EP1448331A2 - Method for producing die-cast parts and a die casting device - Google Patents

Method for producing die-cast parts and a die casting device

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Publication number
EP1448331A2
EP1448331A2 EP02776638A EP02776638A EP1448331A2 EP 1448331 A2 EP1448331 A2 EP 1448331A2 EP 02776638 A EP02776638 A EP 02776638A EP 02776638 A EP02776638 A EP 02776638A EP 1448331 A2 EP1448331 A2 EP 1448331A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
casting
die
casting device
starting materials
parts
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP02776638A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1448331B1 (en
Inventor
Benno Niedermann
Roberto Bologna
Marc Fuchs
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Buehler Druckguss AG
Original Assignee
Buehler Druckguss AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE2001158156 external-priority patent/DE10158156A1/en
Priority claimed from DE10231888A external-priority patent/DE10231888A1/en
Application filed by Buehler Druckguss AG filed Critical Buehler Druckguss AG
Publication of EP1448331A2 publication Critical patent/EP1448331A2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1448331B1 publication Critical patent/EP1448331B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/007—Semi-solid pressure die casting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D15/00—Casting using a mould or core of which a part significant to the process is of high thermal conductivity, e.g. chill casting; Moulds or accessories specially adapted therefor
    • B22D15/005—Casting using a mould or core of which a part significant to the process is of high thermal conductivity, e.g. chill casting; Moulds or accessories specially adapted therefor of rolls, wheels or the like
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49481—Wheel making
    • Y10T29/49492—Land wheel
    • Y10T29/49524—Rim making
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4998—Combined manufacture including applying or shaping of fluent material
    • Y10T29/49988—Metal casting

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing die-cast parts, in particular parts made of aluminum or magnesium materials.
  • the invention particularly relates to the manufacture of rims or wheels for the automotive industry.
  • Rims or wheels for vehicles are now manufactured from aluminum materials using the low-pressure casting process. These are mostly simply controlled low pressure casting machines with a high manual workload. Every machine needs an operator who is exposed to both the high temperatures of the molten metal and the exhaust gases from the casting process. The demolding of the cast parts is complex.
  • the manufacturer purchases the required aluminum alloy in ingot form and melts it in melting furnaces next to the low-pressure casting machine, i.e. the quality can also vary from machine to machine.
  • a metal block (ingot) of a mass which essentially corresponds to the casting weight is introduced into the gas space above the bath level of the casting machine and before or after Pulling or ejecting the casting is introduced into the bath of the casting machine.
  • DE-C-195 38 243 discloses a process for producing a semi-melted thixogiess casting material in which thixogiess material, which has an outer layer section with dendrites around an outer periphery of a main body section, is subjected to a heat treatment in order to to produce molten casting material with solid and liquid phases coexisting therein.
  • the dendrites respectively.
  • Dendrite fragments are transformed into spherical solid phases by increasing the temperature of the outer layer section with respect to the main body section, and the outer layer section is brought into a semi-melted state.
  • the use of skin effects is intended to prevent the main body from heating up too quickly.
  • Such a step-by-step method for heating is complex and requires several induction heating steps with different frequencies (powers).
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of developing a method for producing die-cast parts, in particular wheels or rims for vehicles, with which the disadvantages of the prior art can be overcome.
  • high-quality wheels and the like should be able to be produced with reduced effort.
  • the environmental impact should be noticeably reduced in connection with improved working conditions.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a casting device for carrying out the method.
  • a die casting cell known as such with supply and heating devices for the casting material, a die casting machine, handling devices and control devices, heating devices are integrated which enable the gradual heating of bolts made of aluminum materials (possibly also magnesium materials), which then come into contact without any significant contact with the ambient air reach the die casting machine.
  • the cast parts After die casting or pressure forming, the cast parts are cooled and stored in a special process, and much faster than usual. It is characteristic of the heating process that a high, constant energy input is started and the energy input is then reduced after reaching the thixotropic structure in the metal area.
  • Fig. 1 a casting cell.
  • Fig. 2 a fixed mold frame in perspective.
  • Fig. 3 a mold frame in partial section
  • the casting cell contains a die casting machine 1 with a mold, a converter for the heating system 2, a monitor 3, a removal robot 5 for parts removal with a control unit 5, a loading robot 6 for feeding the slug with control unit 7 and a spray robot 8 with control unit 9 Molding temperature control devices 10, cooling stations 11 and 13, electrical, for example inductive heating units 12 for heating slugs (bolts), a device for parts control in front of a conveyor belt 16 for the discharge of non-quality parts and a further conveyor belt 15 for the discharge of the good parts.
  • a metal supply is also planned (Sluglager 17), an automatic cleaning station 18 and a manual cleaning station 20 for castings, a scale 19 and a repair area 21.
  • the die casting machine 1 is fed directly with slugs or bolts or portions that were previously heated in the heating units 12. They can be transferred directly and with no air into the casting chamber of die casting machine 1.
  • the heated slugs in closed containers are fed to the casting chamber of the die casting machine 1 by means of robots 6.
  • the containers are closed with a lid, so that the slugs are already heated in them and can be fed from the heating unit 12 to the casting chamber without protective gas when the target temperature is reached.
  • the container is provided with a lid which can be lifted off or which is articulated to the container.
  • the lid or the bottom of the container can also be provided with an additional and closable opening for pressure or vacuum emptying.
  • the container can be rather flat or tall and narrow.
  • a complete adaptation of the container to the shape of the material portion is not necessary, although the smallest possible volume of air in the closed container is advantageous. In particular, there should only be a small air gap between the lid and the material surface (portion). A seal that can be achieved through the shape and weight of the lid is usually sufficient.
  • the container With semi-solid materials, the container is simply emptied over the edge of the container.
  • the bolts can also be fed directly from a heatable supply space / feed channel, which can also be connected directly to the casting chamber, if necessary, the temperature being able to be increased during the transfer if necessary.
  • aluminum materials for example, an alloy No.
  • A357 (Al-Si7MgO, 6) is preferably used, which allows the cast parts to be quenched and stored in a shorter time (T5 treatment).
  • T5 treatment The heating before pouring takes place gradually. This can be divided into three areas.
  • a high-performance heating at the beginning a "cooking" after reaching the thixotropic structure in the area of the stud and in a homogenization for the final adjustment of the globulithic structure in the primary material.
  • an AI bolt with a diameter of 5 to 6 is first heated with constant high energy to approx. 550 to 570 ° C, whereby the difference in temperature inside the bolt is up to approx. 20 ° C.
  • the energy input becomes very high short time drastically reduced, kept very short time ( "cook") and then increased again and held again until a temperature of approximately 585 C C is reached and the temperature difference has dropped to about 2 to 3 degrees.
  • the procedure can be simplified to the extent that the step of lowering the energy input can take place more slowly and evenly over a longer period of time.
  • the individual bolts can also be “wrapped” in foil before heating, preferably in an aluminum foil, in order to avoid oxide formation etc. Shielding gas can also be used to avoid oxide formation.
  • the starting material for the slugs is a homogeneously distributed, fine-grained material, which forms a uniformly distributed, globular microstructure with grain finenesses of approx. 50-100 ⁇ m due to the heating process.
  • the latter is for e.g. high-quality wheels or rims, which are to be manufactured using an SSM process, are required.
  • the molds and casting tools have a modular structure, so that cost-effective and easily exchangeable mold packages are available for each wheel type. A quick change for the respective shaping part of the forms is possible.
  • the shape in the die casting machine 1 is e.g. two-part or three-part and variable use. Since the rim base remains unchanged per wheel dimension, only two mold plates have to be adapted to different front designs. These can still contain inserts that are made of an inexpensive and less high-strength material. The service life of such inserts can thus be adapted to the required number of rounds and only the basic shape has to consist of high-strength material.
  • the mold plates can also contain slide inserts that allow adjustable heights and widths in the front design (depending on the tire and rim dimensions) in defined areas, so that an extra shape is not required for each dimension.
  • the casting mold for producing a vehicle wheel from, for example, aluminum materials has a fixed molding frame 30 with a mold centering 31 as well as molded parts or slides 32 and cooling spirals.
  • the fixed mold frame 30 is connected to the casting chamber 34 in a conventional manner. It also has part-specific core elements for bores in the hub 36 of the wheel 35, which can also serve as ejector elements of the wheel 35. This means that no additional ejectors are required, but functional parts are used that are already required for other tasks (here as the core element).
  • the mold is filled from the hub 36 of the wheel 35 and between the hub surface and the gate 37 of the casting chamber 34, a filter or sieve 38 is arranged as an insert on the hub 36, which primarily serves to remove oxide skins of the SSM to be pressed in. Retain Bolzens, resp. to tear open and shred.
  • the sieve 38 is a stamped part made of aluminum or steel and perforated as desired according to the hub surface.
  • the bolts, not shown, are heated and fed with low O 2 .
  • the filling in the mold cavity is largely dry, ie without lubricant. Due to the sieve, there is no need for a shearing knife for the oxide skin of the bolt.
  • the casting chamber 34 and the casting piston of the die casting machine 1 preferably consist of a ceramic material in order to be able to dispense with lubricants and spraying agents as far as possible.
  • the molded parts or slide 32 are provided with drives and guides (not shown) in order to ensure that the molded parts or slide 32 are retracted and extended.
  • surfaces for locking the slide 32 are provided almost perpendicular to the support plane of the fixed mold frame 30. Furthermore, surfaces for locking the slide 32 are provided, which are arranged parallel to the abovementioned support plane on the slide 32 or the molded parts. Also almost perpendicular to the support plane mentioned, further surfaces for combined counter-locking and shape centering are provided.
  • Corresponding counter contours are formed in the movable mold frame 33.
  • the surfaces for locking the slide 32 are preferably on or in the fixed mold frame 30 and particularly preferably in a line.
  • the surfaces for mold centering are circumferential regardless of the number of molded parts or slides 32.
  • the forces acting during casting are thus distributed in the fixed mold frame 30 to the surfaces for combined mold centering and counter-locking to the right and left of the slide 32 - force transmission and force transmission are thus approximately in line and are easier to control.
  • the molded parts or slides 32 are available for the common range of wheel sizes (for example from 13 "to 22") and can be arranged in only one set of molded frames 30, 33.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing die-cast parts, in particular wheel rims or wheels for vehicles, in addition to a diecasting device therefor. To produce high quality wheel rims or wheels, the starting materials are heated in stages in a casting cell and are transferred in a semi-solid form to a die casting machine, where they are formed into die-cast parts.

Description

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Druckgiessteilen und Giesseinrichtung Process for the production of die-cast parts and casting device
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Druckgiessteilen, insbesondere von Teilen aus Aluminium- oder Magnesiumwerkstoffen. Die Erfindung betrifft insbesondere die Herstellung von Felgen oder Rädern für die Fahrzeugindustrie.The invention relates to a method for producing die-cast parts, in particular parts made of aluminum or magnesium materials. The invention particularly relates to the manufacture of rims or wheels for the automotive industry.
Felgen oder Räder für Fahrzeuge, insbesondere Kraftfahrzeuge, werden heute nach dem Niederdruckgiessverfahren aus Aluminiumwerkstoffen hergestellt. Dabei handelt es sich meist um einfach gesteuerte Niederdruckgiessmaschinen mit hohem manuellen Arbeitsanteii. Jede Maschine benötigt eine Bedienperson, die sowohl der hohen Temperaturen der Metallschmelze als auch der Abgase des Giessprozesses ausgesetzt ist. Die Entformung der gegossenen Teile ist aufwändig.Rims or wheels for vehicles, especially motor vehicles, are now manufactured from aluminum materials using the low-pressure casting process. These are mostly simply controlled low pressure casting machines with a high manual workload. Every machine needs an operator who is exposed to both the high temperatures of the molten metal and the exhaust gases from the casting process. The demolding of the cast parts is complex.
Viele Handoperationen beeinflussen die Teilequalität und die Zykluszeit für den Abguss eines Rades beträgt 7 bis 12 Minuten. Designänderungen bedingen die Herstellung neuer Formen.Many manual operations influence the part quality and the cycle time for casting a wheel is 7 to 12 minutes. Design changes require the production of new shapes.
Der Hersteller (Niederdruckgiesser) kauft die benötigte Aluminiumlegierung in Barrenform ein und schmilzt diese in Schmelzöfen neben der Niederdruckgiessmaschine auf, d.h. die Qualität kann zudem von Maschine zu Maschine abweichen.The manufacturer (low-pressure casting machine) purchases the required aluminum alloy in ingot form and melts it in melting furnaces next to the low-pressure casting machine, i.e. the quality can also vary from machine to machine.
Ein Verfahren, zum Giessen von Kraftfahrzeugrädern, aus Aluminium, Magnesium oder dgl. Leichtmetallen in Niederdruckgiessmaschinen, die im wesentlichen aus einem Tiegel zur Warmhaltung der Schmelze, einer über dem Tiegel angeordneten Giessform sowie einem von der Giessform ausgehenden, den Deckel des Tiegels durchragenden und in die Schmelze einragenden Steigrohr bestehen, wobei das durch das Giessen des Formteils verbrauchte Metall in die Giessmaschine nachchargiert wird zeigt die DE- C-3619525. Es ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass vor jedem Abguss ein Metallblock (Massel) einer dem Gussgewicht im wesentlichen entsprechenden Masse in den Gasraum über dem Badspiegel der Giessmaschine eingebracht und vor bzw. nach dem Ziehen bzw. Auswerfen des Gussstückes in das Bad der Giessmaschine eingebracht wird.A process for the casting of motor vehicle wheels, made of aluminum, magnesium or the like.Light metals in low-pressure casting machines, which essentially consist of a crucible for keeping the melt warm, a casting mold arranged above the crucible, and a casting mold that extends from the casting mold and protrudes through the lid of the crucible DE-C-3619525 shows the riser pipe protruding into the melt, the metal consumed by the casting of the molded part being recharged into the casting machine. It is characterized in that, before each casting, a metal block (ingot) of a mass which essentially corresponds to the casting weight is introduced into the gas space above the bath level of the casting machine and before or after Pulling or ejecting the casting is introduced into the bath of the casting machine.
Es ist allgemein bekannt, Teile aus Aluminium- oder Magnesiumwerkstoffen durch Druckgiessen aus der Schmelze heraus oder auch halbfester, zugeschnittener Bolzen (SSM-Verfahren oder Thixomolding) herzustellen. Bisher ist es jedoch nicht gelungen, für derartige hochbelastete Teile wirtschaftlich alternative Verfahren zu entwickeln.It is generally known to produce parts from aluminum or magnesium materials by die casting from the melt or also semi-solid, tailored bolts (SSM process or thixomolding). So far, however, it has not been possible to develop alternative processes economically for such highly stressed parts.
So offenbart die DE-C-195 38 243 ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines semigeschmolzenen Thixogiess-Giessmaterials bei dem durch Thixogiess-Material, umfassend einen äusseren Schichtabschnitt mit Dendriten um einen äusseren Umfang eines Hauptkörperabschnitts herum aufweist, einer Hitzebehandlung ausgesetzt wird, um ein semi-geschmolzenes Giessmatehal mit darin koexistenten festen und flüssigen Phasen zu erzeugen. Hierbei werden die Dendriten, resp. Dendritenfragmente durch Erhöhen der Temperatur des äusseren Schichtabschnitts bzgl. des Hauptkörperabschnitts in sphärische feste Phasen transformiert, und der äussere Schichtabschnitt in einen semigeschmolzenen Zustand gebracht. Durch Nutzung von Skin-Effekten soll ein zu schnelles Aufheizen des Hauptkörpers verhindert werden. Ein solches schrittweises Verfahren zum Aufheizen ist aufwendig und erfordert mehrere Induktionsheizschritte mit unterschiedlichen Frequenzen (Leistungen).For example, DE-C-195 38 243 discloses a process for producing a semi-melted thixogiess casting material in which thixogiess material, which has an outer layer section with dendrites around an outer periphery of a main body section, is subjected to a heat treatment in order to to produce molten casting material with solid and liquid phases coexisting therein. Here, the dendrites, respectively. Dendrite fragments are transformed into spherical solid phases by increasing the temperature of the outer layer section with respect to the main body section, and the outer layer section is brought into a semi-melted state. The use of skin effects is intended to prevent the main body from heating up too quickly. Such a step-by-step method for heating is complex and requires several induction heating steps with different frequencies (powers).
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Druckgiessteilen, insbesondere von Rädern oder Felgen für Fahrzeuge zu entwickeln, mit dem die Nachteile des Standes der Technik überwindbar sind. Insbesondere sollen qualitativ hochwertige Räder und dergleichen mit verringertem Aufwand herstellbar werden. Die Umweltbelastungen sollen spürbar verringert werden, in Verbindung mit verbesserten Arbeitsbedingungen.The invention is therefore based on the object of developing a method for producing die-cast parts, in particular wheels or rims for vehicles, with which the disadvantages of the prior art can be overcome. In particular, high-quality wheels and the like should be able to be produced with reduced effort. The environmental impact should be noticeably reduced in connection with improved working conditions.
Die Lösung der gestellten Aufgabe erfolgt mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1. Vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen sind in den Unteransprüchen offenbart.The object is achieved with the features of claim 1. Advantageous embodiments are disclosed in the subclaims.
Eine weitere Aufgabe der Erfindung besteht in der Schaffung einer Giesseinrichtung zur Ausführung des Verfahrens. In einer als solcher vorbekannten Druckgiesszelle mit Zuführungs- und Erwärmungseinrichtungen für den Giesswerkstoff, einer Druckgiessmaschine, Handhabungsgeräten und Steuereinrichtungen werden Heizeinrichtungen integriert, die ein stufenweises Aufheizen von Bolzen aus Aluminiumwerkstoffen ermöglichen (ggf. auch von Magnesiumwerkstoffen), die dann ohne nennenswerten Kontakt zur Umgebungsluft in die Druckgiessmaschine gelangen. Nach dem Druckgiessen bzw. Druckumformen werden die Gussteile in einem speziellen Prozess gekühlt und ausgelagert und zwar wesentlich schneller als bisher üblich. Kennzeichen des Aufheizens ist, dass mit hohen, konstanten Energieeintrag begonnen wird und der Energieeintrag dann nach Erreichen des thixo- tropen Gefüges im Metallbereich reduziert wird.Another object of the invention is to provide a casting device for carrying out the method. In a die casting cell known as such with supply and heating devices for the casting material, a die casting machine, handling devices and control devices, heating devices are integrated which enable the gradual heating of bolts made of aluminum materials (possibly also magnesium materials), which then come into contact without any significant contact with the ambient air reach the die casting machine. After die casting or pressure forming, the cast parts are cooled and stored in a special process, and much faster than usual. It is characteristic of the heating process that a high, constant energy input is started and the energy input is then reduced after reaching the thixotropic structure in the metal area.
Wesentliche Vorteile des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens liegen darin, dass es vollautomatisiert ausführbar ist, die Handhabung von Flüssigmetall entfällt, einschliesslich der entsprechenden Schmelzöfen und potenziellen Gefährdungen. Abgase etc. gelangen nicht in direkten Kontakt zu Bedienpersonen und Umwelt. Die Zykluszeit pro Rad sinkt auf ca. 1 Minute.Significant advantages of the method according to the invention are that it can be carried out fully automatically, there is no need to handle liquid metal, including the corresponding melting furnaces and potential hazards. Exhaust gases etc. do not come into direct contact with operators and the environment. The cycle time per wheel drops to approx. 1 minute.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend in einem Ausführungsbeispiel an Hand einer Zeichnung näher beschrieben. In der Zeichnung zeigt dieThe invention is described in more detail in an exemplary embodiment with reference to a drawing. In the drawing, the
Fig. 1 eine Giesszelle Fig. 2 einen festen Formrahmen in perspektivischer Darstellung Fig. 3 einen Formenrahmen im TeilschnittFig. 1 a casting cell. Fig. 2 a fixed mold frame in perspective. Fig. 3 a mold frame in partial section
Die Giesszelle beinhaltet eine Druckgiessmaschine 1 mit einer Form, einem Umrichter für die Aufheizanlage 2, einen Monitor 3, einen Entnahmeroboter 5 zur Teileentnahme mit einer Steuereinheit 5, einen Beladeroboter 6 zur Slugzuführung mit Steuereinheit 7 sowie ein Sprühroboter 8 mit Steuereinheit 9. Vorgesehen sind ebenfalls Einrichtungen zur Formtemperierung 10, Kühlstationen 11 und 13, elektrische, z.B. induktive Heizeinheiten 12 zur Aufheizung von Slugs (Bolzen), eine Einrichtung zur Teilekontrolle vor einem Förderband 16 zum Austrag nicht qualitätsgerechter Teile sowie ein weiteres Förderband 15 zum Austrag der Gutteile. Vorgesehen sind weiterhin eine Metallzufuhr (Sluglager 17), eine automatische Reinigungsstation 18 sowie eine manuelle Reinigungsstation 20 für Giessteile, eine Waage 19 und ein Reparaturbereich 21.The casting cell contains a die casting machine 1 with a mold, a converter for the heating system 2, a monitor 3, a removal robot 5 for parts removal with a control unit 5, a loading robot 6 for feeding the slug with control unit 7 and a spray robot 8 with control unit 9 Molding temperature control devices 10, cooling stations 11 and 13, electrical, for example inductive heating units 12 for heating slugs (bolts), a device for parts control in front of a conveyor belt 16 for the discharge of non-quality parts and a further conveyor belt 15 for the discharge of the good parts. A metal supply is also planned (Sluglager 17), an automatic cleaning station 18 and a manual cleaning station 20 for castings, a scale 19 and a repair area 21.
Der Druckgiessmaschine 1 werden direkt Slugs bzw. Bolzen oder Portionen zugeführt, die vorher in den Heizeinheiten 12 erwärmt wurden. Sie können direkt und unter Luftabschluss in die Giesskammer der Druckgiessmaschine 1 überführt werden. Bei Einsatz von Magnesiumwerkstoffen (aber auch bei Aluminiumwerkstoffen sinnvoll) werden die erwärmten Slugs in geschlossenen Behältern mittels Roboter 6 der Giesskammer der Druckgiessmaschine 1 zugeführt. Die Behältnisse sind mit einem Deckel verschlossen, so dass die Slugs bereits in diesen aufgeheizt werden und bei Erreichen der Solltemperatur aus der Heizeinheit 12 zur Giesskammer ohne Schutzgas zugeführt werden können. Der Behälter ist mit einem Deckel versehen, der abhebbar sein kann oder der gelenkig mit dem Behälter verbunden ist. Für die etwaige Bereitstellung von schmelzflüssigen Portionen können der Deckel oder der Boden des Behälters auch mit einer zusätzlichen und verschliessbaren Öffnung für eine Druck- oder Vakuumentleerung versehen sein. Der Behälter kann eher flach oder hoch und schmal ausgeführt sein. Eine vollständige Anpassung des Behälters an die Form der Werkstoffportion ist nicht erforderlich, obgleich ein möglichst geringes Luftvolumen im geschlossenen Behälter vorteilhaft ist. Insbesondere sollte nur ein geringer Luftspalt zwischen Deckel und Werkstoffoberfläche (Portion) gegeben sein. Eine durch Formgebung und Eigengewicht des Deckels erreichbare Dichtheit genügt zumeist. Bei halbfesten Werkstoffen erfolgt die Entleerung des Behälters einfach über den Behälterrand. Alternativ kann die Zuführung der Bolzen auch direkt aus einem beheizbaren Bereitstellungsraum/Zuführkanal heraus erfolgen, der ggf. auch direkt mit der Giesskammer verbunden sein kann, wobei bei Bedarf auch während der Überführung die Temperatur noch erhöht werden kann. Im Falle von Aluminiumwerkstoffen kommt z.B. bevorzugt eine Legierung Nr. A357 (Al- Si7MgO,6) zum Einsatz, die ein Abschrecken und Auslagern der gegossenen Teile mit geringerem Zeitaufwand ermöglicht (T5-Behandlung). Die Aufheizung vor dem giessen erfolgt stufenweise. Diese kann in drei Bereiche eingeteilt werden. Eine Hochleistungserwärmung zu Beginn, ein "Garen" nach Erreichen des thixotropen Gefüges im Mantelbereich des Bolzens und in eine Homogenisierung zum endgültigen einstellen von globulithischem Gefüge im Vormaterial. Hierbei wird ein AI-Bolzen von 5 bis 6" Durchmesser zunächst mit konstant hoher Energie auf ca. 550 bis 570°C aufgeheizt, wobei die Differenz der Temperatur zum Innern des Bolzens bis c. 20°C beträgt. Anschliessend wird der Energieeintrag in sehr kurzer Zeit drastisch reduziert, über sehr kurze Zeit gehalten ("Garen") und danach wieder gesteigert und erneut gehalten, bis eine Temperatur von ca. 585CC erreicht ist und die Temperaturdifferenz auf ca. 2 bis 3 Grad gesunken ist. Bei Bolzen bis 4" Durchmesser kann der Verfahrensablauf insoweit vereinfacht werden, dass der Schritt des Absenkens des Energieeintrages langsamer und über längere Zeit gleichmässig erfolgen kann. Die einzelnen Bolzen können auch vor dem Aufheizen in Folie "verpackt" werden, bevorzugt in einer Aluminiumfolie, um Oxidbiidung etc. zu vermeiden. Ebenfalls kann Schutzgas verwendet werden, um die Oxidbildung zu vermeiden.The die casting machine 1 is fed directly with slugs or bolts or portions that were previously heated in the heating units 12. They can be transferred directly and with no air into the casting chamber of die casting machine 1. When using magnesium materials (but also useful with aluminum materials), the heated slugs in closed containers are fed to the casting chamber of the die casting machine 1 by means of robots 6. The containers are closed with a lid, so that the slugs are already heated in them and can be fed from the heating unit 12 to the casting chamber without protective gas when the target temperature is reached. The container is provided with a lid which can be lifted off or which is articulated to the container. For the possible provision of molten portions, the lid or the bottom of the container can also be provided with an additional and closable opening for pressure or vacuum emptying. The container can be rather flat or tall and narrow. A complete adaptation of the container to the shape of the material portion is not necessary, although the smallest possible volume of air in the closed container is advantageous. In particular, there should only be a small air gap between the lid and the material surface (portion). A seal that can be achieved through the shape and weight of the lid is usually sufficient. With semi-solid materials, the container is simply emptied over the edge of the container. Alternatively, the bolts can also be fed directly from a heatable supply space / feed channel, which can also be connected directly to the casting chamber, if necessary, the temperature being able to be increased during the transfer if necessary. In the case of aluminum materials, for example, an alloy No. A357 (Al-Si7MgO, 6) is preferably used, which allows the cast parts to be quenched and stored in a shorter time (T5 treatment). The heating before pouring takes place gradually. This can be divided into three areas. A high-performance heating at the beginning, a "cooking" after reaching the thixotropic structure in the area of the stud and in a homogenization for the final adjustment of the globulithic structure in the primary material. Here, an AI bolt with a diameter of 5 to 6 "is first heated with constant high energy to approx. 550 to 570 ° C, whereby the difference in temperature inside the bolt is up to approx. 20 ° C. Then the energy input becomes very high short time drastically reduced, kept very short time ( "cook") and then increased again and held again until a temperature of approximately 585 C C is reached and the temperature difference has dropped to about 2 to 3 degrees. in stud to 4 "diameter, the procedure can be simplified to the extent that the step of lowering the energy input can take place more slowly and evenly over a longer period of time. The individual bolts can also be “wrapped” in foil before heating, preferably in an aluminum foil, in order to avoid oxide formation etc. Shielding gas can also be used to avoid oxide formation.
Als Ausgangsmaterial der Slugs kommt ein homogen verteiltes, feinkörniges Material in Betracht, welches durch den Aufheizprozess eine gleichmässig verteilte, globulare Mik- rostruktur mit Kornfeinheiten um ca. 50-100 μm bildet. Letzteres ist für z.B. qualitativ hochwertige Räder bzw. Felgen, deren Herstellung nach einem SSM-Verfahren erfolgen soll, erforderlich.The starting material for the slugs is a homogeneously distributed, fine-grained material, which forms a uniformly distributed, globular microstructure with grain finenesses of approx. 50-100 μm due to the heating process. The latter is for e.g. high-quality wheels or rims, which are to be manufactured using an SSM process, are required.
Es ist kein flüssiger Werkstoff mehr zu handhaben. Sämtliche Abgase werden abgesaugt und die Formsprühung soweit optimiert, dass kein Restsprühmittel entsorgt werden muss. Rauchgasentstehung ist nahezu ausgeschlossen.There is no longer any liquid material to be handled. All exhaust gases are sucked off and the form spray is optimized so that no residual spray has to be disposed of. Smoke gas generation is almost impossible.
Die Formen und Giesswerkzeuge sind modular aufgebaut, so dass pro Radtyp kostengünstige und einfach austauschbare Formpakete gegeben sind. Ein Schnellwechsel für den jeweils formgebenden Teil der Formen ist möglich.The molds and casting tools have a modular structure, so that cost-effective and easily exchangeable mold packages are available for each wheel type. A quick change for the respective shaping part of the forms is possible.
Die Form in der Druckgiessmaschine 1 ist z.B. zweiteilig oder dreiteilig und variabel einsetzbar. Da das Felgenbett je Raddimension unverändert bleibt, müssen nur zwei Formplatten an unterschiedliches Frontdesign angepasst werden. Diese können noch Einsätze enthalten, die aus einem günstigen und weniger hochfesten Werkstoff bestehen. Damit kann die Lebensdauer solcher Einsätze an die erforderliche Schusszahl angepasst werden und nur die Grundform muss aus hochfestem Werkstoff bestehen.The shape in the die casting machine 1 is e.g. two-part or three-part and variable use. Since the rim base remains unchanged per wheel dimension, only two mold plates have to be adapted to different front designs. These can still contain inserts that are made of an inexpensive and less high-strength material. The service life of such inserts can thus be adapted to the required number of rounds and only the basic shape has to consist of high-strength material.
Weiterhin können die Formplatten Schiebereinsätze enthalten, die in definierten Bereichen einstellbare Höhen und Breiten im Frontdesign (je nach Reifen- und Felgendimension) zulassen, so dass nicht für jede Dimension eine extra Form benötigt wird.The mold plates can also contain slide inserts that allow adjustable heights and widths in the front design (depending on the tire and rim dimensions) in defined areas, so that an extra shape is not required for each dimension.
Spezielle Abstreifer ermöglichen ein leichtes entformen selbst bei komplizierten Formgebungen oder Hinterschnitten. Diese Abstreifer sind so angeordnet, dass nach einem Formöffnungshub durch einen Ausstosshub nach oben verfahren wird, wobei Konturtei- le/Schieber auch quer zur Entformungsrichtung verfahren und vom Gussteil gelöst werden können.Special wipers enable easy demolding, even with complicated shapes or undercuts. These wipers are arranged in such a way that after a mold opening stroke, an ejection stroke moves upwards, le / slide can also move transversely to the demolding direction and can be detached from the cast part.
Gemäss einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiels weist die Giessform für das Herstellen eines Fahrzeugrades aus z.B. Aluminiumwerkstoffen einen festen Formrahmen 30 mit einer Formzentrierung 31 sowie Formteile bzw. Schieber 32 und Kühlspiralen auf. Der feste Formrahmen 30 ist in üblicher weise mit der Giesskammer 34 verbunden. Er weist zudem teilespezifische Kernelemente für Bohrungen in der Nabe 36 des Rades 35 auf, die zugleich als Auswerferelemente des Rades 35 dienen können. Es werden somit keine zusätzlichen Auswerfer benötigt, sondern es kommen Funktionsteile zur Anwendung, die bereits für andere Aufgaben benötigt werden (hier als Kernelement). Das Füllen der Giessform erfolgt von der Nabe 36 des Rades 35 aus und zwischen der Nabenfläche und dem Anschnitt 37 der Giesskammer 34 ist als Einlegeteil ein Filter bzw. Sieb 38 auf der Nabe 36 abgestützt angeordnet, welches vorrangig dazu dient, Oxidhäute des einzupressenden SSM-Bolzens zurückzuhalten, resp. aufzureissen und zu zerkleinern. Das Sieb 38 ist ein Stanzteil aus Aluminium oder Stahl und beliebig entsprechend der Nabenfläche gelocht. Die nicht dargestellten Bolzen werden O2-arm aufgeheizt und zugeführt. Die Einfüllung in die Formkavität erfolgt weitgehenst trocken, d.h. ohne Schmiermittel. Aufgrund des Siebes kann auf ein Abschermesser für die Oxidhaut des Bolzens verzichtet werden.According to a further exemplary embodiment, the casting mold for producing a vehicle wheel from, for example, aluminum materials has a fixed molding frame 30 with a mold centering 31 as well as molded parts or slides 32 and cooling spirals. The fixed mold frame 30 is connected to the casting chamber 34 in a conventional manner. It also has part-specific core elements for bores in the hub 36 of the wheel 35, which can also serve as ejector elements of the wheel 35. This means that no additional ejectors are required, but functional parts are used that are already required for other tasks (here as the core element). The mold is filled from the hub 36 of the wheel 35 and between the hub surface and the gate 37 of the casting chamber 34, a filter or sieve 38 is arranged as an insert on the hub 36, which primarily serves to remove oxide skins of the SSM to be pressed in. Retain Bolzens, resp. to tear open and shred. The sieve 38 is a stamped part made of aluminum or steel and perforated as desired according to the hub surface. The bolts, not shown, are heated and fed with low O 2 . The filling in the mold cavity is largely dry, ie without lubricant. Due to the sieve, there is no need for a shearing knife for the oxide skin of the bolt.
Giesskammer 34 und Giesskolben der Druckgiessmaschine 1 bestehen bevorzugt aus einem keramischen Werkstoff, um möglichst auf Schmier- und Sprühmittel verzichten zu können.The casting chamber 34 and the casting piston of the die casting machine 1 preferably consist of a ceramic material in order to be able to dispense with lubricants and spraying agents as far as possible.
Gegenüber der bisherigen Giessrichtung von der Sichtfläche des Rades 35 her ergeben sich wesentlich geringere Materialrückläufe und die Nabe selbst wird zum Pressrest. Die Überreste des Siebes 38 werden dabei mit der spanenden Bearbeitung der Nabenfläche entfernt (besteht das Sieb 38 aus Stahl, so können die Aluminium-Stahl- Späne z.B. bei der Stahlherstellung verwendet werden). Die Sichtfläche des Rades 35 wird bereits endkonturgenau gegossen. Die Formteile bzw. Schieber 32 sind mit, nicht dargestellten, Antrieben und Führungen versehen, um ein Ein- und Ausfahren der Formteile bzw. Schieber 32 zu gewährleisten.Compared to the previous direction of casting from the visible surface of the wheel 35, material return flows are significantly lower and the hub itself becomes a press residue. The remains of the sieve 38 are removed by machining the hub surface (if the sieve 38 is made of steel, the aluminum-steel chips can be used, for example, in the manufacture of steel). The visible surface of the wheel 35 is already cast to the final contour. The molded parts or slide 32 are provided with drives and guides (not shown) in order to ensure that the molded parts or slide 32 are retracted and extended.
Nahezu senkrecht zur Auflageebene des festen Formrahmens 30 sind Flächen zur Verriegelung des Schiebers 32 vorgesehen. Weiterhin sind Flächen zur Verriegelung des Schiebers 32 vorgesehen, die parallel zur genannten Auflageebene auf dem Schieber 32 bzw. den Formteilen angeordnet sind. Ebenfalls nahezu senkrecht zur genannten Auflageebene sind weitere Flächen zur kombinierten Gegenverriegelung und Formzentrierung vorgesehen.Surfaces for locking the slide 32 are provided almost perpendicular to the support plane of the fixed mold frame 30. Furthermore, surfaces for locking the slide 32 are provided, which are arranged parallel to the abovementioned support plane on the slide 32 or the molded parts. Also almost perpendicular to the support plane mentioned, further surfaces for combined counter-locking and shape centering are provided.
Entsprechende Gegenkonturen sind im beweglichen Formrahmen 33 ausgebildet.Corresponding counter contours are formed in the movable mold frame 33.
Die Flächen zur Verriegelung des Schiebers 32 befinden sich bevorzugt auf dem bzw. im festen Formrahmen 30 und besonders bevorzugt in einer Linie. Die Flächen zur Formzentrierung sind unabhängig von der Anzahl der Formteile bzw. Schieber 32 formumlaufend.The surfaces for locking the slide 32 are preferably on or in the fixed mold frame 30 and particularly preferably in a line. The surfaces for mold centering are circumferential regardless of the number of molded parts or slides 32.
Die beim Giessen einwirkenden Kräfte werden somit im festen Formrahmen 30 auf die Flächen zur kombinierten Formzentrierung und Gegenverriegelung rechts und links vom Schieber 32 verteilt - Krafteinleitung und Kraftweiterleitung befinden sich somit etwa auf einer Linie und sind einfacher beherrschbar.The forces acting during casting are thus distributed in the fixed mold frame 30 to the surfaces for combined mold centering and counter-locking to the right and left of the slide 32 - force transmission and force transmission are thus approximately in line and are easier to control.
Die Formteile bzw. Schieber 32 sind für den gängigen Bereich von Radgrössen (z.B. von 13" bis 22") vorhanden und können in nur einem Satz Formrahmen 30, 33 angeordnet werden. BezugszeichenThe molded parts or slides 32 are available for the common range of wheel sizes (for example from 13 "to 22") and can be arranged in only one set of molded frames 30, 33. reference numeral
Druckgiessmaschinedie casting machine
Umrichterinverter
Monitormonitor
Entnahmeroboterremoval robot
Steuereinheitcontrol unit
Beladeroboterloading robot
Steuereinheitcontrol unit
Sprühroboterspray robot
Steuereinheitcontrol unit
Formtemperierungmold tempering
Kühlstationcooling station
Heizeinheitheating unit
Kühlstationcooling station
Teilekontrolleparts control
Förderbandconveyor belt
Förderbandconveyor belt
SluglagerSluglager
Reinigungsstationcleaning station
WaageLibra
Reinigungsstationcleaning station
Reparaturbereich fester FormrahmenFixed mold frame repair area
Führungguide
Schieber beweglicher FormrahmenSlider movable mold frame
Giesskammercasting chamber
Radwheel
Nabehub
Anschnittbleed
Sieb scree

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Druckgiessteilen, insbesondere Räder oder Felgen für Fahrzeuge durch Giessen, wobei die Ausgangswerkstoffe in Form von Bolzen oder Slugs zugeführt und aufgeheizt werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die aufgeheizten Ausgangswerkstoffe eine globulithische Mikrostruktur aufweisen in halbfester Form einer Druckgiessmaschine (1) zugeführt und unter Anwendung hoher Drücke vergossen bzw. umgeformt werden.1. Process for the production of die-cast parts, in particular wheels or rims for vehicles by casting, the starting materials being supplied and heated in the form of bolts or slugs, characterized in that the heated starting materials have a globulithic microstructure in the semi-solid form of a die-casting machine (1) fed and cast or formed using high pressures.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Aufheizung der Ausgangswerkstoffe in Stufen erfolgt.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the heating of the starting materials takes place in stages.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Abkühlung auf mindestens 180°C erfolgt und Auslagerung der Giessteile verkürzt werden kann (T5).3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the cooling takes place to at least 180 ° C and aging of the cast parts can be shortened (T5).
4. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Zykluszeit ca. 1 Minute beträgt.4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the cycle time is approximately 1 minute.
5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Zuführung der aufgeheizten Ausgangswerkstoffe in die Druckgiessmaschine (1 ) unter weitgehendem Luftabschluss erfolgt.5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the supply of the heated starting materials in the die casting machine (1) is carried out with largely air exclusion.
6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Bolzen aus einem Aluminiumwerkstoff6. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the bolt made of an aluminum material
zunächst mit hohem und konstantem Energieeintrag bis auf eine Temperatur aufgeheizt wird, bei der sich ein thixotropes Gefüge im Mantelbereich einstellt danach der Energieeintrag drastisch und schnell verringert wird und kurzzeitig so gehalten wird danach der Energieeintrag wieder erhöht und gehalten wird bis die Temperatur im Innern und im Mantelbereich weitgehend angeglichen ist.initially heated to a temperature with a high and constant energy input at which a thixotropic structure occurs in the jacket area then the energy input is drastically and quickly reduced and held for a short time thereafter the energy input is increased again and held until the temperature inside and in the jacket area is largely equalized.
7. Giesseinrichtung zur Herstellung von Druckgiessteilen, insbesondere von Felgen oder Rädern für Fahrzeuge mit einer Giesseinrichtung, Heizeinrichtungen zur Aufheizung der Ausgangswerkstoffe und Handhabungseinrichtungen, insbesondere Roboter zur Handhabung der Ausgangswerkstoffe und Druckgiessteile, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Giesseinrichtung eine Druckgiessmaschine enthält und als automatisierte Giesszelle ausgebildet ist.7. Casting device for the production of die casting parts, in particular rims or wheels for vehicles with a casting device, heating devices for heating the starting materials and handling devices, in particular robots for handling the starting materials and die casting parts, characterized in that the casting device contains a die casting machine and is designed as an automated casting cell is.
8. Giesseinrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie variable Formen und Einsätze der Formen aufweist.8. Casting device according to claim 7, characterized in that it has variable shapes and inserts of the shapes.
9. Giesseinrichtung nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Werkstoff eines Einsatzes an die erforderliche Schusszahl angepasst ist.9. Casting device according to claim 8, characterized in that the material of an insert is adapted to the required number of shots.
10. Giesseinrichtung nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Auswerfelemente vorgesehen sind, die zugleich Funktionselemente beim Giessvorgang sind.10. Casting device according to claim 8, characterized in that ejection elements are provided which are also functional elements during the casting process.
11. Giesseinrichtung nach Anspruch 8 oder 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Form einen festen und einen beweglichen Formrahmen (1 , 4) und darin in Führungen angeordneten Formteile bzw. Schieber (3), die modular aufgebaut sind, umfasst.11. Casting device according to claim 8 or 10, characterized in that the mold comprises a fixed and a movable mold frame (1, 4) and molded parts or slides (3) arranged therein in guides and having a modular structure.
12. Giesseinrichtung nach Anspruch 8 oder 10 oder 11 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Formteile bzw. Schieber (3) für bestimmte Teilegrössen in den Formrahmen (1, 4) platzierbar sind. 12. Casting device according to claim 8 or 10 or 11, characterized in that the molded parts or slide (3) for certain part sizes in the mold frame (1, 4) can be placed.
3. Giesseinrichtung nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Giesskammer und Kolben der Druckgiessmaschine (1 ) aus einem keramischen Werkstoff bestehen. 3. Casting device according to at least one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the casting chamber and piston of the die casting machine (1) consist of a ceramic material.
EP02776638A 2001-11-28 2002-11-26 Method for producing die-cast parts and a die casting device Expired - Lifetime EP1448331B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

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DE2001158156 DE10158156A1 (en) 2001-11-28 2001-11-28 Production of die-cast parts comprises heating starting materials in the form of billets/slugs, feeding the starting materials in semi-solid form to die-casting machine, and casting/molding the starting materials using high pressures
DE10158156 2001-11-28
DE10231888A DE10231888A1 (en) 2002-07-12 2002-07-12 Process for the production of die casting sites and casting molds
DE10231888 2002-07-12
PCT/CH2002/000639 WO2003045609A2 (en) 2001-11-28 2002-11-26 Method for producing die-cast parts and a die casting device

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EP1907152A1 (en) * 2005-07-05 2008-04-09 Aluminio Tecno Industriales Orinoco C.A. Process and plant for producing components made of thixotropic billets of an aluminium alloy for vehicules, and components obtained thereby
DE102007013200A1 (en) 2007-03-15 2008-09-18 Bühler Druckguss AG Process for the production of die-cast parts and casting equipment
AU2012389954B2 (en) * 2012-09-12 2018-02-15 Aluminio Tecno Industriales Orinoco C.A. Process and plant for producing components made of an aluminium alloy for vehicles and white goods, and components obtained thereby
DE102014011587A1 (en) 2014-08-02 2016-02-04 GM Global Technology Operations LLC (n. d. Ges. d. Staates Delaware) Armrest for a vehicle seat and vehicle seat with the armrest
IT201700008841A1 (en) * 2017-01-27 2018-07-27 Fonderia Gattelli S R L MACHINE AND METHOD OF PRESSOCOLATE IN SEMISOLIDO
JP7247198B2 (en) 2017-09-11 2023-03-28 エンテック－シュトラコン ゲーエムベーハー Method, casting mold and apparatus for manufacturing vehicle wheels
CN113864505B (en) * 2021-09-28 2022-07-12 常州通合新材料科技有限公司 Lower shell of electric valve, mold and production process thereof

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US20050022384A1 (en) 2005-02-03
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ES2248613T3 (en) 2006-03-16
WO2003045609A2 (en) 2003-06-05
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ATE305835T1 (en) 2005-10-15
AU2002339288A8 (en) 2003-06-10

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