EP1485927A1 - Production of high or medium voltage windings for oil-immersed transformers and the windings thus produced - Google Patents

Production of high or medium voltage windings for oil-immersed transformers and the windings thus produced

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Publication number
EP1485927A1
EP1485927A1 EP02726197A EP02726197A EP1485927A1 EP 1485927 A1 EP1485927 A1 EP 1485927A1 EP 02726197 A EP02726197 A EP 02726197A EP 02726197 A EP02726197 A EP 02726197A EP 1485927 A1 EP1485927 A1 EP 1485927A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
turns
expressed
winding
voltage
wire
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP02726197A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1485927B1 (en
Inventor
Michel Sacotte
Jacques Wild
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Schneider Electric Industries SAS
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Schneider Electric Industries SAS
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Application filed by Schneider Electric Industries SAS filed Critical Schneider Electric Industries SAS
Publication of EP1485927A1 publication Critical patent/EP1485927A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1485927B1 publication Critical patent/EP1485927B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H01F27/323—Insulation between winding turns, between winding layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H01F27/327—Encapsulating or impregnating

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the production of so-called "high (or medium) voltage" windings of electrical power or distribution transformers.
  • the transformers in question here are those capable of receiving on their primary windings connected to the power supply network high electrical voltages per phase, of the order of several tens of thousands of volts.
  • transformers of this type are immersed in a dielectric coolant (generally a mineral oil with pronounced dielectric properties) contained in a sealed tank, the walls of which constitute heat exchange surfaces with the ambient medium to maintain the temperature. of the transformer in operation, around 60 to 80 ° C approximately.
  • a dielectric coolant generally a mineral oil with pronounced dielectric properties
  • Each primary phase winding is conventionally constituted by a coil of enamelled metal wire, a good conductor of electricity (copper or aluminum). This coil surrounds at a short distance the secondary winding which is matched to it (generally called "Low Voltage” winding) and most often produced by a wide strip of aluminum wound on itself, whose interior central space is sized for receive one of the columns of the magnetic circuit of the transformer, present in number equal to that of the phases of the power supply.
  • the cylindrical crown (of revolution or oblong), that forms the wire coil constituting the "primary” winding, is, in turn, formed by sheets of concentric turns of wire wound alternately in one direction then in the other according to all the height of the winding (winding called "in long layers").
  • a interlayer is interposed between two consecutive layers to provide the electrical insulation necessary for the good voltage withstand of the winding. This insulation must be provided particularly at the end of the layer, where the terminal turns facing two adjacent plies, being electrically distant from each other by a distance of wire corresponding to two long layers, therefore have a difference between them. of maximum potential.
  • This interlayer is to create an electric potential gradient below the spark spark threshold between turns, which the dielectric coating of the wire (its enamel layer on the surface) cannot manage on its own.
  • This interlayer is conventionally formed by a strip of paper, single or double layer, of 0.1 to 0.5 mm and more thickness approximately depending on the case, and impregnated with dielectric oil. It also ensures a certain mechanical cohesion of the finished winding.
  • each of the primary coils produced as indicated above is in the form of a cylindrical ring about 0.50 m long, with outside diameters of 45 cm and inside diameters of around 30 cm.
  • the object of the invention is precisely to reduce the size of power or distribution transformers by reducing the size of their "high voltage” windings, and this, of course for a given installed power, or, which amounts to the same thing, increasing the power of these transformers without having to increase their size.
  • H mini (Gd mini * Gp mini * D mini) / 4 * Usp maxi H maxi:;: (Gd maxi * Gp maxi * D maxi) / 4 * Usp mini
  • the invention therefore consists in dispensing with the dielectric interlayer, the presence of which, however considered necessary for the reasons of electrical insulation previously mentioned, is nevertheless in itself a complicating factor for the winding operation and additional cost at the same time "material”, “labor” and “tool” for the realization of the windings, and to replace this interlayer by two complementary complementary provisions.
  • a first arrangement aims to make the enameled wire sticky to ensure the mechanical strength of the winding by the rigidity and stability of the assembly which result from the bonding effect of the turns between them.
  • the second arrangement consists in replacing the usual monolithic "long layer” coil making the entire height of the primary winding, with wafers of wire of round (or almost round) section coil in layers of turns bonded without dielectric interlayer and of which the height is determined by calculation, thanks to a specific formula, valid only in the case of a wire of this shape and integrating the dimensional characteristics of the latter together with constraints related to the dielectric strength of the finished winding in its conditions of use (compliance with Paschen's law) and the interspire voltage which is a classic datum known to the transformer manufacturer and chosen by him according to the electrical power of the winding he wishes to achieve and the number of turns which will constitute it.
  • This winding can also be done according to the above-mentioned "long layer” technique, that is to say by tight winding of coils in concentric layers making the entire thickness of the wafer, the wire progressing in the axial direction in this case like the present invention, from the bottom to the top, then from the top to the bottom for the next layer, the mandrel winding serving as support for the first ply on which the next is formed and so on.
  • the replacement of the usual single coil, making the entire height of the primary winding, by a stack of wafers mounted in series has the consequence of reducing within each of them, by a factor moreover equal to the number of wafers (assuming they are identical, and for a given voltage applied to the primary), the value of the maximum voltage between turns. Consequently, the presence of a dielectric paper in interlayer is no longer necessary, the usual enamel film which surrounds the metallic conductor is then sufficient to contain the voltage gradient below the arc threshold between two neighboring turns. , even those located at the end of two layers of consecutive turns, if one does not exceed a certain wafer height which depends in particular on the size of the wire and the calculation rule of which is one of the essential characteristics of the present invention .
  • the enamel is pre-coated with a material with adhesive properties.
  • a material with adhesive properties we will thus use a ready-to-use adhesive enameled wire which is readily available commercially.
  • the wire should not be sticky "cold” so as not to interfere with its handling or its winding during the winding of the wafer.
  • a thermo-adhesive varnish by hot polymerizations.
  • a pre-sizing epoxy resin may be perfectly suitable. The polymerization of such a thermosetting material will take place after passage of the pancake in the oven at 150-200 ° C for a sufficient time to obtain a polymerization at heart (1 to 2 h generally).
  • the bonding can be done "cold” after drying of an adhesive.
  • the adhesive can be applied "post-winding", ie once the wafer has been wound.
  • it can be deposited on the moving wire just before it is put into turns, by spraying with an aerosol, or by immersion of the wire in a container of liquid glue, for example.
  • the tension intersperses Usp is a constructive datum well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the latter chooses it according to the operating characteristics of the transformer, such as the frequency of the supply current (50 Hz in principle) or the magnetic induction to be passed through the magnetic circuit (conventionally around 1 to 2 Tesla) and geometric characteristics of the High Voltage windings, such as their inside diameter, that is to say the inside diameter of the wafers.
  • the tension gradient Gd is determined from a disruptive voltage value given by Paschen's law applied in air to the sheath wire constituting the wafer. It is recalled that Paschen's law establishes that the disruptive voltage between two conductive bodies brought to different electrical potentials in a gaseous medium gives, generally the ambient air, is a continuous function and rapidly increasing product between the distance between these conductors and the pressure of the ambient medium. This disruptive voltage is therefore linked in particular to the thickness of the dielectric enamel layer covering the wire.
  • the interlayer once absent, when winding the turns are naturally organized into nested turns, that is to say, if we look at them in cross-section in cross section, according to a topology of the "compact hexagonal structure” type. ", therefore having a minimum size and natural mechanical stability at the scale of several turns in mutual contact in the wafer. It will be observed that these advantages can also be obtained with an oblong wire in section, it being understood that it is the circular shape which must be preferred in this regard.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Coils Of Transformers For General Uses (AREA)
  • Insulating Of Coils (AREA)
  • Transformer Cooling (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to oil-immersed power or electric power distribution transformers for which the size of the high (or medium) voltage windings is to be reduced. The invention essentially consists in removing the normal oil paper that is used as a dielectric barrier which separates the layers of spirals of lead wire and replacing said paper with a structure comprising a stack of flat wafers which are formed by concentric axial layers of close spirals of coiled wire, without the insertion of a barrier therebetween, and which are obtained from a round or almost round enamelled wire which is sticky or at least heat-adhesive. Each of said wafers has a maximum height which is calculated according to the dimensions of the wire, the selected inter-spire voltage and the safety electric arcing prevention voltage gradient specific to the relevant transformer.

Description

REALISATION D'ENROULEMENTS "HAUTE OU MOYENNE TENSION" DE TRANSFORMATEURS IMMERGES, ET ENROULEMENTS AINSI REALISES.PRODUCTION OF "HIGH OR MEDIUM VOLTAGE" WINDINGS OF UNDERWATER TRANSFORMERS, AND WINDINGS THUS PRODUCED.
La présente invention concerne la réalisation des enroulements dits "Haute (ou Moyenne) Tension" des transformateurs électriques de puissance ou de distribution.The present invention relates to the production of so-called "high (or medium) voltage" windings of electrical power or distribution transformers.
Les transformateurs dont il est question ici sont ceux aptes à recevoir sur leurs enroulements primaires reliés au réseau d'alimentation des tensions électriques par phase élevées, de l'ordre de plusieurs dizaines de milliers de volts.The transformers in question here are those capable of receiving on their primary windings connected to the power supply network high electrical voltages per phase, of the order of several tens of thousands of volts.
Ordinairement, les transformateurs de ce type sont immergés dans un liquide de refroidissement diélectrique (généralement une huile minérale à propriétés diélectriques prononcées) contenu dans une cuve étanche dont les parois constituent des surfaces d'échange thermique avec le milieu ambiant pour assurer le maintien en température du transformateur en fonctionnement, autour de 60 à 80°C environ.Ordinarily, transformers of this type are immersed in a dielectric coolant (generally a mineral oil with pronounced dielectric properties) contained in a sealed tank, the walls of which constitute heat exchange surfaces with the ambient medium to maintain the temperature. of the transformer in operation, around 60 to 80 ° C approximately.
Chaque enroulement de phase du primaire est classiquement constitué par une bobine en fil métallique émaillé, bon conducteur de l'électricité (cuivre ou aluminium). Cette bobine entoure à faible distance l'enroulement du secondaire qui lui est apparié (enroulement dit "Basse Tension" généralement) et réalisé le plus souvent par une bande large en aluminium enroulée sur elle-même, dont l'espace central intérieur est dimensionné pour recevoir une des colonnes du circuit magnétique du transformateur, présentes en nombre égal à celui des phases de l'alimentation électrique.Each primary phase winding is conventionally constituted by a coil of enamelled metal wire, a good conductor of electricity (copper or aluminum). This coil surrounds at a short distance the secondary winding which is matched to it (generally called "Low Voltage" winding) and most often produced by a wide strip of aluminum wound on itself, whose interior central space is sized for receive one of the columns of the magnetic circuit of the transformer, present in number equal to that of the phases of the power supply.
La couronne cylindrique (de révolution ou oblongue), que forme la bobine filaire constituant l'enroulement "primaire", est, quant à elle, formée par des nappes de spires concentriques de fil bobiné alternativement dans un sens puis dans l'autre selon toute la hauteur de l'enroulement (bobinage dit "en longues couches"). Un entre-couche est interposé entre deux nappes consécutives pour assurer l'isolation électrique nécessaire à la bonne tenue en tension de l'enroulement. Cette isolation doit être assurée particulièrement en extrémité de couche, là où les spires terminales en regard sur deux nappes voisines, étant électriquement éloignées l'une de l'autre par une distance de fil correspondant à deux longues couches, présentent donc entre elles une différence de potentiel maximale. Le rôle de cet entre-couche est de créer là un gradient de potentiel électrique inférieur au seuil d'étincelage entre spires, que le revêtement diélectrique du fil (sa couche d'émail en surface) ne parvient pas à assurer à lui seul. Cet entre-couche est classiquement formé par une bande de papier, simple ou double couche, de 0.1 à 0.5 mm et plus d'épaisseur environ selon les cas, et imprégnée d'huile diélectrique. Il assure également une certaine cohésion mécanique du bobinage fini.The cylindrical crown (of revolution or oblong), that forms the wire coil constituting the "primary" winding, is, in turn, formed by sheets of concentric turns of wire wound alternately in one direction then in the other according to all the height of the winding (winding called "in long layers"). A interlayer is interposed between two consecutive layers to provide the electrical insulation necessary for the good voltage withstand of the winding. This insulation must be provided particularly at the end of the layer, where the terminal turns facing two adjacent plies, being electrically distant from each other by a distance of wire corresponding to two long layers, therefore have a difference between them. of maximum potential. The role of this interlayer is to create an electric potential gradient below the spark spark threshold between turns, which the dielectric coating of the wire (its enamel layer on the surface) cannot manage on its own. This interlayer is conventionally formed by a strip of paper, single or double layer, of 0.1 to 0.5 mm and more thickness approximately depending on the case, and impregnated with dielectric oil. It also ensures a certain mechanical cohesion of the finished winding.
Pour fixer les idées, dans un transformateur d'une puissance nominale de 250 kVA par phase par exemple, chacune des bobines du primaire réalisée comme indiqué ci-avant se présente sous la forme d'une couronne cylindrique d'environ 0.50 m de long, avec des diamètres extérieur de 45 cm et intérieur de 30 cm environ.To fix the ideas, in a transformer with a nominal power of 250 kVA per phase for example, each of the primary coils produced as indicated above is in the form of a cylindrical ring about 0.50 m long, with outside diameters of 45 cm and inside diameters of around 30 cm.
La recherche de réduction de la taille des transformateurs est bien entendu un souci constant de la part des constructeurs. Si un tel résultat peut être obtenu de surcroît par une solution portant sur la taille des enroulements du primaire, les avantages que l'on tire alors sont particulièrement attrayants, car non seulement on réalise une économie première sur le coût matière du fil métallique et du papier isolant à bobiner, mais également des économies induites sur le poids d'autres constituants, notamment sur la pièce maîtresse de l'appareil que représente le circuit magnétique, et qui peuvent être déterminantes à elles seules.The quest to reduce the size of transformers is of course a constant concern on the part of manufacturers. If such a result can be obtained in addition by a solution relating to the size of the windings of the primary, the advantages which one then derives are particularly attractive, because not only one realizes a first saving on the material cost of the metallic wire and the insulating paper to be wound, but also savings induced on the weight of other constituents, in particular on the centerpiece of the device represented by the magnetic circuit, which can be decisive in themselves.
L 'invention a précisément pour but de réduire la taille des transformateurs de puissance ou de distribution par une diminution de la taille de leurs enroulements "haute tension", et ce, bien entendu pour une puissance installée donnée, ou, ce qui revient au même, à augmenter la puissance de ces transformateurs sans devoir accroître leur encombrement.The object of the invention is precisely to reduce the size of power or distribution transformers by reducing the size of their "high voltage" windings, and this, of course for a given installed power, or, which amounts to the same thing, increasing the power of these transformers without having to increase their size.
A cet effet, l'invention a d'abord pour objet un procédé de réalisation des enroulements "Haute (ou Moyenne) Tension" des transformateurs de puissance ou de distribution, selon lequel on confère audit enroulement une forme générale de couronne cylindrique, de révolution ou oblongue, à l'aide d'un conducteur métallique filaire revêtu d'une enveloppe à propriété diélectrique, tel qu'une couche d'émail, et que l'on bobine en spires, procédé caractérisé en ce que l'on forme ledit enroulement par empilage de galettes reliées électriquement en série entre elles, chacune desdites galettes étant constituée par un ensemble de nappes concentriques de spires serrées sans interposition d'un entre-couche diélectrique entre-elles, chaque nappe étant obtenue par bobinage axial "longue couche" d'un conducteur métallique filaire revêtu de section ronde ou quasi-ronde et sur lequel a été appliqué en surface une matière à propriétés adhésives afin d'assurer l'adhérence des spires entre elles, en ce que l'on confère à chaque galette une hauteur axiale maximale conforme à une valeur H qui serait obtenue par application de la relation : H = (Gd * Gp * D) /4 * Usp, où H est exprimée en mm; Gd, exprimée en volts/mm, est la valeur du gradient de tension électrique maximum autorisé par le respect de la loi de Paschen entre les surfaces métalliques de deux spires voisines à l'extrémité de deux nappes consécutives; Gp est le double de l'épaisseur, exprimée en mm, de ladite enveloppe diélectrique entourant le conducteur métallique; D est le diamètre externe, exprimé en mm, du conducteur filaire revêtu; et Usp, exprimée en volts, est la tension interspire imposée entre deux spires quelconques voisines sur une même nappe, chacune de ces grandeurs pouvant varier entre une valeur maximale et une valeur minimale choisies en fonction de la classe d'appartenance dudit transformateur.To this end, the invention firstly relates to a process for producing "High (or Medium) Voltage" windings of power or distribution transformers, according to which said winding is given a general shape of cylindrical ring, of revolution or oblong, using a wired metallic conductor coated with a dielectric property envelope, such as an enamel layer, and which is wound in turns, process characterized in that said form is formed winding by stacking wafers electrically connected in series with each other, each of said wafers being constituted by a set of concentric plies of tight turns without interposition of a dielectric interlayer therebetween, each ply being obtained by axial winding "long layer" of a wired metallic conductor coated with a round or almost round section and to which a material with adhesive properties has been applied to the surface in order to ensure adhesion that of the turns between them, in that one gives to each wafer a maximum axial height conforming to a value H which would be obtained by application of the relation: H = (Gd * Gp * D) / 4 * Usp, where H is expressed in mm; Gd, expressed in volts / mm, is the value of the maximum electric voltage gradient authorized by compliance with Paschen's law between the metal surfaces of two neighboring turns at the end of two consecutive layers; Gp is twice the thickness, expressed in mm, of said dielectric envelope surrounding the metallic conductor; D is the external diameter, expressed in mm, of the coated wire conductor; and Usp, expressed in volts, is the interspire voltage imposed between any two neighboring turns on the same sheet, each of these magnitudes being able to vary between a maximum value and a minimum value chosen according to the class of membership of said transformer.
L'invention a également pour objet un enroulement ainsi réalisé destiné à constituer un enroulement "Haute (ou Moyenne) Tension" d'un transformateur électrique de puissance ou de distribution, enroulement ayant la forme générale d'une couronne cylindrique, de révolution ou oblongue, et réalisé à partir d'un fil électroconducteur (en cuivre ou en aluminium notamment) de section ronde ou quasi- ronde revêtu d'une enveloppe à propriétés diélectriques (une couche d'émail par exemple), et constitué par empilage de galettes de fil bobine en spires serrées sous forme de nappes s'étendant selon la direction axiale et sans interposition d'entrecouche diélectrique entre-elles, et dont la hauteur axiale a une valeur maximale conforme à une valeur H qui serait obtenue par application de la relation: H = (Gd *Gp *D) IΛ * Usp, ou H est exprimée en mm; Gd, exprimée en volts/mm, est le gradient de tension électrique maximum autorisé par le respect de la loi de Paschen entre les surfaces métalliques de deux spires voisines à l'extrémité de deux nappes consécutives; Gp est le double de l'épaisseur, exprimée en mm, de ladite enveloppe diélectrique entourant le conducteur métallique, D est le diamètre extérieur, exprimé en mm, du conducteur filaire revêtu, et Usp, exprimée en volts, est la tension interspire imposée par construction entre deux spires quelconques voisines sur une même nappe, chacune de ces grandeurs pouvant varier entre une valeur maximale et une valeur minimale choisies en fonction de la classe d'appartenance dudit transformateur.The invention also relates to a winding thus produced intended to constitute a "High (or Medium) Voltage" winding of an electric power or distribution transformer, winding having the general shape of a cylindrical, revolution or oblong crown , and made from a thread electrically conductive (in copper or aluminum in particular) of round or almost round section coated with an envelope with dielectric properties (a layer of enamel for example), and constituted by stacking of wafers of spool of wire in tight turns in the form of sheets extending in the axial direction and without interposition of dielectric interlayer therebetween, and whose axial height has a maximum value conforming to a value H which would be obtained by application of the relation: H = (Gd * Gp * D) IΛ * Usp, where H is expressed in mm; Gd, expressed in volts / mm, is the maximum electric voltage gradient authorized by compliance with Paschen's law between the metal surfaces of two neighboring turns at the end of two consecutive layers; Gp is twice the thickness, expressed in mm, of said dielectric envelope surrounding the metallic conductor, D is the outside diameter, expressed in mm, of the coated wire conductor, and Usp, expressed in volts, is the interspire voltage imposed by construction between any two neighboring turns on the same sheet, each of these magnitudes being able to vary between a maximum value and a minimum value chosen as a function of the class of membership of said transformer.
De préférence, la valeur de H est choisie dans une fourchette de valeurs dont les valeurs H mini, et H maxi. sont données ci-après: H mini = (Gd mini * Gp mini * D mini) / 4 * Usp maxi H maxi:;: (Gd maxi * Gp maxi *D maxi) /4 *Usp miniPreferably, the value of H is chosen from a range of values including the values H minimum, and H max. are given below: H mini = (Gd mini * Gp mini * D mini) / 4 * Usp maxi H maxi:;: (Gd maxi * Gp maxi * D maxi) / 4 * Usp mini
Comme on l'aura compris, l'invention consiste donc à se passer de l'entre-couche diélectrique dont la présence, pourtant considérée comme nécessaire pour les raisons d'isolation électrique précédemment évoquées, est néanmoins en soi facteur de complication pour l'opération de bobinage et de surcoût à la fois "matière", "main d'œuvre" et "outillage" pour la réalisation des enroulements, et à remplacer cet entre- couche par deux dispositions complémentaires conjointes.As will be understood, the invention therefore consists in dispensing with the dielectric interlayer, the presence of which, however considered necessary for the reasons of electrical insulation previously mentioned, is nevertheless in itself a complicating factor for the winding operation and additional cost at the same time "material", "labor" and "tool" for the realization of the windings, and to replace this interlayer by two complementary complementary provisions.
Une première disposition vise à rendre le fil émaillé collant pour assurer la tenue mécanique du bobinage par la rigidité et la stabilité de l'ensemble qui résultent de l'effet de collage des spires entre elles. La seconde disposition consiste à remplacer la bobine monolithique "longue couche" habituelle faisant toute la hauteur de l'enroulement primaire, par des galettes de fil de section ronde (ou quasi ronde) bobine en couches de spires collées sans entre-couche diélectrique et dont la hauteur est déterminée par calcul, grâce à une formule spécifique, valable uniquement dans le cas d'un fil de cette forme et intégrant les caractéristiques dimensionnelles de celui-ci en même temps que des contraintes liées à la tenue diélectrique du bobinage fini dans ses conditions d'emploi (respect de la loi de Paschen) et la tension interspire qui est une donnée classique connue du constructeur de transformateur et choisie par lui en fonction de la puissance électrique du bobinage qu'il souhaite réaliser et du nombre de spires qui va le constituer.A first arrangement aims to make the enameled wire sticky to ensure the mechanical strength of the winding by the rigidity and stability of the assembly which result from the bonding effect of the turns between them. The second arrangement consists in replacing the usual monolithic "long layer" coil making the entire height of the primary winding, with wafers of wire of round (or almost round) section coil in layers of turns bonded without dielectric interlayer and of which the height is determined by calculation, thanks to a specific formula, valid only in the case of a wire of this shape and integrating the dimensional characteristics of the latter together with constraints related to the dielectric strength of the finished winding in its conditions of use (compliance with Paschen's law) and the interspire voltage which is a classic datum known to the transformer manufacturer and chosen by him according to the electrical power of the winding he wishes to achieve and the number of turns which will constitute it.
Il n'est sans doute pas nécessaire de rappeler ici ce que sont ces bobines de fil en forme d'anneau, donc sensiblement plus larges que hautes, que l'on dénomme "galettes" et comment on les construit. On notera qu'elles sont bien connues en elles mêmes et qu'on les rencontre déjà dans des transformateurs secs.It is undoubtedly not necessary to recall here what are these spools of wire in the form of ring, therefore appreciably wider than high, which one calls "pancakes" and how one builds them. It will be noted that they are well known in themselves and that they are already encountered in dry transformers.
Schématiquement, on les réalise par bobinage d'un fil dans un espace de réception défini entre deux flasques montés à distance sur un mandrin tournant servant au support des spires et à imposer le gabarit intérieur du bobinage fini. Ce bobinage peut se faire en "empilage-vrac", c'est à dire en progression radiale des spires du centre vers la périphérie, puis de la périphérie vers le centre pour la couche suivante, et ce par simple dépose par gravité du fil dans l'espace de réception, les spires se formant alors naturellement juste avant dépose grâce au mouvement de rotation relatif que l'on donne à l'espace de réception par rapport au distributeur de fil place au-dessus. Un tel procédé est par exemple décrit dans le document EP 0 081 446. Ce bobinage peut encore se faire selon la technique du "longue couche" précitée, c'est à dire par enroulement serré de spires en nappes concentriques faisant toute l'épaisseur de la galette, le fil progressant selon la direction axiale dans ce cas à l'instar de la présente invention, du bas vers le haut, puis du haut vers le bas pour la nappe suivante, le mandrin d'enroulement servant de support à la première nappe sur laquelle vient se former la suivante et ainsi de suite.Schematically, they are produced by winding a wire in a receiving space defined between two flanges mounted remotely on a rotating mandrel serving to support the turns and to impose the internal gauge of the finished winding. This winding can be done in "loose stacking", that is to say in radial progression of the turns from the center towards the periphery, then from the periphery towards the center for the next layer, and this by simple depositing by gravity of the wire in the receiving space, the turns then forming naturally just before depositing thanks to the relative rotational movement that is given to the receiving space relative to the wire distributor placed above. Such a process is for example described in the document EP 0 081 446. This winding can also be done according to the above-mentioned "long layer" technique, that is to say by tight winding of coils in concentric layers making the entire thickness of the wafer, the wire progressing in the axial direction in this case like the present invention, from the bottom to the top, then from the top to the bottom for the next layer, the mandrel winding serving as support for the first ply on which the next is formed and so on.
Ici, le remplacement de la bobine unique habituelle, faisant toute la hauteur de l'enroulement du primaire, par un empilage de galettes montées en série, a pour conséquence de réduire au sein de chacune d'elles, d'un facteur d'ailleurs égal au nombre de galettes (à les supposer identiques, et pour une tension donnée appliquée au primaire), la valeur de la tension maximale entre spires. Dès lors, la présence d'un papier diélectrique en entre-couche n'est plus nécessaire, le film d'émail habituel qui entoure le conducteur métallique suffit alors à contenir le gradient de tension en dessous du seuil d'arcage entre deux spires voisines, même celles situées à l'extrémité de deux nappes de spires consécutives, si l'on ne dépasse pas une certaine hauteur de galette qui dépend notamment de la taille du fil et dont la règle de calcul est une des caractéristiques essentielles de la présente invention.Here, the replacement of the usual single coil, making the entire height of the primary winding, by a stack of wafers mounted in series, has the consequence of reducing within each of them, by a factor moreover equal to the number of wafers (assuming they are identical, and for a given voltage applied to the primary), the value of the maximum voltage between turns. Consequently, the presence of a dielectric paper in interlayer is no longer necessary, the usual enamel film which surrounds the metallic conductor is then sufficient to contain the voltage gradient below the arc threshold between two neighboring turns. , even those located at the end of two layers of consecutive turns, if one does not exceed a certain wafer height which depends in particular on the size of the wire and the calculation rule of which is one of the essential characteristics of the present invention .
Il n'est pas inutile de souligner qu'il y a au moins deux manières de parvenir au collage recherché des spires d'une galette.It is worth pointing out that there are at least two ways of achieving the desired bonding of the turns of a wafer.
Selon une première variante, l'émail est pré-enduit d'une matière à propriétés adhésives. On utilisera ainsi un fil émaillé adhésif prêt à l'emploi que l'on peut se procurer facilement dans le commerce. Bien entendu, le fil ne doit pas être collant "à froid" afin de ne pas gêner sa manutention ou sa mise en spires lors du bobinage de la galette. On optera de préférence pour un vernis thermo-adhérent par polymérisations à chaud. Par exemple, une résine époxydique de préencollage pourra parfaitement convenir. La polymérisation d'une telle matière thermodurcissable interviendra après passage de la galette au four a 150-200°C pendant une durée suffisante pour l'obtention d'une polymérisation à cœur (1 à 2 h généralement). Cette dernière pourra d'ailleurs être obtenue plus rapidement par passage d'un courant électrique de chauffage, de quelques dizaines d'ampères, au sein de la galette. On pourra également opter pour un vernis forme par une résine thermoplastique, tel qu'un polyamide, que l'on chauffera au four au dessus de son point de ramollissement pour assurer le collage par interpénétration des couches en surface.According to a first variant, the enamel is pre-coated with a material with adhesive properties. We will thus use a ready-to-use adhesive enameled wire which is readily available commercially. Of course, the wire should not be sticky "cold" so as not to interfere with its handling or its winding during the winding of the wafer. We will preferably opt for a thermo-adhesive varnish by hot polymerizations. For example, a pre-sizing epoxy resin may be perfectly suitable. The polymerization of such a thermosetting material will take place after passage of the pancake in the oven at 150-200 ° C for a sufficient time to obtain a polymerization at heart (1 to 2 h generally). The latter can moreover be obtained more quickly by passing an electric heating current, of a few tens of amperes, within the wafer. We can also opt for a varnish formed by a thermoplastic resin, such as a polyamide, which will be heated in the oven. above its softening point to ensure bonding by interpenetration of the surface layers.
Conformément à une seconde variante de réalisation, le collage peut être fait "à froid" après séchage d'une colle. La colle peut être appliquée "post-bobinage", c'est à dire une fois la galette bobinée. De préférence cependant, elle pourra être déposée sur le fil défilant juste avant sa mise en spires, par pulvérisation d'un aérosol, ou par immersion du fil dans un bac de colle liquide, par exemple. On prendra soin toutefois de choisir une colle qui tienne au-delà de la température de fonctionnement du transformateur, laquelle se situe habituellement autour de 60 a 90°C dans le cas des transformateurs de puissance ou de distribution immergés. Le choix pourra ainsi se porter par exemple sur la colle en poudre commercialisée par la firme des Etats Unis d'Amérique "3M" sous la dénomination "SCOTCKAST 5555", ou sur la colle vendue sous la dénomination "DELOKATIOBOND" par la société française "SUPRATEC", et qui présente l'avantage d'être liquide à la température ambiante.According to a second alternative embodiment, the bonding can be done "cold" after drying of an adhesive. The adhesive can be applied "post-winding", ie once the wafer has been wound. Preferably, however, it can be deposited on the moving wire just before it is put into turns, by spraying with an aerosol, or by immersion of the wire in a container of liquid glue, for example. However, care should be taken to choose an adhesive that stays above the operating temperature of the transformer, which is usually around 60 to 90 ° C in the case of submerged power or distribution transformers. The choice could thus be made for example on the powdered adhesive marketed by the firm of the United States of America "3M" under the name "SCOTCKAST 5555", or on the adhesive sold under the name "DELOKATIOBOND" by the French company " SUPRATEC ", which has the advantage of being liquid at room temperature.
On va donner à présent quelques exemples chiffres de réalisation des enroulements "Haute Tension" d'un transformateur et formés par empilement de galettes selon l'invention dont les caractéristiques sont données en se référant au tableau de valeurs ci dessous: We will now give a few examples of the embodiment of the "High Voltage" windings of a transformer and formed by stacking wafers according to the invention, the characteristics of which are given with reference to the table of values below:
Il est précisé que la tension interspire Usp est une donnée constructive bien connue de l'homme de métier. Celui-ci la choisit en fonction de caractéristiques de fonctionnement du transformateur, comme la fréquence du courant d'alimentation (50 Hz en principe) ou l'induction magnétique à faire passer dans le circuit magnétique (classiquement autour de 1 à 2 Tesla) et de caractéristiques géométriques des enroulements Haute Tension, comme leur diamètre intérieur, c'est-à-dire le diamètre intérieur des galettes en fait.It is specified that the tension intersperses Usp is a constructive datum well known to those skilled in the art. The latter chooses it according to the operating characteristics of the transformer, such as the frequency of the supply current (50 Hz in principle) or the magnetic induction to be passed through the magnetic circuit (conventionally around 1 to 2 Tesla) and geometric characteristics of the High Voltage windings, such as their inside diameter, that is to say the inside diameter of the wafers.
Il est précisé également que le gradient de tension Gd, tel que défini auparavant (gradient de tension dans l'espace qui sépare les spires de conducteurs voisines placées à la même extrémité de la galette -haute ou basse- sur deux nappes concentriques adjacentes) est déterminé à partir d'une valeur de tension disruptive donnée par la loi de Paschen appliqué dans l'air au fil gaine constitutif de la galette. On rappelle que la loi de Paschen établit que la tension disruptive entre deux corps conducteurs portés à des potentiels électriques différents dans un milieu gazeux donne, généralement l'air ambiant, est une fonction continue et rapidement croissante du produit entre la distance séparant ces conducteurs et la pression du milieu ambiant. Cette tension disruptive est donc liée notamment à l'épaisseur de la couche d'émail diélectrique recouvrant le fil. Des indications plus précises sur l'utilisation de la loi de Paschen aux transformateurs pourront au besoin être trouvées dans la Demande de Brevet Internationale PCT FR96/01353 ou dans des ouvrages plus généraux comme "Techniques de l'Ingénieur", rubrique "Gaz isolants" D 2350-4 à 7 article de P. Ségur, ou la section 9-5 de l'ouvrage de R. Fournier "Les isolants en électrotechniques -Concepts et théories" édité en 1986 par Eyrolles, Paris.It is also specified that the tension gradient Gd, as defined above (tension gradient in the space which separates the turns of neighboring conductors placed at the same end of the wafer - high or low - on two adjacent concentric layers) is determined from a disruptive voltage value given by Paschen's law applied in air to the sheath wire constituting the wafer. It is recalled that Paschen's law establishes that the disruptive voltage between two conductive bodies brought to different electrical potentials in a gaseous medium gives, generally the ambient air, is a continuous function and rapidly increasing product between the distance between these conductors and the pressure of the ambient medium. This disruptive voltage is therefore linked in particular to the thickness of the dielectric enamel layer covering the wire. More precise indications on the use of Paschen's law for transformers can if necessary be found in the International Patent Application PCT FR96 / 01353 or in more general works such as "Engineering Techniques", section "Insulating gases" D 2350-4 à 7 article by P. Ségur, or section 9-5 of the book by R. Fournier "Les isolants en électrootechniques -Concepts et théories" published in 1986 by Eyrolles, Paris.
On observera dans le tableau de valeurs ci-avant que certains H mini obtenus par le calcul expriment des hauteurs de galettes peu réalistes au plan industriel. En particulier dans l'exemple donne avec un fil de 0.5 mm de diamètre nu, la hauteur mini. obtenue serait de 0.1 mm, soit inférieure au fil lui-même ! En fait, l'obtention de telles valeurs peu compatibles avec la réalité témoigne simplement des limites d'application de la formule de calcul utilisée et l'homme de métier saura en prendre la bonne mesure dans chaque cas concret en fonction de ces souhaits ou nécessités.It will be observed in the table of values above that certain H mini obtained by the calculation express heights of pancakes which are not realistic on an industrial level. In particular in the example gives with a wire of 0.5 mm of bare diameter, the minimum height. obtained would be 0.1 mm, or less than the wire itself! In fact, obtaining such values which are hardly compatible with reality simply testifies to the limits of application of the calculation formula used and the skilled person will be able to take the right measure in each concrete case as a function of these wishes or necessities. .
De fait, on notera que les essais industriels réalisés ont montre que la mise en oeuvre de l'invention procurait une diminution de la taille de l'enroulement pouvant atteindre une proportion de 20-25%. Une réduction de taille aussi importante ne s'explique pas uniquement par le gain en volume procuré par l'absence de l'entre- couche. Ainsi que l'envisageaient les inventeurs, un autre facteur intervient, qui est celui d'une plus grande compacité du bobinage grâce à une imbrication mutuelle plus poussée des spires. En raison de la relative épaisseur du papier d'entre-couche par rapport au diamètre du fil émaillé, tout se passe comme si ce papier comportait une rigidité suffisante pour forcer les nappes de spires à rester géométriquement linéaires. En revanche, l'entre-couche une fois absent, lors du bobinage les spires s'organisent naturellement en spires imbriquées, c'est à dire, si on les regarde en coupe en section droite, selon une topologie de type "structure hexagonale compacte", donc présentant un encombrement minimum et une stabilité mécanique naturelle à l'échelle de plusieurs spires en contact mutuel dans la galette. On observera que ces avantages peuvent être obtenus également avec un fil oblong en section, étant entendu que c'est la forme circulaire qui doit être préférée à cet égard.In fact, it will be noted that the industrial tests carried out have shown that the implementation of the invention provided a reduction in the size of the winding which could reach a proportion of 20-25%. Such a significant reduction in size cannot be explained solely by the gain in volume provided by the absence of the interlayer. As the inventors envisioned, another factor intervenes, which is that of a greater compactness of the winding thanks to a deeper mutual nesting of the turns. Because of the relative thickness of the interlayer paper with respect to the diameter of the enameled wire, everything happens as if this paper had sufficient rigidity to force the plies of turns to remain geometrically linear. On the other hand, the interlayer once absent, when winding the turns are naturally organized into nested turns, that is to say, if we look at them in cross-section in cross section, according to a topology of the "compact hexagonal structure" type. ", therefore having a minimum size and natural mechanical stability at the scale of several turns in mutual contact in the wafer. It will be observed that these advantages can also be obtained with an oblong wire in section, it being understood that it is the circular shape which must be preferred in this regard.
Il va de soi que l'invention peut présenter de multiples variantes ou équivalents dans la mesure ou ses caractéristiques techniques essentielles données dans les revendications jointes sont respectées. It goes without saying that the invention can have multiple variants or equivalents insofar as its essential technical characteristics given in the appended claims are respected.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Procédé de réalisation des enroulements "Haute (ou Moyenne) Tension" des transformateurs de puissance ou de distribution, selon lequel on confère audit enroulement une forme générale de couronne cylindrique, de révolution ou oblongue, à l'aide d'un conducteur métallique filaire revêtu d'une enveloppe à propriété diélectrique, telle qu'une couche d'émail, et que l'on bobine en spires, procédé caractérise en ce que l'on forme ledit enroulement par empilage de galettes reliées électriquement en série entre elles, chacune desdites galettes étant constituée par un ensemble de nappes consécutives de spires sans interposition d'un entre-couche diélectrique entre-elles, chaque nappe étant obtenue par bobinage en spires d'un conducteur métallique filaire revêtu de section ronde ou quasi-ronde et sur lequel a été appliqué en surface une matière à propriétés adhésives afin d'assurer l'adhérence des spires entre elles, en ce que l'on confère à chaque galette une hauteur maximale conforme à une valeur H qui serait obtenue par application de la relation: H = (G4 * Gp * D) / 4 * Usp, ou H est exprimée en mm; Gd, exprimée en volts/mm, est la valeur du gradient de tension électrique maximum autorise par le respect de la loi de Paschen entre les surfaces métalliques de deux spires voisines à l'extrémité de deux nappes consécutives; Gp est le double de l'épaisseur, exprimée en mm, de ladite enveloppe diélectrique entourant le conducteur métallique; D est le diamètre externe, exprime en mm, du conducteur filaire revêtu; et Usp, exprimée en volts, est la tension interspire imposée entre deux spires quelconques voisines sur une même nappe, chacune de ces grandeurs pouvant varier entre une valeur maximale et une valeur minimale choisies en fonction de la classe d'appartenance dudit transformateur.1. Method for producing "High (or Medium) Voltage" windings of power or distribution transformers, according to which said winding is given a general shape of cylindrical crown, of revolution or oblong, using a metallic conductor wired coated with a dielectric property envelope, such as an enamel layer, and which is wound in turns, a process characterized in that said winding is formed by stacking wafers electrically connected in series with one another, each of said wafers being constituted by a set of consecutive plies of turns without interposition of a dielectric interlayer therebetween, each ply being obtained by winding in turns of a wired metallic conductor coated with a round or almost round section and on which has been applied on the surface a material with adhesive properties in order to ensure the adhesion of the turns between them, in that one gives to each roller te a maximum height conforming to a value H which would be obtained by application of the relation: H = (G4 * Gp * D) / 4 * Usp, where H is expressed in mm; Gd, expressed in volts / mm, is the value of the maximum electrical voltage gradient authorized by compliance with Paschen's law between the metal surfaces of two neighboring turns at the end of two consecutive layers; Gp is twice the thickness, expressed in mm, of said dielectric envelope surrounding the metallic conductor; D is the external diameter, expressed in mm, of the coated wire conductor; and Usp, expressed in volts, is the interspire voltage imposed between any two neighboring turns on the same sheet, each of these magnitudes being able to vary between a maximum value and a minimum value chosen according to the class of membership of said transformer.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que l'on utilise un conducteur filaire revêtu pré-encollé par un vernis thermo-adhérent par polymérisation à chaud. 2. Method according to claim 1 characterized in that one uses a coated wire conductor pre-glued with a thermo-adhesive varnish by hot polymerization.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que l'on applique sur le conducteur filaire revêtu une matière collante juste avant sa mise en spires au sein de la galette à former.3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that an adhesive material is applied to the coated wire conductor just before it is put into turns within the wafer to be formed.
4. Procédé selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que la valeur de H est choisie dans une fourchette de valeurs dont les valeurs H mini, et H maxi. sont données ci-après:4. Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the value of H is chosen from a range of values including the values H min, and H max. are given below:
H mini = (Gd mini * Gp mini * D mini) /4 * Usp maxi; et H maxi = (Gd maxi * Gp maxi *D maxi) /4 *Usp miniH mini = (Gd mini * Gp mini * D mini) / 4 * Usp maxi; and H max = (Gd max * Gp max * D max) / 4 * Usp mini
5. Enroulement électrique destiné à constituer un enroulement "Haute (ou Moyenne) Tension" d'un transformateur électrique de puissance ou de distribution, enroulement ayant la forme générale d'une couronne cylindrique, de révolution ou oblongue, et réalisé à partir d'un fil électro-conducteur (en cuivre ou en aluminium notamment) de section ronde ou quasi-ronde revêtu d'une enveloppe à propriétés diélectriques, telle qu'une couche d'émail, et constitué par empilage de galettes de fil bobine en spires, formée chacune par assemblage colle de spires dénué d'entre-couche et dont la hauteur à une valeur maximale conforme à une valeur H qui serait obtenue par application de la relation: H = (Gd * Gp *D) /4 * Usp, ou H est exprimée en mm; Gd, exprimée en volts/mm, est le gradient de tension électrique maximum autorisé par le respect de la loi de Paschen entre les surfaces métalliques de deux spires voisines à l'extrémité de deux nappes consécutives; Gp est le double de l'épaisseur, exprimée en mm, de ladite enveloppe diélectrique entourant le conducteur métallique, D est le diamètre extérieur, exprime en mm, du conducteur filaire revêtu, et Usp, exprimée en volts, est la tension interspire imposée entre deux spires quelconques voisines sur une même nappe, chacune de ces grandeurs pouvant varier entre une valeur maximale et une valeur minimale choisies en fonction de la classe d'appartenance dudit transformateur. 5. Electric winding intended to constitute a "High (or Medium) Voltage" winding of an electric power or distribution transformer, winding having the general shape of a cylindrical crown, of revolution or oblong, and produced from an electrically conductive wire (in copper or aluminum in particular) of round or quasi-round section coated with an envelope with dielectric properties, such as an enamel layer, and formed by stacking wafers of wire from coil to turns, each formed by assembling glue of turns without any interlayer and whose height at a maximum value conforms to a value H which would be obtained by application of the relation: H = (Gd * Gp * D) / 4 * Usp, or H is expressed in mm; Gd, expressed in volts / mm, is the maximum electric voltage gradient authorized by compliance with Paschen's law between the metal surfaces of two neighboring turns at the end of two consecutive layers; Gp is twice the thickness, expressed in mm, of said dielectric envelope surrounding the metallic conductor, D is the outside diameter, expressed in mm, of the coated wire conductor, and Usp, expressed in volts, is the imposed inter-winding voltage between any two neighboring turns on the same sheet, each of these magnitudes being able to vary between a maximum value and a minimum value chosen according to the class of membership of said transformer.
EP02726197A 2002-03-21 2002-03-21 Production of high or medium voltage windings for oil-immersed transformers and the windings thus produced Expired - Lifetime EP1485927B1 (en)

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