a first metric of a target company to a comparison company using the VMFAT tool.
- the screen displays two selected companies on the basis of Net Operating Profit Less Adjusted Taxes (NOPLAT).
- FIG. 8 is a exemplary screen shot of a graph of a second metric of the target company to the comparison company using the VMFAT tool.
- the screen displays the two selected companies on the basis of economic value added for each of the two selected companies.
- the displays of the different metrics can be presented either by presenting first one metric, then the user clearing the display and requesting the second metric to be displays, or they can be displayed simultaneously, i.e., a single screen showing graphs of multiple variables, with appropriate respective scaling and labeling of the axes.
- FIG. 9 is an exemplary screen shot showing a graphical bar chart comparison of several different companies over several different years, on the basis of a third metric, as well as the select sequence by which a user arrives at that chart.
- the user can develop an educated feel for which factors played a role, and to what extent, in development of particular companies' gain or loss of value.
- the user can therefore use the VMFAT to help select which candidate goals are likely to return the most value.
- the tool also allows a user to develop an educated feel for what goals are achievable, i.e., manageable, and which goals are not. For example, if the target company is considering an initiative to reduce its on-hand inventory from 30 days to 20 days, and by using the tool is able to observe that several of its competitor companies who are outperforming it in the marketplace have already reduced their on-hand inventory to approximately 15 days, then the user of the tool can be reasonably confident that a reduction of on hand inventory to 20 days is achievable. On the other hand, if no competitor has accomplished a reduction significantly below 30 days, then that provides some indication that reducing on hand inventory to 20 days is, for some
- VMFAT Voice over-Field Detection
- Another way of using the VMFAT tool is to analyze the relative performance of different companies that are similarly situation, to help identify which companies have performed the best as a first step in identifying what factors played a role in that performance. For example, if the target company is in the airline industry, the user could use the VMFAT to review the performance of various airlines and quickly see that one American and one European airline have significantly outperformed their peers in net revenue growth. That information would lead the user to begin searching externally for factors that may have contributed to the relative increase in net revenue. By researching what various strategies those two companies are implementing, the user might observe that both of those airlines had significantly improved their on-time records and had begun advertising those improved and now-superior on-time records.
- the tool produces a number of financial and economic metrics over a five-year analysis time horizon. It contains standardized historical financial information (Income Statement, Balance Sheet, and Cash Flow Statement), EVAO (Economic Value Added) data and miscellaneous information regarding a company. Comparative graphs across the metrics can be viewed and copied to other documents or presentations via screen print and cropping functions. Additionally, the raw data and back-up financial statements can be downloaded into EXCEL® or other spreadsheet or similar program for further off-line analysis.
- the VMFAT includes a database of over
- the VMFAT may be accessible over a secure Internet connection, an in-house network, or other networks or stand-alone computers. In one embodiment the VMFAT is accessible over the Internet and the worldwide web via a password so that the tool can be used simultaneously by various users at various locations throughout the world.
- VMFAT multiple VMFAT users can obtain fast comparative financial analyses between a target company and a number of its peers, enabling the users to obtain both a quantitative and a qualitative feel for how changing one parameter or a number of parameters might affect the operation and market performance of a company.
- the VMFAT operates on a SQL server database that is refreshed with annual financial statement information from FactSet Research Systems, Inc. on a daily basis.
- FactSet Research Systems, Inc. of Greenwich, Connecticut is a supplier of online integrated financial and economic information to the investment management and banking industries.
- EVA® data is purchased from financial data vendor Stern Stewart & Co. of New York, New York, as it comes available. The EVA® data is based largely on publicly available historical financial information. Stern Stewart & Co. is a consulting firm that specializes in EVA® calculations and frameworks.
- the VMFAT uses Stern Stewart EVA® and other financial metrics as selectable inputs and as outputs.
- FactSet Research Systems, Inc. sources financial data for U.S. and non-U.S. companies from the Worldscope Global database available from Thomson Financial of New York, New York.
- the Worldscope database standardizes financial statement information to allow for comparisons across companies and historical analysis of financial data.
- differences in accounting standards and reporting practices across companies, industries and countries may lead to consolidation and standardization variations.
- the data is not a substitute for understanding the implications associated with financial reporting practices of a specific company, industry or company. Users should be cognizant of these differences to ensure reliable and consistent comparisons.
- the nature of a company's business or industry may skew or distort some of the metrics provided by the tool. For example, working capital metrics (e.g.
- FactSet Research Systems, Inc.'s database uses a June through May fiscal year assignment system. Companies with a June through December fiscal year end have a fiscal year assignment of the current calendar year (e.g. November 1999 fiscal year end is assigned 1999). Companies with a January through
- Stern Stewart & Co. compiles EVA® data from publicly available information. They perform calculations and adjustments to derive their EVA® outputs. The extent of their adjustments is dependent on the availability and detail with which a company reports information. The amount of possible adjustments number in the hundreds; however, several key adjustments account for the majority. Due to the depth of their analysis, Stern Stewart & Co. generally completes their EVA® reporting a calendar year in arrears. The Quest for Value by G. Bennett Stewart, III, provides additional information about the methodologies and rationale used by Stern Stewart & Co. to compile the data, and is hereby incorporated by reference for its teachings of financial methodologies, calculations, and interpretation.
- the web based VMFAT provides two sets of 19 performance metrics.
- One set, Economic Profit and Standard Financial Metrics includes all the companies in the database. It relies primarily on data provided by FactSet Research Systems, Inc.
- the second set, EVA® and Standard Financial Metrics is a subset of the total database that is currently made up of only the companies for which Stern Stewart & Co. provides reporting.
- the EVA® and Standard Financial Metrics are a blend of Stern Stewart and Factset data. Both sets provide key financial statement metrics, but they differ in the approach and calculation of EVA® and Economic Profit.
- the key value drivers are identified they are consolidated into a value-tree model.
- additional software tools which will be described below are used to perform a sensitivity analysis to help define, evaluate and select strategies.
- the value-tree models can be tested by inputting actual historical company data and comparing the outputs with actual historical company performance.
- the selected strategies are then communicated within the company and performance and evaluation goals are set to reflect those strategies, thus establishing and embedding a supporting performance management framework into the organization to facilitate the implementation and delivery of the selected strategies.
- a second software tool within the tool suite is the Stock Price Valuation Model Tool (SPVMT).
- the Stock Price Valuation Model is, in the embodiment constructed, a spreadsheet program implemented in a spreadsheet such as EXCEL® available from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Washington. It allows a user to estimate the value of a target company's stock given its current strategies.
- the tool estimates the stock price for a target company utilizing discounted cash flow analysis. It returns a range of stock prices, and predicts future cash flows based on publicly available historical financial statements and key user financial inputs.
- the SPVMT embodies standard financial calculations of a stock's expected value based on the cash flow that the company is expected to generate.
- Inputs include, for example, but are not limited to: working capital, value of current inventory including both tangible and intangible assets, depreciation and amortization, accounts receivable, accounts payable, growth in invested capital, capital expenditures, effective tax rate, debt load and debt interest rate, operating expenses, revenue, historic growth, other liabilities, other assets, terminal growth rate for the industry, discount rate, market risk premium, and number of shares outstanding.
- the tool implements a discounted cash flow valuation model that includes forecasted future cash flows over specific time horizons that are discounted back to the present at an appropriate cost of capital, added to a terminal value calculation to determine the total value of the enterprise.
- the third software tool is the Sensitivity Analysis Tool (SAT).
- SAT Sensitivity Analysis Tool
- EXCEL® or other spreadsheet type program It allows the user to see how present and future discounted cash flows and hence stock price can be expected to change in response to changes in key financial drivers, and helps the user to understand the relative sensitivity of the stock price to changes in key financial drivers.
- some of the financial drivers which a user can change in order to see the expected results on the stock price are accounts receivable, interest expense, cost of raw materials, administrative overhead, lease expenses, short term debt, long term debt, inventory, tax rates for operating income and operating loss, monetary inflation, average asset life, average asset age, deferred liabilities,
- the model uses standard financial calculations, with standard inputs, calculations, and outputs. It produces an integrated approach to achieving a target stock price.
- future cash flows are based on publicly available historical financial statements and user inputs to key value levers, such as volume, price, etc.
- the sensitivity analysis model builds on a standard discounted cash flow model and incorporates a number of variables that are used as factors that impact free cash flow.
- the fourth software tool is the Value Strategy Impact Model Tool (VSIMT). In the embodiment implemented it is written in a combination of EXCEL® and VISUAL
- the VSIMT allows the user to see the impact on future cash flows of specific operating strategies. It evaluates the future cash flow impacts of one or more operating strategies, presents comparative financial statements and cash flows at the business unit level, i.e., financial statements with and without the candidate operating strategy being assumed. In the model, financial statements and future cash flows are based on historical business unit detail financial data and user inputs.
- FIGS. 10-21 are exemplary screen shots illustrating inputs, outputs, flow, and operation of the VSIMT.
- the VSIMT helps a user to quantify and analyze the impact of business decisions and value creation options in terms of value creation Free Cash Flows (FCF) and Economic Profit (EP). The "before” and “after” measures are reported comparing the impact on FCF and EP.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram the VSIMT plays in the value driver analysis process.
- the tool asks the user a series of questions pertinent to that strategy, in order to help the user to properly collect and input the information necessary for an informed evaluation of the strategy.
- the tool prompts the user thereby walking him or her through the major considerations and factors for the strategy. For example, if the strategy is acquisition, the tool will prompt the user for assumptions regarding the costs over time of consolidating operations, the economies expected over time to be obtained by the consolidations, the time frame over which the strategy will be implemented and effected, and various categories of potential liabilities such as environmental cleanup liability which may be inadvertently acquired, and other relevant considerations.
- a user can select various targets for adding long term value.
- the selection can be done by examining one option at a time.
- the selection can also be performed using a multivariable approach, i.e., be varying more than one input at a time and viewing the combined results and making selections of grouped sets of input variables to change that will, in total, represent the greatest combination of increased shareholder value and manageability from among the various options or groups of options analyzed. For example, implementing a first change may make implementing a second change more manageable. Hence, making the two changes together may produce more return with a greater manageability, than an analysis would show merely by considering each change in isolation from the other.
- the tools allow users to pick grouped sets of targets to pursue.
- the inventors have recognized that setting absolute budgetary numbers can be unrealistic and/or unhelpful, particularly in a fast changing environment.
- the budget could include the relative goal of outperforming the relevant market segment by 2%.
- Such relative targets could include both financial goals and non financial targets.
- a relative non-financial target could include, for example, the target of being viewed as the most environmentally responsible company within its industry.
- Relative goals could encompass not only sales, but many other aspects of the budgeting process, including the cost of raw materials, the cost of labor including overtime, the cost of capital and debt, and many other factors. The result can be much more realistic and meaningful budgets and targets.
- the processes and tools described above help to improve accuracy of forecasts, improve strategy formulation, and improve efficiencies of budgeting and planning.
- One advantage of making plans, budgets, and forecasts more accurate is that doing so improves the credibility of management.
- management credibility is an important aspect in the equity market's valuation of a company
- the processes and tools described herein can add value by making management more credible in terms of the specific goals to be achieved and how those goals will be achieved, and by reducing the gaps between expected company performance and actual performance.
- FIG. 23 illustrates a further aspect of an embodiment.
- a holistic approach is used to develop a strategic planning solution for a business organization by taking into account a broad array of components within the enterprise planning process. That approach includes the steps of affirming strategic objectives and nature of corporate relationships; developing valuation and analyzing driver sensitivities; based upon said strategic objectives and sensitivities, developing a business model and driver trees; based upon said business model and driver trees, developing performance measures and key performance indicators; based upon said performance measures and key performance indicators, defining desired changes to implement in corporate planning and reporting processes; based upon said desired changes, defining changes to business unit planning and reporting processes; based upon said desired changes to said planning and reporting processes; based upon said strategic objectives, reviewing management skills and reward structures and modifying said reward structures; based upon said management skills and reward structures, and further based upon said desired changes to said planning and reporting processes, developing and agreeing system options.
- the strategic objectives may be selected and affirmed using any or all of the tools previously described.
- said business organization employing budgets for allocating money to specified expenditures and projects, a method of obtaining increased value and utility from the budgeting process comprising: performing strategic planning to identify value-adding and manageable organizational targets, and selecting ones of said value-adding and manageable organizational targets to define a set of selected strategically planned targets; after said strategic planning and selecting steps, communicating said selected strategically planned targets downward within said organizational hierarchy to a plurality of hierarchical managerial levels; after said strategic planning and selecting steps, distributing budget forms to budget-creating managers within said business organization, said budget forms including a plurality of expenditure categories and placeholders for said budget-creating managers to fill in with budgetary numbers; said budget-creating managers referencing said selected strategically planned targets and providing budgetary numbers to populate said placeholders within said budget according to said selected strategically planned targets; flowing said populated budgets upward within said organizational hierarchy; and measuring performance of said organization in accordance with said selected strategically planned targets; wherein said budget-creating managers do not substantially complete said budgets until after high level management has selected
- the preceding method further comprising: after said budgets have been populated with said budgetary numbers, flowing said budgets upward within said organizational hierarchy; after said populated budgets have been flowed upward, at an upper level of said organizational hierarchy evaluating whether said budgets sufficiently support said selected strategically planned targets, p
- the preceding method further comprising: after said evaluating step, flowing said budget downward within said organizational hierarchy and providing feedback regarding misalignments between said budgetary numbers and said selected strategically planned targets; and at a lower level of said organizational hierarchy, adjusting said budgetary numbers to more closely align said budgetary numbers with said selected strategically planned targets according to said feedback.
- the preceding method further comprising: after said strategic planning and selecting steps, but before said step of distributing said budget forms, incorporating within said budget forms said selected strategically planned targets in order to ensure
- the preceding method further comprising: as part of periodic financial reports, including within a single financial report feedback regarding variances between projected and actual expenditures, and variances between projected and actual accomplishment of said selected strategically planned targets.
- said variances are provided on a single page of said financial report, thereby providing side-by-side comparisons of financial performance and accomplishment of said strategically planned targets.
- a method of setting budgetary priorities within a company comprising: at a high level within the organization, identifying potentially value adding opportunities, said value adding opportunities including strategies for increasing said company's long term value to shareholders of said company; identifying key value drivers from among said potentially value adding opportunities, said key value drivers including drivers expected to substantially affect long term value of stock of said company; testing the sensitivity of the company's stock price to said value drivers; and defining and evaluating one or more target value strategies based upon said stock price sensitivity to said value drivers.
- the preceding method further comprising: repeating the preceding steps cyclically at each of a plurality of consecutive budget cycles.
- the preceding method further comprising: flowing down said target value strategies to lower levels within said company; preparing budgets at said lower levels based upon said downwardly flowed target value strategies; compiling said budgets; and reconciling said budgets.
- said identifying key value drivers comprises: using a computer database of metric data from a plurality of companies selectable according to industry type; selecting at least one comparison company from among said plurality of companies; selecting a plurality of metrics of said comparison company; causing a computer to display visual representations of said metrics of said comparison company; viewing said visual representations of said metrics; and identifying at least one key value driver for said company based on said visual representations of said metrics of said comparison company.
- said identifying key value drivers comprises: using a computer to view a list of industries, said list of industries including at least a first industry in which said company participates; using said computer to select said first industry; using said computer to view a list of companies which participate in said first industry, said companies defining a set of peer companies; using said computer to select at least one of said peer companies, said at least one of said peer companies defining a comparison company; using said computer to view financial metrics of said comparison company; determining value drivers based upon performance characteristics of said comparison company.
- said high level within the organization is a department that reports to at least one of the board of directors and the chief executive officer.
- the preceding method wherein said high level within the organization is an entity under contract to the organization and which reports to high level management internal to the organization.
- the preceding method further comprising: communicating said target value strategies to department heads within said company; and providing budget forms that reflect said target value strategies to said department heads for said department heads to complete.
- a method of instilling a value ethic comprising identifying and prioritizing key value drivers, creating an operating strategy to maximize impact on said value drivers, implementing critical capabilities for executing said strategy, aligning management processes, performance measures and compensation around an execution of said strategy, and communicating said strategy.
- communicating comprises communicating both internally and externally to a business organization.
- a method of setting budgetary priorities within a company comprising: performing strategic planning and evaluation of potential target strategies for said company; setting targets for said company in accordance with results of said strategic planning and evaluation; flowing down said targets to lower levels within the company thereby communicating to persons at said lower levels said targets for said company to achieve; performing bottom-up budgeting and cyclical forecasting with reference to said targets; adopting budgets and forecasts in accordance with said budgeting and forecasting steps such that said targets are integrated into resulting budgets and forecasts; measuring performance of said company in relation to said targets.
- said performing strategic planning and evaluation steps comprise: using a computer database of historic data for a plurality of companies, selecting peer companies, and comparing performance of said peer companies with respect to said potential target strategies; evaluating manageability of implementing said potential target strategies; choosing at least one target from among said potential target strategies for implementation on the basis at least in part of shareholder value expected to be returned on the basis of said peer company
- choosing includes: using at least one computer model to determine said shareholder value expected to be returned and said manageability; varying more than one input to said computer model; by analyzing outputs of said computer model, determining grouped sets of pluralities of input variables to change which will, as grouped sets, represent greater combinations of increased shareholder value and manageability from among options analyzed.
- Strategic Planning and Valuation A holistic method of developing a strategic planning solution for a business organization by taking into account a broad array of components within the enterprise planning process, comprising: affirming strategic objectives and nature of corporate relationships; developing valuation and analyzing driver sensitivities; based upon said strategic objectives and sensitivities, developing a business model; based upon said business model, developing performance measures and key performance indicators; based upon said performance measures and key performance indicators, defining desired changes to implement in corporate planning and reporting processes; based upon said desired changes, defining changes to business unit planning and reporting processes; and based upon said desired changes to said planning and reporting processes, and further based upon said strategic objectives, reviewing management skills and reward structures and modifying said reward structures.
- the preceding method further comprising: based upon said management skills and reward structures, and further based upon said desired changes to said planning and reporting processes, developing and agreeing system options.
- the preceding method further comprising: based upon said strategic objectives and sensitivities, developing driver trees; and wherein said performance measures and key performance indicators are further based upon said driver trees.
- the preceding method wherein said defining desired changes to implement includes querying a computer database of historical financial data for a plurality of comparison companies to compare metrics of said companies and thereby evaluate a set of potential goals.
- the preceding method wherein said defining desired changes to implement includes: prompting a user to input business data relating to the business organization into a computer; presenting a list of possible business strategies to a user, and prompting the user to choose a selected strategy from among said possible business strategies; based upon said business data received from said user and further based upon said selected business strategy, prompting said user to input additional data specific to said chosen strategy and to said business organization; such that a user is guided through a series of questions specific to said chosen business strategy to assist the user in identifying key assumptions in evaluating said chosen business strategy.
- the preceding method wherein said querying a computer database includes selecting an industry from a list of industries, and then selecting financial data to review for at least one company from a presented list of companies within said selected industry.
- a method of developing a strategic planning solution for use within a business organization comprising: identifying value drivers of said organization; consolidating said identified value drivers into a value-tree model; using said value-tree model, evaluating and selecting strategies; establishing and embedding a supporting performance management framework into the organization to facilitate the implementation and delivery of said selected strategies.
- the preceding method further comprising testing said value-tree models by inputting thereto actual historical company data and comparing outputs thereof with actual historical company performance.
- the preceding method further comprising improving accuracy of said value-tree models by adjusting said models in order to align outputs thereof with actual historical company performance.
- said performance management framework comprises financial targets defined based on relative performance of said business organization as compared to performances of other businesses that are similar situated.
- said performance management framework comprises non-financial targets based on relative performance of said business organization as compared to performances of other business that are similarly situated.
- said performance management framework comprises both financial and non-financial targets relative to peer companies.
- a method of selecting goals for a target company comprising the steps of: querying a computer database of historical financial data for a plurality of comparison companies to compare metrics of said companies and thereby evaluate a set of potential goals; using a pricing model, determine anticipated effects on stock price for said target company; using a cash flow model, determining an impact on future cash flows of specific operating strategies; and selecting goals from said set of potential goals for said company in accordance with said outputs from said models.
- said querying step includes the steps of: requesting a first comparison of a first financial metric between said target company and at least one comparison peer company; and displaying said first comparison in graphical form on a computer screen.
- said querying step includes the steps of: viewing a list of industries, said list of industries including at least a first industry in which said target company participates; selecting said first industry from said list; viewing a list of peer companies which participate in said first industry; selecting at least one of said peer companies, the selected company defining a comparison company; and viewing financial metrics of said comparison company.
- said querying step further includes the steps of: clearing said first comparison from said computer screen; requesting a comparison of a second financial metric between said target company and at least one comparison peer company; and displaying said second comparison in graphical form on a computer screen.
- said querying step further includes the steps of: requesting a comparison of a second financial metric between said target company and at least one comparison peer company; and simultaneous displaying said first and second comparisons in graphical form on a computer screen.
- said step of using a pricing model includes the steps of: using a first computer model, estimating an appropriate stock price for said target company; using a second computer model, determining how sensitive said stock price is to key financial value drivers.
- said cash flow model includes financial calculations for estimating future cash flows based upon variations of at least three operating strategies selected from the group consisting of consolidated acquisition, non- consolidated acquisition, business divestiture, expansion, productivity improvement, revenue enhancement, cost reduction, varying accounts receivable outstanding, varying accounts payable outstanding, varying inventory, and varying trading position.
- step of using a cash flow model includes the step of modeling a candidate operating strategy as a hybrid of at least two of operating strategies selected from preprogrammed operating strategy scenarios within said third computer model.
- step of using a cash flow computer model includes the step of translating operating strategies into numbers that can be entered into an income statement and balance sheet represented within said cash flow model.
- a method of evaluating a plurality of objectives comprising the steps of: providing a computer database containing financial performance and operating data for each of a plurality of businesses; presenting a set of options to a user, said options including at least an option to select companies according to market groupings; presenting to said user an option for selecting at least first and second companies under evaluation from among said companies for evaluation; and presenting to said user options for selecting at least a first metric for each of said first and second companies by which to compare said first and second companies under evaluation, said comparison being shown on a computer screen such that said metrics of said first and second companies are displayed simultaneously and in visual association with one another.
- said metrics include at least five metrics selected from the group consisting of Market Value Added, EVA®, NOPLAT Return less the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, NOPLAT Return, Weighted Average Cost of Capital, Sales over Average Capital, EVA® Margin, NOPLAT Growth, Revenue Growth, Growth Margin %, Sales, General & Administrative Expense as a % of Sales, EBITDA Margin, Working Capital Effectiveness, Cash To Cash Cycle Time, Days Sales Outstanding, Days Supply of Inventory, Days Payables Outstanding, Capital
- said companies under evaluation further include a third company under evaluation, and wherein said metrics of said first, second, and third companies are displayed simultaneously and in visual association with one another.
- said global computer network is the Internet
- said plurality of users in different geographic locations can access said database simultaneously.
- the preceding method further comprising the step of downloading financial data of at least said second company across said network to said user, to enable said user to analyze said downloaded financial data off line.
- said downloaded financial data is downloaded as a spreadsheet data file.
- a method of obtaining increased value from the planning process within a business organization comprising the steps of: prompting a user to input business data relating to the business organization into a computer; presenting a list of possible business strategies to a user, and prompting the user to choose a selected strategy from among said possible business strategies; based upon said business data received from said user and further based upon said selected business strategy, prompting said user to input additional data specific to said chosen strategy and to said business organization; and presenting cash flow model output results to said user; such that a user is guided through a series of questions specific to said chosen business strategy to assist the user in identifying key assumptions in evaluating said chosen business strategy and presenting said user with an expected resulting cash flow.
- a method of increasing value for shareholders of said organization comprising: analyzing graphical representations of performance metrics of companies within the same industry as said business organization in order to identify value enhancing business strategies; amending said budgeting and planning to improve accuracies of forecasts for said organization, to incorporate said value enhancing business strategies as goals for said organization, and to improve efficiencies of said budgeting and planning; affecting market expectations by communicating said improved forecast accuracies to investors; improving management credibility by implementing said improved strategy formulations and executions, by adopting said improved forecast accuracies, by improving actual performance of said organization, and by decreasing differentials between organizational performance and market expectations of said organizational performance; such that said improved management credibility decreases differentials between said actual performance and said forecasts by improving management credibility; and whereby shareholder value is increased by said improved management credibility, by said improved performance, and by said decreased differentials between said actual performance and said forecasts.
- said budgeting and planning amending includes selecting budget and planning goals, and said selecting includes: querying a computer database of historical financial data for a plurality of comparison companies to compare metrics of said companies and thereby evaluate a set of potential goals; using a pricing model, determine anticipated effects on stock price for said target company; using a cash flow computer model, determining an impact on future cash flows of specific operating strategies; and selecting goals from said set of potential goals for said company in accordance with said outputs from said computer models.
- said cash flow computer model presents a list of possible operating strategies, allows a user to select one of said operating strategies, and prompts the user to input information relevant to the selected operating strategy, thereby enhancing the accuracy of cash flows predicated according to the selected operating strategy.
- said cash flow computer model asks different sets of questions for different operating strategies, according to unique considerations of said operating strategies.
- step of using a pricing model includes: using a first computer model, estimating an appropriate stock price for said target company; and using a second computer model, determining how sensitive said stock price is to key financial value drivers.
- the preceding method wherein said analyzing graphical representations comprises: logging into a password controlled web site; and selecting said performance metrics of comparison companies to view.
- the preceding method wherein said selecting said performance metrics comprises: viewing a list of industries and selecting a desired industry from said list of industries; viewing a list of companies within said selected industry, and selecting a company from said list of companies; viewing a list of financial metrics, and selecting at least one of said financial metrics for viewing in graphical form.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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US10/443,187 US20040073477A1 (en) | 2002-10-11 | 2003-05-21 | Shareholder value enhancement |
US10/444,021 US20040073442A1 (en) | 2002-10-11 | 2003-05-21 | Strategic planning and valuation |
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US10/443,177 US20040073467A1 (en) | 2002-10-11 | 2003-05-21 | Software tools and method for business planning |
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