EP1522121A1 - Cellule dephaseuse pour reseau reflecteur d'antenne - Google Patents
Cellule dephaseuse pour reseau reflecteur d'antenneInfo
- Publication number
- EP1522121A1 EP1522121A1 EP03760729A EP03760729A EP1522121A1 EP 1522121 A1 EP1522121 A1 EP 1522121A1 EP 03760729 A EP03760729 A EP 03760729A EP 03760729 A EP03760729 A EP 03760729A EP 1522121 A1 EP1522121 A1 EP 1522121A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cell according
- membrane
- cell
- strands
- phase
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 114
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004377 microelectronic Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005297 pyrex Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 silica nitride Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001080 W alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 12
- 210000001520 comb Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002513 implantation Methods 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008672 reprogramming Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
- H01Q3/46—Active lenses or reflecting arrays
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
- H01Q21/062—Two dimensional planar arrays using dipole aerials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/06—Details
- H01Q9/065—Microstrip dipole antennas
Definitions
- the field of the invention is that of passive reflective arrays composed of a mosaic of elementary phase-shifting cells for an antenna with reconfigurable transmission direction operating in the microwave range.
- ground applications millimeter wave communications and weather radar applications.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 The third technical possibility is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, it consists in producing an antenna from a single transmitting source 1 carried by an arm 2 which illuminates a reflective network 3. The whole is controlled by an electronic control module signal 5.
- the network reflector is composed of a mosaic of 4 passive phase shifting cells generally arranged in a honeycomb pattern which will re-emit a beam in the desired direction. To control the direction of retransmission, it suffices to control the phase shift introduced by each cell.
- this solution has the advantage of not requiring moving parts.
- it does not have the disadvantages: the implementation of a single powerful source being simpler and less costly to carry out than that of a multitude of independent sources.
- a first solution consists in making transit then reflect the wave of wavelength ⁇ in a waveguide of given length L.
- the phase shift ⁇ introduced is then proportional to the ratio L / ⁇ .
- the desired phase shift is thus obtained by adapting the length of the waveguide.
- This phase shift also depends, in principle, directly on the wavelength of the transmitted signal and therefore, this type of device can only work for narrow emission spectral bands.
- the phase-shifting cell mainly comprises a planar dielectric substrate 6 of thickness equal to approximately a quarter of the central wavelength of use on which it is deposited on the lower part a ground plane 10 and, on the upper part an even number of strands of conductive dipoles 7 arranged in a regular manner around a central disc 8 also conductive.
- Switching devices 9 allow two strands diametrically opposite the central disc to be connected on command. When two strands are thus connected to the disc, they constitute a radiating dipole having a given geometric orientation, the other unconnected strands not radiating or very weakly.
- the operating principle is as follows: either a circularly polarized wave falling on a phase shifting cell, two of whose strands are connected to form a dipole, we demonstrate that if the field vector electric representing this circular wave forms at the level of the surface of the dipole a phase shift angle + ⁇ with the direction of said dipole, then the re-emitted electric field will make with the direction of the dipole a phase shift angle - ⁇ .
- the phase shift introduced is thus almost independent of the wavelength of the signal.
- phase shifting cell One of the main technological difficulties with this type of phase shifting cell is the production of switching devices.
- Each reflective network can include several tens of phase-shifting cells and therefore several hundred switching devices. They must therefore be reliable, of reduced size, typically the size of each switch must not exceed a few hundred microns, have a low electrical consumption, and not interfere with the operation of the microwave dipole.
- the invention proposes, for its part, an alternative solution making it possible to simplify the production of the device and to reduce the dissipated electrical power.
- the object of the invention is to produce the switches from electro-mechanical micro-devices.
- a micro-switch is thus produced in a surface of the order of a tenth of a square millimeter
- the subject of the invention is a phase-shifting cell of a reconfigurable reflective array for antenna operating in the microwave domain, said array comprising a plurality of phase-shifting cells, each of said phase-shifting cells comprising several electrically conductive strands, characterized in that 'at least two of said strands can be interconnected by means of at least one switching device consisting of an electromechanical micro-system comprising a flexible electrically controllable membrane, the strands thus connected constituting a radiating dipole.
- said phase-shifting cell comprises two plane and parallel faces separated by a thickness representing approximately a quarter of the wavelength of the frequency of use, said first face comprising a star network made up of an even number of electrically conductive strands, all identical, regularly arranged around a central disc also conductive, each strand being able to be electrically connected to the central disc by a switching device dependent on a control voltage, each pair of diametrically opposite strands thus constituting, when the two devices connecting them to the central disc are activated, a dipole resonating in the range of frequencies of use of the antenna, the second face comprising a ground plane; said cell being characterized in that the switching device consists of an electromechanical micro-system comprising a flexible membrane supported by at least two pillars placed between said membrane and the first face of the cell, said membrane being thus placed above the end of each strand facing the central disc and the peripheral part of said disc placed opposite this end; said membrane
- the switching device is of the capacitor type and the electrical connection corresponds to a large increase in its capacity.
- An operation of the micro-switch as a simple switch with electrical contact between the flexible membrane and the parts of the dipole has the disadvantage of having very low reliability.
- the use of a micro-capacitor with low capacity typically varying from femtoFarad in open circuit to picoFarad in closed circuit allows to obtain an excellent coupling in closed position and a very good insulation in the open position while considerably increasing the reliability of the device.
- the ratio between the value of the capacitance of the capacitor in the absence of control voltage and the value of the capacity when the control voltage is applied is of the order of hundredth.
- the capacitor plates consist on the one hand of the flexible membrane and on the other hand of the end of the strand and of the peripheral part of the corresponding disc placed under this membrane, the electrical isolation being ensured by a layer of dielectric material covering the strands and the disc.
- This material is preferably silica nitride.
- the geometric and mechanical parameters of the membrane are dimensioned so that the control voltage to be applied to ensure the switching is large compared to the possible parasitic voltages.
- This control voltage is typically thirty volts.
- the reliability of the device, the switching time and the control voltage depend in part on the geometric characteristics of the membrane.
- the membrane is in the form of a thin rectangular parallelepiped, the width of the rectangle typically being worth one hundred microns, its length three hundred microns and its thickness seven hundred nanometers.
- the materials used for the production of the membrane are advantageously Gold, Aluminum or alloys of Tungsten and Titanium arranged in layers. In the absence of control voltage, the capacitor plates are separated by about three microns.
- the end of the strand and the part of the central disc opposite placed under the membrane compose a comb of interdigitated fingers, the total number of fingers is preferably five.
- the interdigitated comb shape of the two surfaces of the end of the strand and of the central disc opposite make it possible to optimize the capacitive effect.
- the control voltages of the switching devices pass through the strands by means of internal resistive lines and the flexible membranes are all connected to the electrical ground by means of other internal resistive lines as well.
- the material used to make the various electrical connections is preferably gold.
- the value of the impedance of the resistive lines at the frequency of use is high enough to isolate all the strands, the central disc and the switching devices from the outside.
- the cell is hexagonal in shape and has twelve strands, each strand preferably having a flared shape, the flare angle being close to 20 degrees.
- the hexagonal shape of the cell allows a complete and uniform tiling of the space of the reflecting network.
- the phase shift introduced by each cell is discrete, the minimum phase shift angle being inversely proportional to the number of strands. It is, of course, advantageous to reduce this angle by increasing the number of strands. However, this is limited by the complexity of the interconnection systems when the number of strands to be controlled increases, the necessary limit of miniaturization of the switches and the possible interference between strands if their spacing is tightened.
- twelve strands per cell are a good compromise between technological complexity and the minimum phase shift angle.
- the coefficient of reflection of the wave by the dipole depends on its size which must be conventionally close to half a wavelength, but also on its shape, the slightly flared shapes being well adapted to obtain a good resonance of the dipole .
- the electronic assembly of said cell formed by the strands, the central disc, the switching devices and the various resistive lines bringing the control voltages and the electrical ground is implanted on a substrate transparent to microwave waves
- the material used can be silicon, quartz or glass, in particular of the Pyrex brand.
- Said substrate is in the form of a straight cylinder with flat and parallel faces, of circular or hexagonal base and is centered on the central disc of the cell.
- the upper parts of the substrates which comprise the central disks and the various switching devices are protected by one or more protective covers.
- Each cell can have its own protective cover or the cover can be unique, common to the entire reflecting network.
- Switching devices which are mechanical parts of very small dimensions, of the order of a few microns to a few hundred microns require a cover making it possible to protect them from external elements such as fluids or dust which would risk seriously degrading their performance. In particular, the performance of metal membranes can be seriously affected by oxidation.
- the substrate common to the whole of the reflective grating comprises two flat and parallel faces, the upper face carrying the various glass substrates corresponding to each cell, and the opposite face comprising a ground plane, the material of this substrate being a material transparent to microwave waves and electrically insulating.
- this material is made from glass fibers and teflon.
- the NELTEC company markets a material of this type under the METCLAD brand.
- connection of each cell is provided by a honeycomb paving of circular connection holes made in the common substrate and arranged in hexagon, each of the hexagons being centered on a central cell disc, each of the internal resistive lines d '' a cell from the strands or membranes being connected to these holes by other resistive external connection links implanted on the common substrate, the internal resistive lines implanted on the glass substrates of each cell being connected to the external resistive lines implanted on the substrate of the reflective network by means of cabled connection wires.
- the lines of connection holes are common to two adjacent cells and each hexagon of connection pads then comprises a number of pads equal to at least twice the total number of strands of each cell increased by two so as to be able to ensure the connection of two adjacent cells.
- connection holes which will act as an electromagnetic barrier if their spacing is sufficiently small compared to the wavelength
- sets of metal separation walls arranged in hexagon above the holes of connection, said walls being connected together and connected to ground by metal centering pins located on the one hand in the walls and on the other hand in certain connection holes reserved for this purpose.
- the set of cell walls then forms a honeycomb grid located above the reflective grating.
- the entire reflecting network is covered with a multilayer dielectric treatment making it possible to increase the efficiency. of the cell when the incidence of incident or reflected radiation is significant.
- the method of making the reflecting array comprises the following steps:
- the process for producing the switches includes the following sub-steps:
- Figure 1 shows the block diagram of an antenna according to the invention.
- Figure 2 shows a top view of the reflective network showing the hexagonal tiling of the phase shifting cells.
- FIG. 3 represents the general principle of the phase-shifting cells with star dipoles in top view.
- the switches are represented by simple switches. In normal use configuration, only two diametrically opposite switches are closed, the others being left open.
- FIG. 5 represents the operating principle of a switch with an electromechanical device when it is in the OFF position, that is to say that there is no difference in potential between the membrane and the conductive surfaces located at the -Dessous.
- FIG. 6 represents the operating principle of a switch with an electromechanical device when it is in the ON position, that is to say that there is a sufficient potential difference between the membrane and the conductive surfaces situated above it. below so that mechanical contact is made.
- Figure 7 shows a top view of two switching assemblies according to the invention. In this figure, only the end of two strands opposite the central disc are represented, the part of the central disc facing them, the resistive connections and the membrane of each switch.
- Figure 8 shows a view of the end of the strand and the part of the central disc opposite, showing the interdigitated combs located under the membrane. Only the contours of the membrane have been shown in dotted lines for the sake of clarity.
- Figure 9 shows a perspective view of the two switches of Figure 7, one of the two switches is in the OFF position (straight membrane), the other in the ON position (curved membrane).
- Figure 10 shows a top view of the cell according to the invention. For the sake of clarity, the switches are represented by dotted lines in the OFF position and by a solid line in the ON position.
- Figure 11 shows a first sectional view of the cell according to the invention passing through the center of the cell.
- the switches are not shown in this figure for the sake of clarity.
- Figure 12 shows a second sectional view of the cell according to the invention passing through the periphery of the cell, showing the connection of a metal wall on the common substrate.
- Figure 13 shows the general arrangement of three neighboring cells in top view.
- FIG. 7 represents a top view of the switching devices according to the invention.
- Two conductive strands 7 adjacent to a phase shifting cell 4 are shown as well as the part of the central disc 8 facing them.
- the switching zone of each strand is formed by the end of the strand located opposite the central disc.
- the switching device essentially comprises a membrane 11 arranged above the switching zone. Control voltages and grounding are carried out using resistive lines 151, 154 and 155.
- Figure 8 shows a detailed view of the switching area.
- the end 71 of each strand placed on the side of the central disc and the corresponding part 81 of the disc placed opposite this end make up a comb of interdigital fingers.
- the area of this comb constitutes the switching area.
- the advantage of this geometrical arrangement is that it makes it possible to distribute the control voltage coming from the strand evenly in the switching zone.
- five fingers are interdigitated, two belonging to the central disc and three belonging to each strand.
- the entire switching area is covered with a layer of insulating material such as, for example, silica nitride, not shown in the figure.
- FIG. 9 represents a perspective view of the two switches represented in FIG. 7.
- Each membrane is supported by at least two pillars 14 arranged on either side of the switching zone.
- the membrane is thus isolated at a certain distance above the switching area. This distance is typically worth a few microns.
- Said metal membrane has a roughly parallelepiped shape. This form represents a good compromise between the mechanical resistance of the membrane which conditions its service life and its reliability and the voltages necessary to be implemented to obtain the switching which should not be too great.
- the control voltages are of the order of thirty volts.
- the membrane is also pierced with a multitude of holes 110 during its production.
- the membrane is metallic.
- the possible metals and alloys are preferably gold, aluminum, tungsten or titanium.
- the assembly constituted by the membrane and the end of the strand and the part of the central disc located below form the reinforcements of a capacitor whose capacity at rest is worth a few femtofarads.
- the membrane When the membrane is stressed, it deforms, bringing the two plates of the capacitor closer together. Its capacity increases and is then worth a few picofarads.
- Figures 10, 11 and 12 show the top view and two sectional views of a network cell according to the invention.
- FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 show the top view of the cell.
- the central part of the cell 4 comprises a substrate 61 on which is installed the star network of the electrically conductive strands 7 constituting the different dipoles, said network being centered on a central electrically conductive disc 8.
- the substrate is electrically insulating and transparent to microwave waves. It must be compatible with the implantation technologies of the various electronic components of the cell.
- This substrate is, for example, silicon or quartz or glass, in particular of the pyrex brand.
- the strands are necessarily in even number and arranged symmetrically so that each strand is a diametrically opposite vis-à-vis. Each pair of diametrically opposite strands thus constitutes a dipole when it is connected to the central disc by the switching devices shown in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9.
- control voltages and grounding are carried out by means of resistive lines 151, 154 and 155 connected on the one hand to the different strands and to the switching membranes and on the other hand to connection pads 161 arranged on the periphery of the central substrate.
- a first series of control lines 151 is connected to the end of each strand as shown in FIG. 10.
- Two diametrically opposite grounding lines 154 connect two membranes to ground, the other membranes and the central disc are connected to these two membranes by other resistive lines 155 as shown in FIG. 10.
- the resistive lines 151, 154 and 155 have sufficient resistance to obtain complete electrical isolation from the microwave of all the strands and switching devices.
- resistive deposits typically have an ohmic resistance of a few hundred square ohms.
- the strands are preferably flared so as to increase the yield of the dipole.
- the flare angle is about twenty degrees.
- the length of each strand is approximately one quarter of the microwave wavelength of use.
- the central substrates corresponding to a given cell are regularly implanted on a common substrate 62 for all of the cells 4 of the reflective network.
- This substrate is also electrically insulating and transparent to microwave waves. It must be compatible with the implantation technologies of the various electronic components of the cell.
- This substrate is produced in particular from a composite based on glass fibers and Teflon. This type of material is marketed by the company NELTEC under the brand METCLAD.
- the total thickness of the common substrate and of each central substrate is approximately one quarter of the microwave wavelength of use, that is to say of the order of one to two millimeters taking into account the frequencies of use.
- This substrate comprises on the face opposite to that of the central substrates a ground plane 10.
- the common substrate comprises a paving of electrical connection pads 171 and 172 regularly arranged in a hexagonal pattern.
- Each hexagon is centered on a central cell substrate as it is indicated in Figures 7 and 13 and is composed of six lines of at least six connection pads. The pads of each line are regularly spaced between them. They completely cross the common substrate ( Figure 12).
- Each cell is surmounted by a set of six metal walls 18 (FIG. 12) also arranged in hexagon and placed above the lines of connection pads, the assembly forming a honeycomb grid (FIGS. 10 and 13) .
- the first type is used to connect the resistive control lines outside the reflective network to the electronic control module and are isolated from the ground plane.
- the second type is used on the one hand to mechanically fix the metal walls on the common substrate by means of fixing pins 172 and on the other hand to connect these walls to the ground plane as indicated in FIG. 12.
- the pads of the first type are connected to the resistive lines 151 and 154 of the common substrates by other resistive lines 153 interconnected by means of cabled connection wires 152 as indicated in FIG. 10.
- Said resistive lines 153 have sufficient resistance to obtain complete electrical isolation from microwave waves of all the strands and switching devices.
- resistive deposits typically have an ohmic resistance of about one square kiloOhm.
- the pads are isolated from the metal walls by insulating pads 173.
- the arrangement of the resistive lines connected to the interconnection pads is indicated in FIGS. 10 and 13. This arrangement makes it possible both to have the same geometrical arrangement for all the cells. of the network and on the other hand to minimize the lengths of the resistive lines.
- This protection is provided either at the level of each cell by a protective cover 19 as indicated in FIG. 11 which represents a sectional view of the cell.
- This cover 19 must also be transparent to microwave waves.
- This cover can also be common to the entire reflective network.
- the central substrates can also be covered with a multilayer dielectric treatment so as to increase the yield of the cells at high angular incidence.
- the operating principle of the reflective network is as follows:
- the electronic module calculates for each cell the geometric arrangement of the dipoles to be activated.
- the electronic module For each cell, the electronic module generates the control voltages which are sent to the two diametrically opposite strands to be activated.
- the switching devices are implemented simultaneously for two opposite strands by two separate voltage commands, the geometry of the device not making it possible to connect the two strands simultaneously to the central disk by a common command.
- the method of making the reflecting array comprises the following steps:
- the method for producing the switches comprises the following substeps:
Landscapes
- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
- Micromachines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0207743A FR2841389B1 (fr) | 2002-06-21 | 2002-06-21 | Cellule dephaseuse pour reseau reflecteur d'antenne |
| FR0207743 | 2002-06-21 | ||
| PCT/FR2003/001803 WO2004001899A1 (fr) | 2002-06-21 | 2003-06-13 | Cellule dephaseuse pour reseau reflecteur d'antenne |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1522121A1 true EP1522121A1 (fr) | 2005-04-13 |
Family
ID=29719961
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03760729A Withdrawn EP1522121A1 (fr) | 2002-06-21 | 2003-06-13 | Cellule dephaseuse pour reseau reflecteur d'antenne |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7042397B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1522121A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2841389B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2004001899A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7327803B2 (en) * | 2004-10-22 | 2008-02-05 | Parkervision, Inc. | Systems and methods for vector power amplification |
| US7884779B2 (en) * | 2006-05-24 | 2011-02-08 | Wavebender, Inc. | Multiple-input switch design |
| FR2901917B1 (fr) * | 2006-05-31 | 2008-12-19 | Thales Sa | Circulateur radiofrequence ou hyperfrequence |
| FR2901781B1 (fr) * | 2006-05-31 | 2008-07-04 | Thales Sa | Structure de micro-commutateurs radiofrequence ou hyperfrequence et procede de fabrication d'une telle structure |
| US7528613B1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2009-05-05 | Rockwell Collins, Inc. | Apparatus and method for steering RF scans provided by an aircraft radar antenna |
| US7352929B2 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-04-01 | Rockwell Collins, Inc. | Rotary joint for data and power transfer |
| FR2906062B1 (fr) * | 2006-09-15 | 2010-01-15 | Thales Sa | Systeme anti-intrusion pour la protection de composants electroniques. |
| FR2907262B1 (fr) * | 2006-10-13 | 2009-10-16 | Thales Sa | Cellule dephaseuse a dephaseur analogique pour antenne de type"reflectarray". |
| FR2930374B1 (fr) * | 2008-04-18 | 2011-08-26 | Thales Sa | Circulateur radiofrequence a base de mems. |
| USD599333S1 (en) * | 2008-09-09 | 2009-09-01 | Albert Chao | UHF digital antenna |
| FR2936906B1 (fr) * | 2008-10-07 | 2011-11-25 | Thales Sa | Reseau reflecteur a arrangement optimise et antenne comportant un tel reseau reflecteur |
| WO2010068954A1 (fr) * | 2008-12-12 | 2010-06-17 | Wavebender, Inc. | Antenne à cavité de guide d’onde intégrée et réflecteur d’antenne |
| US8253620B2 (en) * | 2009-07-23 | 2012-08-28 | Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation | Synthesized aperture three-dimensional radar imaging |
| FR2952048B1 (fr) * | 2009-11-03 | 2011-11-18 | Thales Sa | Micro-commutateur capacitif comportant un drain de charges a base de nanotubes orientes sur l'electrode basse et procede de fabrication |
| US10222467B2 (en) * | 2015-11-10 | 2019-03-05 | Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation | Two-way coded aperture three-dimensional radar imaging |
| CN106067601B (zh) * | 2016-05-20 | 2019-03-15 | 北京邮电大学 | 方向图可重构微带天线 |
| KR102245947B1 (ko) * | 2017-04-26 | 2021-04-29 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 무선 통신 시스템에서 송수신 장치 |
| WO2019082164A1 (fr) * | 2017-10-27 | 2019-05-02 | Thales Canada Inc. | Rétroréflecteurs quasi rasants pour polarisation |
| KR20240002542A (ko) | 2022-06-29 | 2024-01-05 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 다중 공진을 형성하는 재구성가능한 지능형 표면 |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3718935A (en) * | 1971-02-03 | 1973-02-27 | Itt | Dual circularly polarized phased array antenna |
| US5835062A (en) * | 1996-11-01 | 1998-11-10 | Harris Corporation | Flat panel-configured electronically steerable phased array antenna having spatially distributed array of fanned dipole sub-arrays controlled by triode-configured field emission control devices |
| US6081235A (en) * | 1998-04-30 | 2000-06-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | High resolution scanning reflectarray antenna |
| US6046659A (en) | 1998-05-15 | 2000-04-04 | Hughes Electronics Corporation | Design and fabrication of broadband surface-micromachined micro-electro-mechanical switches for microwave and millimeter-wave applications |
| DE19833271A1 (de) * | 1998-07-24 | 2000-01-27 | Werner Arnold | Digitale Steuerung der Empfangsebene bei Satellitenantennen |
| US6195047B1 (en) * | 1998-10-28 | 2001-02-27 | Raytheon Company | Integrated microelectromechanical phase shifting reflect array antenna |
| US6396368B1 (en) | 1999-11-10 | 2002-05-28 | Hrl Laboratories, Llc | CMOS-compatible MEM switches and method of making |
| US6404401B2 (en) * | 2000-04-28 | 2002-06-11 | Bae Systems Information And Electronic Systems Integration Inc. | Metamorphic parallel plate antenna |
| US6653985B2 (en) * | 2000-09-15 | 2003-11-25 | Raytheon Company | Microelectromechanical phased array antenna |
| US6642889B1 (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2003-11-04 | Raytheon Company | Asymmetric-element reflect array antenna |
-
2002
- 2002-06-21 FR FR0207743A patent/FR2841389B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-06-13 WO PCT/FR2003/001803 patent/WO2004001899A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2003-06-13 US US10/517,706 patent/US7042397B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-06-13 EP EP03760729A patent/EP1522121A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2004001899A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2841389B1 (fr) | 2004-09-24 |
| US7042397B2 (en) | 2006-05-09 |
| US20050219125A1 (en) | 2005-10-06 |
| WO2004001899A1 (fr) | 2003-12-31 |
| FR2841389A1 (fr) | 2003-12-26 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP1522121A1 (fr) | Cellule dephaseuse pour reseau reflecteur d'antenne | |
| EP0539297B1 (fr) | Dispositif à surface sélective en fréquence accordable | |
| EP2656438B1 (fr) | Cellule rayonnante a deux etats de phase pour reseau transmetteur | |
| EP2795726B1 (fr) | Antenne imprimee optiquement transparente et réseau d'antennes optiquement transparentes | |
| EP2202846B1 (fr) | Elément rayonnant planaire à polarisation duale et antenne réseau comportant un tel élément rayonnant | |
| EP2795724B1 (fr) | Antenne élémentaire et antenne réseau mono ou bidimensionnelle correspondante | |
| EP0237429A2 (fr) | Réseau réflecteur à contrôle de phases, et antenne comportant un tel réseau | |
| WO1981001486A1 (fr) | Dispositif de balayage electronique dans le plan de polarisation | |
| FR3039711A1 (fr) | Cellule elementaire d'un reseau transmetteur pour une antenne reconfigurable. | |
| WO2012156424A1 (fr) | Element rayonnant pour antenne reseau active constituee de tuiles elementaires | |
| CA2460820C (fr) | Antenne a large bande ou multi-bandes | |
| EP4189772B1 (fr) | Dispositif à métasurface | |
| EP1305846B1 (fr) | Reflecteur hyperfrequence actif a bipolarisation, notamment pour antenne a balayage electronique | |
| EP3900113B1 (fr) | Antenne microruban élémentaire et antenne réseau | |
| EP1139484A1 (fr) | Déphaseur hyperfréquence, et antenne à balayage électronique comportant de tels déphaseurs | |
| FR2858469A1 (fr) | Antenne a cavite resonante, reconfigurable | |
| WO2021074505A1 (fr) | Antenne-reseau | |
| FR2907262A1 (fr) | Cellule dephaseuse a dephaseur analogique pour antenne de type"reflectarray". | |
| FR2803694A1 (fr) | Antenne a cavite resonante ayant un faisceau conforme selon un diagramme de rayonnement predetermine | |
| FR2895574A1 (fr) | Reflecteur bipolarisation configurable | |
| FR2599899A1 (fr) | Antenne plane a reseau avec conducteurs d'alimentation imprimes a faible perte et paires incorporees de fentes superposees rayonnantes a large bande | |
| FR2815479A1 (fr) | Reflecteur hyperfrequence actif a deux polarisations independantes, notamment pour antenne a balayage electronique | |
| FR2914112A1 (fr) | Guide d'onde multi-faisceaux a fentes rayonnantes |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20041207 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR |
|
| AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Extension state: AL LT LV MK |
|
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20100428 |
|
| GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
| INTG | Intention to grant announced |
Effective date: 20140221 |
|
| RAP1 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: THALES |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
|
| 18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20140704 |