EP1499480A4 - Thermoplastic door skins and method of manufacture thereof - Google Patents
Thermoplastic door skins and method of manufacture thereofInfo
- Publication number
- EP1499480A4 EP1499480A4 EP02725557A EP02725557A EP1499480A4 EP 1499480 A4 EP1499480 A4 EP 1499480A4 EP 02725557 A EP02725557 A EP 02725557A EP 02725557 A EP02725557 A EP 02725557A EP 1499480 A4 EP1499480 A4 EP 1499480A4
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- door skin
- mold half
- approximately
- molten thermoplastic
- thermoplastic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
- B27N3/00—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres
- B27N3/08—Moulding or pressing
- B27N3/20—Moulding or pressing characterised by using platen-presses
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K7/00—Use of ingredients characterised by shape
- C08K7/02—Fibres or whiskers
- C08K7/04—Fibres or whiskers inorganic
- C08K7/14—Glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L25/00—Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L25/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
- C08L25/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
- B27N3/00—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres
- B27N3/08—Moulding or pressing
- B27N3/18—Auxiliary operations, e.g. preheating, humidifying, cutting-off
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2311/00—Use of natural products or their composites, not provided for in groups B29K2201/00 - B29K2309/00, as reinforcement
- B29K2311/14—Wood, e.g. woodboard or fibreboard
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
- E06B3/70—Door leaves
- E06B3/7015—Door leaves characterised by the filling between two external panels
- E06B2003/7023—Door leaves characterised by the filling between two external panels of foam type
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
- E06B3/70—Door leaves
- E06B2003/7049—Specific panel characteristics
- E06B2003/7051—Specific panel characteristics of layered construction involving different materials
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B3/00—Window sashes, door leaves, or like elements for closing wall or like openings; Layout of fixed or moving closures, e.g. windows in wall or like openings; Features of rigidly-mounted outer frames relating to the mounting of wing frames
- E06B3/70—Door leaves
- E06B3/7001—Coverings therefor; Door leaves imitating traditional raised panel doors, e.g. engraved or embossed surfaces, with trim strips applied to the surfaces
Definitions
- the present invention relates to materials for forming
- Typical door assemblies comprise a pair of
- foam such as a polyurethane foam.
- 16 are generally better insulators than wood or metal doors.
- a >5 typical compression molding process involves manually placing a first rectangular sheet of a thermosetting resin within a lower mold half corresponding to the shape of the outer surface of the door skin.
- a sheet of reinforcing material typically a fiberglass mat, is placed on top of the first sheet of thermosetting resin and then a second .sheet of thermosetting resin is placed on top of the fiberglass mat.
- An upper mold half is then advanced into engagement with the lower mold half to compress the layered materials therebetween and the mold is heated to cause the layers of thermosetting resin to melt, disperse through or bond with the reinforcing material and to conform to the shape of the mold.
- thermosetting material to set in the molded shape.
- the thermosetting process generally cannot be reversed and any finished material which is flawed, scrapped or otherwise rejected must be disposed of typically in an expensive controlled landfill.
- the resulting molded structure including structural . elements molded therein must be of a relatively consistent - thickness.
- the addition of relatively thicker structural elements in the door skin or the addition of structural elements which require the displacement of a considerable amount of molding material away from the face of the door 1 skin require the use of secondary molding steps to build up
- the present invention comprises a composite door
- thermoplastic material In a preferred embodiment, the
- thermoplastic material used to form the door skin is a polypropylene copolymer resin.
- Additives including reinforcing glass fiber strands, fillers such as talc, a UV stabilizer such as a benzotriazole and pigment are also utilized in combination with the thermoplastic material..
- the door skins are formed in a thermoplastic flow forming process wherein the molten thermoplastic molding material including additives flows from a flow controlled die onto a lower mold half for the skin which is moving below the die. The flow of molten molding material through the die is controlled such that the amount of molding material laid down in a particular area of the mold generally corresponds to the desired thickness of the portion of the molded part at that area. After the lower mold half is filled, it is advanced to a press and an upper mold half is advanced into engagement with the lower mold half to form the door skin therebetween. After cooling, the mold halves are separated and the molded skin is ejected.
- Figure 1 is a front plan view of a door assembly.
- Figure 2 is an enlarged and fragmentary cross-sectional
- Figure 4 is an enlarged and fragmentary front plan view
- FIG. 10 Figure 5 is an enlarged and fragmentary front
- FIG. 11 perspective view of the rear skin of the door assembly.
- Figure 6 is an enlarged and fragmentary cross-sectional
- L7 Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of a thermoplastic flow
- numeral 1 refers to a door assembly.
- the door assembly 1 comprises a pair of 7 opposed or front and rear door panels or skins 5 and 6.
- the 8 door assembly 1 is an example of the type in which the 9 components, including skins 5 and 6 may be formed using 0 thermoplastic material and formed using a thermoplastic flow 1 forming process, 2 Door Skin Assembly Construction 3
- the front and rear skins 5 and 6 are connected together 4 by connectors 8, 9 and 10 and mounted on frame 12
- Frame 12 5 comprises first and second stiles 13 and 14, top rail 15 and bottom rail 16.
- the interior space 19 between the skins 5 and 6 is filled with a polyurethane foam 20 which is injected therein after assembly of the skins 5 and 6, with connectors 8, 9 and 10 on the stiles 13 and 14 ' and top rail 15 of frame 12.
- the bottom rail 16 is inserted and secured between lower ends of stiles 13 and 14 after injection of polyurethane foam 20 within the interior space 19.
- Skins 5 and 6 are identical in construction.
- An outer or exterior surface 25 of each skin 5 and 6 is textured during the molding process to imitate a wood grain texture.
- a tongue is formed on an inner surface 27 of each skin 5 and 6 and- extends around the outer periphery of the sides and the top thereof.
- a first side tongue 30 extends along a first side edge 31 of each of the skins 5 and 6
- a second side tongue 32 extends along a second side edge 33 of each of the skins 5 and 6
- a top tongue 34 extends along a top edge 35 of each of the skins 5 and 6.
- Outer surfaces of the first side tongue 30 and the second side tongue 32 extend flush with the first side edge 31 and the second side edge 33 respectively.
- the top tongue 34 is spaced inward from the top edge 35 of each of the skins 5 and 6 so as to form a top lip or shoulder 38 extending outward from or above the top tongue 34.
- the interior portion 39 of each skin 5 and 6 is of a relatively thin and uniform thickness.
- each skin 5 and 6 is approximately 0.085 inches thick.
- the first side, second side and top tongues 30, 32 and 33 extend rearward from the inner surface- 27 of the skins 5 and 6 approximately 0.54 inches and are approximately 0.187 inches thick or at least twice as thick ' as the interior portion 43 of the skins 5 and 6.
- the top tongue 34 is spaced inward from the top edge 35 approximately 0.187 inches by top lip or shoulder 38 which is approximately 0.250 inches thick.
- the first side tongue 30 and the second side tongue 32 extend from the top edge 35 of each skin 5 and 6 to a bottom edge 40 thereof.
- First and second ends 41 and 42 of the third or top tongue 34 are spaced apart .from the first and second side tongues 30 and 32 respectively by first side and second side channels 43 and 44.
- Opposed skins 5 and 6 are connected together using two side connectors 8 and 9 and top connector 10.
- the connectors 8, 9 and 10 are of an identical H-shaped cross- section and preferably formed from a single extrusion cut to the desired lengths.
- the side connectors 8 and 9 are of identical length, equal to the length of the first and second tongue sections 30 and 32.
- the top connector 10 is shorter than the side connectors 8 and 9 and slightly longer than the top tongue 34, as discussed in more detail below. 1
- Each of the connectors 8, 9 and 10 includes inner and
- the width of the grooves 58 and 59 corresponds to the width
- 9 embodiment as noted above is approximately 0.187 inches.
- the outer wall 56 is approximately 0.187 inches thick which 1 is approximately at least as thick as most door hinge leaves 2 to permit portions of the outer wall 56 to be removed to 3 form a recess for receiving a hinge leaf without having to 4 cut into, the skins 5 or 6 themselves.
- the inner wall 55 is 5 slightly narrower to conserve material. 6
- the corners of the connectors 8, 9 and 10 which engage 7 portions of the tongues 30, 32 and 34 and the corresponding 8 corners of the tongues 30, 32 and 34 are radiused to provide 9 additional strength at the corners.
- the skins 5 and 6 are connected together by first placing connectors 8, 9 and 10 on first side tongue 30, second side tongue 32 and top tongue 34 respectively of .
- first skin 5 such that the tongues 30, 32 and 34 extend into the first tongue receiving grooves 58 of connectors 8, 9 and ' 10 respectively.
- Upper ends of side connectors 8 and 9 extend through the first and second side channels 43 and 44 respectively between the first side and second side tongues 30 and 32 and the top tongue 34 respectively.
- the channels 43 and 44 are slightly wider than the inner walls 55 of each connector 8 and 9 to ensure that the upper ends of the connectors 89 may pass therethrough without binding.
- the top connector 10 is sized to completely span the distance between interior surfaces of the inner walls 55 of the connectors 8 and 9.
- An adhesive is applied to the tongues 30, 32 and 34 or within the first tongue receiving grooves 58 prior to attachment of the connectors 8, 9 and 10 to tongues 30, 32 and 34.
- the frame 12 is then secured to the first skin 5.
- first and second stiles 13 and 14, top rail 15 and bottom rail 16 are positioned against the inner surface 27 of the first skin 5 such that the first and second stiles 13 and 14 abut against the inner walls 55 of side connectors 8 and 9 and top rail 15 abuts against the inner wall 55 of top connector 10.
- An adhesive is applied to the frame components to secure the stiles 13 'and 14 and top rail 15 to the skin 5 and connectors 8, 9 and 10 respectively and to secure the bottom rail 16 to skin 5.
- the bottom rail 16 is generally positioned such that a bottom edge 62 of the bottom rail 16 generally extends flush with the bottom edge 40 of the skin 5. It is foreseen that 1 the frame 12 may be assembled prior to attachment to the
- the bottom rail 16 may also be glued to inner
- a lock block 70 is formed on first stile 13 to provide
- connectors 8 and 9 may be trimmed to ensure a proper fit of
- bottom rail 16 is adapted to permit trimming thereof to •
- the stiles 13 and 14 and top rail 15 can be formed from
- thermoplastic material but are preferably formed from wood
- thermoplastic material or other suitable materials.
- the skins 5 and 6 are formed from a
- Another composite thermoplastic material might comprise approximately eighty percent (80%) by weight high impact polystyrene with (20%) twenty percent by weight wood fiber.
- Other thermoplastics which might be utilized include; acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, acetal, nylon, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and acrylic. The talc is used as a filler and its ability to add rigidity and stiffness and for thermal stability.
- Other fillers which could be utilized include calcium carbonate and cellulose such as the wood fiber noted above.
- glass fibers are disclosed as the reinforcing fibers it is foreseen that other fibers including carbon fibers could be utilized.
- the connectors 8, 9 and 10 are preferably also formed from the composite molding material in an extrusion process.
- the connectors 8, 9 and 10 are formed separate from the stiles 13 and 14 and top rail 15 respectively.
- the connectors 8, 9 and 10 could be integrally formed with the stiles 13 and 14 and the top rail 15 such that the stiles 13, 14 and IS incorporate the connectors 8, 9 and 10 respectively.
- the skins 5 and 6 are formed from the composite molding material using a thermoplastic flow forming process.
- a process diagram is shown in Figure 8.
- the polypropylene is usually provided in pellet form, the talc and the UV stabilizer as a powder and the pigment in either pellet or powder form.
- the original ingredients are fed in dry form into a mixing hopper 101 mounted opposite the output end of an extruder 104.
- the hopper 101 is of a type which weighs each component independently, mixes the components and gravimetrically feeds it into the extruder 104.
- the extruder melts the composite thermoplastic material and ejects the molten molding material into a sheet die 106. Molten molding material flows out of the die 106 through an outlet 107 (not.
- Molten molding material flows out of the outlet 107 into a first pair of lower or first mold halves 111 and 112 as the lower mold halves 111 and 112 are advanced beneath the outlet 107 to the sheet die 106.
- the first pair of lower mold halves 111 and 112 are supported in side by side relationship on a first trolley 113 which is moveably mounted on rails 115 and 116 which extend transverse to the sheet die outlet 107.
- the outlet 107 is approximately as wide as the distance across the first pair of lower mold halves 111 and 112.
- Each of the lower mold halves 111 and 112 is shaped to form a first side or face of a door skin, such as- skins 5 or 6.
- the molten molding material flows into the lower mold halves 111 and 112 generally as a sheet as the mold halves 110 and 111 pass therebeneath on trolley 113.
- the size and shape of the outlet 107 and the flowrate of molding material through the die 106 is controlled by a computer control system 118 -such that the amount of molding material flowing into a particular area of a lower mold half 111 or 112 generally corresponds to the amount of material necessary to achieve the desired thickness of the molded part in that area.
- the lower mold halves 111 and 112 are then advanced on the first trolley 13 into a first compression press 120 and below a first pair of adjacently aligned upper mold halves 121 and 122 (not shown) already positioned in the compression press 120.
- the upper mold halves 121 and 122 are then advanced into engagement with the lower mold halves 111 and 112 and the molding material is compressed therebetween expelling any air trapped therebetween and allowing the molten material to fill out and conform to the shape of a molding cavity formed between the upper mold halves 121 and 122 and the lower mold halves 111 and 112.
- Cooling water, from a cooling system 124 is circulated through or around the mold halves 111 and 112 and 121 and 122 to cool the molded part, or door skin 125 formed therebetween.
- the mold halves 111 and 112 and 121 and 122 are separated in the compression press 120 and the door skins are removed from between the upper mold halves 121 and 122 and the lower mold halves 111 and 112 by a vacuum extration tool 127.
- a second pair of lower mold halves 131 and 132 are secured on a second trolley 133 (not shown) which is moveably mounted on rails 115 and 116.
- the second trolley 133 is advanced beneath the sheet die 106 and molten molding material flows through the outlet 107 thereof into the second pair of lower mold halves 131 and 132.
- the second trolley 133 beneath the sheet die 106 in a direction opposite to which the first trolley 113 passes beneath the die 106.
- the second pair of lower mold halves 131 and 132 pass completely beneath the sheet die 106, they are advanced on the second trolley 133 into a second compression press 140. and beneath a second pair of adjacently aligned upper mold halves 141 and 142 (not shown) .
- the second compression press 140 is positioned on a side of the sheet die 106 opposite the first compression press 120.
- the second pair of upper mold halves 141 and 142 are then advanced into engagement with the second pair of lower mold halves 131 and 132 and the molding material is compressed therebetween expelling any air trapped therebetween and allowing the molten material to fill out and conform to the shape of a molding cavity formed between the upper mold halves 141 and 142 and the lower mold halves 131 and 132.
- Cooling water, from the cooling system 124, is circulated through or around the mold halves 131 and 132 and 141 and 142 to cool the molded part or door skin 125 formed therebetween.
- the mold halves 131 and 132 and 141 and 142 are separated in the compression press 140 and the door skins are removed from between the upper mold halves 141 and 142 and the lower mold halves 131 and 132 by a second vacuum extration tool 148.
- the first trolley 113 is advanced out of the first compression press 120 past and then back under the sheet die 106 toward the first compression press 120 such that one pair of lower mold halves 111 and 112 or 131 and 132 is being filled while the other set is in the associated compression press 120 or 140.
- the movement of the trolleys 113 and 133 is controlled by the computer control system 118. If the resulting door skin or molded part 125 is flawed, the skin may be ground into relatively small pieces which are fed back to the hopper 101 for reuse. Similarly, any excess molding material purged or trimmed from between the upper and lower mold halves may be ground and fed back to the hopper 101 for reuse. It is to be understood that while certain forms of the present invention have been illustrated and described herein, it is not to be limited to the specific forms or arrangement of parts described and shown.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Securing Of Glass Panes Or The Like (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2002/010950 WO2003089207A1 (en) | 2001-01-08 | 2002-04-15 | Thermoplastic door skins and method of manufacture thereof |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1499480A1 EP1499480A1 (en) | 2005-01-26 |
EP1499480A4 true EP1499480A4 (en) | 2006-11-15 |
Family
ID=33488726
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02725557A Withdrawn EP1499480A4 (en) | 2002-04-15 | 2002-04-15 | Thermoplastic door skins and method of manufacture thereof |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1499480A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002256113A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2482443A1 (en) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3950894A (en) * | 1974-02-22 | 1976-04-20 | Structural Plastics Incorporated | Reinforced polyester door |
GB2279682A (en) * | 1993-06-23 | 1995-01-11 | Permadoor International Limite | Doors and a method of manufacturing same |
US5766774A (en) * | 1994-06-20 | 1998-06-16 | Masonite Corporation | Molded core component |
US6024908A (en) * | 1997-10-03 | 2000-02-15 | Koncelik; Kenneth J. | Method of molding a thermostat polymer door skin, shelf stable thermostat molding composition, and door assembly using the door skins so formed |
WO2001009472A1 (en) * | 1999-08-02 | 2001-02-08 | Tt Technologies, Inc. | Improved insulated door assembly with low thermal deflection |
-
2002
- 2002-04-15 AU AU2002256113A patent/AU2002256113A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-04-15 CA CA002482443A patent/CA2482443A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-04-15 EP EP02725557A patent/EP1499480A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3950894A (en) * | 1974-02-22 | 1976-04-20 | Structural Plastics Incorporated | Reinforced polyester door |
GB2279682A (en) * | 1993-06-23 | 1995-01-11 | Permadoor International Limite | Doors and a method of manufacturing same |
US5766774A (en) * | 1994-06-20 | 1998-06-16 | Masonite Corporation | Molded core component |
US6024908A (en) * | 1997-10-03 | 2000-02-15 | Koncelik; Kenneth J. | Method of molding a thermostat polymer door skin, shelf stable thermostat molding composition, and door assembly using the door skins so formed |
WO2001009472A1 (en) * | 1999-08-02 | 2001-02-08 | Tt Technologies, Inc. | Improved insulated door assembly with low thermal deflection |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of WO03089207A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2482443A1 (en) | 2003-10-30 |
AU2002256113A1 (en) | 2003-11-03 |
EP1499480A1 (en) | 2005-01-26 |
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