EP1436489B1 - Closure seals and method for closing underground cavities - Google Patents
Closure seals and method for closing underground cavities Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1436489B1 EP1436489B1 EP02801287A EP02801287A EP1436489B1 EP 1436489 B1 EP1436489 B1 EP 1436489B1 EP 02801287 A EP02801287 A EP 02801287A EP 02801287 A EP02801287 A EP 02801287A EP 1436489 B1 EP1436489 B1 EP 1436489B1
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- layer
- water
- abutment
- additional material
- water permeability
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002920 hazardous waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 2
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000000454 anti-cipatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004746 geotextile Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002557 mineral fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005325 percolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F17/00—Methods or devices for use in mines or tunnels, not covered elsewhere
- E21F17/103—Dams, e.g. for ventilation
Definitions
- the invention relates to a sealing plug according to the preamble of the first claim and a method of closing of underground cavities according to the second claim.
- Hazardous waste especially highly toxic and radioactive radiating waste, are deposited underground in Berkwerken and disposed of, leaving them permanently reliable from the environment are isolated.
- the waste that is in Barrels, drums or other containers are included, in brought a cavern of the mine. Is the working space of the cavern exhausted, the space between the containers can with solid material, so that a sufficient Compressive strength of the rump restored and inserted Ceiling collapse of the cavern is avoided. Subsequently, will the cavern sealed watertight.
- first a first separating layer which serves as a static abutment, between the filled cavern and the adjacent gallery made (see DE-A-4 130 658, DE-A-4 130 658).
- the abutment can be made of a wall, for example from a Brick wall, consist. Alternatively, the abutment off Prefabricated elements, such as concrete, are manufactured.
- To the first abutment closes a backfill of the tunnel with a cohesive material. Bentonite is the one for this Purpose most suitable cohesive material; are in principle but also clay or clay materials useful.
- the backfilling is preferably made of molded blocks. compacted However, beds of cohesive material can also be used.
- the backfilling is limited by an auxiliary disposal, similar to the first abutment recordable as Drywall can be created.
- Tied material in particular Bentonite, swells when absorbed by water and increases its volume is considerable. By enlargement of the volume, a pressure is built up. This effect will used to ensure a permanent sealing effect of the sealing plug to achieve.
- the abutments prevent that from happening the swelling bentonite towards the cavern or the Stollen expands.
- the water absorption should be in the normal technical Use done by mine water.
- the sealing plug is pressurized with pressurized water.
- the two abutments must be the mechanical pressure, the with the swelling of the cohesive material, withstand.
- the second abutment must be in water-permeable form be created so that the bentonite can be moistened.
- the Closure structure consists on the cavern side of a static Abutment of salt form stones, which are installed as dry masonry were. Alternatively, dry stone walls are made of natural stones, especially from basalt, called suitable. At the static abutment is followed by a lining Bentonite formstones on. This is followed by a permeable one Auxiliary abutment, which consists of a bentonite stones Drywall of filter stones and one the building final salt concrete filling consists. Within the Auxiliary abutment is between the drywall of the filter stones and the salt concrete filling a compacted sand layer enclosed ( Figure 8).
- the invention is based on the object described uneven pressure conditions during or after water absorption to avoid the cohesive material or at least to minimize.
- a closure plug which consists essentially of three sections: the two outer ones static abutments and an interposed Section of a cohesive material.
- the abutments can as known per se as a drywall are designed.
- Salt mines it offers itself, salt stones for the to use first, cavern-side static abutment.
- This Abutment can, however, also in any modified form be created as long as it increases the pressure of moistening when moistening absorbs cohesive material.
- An increased pressure resistance is achieved when the space between the waste packages in the cavern is filled and the static Abutment directly adjoins the backfilling.
- This static abutment does not need to be water permeable too be; On the other hand, a water permeability does not harm since the subsequent section with the cohesive material is waterproof after moistening.
- the static abutment is immediately followed by the section with the cohesive material, preferably the bentonite, at.
- This section can be made from Bentonite shaped bricks become; but it is also possible, bentonite fillings about To compact as evenly as possible with hydraulic devices.
- the layer must be at an angle of 60 ° to 90 ° be arranged to the direction of the water inlet. Preferably it is essentially perpendicular, thus at an angle of about 90 ° to the water inlet direction, aligned. Should he Water entering through the studs, the layer must be in an angle of 60 ° to 90 °, preferably perpendicular, to Stollen be arranged.
- An arrangement is preferred within the bentonite more through the bentonite from each other separate layers of the water-permeable material be arranged, which is the cross section of the whole Fill in the shaft.
- the layers should thus each in the Be embedded in bentonite. From the vertical (90 °) clearly deviating arrangements of the layer are chosen when off geological or hydrological conditions from the outset with an uneven water front inside the bentonite must be expected. The arrangement of the layer then takes place at such an angle that over the entire tunnel cross-section the water fronts as evenly as possible the layer to reach.
- the thickness of the layers can be chosen relatively small become; a thickness of 2 to 30 cm usually seems sufficient, especially if the water permeability of the layers is significantly higher than the water permeability of the subsequent material.
- this layer is particularly suitable rolling Material that is able to withstand a suction stress in the Build up a layer.
- the suction voltage should preferably be such be that they cover the entire surface of the layer enough. Then it is guaranteed that the water over the distributed throughout the layer, making the flow of water uniform becomes.
- Well suited to the structure of the layer are gravel or mixtures of gravel and sand, which has a fines content of 5 wt .-% to 30 wt .-% included.
- another alternative cohesive material as long as the water permeability correspondingly higher than that of the adjacent cohesive material. If bentonite can be used as a cohesive material as a water permeable material quite clay or loam be used. Also synthetic materials such. B.
- mineral fibers can be used to construct the layer.
- An example for a suitable synthetic material is geotextile. This material has the merit that the thickness of the layer small, for example between 2 and 10 cm, are kept can. Layer thicknesses in the range between about 10 and 30 cm should be provided if the layer of a cohesive or a rolling material is built. It goes without saying by itself that also combinations of the mentioned materials can be used as long as the required water permeability is guaranteed.
- the production of the layer is carried out in a conventional manner according to the material used. For some materials it may be advantageous to prepare the layers already for days and to assemble as components underground.
- the purpose of the layers is to penetrate the cohesive material Distribute water so that even moistening as possible over the entire cross-section is given.
- Wasserwegmaschineen the through the formation of percolation funnels due to the so-called "fingering" can be avoided.
- the vertical layers a fast and anticipatory moisture penetration along the contour avoided to the mountains and especially along the sole, as each Layer uneven water fronts evenly distributed again.
- the layers must be in contact with the cohesive material be arranged and embedded in this material be. This is the case with the sand layer that is in the above Manuscript is described, not the case, so this Sand layer can not act in the manner according to the invention.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
- Dowels (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Verschlussstopfen gemäß dem Oberbegriff des ersten Patentanspruchs und ein Verfahren zum Verschließen von untertägigen Hohlräumen gemäß dem zweiten Patentanspruch.The invention relates to a sealing plug according to the preamble of the first claim and a method of closing of underground cavities according to the second claim.
Gefährliche Abfälle, insbesondere hochtoxische und radioaktiv strahlende Abfälle, werden in Berkwerken untertage deponiert und endgelagert, so dass sie auf Dauer zuverlässig von der Umwelt isoliert sind. Üblicherweise werden die Abfälle, die in Fässern,Trommeln oder in sonstigen Gebinden enthalten sind, in eine Kaverne des Bergwerkes gebracht. Ist der Nutzraum der Kaverne erschöpft, kann der Freiraum zwischen den Gebinden mit festem Material ausgefüllt werden, so dass eine ausreichende Druckfestigkeit des Bergstocks wiederhergestellt und ein Deckeneinbruch der Kaverne vermieden wird. Anschließend wird die Kaverne wasserdicht verschlossen.Hazardous waste, especially highly toxic and radioactive radiating waste, are deposited underground in Berkwerken and disposed of, leaving them permanently reliable from the environment are isolated. Usually, the waste that is in Barrels, drums or other containers are included, in brought a cavern of the mine. Is the working space of the cavern exhausted, the space between the containers can with solid material, so that a sufficient Compressive strength of the rump restored and inserted Ceiling collapse of the cavern is avoided. Subsequently, will the cavern sealed watertight.
Zum Verschließen der Kaverne wird zunächst eine erste Trennschicht, die als statisches Widerlager dient, zwischen der verfüllten Kaverne und dem angrenzenden Stollen hergestellt (siehe DE-A-4 130 658, DE-A-4 130 658). Das Widerlager kann aus einer Mauer, beispielsweise aus einer Ziegelsteinmauer, bestehen. Alternativ kann das Widerlager aus Fertigelementen, etwa aus Beton, gefertigt werden. An das erste Widerlager schließt sich eine Verfüllung des Stollens mit einem bindigen Material an. Bentonit ist das für diesen Zweck am besten geeignete bindige Material; prinzipiell sind jedoch auch Ton- oder Lehmmaterialien brauchbar. Die Verfüllung wird bevorzugt aus Formsteinen hergestellt. Verdichtete Schüttungen des bindigen Materials sind jedoch ebenfalls einsetzbar. Die Verfüllung wird von einem Hilfswiderlager begrenzt, das ähnlich wie das erste Widerlager bespielsweise als Trockenmauer erstellt werden kann. Bindiges Material, insbesondere Bentonit, quillt bei einer Wasseraufnahme auf und vergrößert sein Volumen dabei beträchtlich. Durch die Vergrößerung des Volumens wird ein Druck aufgebaut. Dieser Effekt wird genutzt, um eine dauerhafte Dichtwirkung des Verschlussstopfens zu erzielen. Die Widerlager verhindern dabei, dass sich der quellende Bentonit in Richtung auf die Kaverne oder den Stollen ausdehnt. Die Wasseraufnahme soll im normalen technischen Einsatz durch Grubenwasser erfolgen. Für Versuchsstrecken wird der Verschlussstopfen mit Druckwasser beaufschlagt. Die beiden Widerlager müssen dabei dem mechanischen Druck, der sich beim Aufquellen des bindigen Materials einstellt, standhalten. Das zweite Widerlager muß in wasserdurchlässiger Form erstellt werden, damit der Bentonit durchfeuchtet werden kann.For closing the cavern, first a first separating layer, which serves as a static abutment, between the filled cavern and the adjacent gallery made (see DE-A-4 130 658, DE-A-4 130 658). The abutment can be made of a wall, for example from a Brick wall, consist. Alternatively, the abutment off Prefabricated elements, such as concrete, are manufactured. To the first abutment closes a backfill of the tunnel with a cohesive material. Bentonite is the one for this Purpose most suitable cohesive material; are in principle but also clay or clay materials useful. The backfilling is preferably made of molded blocks. compacted However, beds of cohesive material can also be used. The backfilling is limited by an auxiliary disposal, similar to the first abutment recordable as Drywall can be created. Tied material, in particular Bentonite, swells when absorbed by water and increases its volume is considerable. By enlargement of the volume, a pressure is built up. This effect will used to ensure a permanent sealing effect of the sealing plug to achieve. The abutments prevent that from happening the swelling bentonite towards the cavern or the Stollen expands. The water absorption should be in the normal technical Use done by mine water. For test tracks the sealing plug is pressurized with pressurized water. The two abutments must be the mechanical pressure, the with the swelling of the cohesive material, withstand. The second abutment must be in water-permeable form be created so that the bentonite can be moistened.
Ein Verschlussstopfen der eingangs genannten Art und ein Verfahren zum Verschließen von untertägigen Hohlräumen ist aus dem Manuskript eines Vortrags zum 5. Statusgespräch zu FuE-Vorhaben auf dem Gebiet der Entsorgung gefährlicher Abfälle in tiefen geologischen Formationen (Leipzig, 15./16.05.01) bekannt. Das Manuskript ist in Wissenschaftliche Berichte FZKA-PTE Nr. 7: "Untertägige Entsorgung" der Projektträgerschaft Wassertechnologie und Entsorgung (PtWT+E, Juli 2001) unter dem Titel "Langzeitstabile Streckenverschlussbauwerke im Salinar", Seiten 393 bis 437, veröffentlicht.A stopper of the type mentioned above and a method for closing underground cavities is known from the manuscript of a lecture on the 5th Status Talk on R & D projects in the field of hazardous waste disposal in deep geological formations (Leipzig, 15/16.05.01) , The manuscript is published in Scientific Reports FZKA-PTE No. 7 : "Underground Disposal" of the Project Management Water Technology and Waste Management (PtWT + E, July 2001) under the title "Long-term Stable Siding Constructions in Salinar", pages 393 to 437.
In diesem Manuskript wird über ein Versuchsverschlussbauwerk in einer ehemaligen Kali- und Steinsalzgrube berichtet. Das Verschlussbauwerk besteht kavernenseitig aus einem statischen Widerlager aus Salzformsteinen, die als Trockenmauerwerk eingebaut wurden. Alternativ werden Trockenmauern aus Naturwerksteinen, insbesondere aus Basalt, als geeignet bezeichnet. An das statische Widerlager schließt sich eine Ausmauerung aus Bentonit-Formsteinen an. Daran schließt sich ein permeables Hilfswiderlager an, das aus einer den Bentonit-Formsteinen benachbarten Trockenmauer aus Filtersteinen und einer das Bauwerk abschließenden Salzbetonverfüllung besteht. Innerhalb des Hilfswiderlagers ist zwischen der Trockenmauer aus den Filtersteinen und der Salzbetonverfüllung eine verdichtete Sandschicht eingeschlossen (Bild 8). In diese Sandschicht wurden Druckbeaufschlagungsrohre, Druckmessdosen und Füllstandssensoren eingebaut. Die kavernenseitig an die verdichtete Sandschicht anschließende Trockenmauer aus Filtersteinen ist in der Weise aufgebaut, dass die Druckbeaufschlagung der Bentonit-Formsteine durch das Wasser mittig erfolgt. Die Sandschicht kann daher den Druck nicht flächig verteilen.In this manuscript is about a trial closure construction reported in a former potash and rock salt mine. The Closure structure consists on the cavern side of a static Abutment of salt form stones, which are installed as dry masonry were. Alternatively, dry stone walls are made of natural stones, especially from basalt, called suitable. At the static abutment is followed by a lining Bentonite formstones on. This is followed by a permeable one Auxiliary abutment, which consists of a bentonite stones Drywall of filter stones and one the building final salt concrete filling consists. Within the Auxiliary abutment is between the drywall of the filter stones and the salt concrete filling a compacted sand layer enclosed (Figure 8). In this sand layer were Pressurizing tubes, pressure cells and level sensors built-in. The cavern side to the compacted sand layer subsequent drywall of filter stones is in the way that the pressurization of bentonite stones through the water in the middle. The sand layer therefore can not spread the pressure over a wide area.
Problematisch bei diesen Verschlussstopfen und dem Verfahren zum Verschließen von untertägigen Hohlräumen ist, dass sich infolge von inhomogenen Feuchtefronten inhomogene Druckverhältnisse im bindigen Material ausbilden können und deshalb die gewünschte Dichtigkeit nicht immer gewährleistet ist. Wenn Wasser an einer Schachtwand die zweite Trennschicht durchdringt, ist es leicht möglich, dass das Wasser sich auch in dem Raum, der mit dem bindigen Material gefüllt ist, nahe der Schachtwand weiter ausbreitet und an dieser Stelle das bindige Material zuerst und am stärksten aufquellen lässt. Dadurch ergibt sich eine ungleichmäßige Druckverteilung, die zu einer ungleichen Wasserverteilung (sogenanntes Fingering) führt. Als Folge davon können Wasserwegigkeiten, also Wasser- "Kanäle" in dem aufgequollenen bindigen Material entstehen, so dass die befüllte Kaverne nicht sicher gegen einen Wassereinbruch geschützt ist. Weiterhin besteht die Gefahr, dass nicht mehr tolerierbare Wanddrücke entstehen. Diese Effekte wurden auch als Ergebnis des Versuches beobachtet.Problematic with these plugs and the method for closing of underground cavities is that inhomogeneous pressure conditions due to inhomogeneous moisture fronts can form in cohesive material and therefore the desired tightness is not always guaranteed. If Water penetrates the second separating layer on a shaft wall, It is easily possible that the water is also in the room, which is filled with the cohesive material, near the Shaft wall continues to spread and at this point the cohesive Material swells first and most strongly. Thereby results in an uneven pressure distribution, which leads to a uneven water distribution (so-called fingering) leads. When Consequences of this are Wasserwegigkeiten, ie water "channels" in arise the swollen cohesive material, so that the filled cavern not safely protected against ingress of water is. Furthermore, there is a risk that intolerable Wall pressures arise. These effects were also called Result of the experiment observed.
Ein ähnlicher Effekt ergibt sich, wenn sich infolge von Inhomogenitäten im bindigen Material nach Wasserzutritt inhomogene Drücke aufbauen. Solche Inhomogenitäten können von einer ungleichmäßigen Trockenfeuchte und/oder einer ungleichmäßigen Verdichtung des bindigen Materials beim Einbau herrühren oder aber beim Nachgeben einer oder beider Trennschichten auftreten.A similar effect occurs when due to inhomogeneities in cohesive material after ingress of water inhomogeneous Build up pressure. Such inhomogeneities can be uneven Dry moisture and / or uneven Compression of the cohesive material during installation or but when yielding one or both separation layers occur.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, die beschriebenen ungleichmäßigen Druckverhältnisse bei oder nach der Wasseraufnahme des bindigen Materials zu vermeiden oder zumindest zu minimieren.The invention is based on the object described uneven pressure conditions during or after water absorption to avoid the cohesive material or at least to minimize.
Die Aufgabe wird ausgehend von einen Verschlussstopfen der eingangs genannten Art mit dem im kennzeichnenden Teil des ersten Patentanspruchs beschriebenen Merkmal gelöst. Sie wird weiterhin gelöst durch das in Anspruch 2 beschriebene Verfahren. Die weiteren Ansprüche geben bevorzugte Ausführungsformen des Verfahrens an.The task is based on a stopper of the the aforementioned type with the characterizing part of first described claim solved feature. she will further solved by the method described in claim 2. The further claims give preferred embodiments of the procedure.
Erfindungsgemäß wird ein Verschlussstopfen vorgeschlagen, der im wesentlichen aus drei Abschitten besteht: den beiden äußeren statischen Widerlagern und einem dazwischen angeordneten Abschnitt aus einem bindigen Material. Die Widerlager können wie an sich bekannt als Trockenmauer gestaltet werden. In Salzbergwerken bietet es sich an, Salzformsteine für das erste, kavernenseitige statische Widerlager zu verwenden. Dieses Widerlager kann jedoch auch in beliebig abgewandelter Form erstellt werden, solange es den Druck des bei Befeuchtung aufquellenden bindigen Materials aufnimmt. Eine erhöhte Druckbeständigkeit wird erzielt, wenn der Freiraum zwischen den Abfallgebinden in der Kaverne verfüllt wird und das statische Widerlager sich unmittelbar an die Verfüllung anschließt. Dieses statische Widerlager braucht nicht wasserdurchlässig zu sein; andererseits schadet eine Wasserdurchlässigkeit nicht, da der sich anschließende Abschnitt mit dem bindigen Material nach der Befeuchtung wasserdicht ist.According to the invention, a closure plug is proposed which consists essentially of three sections: the two outer ones static abutments and an interposed Section of a cohesive material. The abutments can as known per se as a drywall are designed. In Salt mines it offers itself, salt stones for the to use first, cavern-side static abutment. This Abutment can, however, also in any modified form be created as long as it increases the pressure of moistening when moistening absorbs cohesive material. An increased pressure resistance is achieved when the space between the waste packages in the cavern is filled and the static Abutment directly adjoins the backfilling. This static abutment does not need to be water permeable too be; On the other hand, a water permeability does not harm since the subsequent section with the cohesive material is waterproof after moistening.
An das statische Widerlager schließt sich unmittelbar der Abschnitt mit dem bindigen Material, vorzugsweise dem Bentonit, an. Dieser Abschnitt kann aus Bentonit-Formsteinen aufgebaut werden; es ist aber auch möglich, Bentonit-Schüttungen etwa mit hydraulischen Geräten möglichst gleichmäßig zu verdichten.The static abutment is immediately followed by the section with the cohesive material, preferably the bentonite, at. This section can be made from Bentonite shaped bricks become; but it is also possible, bentonite fillings about To compact as evenly as possible with hydraulic devices.
Erfindungsgemäß ist es entscheidend, innerhalb des Bentonit-Abschnittes mindestens eine, besser mehrere Schichten vorzusehen, die aus einem Material bestehen, das eine Wasserdurchlässigkeit aufweist, die mindestens eine Größenordnung, das heißt, mindestens zehn mal größer, ist als die Wasserdurchlässigkeit des Bentonits oder des alternativ verwendeten bindigen Materials. Die Schicht muss in einem Winkel von 60° bis 90° zur Richtung des Wassereintritts angeordnet sein. Vorzugsweise ist sie im wesentlichen senkrecht, somit in einem Winkel von etwa 90° zur Wassereintrittsrichtung, ausgerichtet. Soll der Wassereintritt durch den Stollen erfolgen, muss die Schicht in einem Winkel von 60° bis 90°, vorzugsweise senkrecht, zum Stollen angeordnet werden. Bevorzugt wird eine Anordnung, bei der innerhalb des Bentonits mehrere durch den Bentonit voneinander getrennte Schichten aus dem wasserdurchlässigeren Material angeordnet werden, die den Querschnitt des gesamten Schachtes ausfüllen. Die Schichten sollen somit jeweils in den Bentonit eingebettet sein. Von der Senkrechten (90°) deutlich abweichende Anordnungen der Schicht werden gewählt, wenn aus geologischen oder hydrologischen Gegebenheiten von vornherein mit einer ungleichmäßigen Wasserfront innerhalb des Bentonits gerechnet werden muss. Die Anordnung der Schicht erfolgt dann in einem solchen Winkel, dass über den gesamten Stollenquerschnitt die Wasserfronten möglichst gleichmäßig die Schicht erreichen. According to the invention, it is crucial within the bentonite section to provide at least one, better several layers, which are made of a material that has a water permeability having at least one order of magnitude, the means, at least ten times larger, than the water permeability bentonite or alternatively cohesive Material. The layer must be at an angle of 60 ° to 90 ° be arranged to the direction of the water inlet. Preferably it is essentially perpendicular, thus at an angle of about 90 ° to the water inlet direction, aligned. Should he Water entering through the studs, the layer must be in an angle of 60 ° to 90 °, preferably perpendicular, to Stollen be arranged. An arrangement is preferred within the bentonite more through the bentonite from each other separate layers of the water-permeable material be arranged, which is the cross section of the whole Fill in the shaft. The layers should thus each in the Be embedded in bentonite. From the vertical (90 °) clearly deviating arrangements of the layer are chosen when off geological or hydrological conditions from the outset with an uneven water front inside the bentonite must be expected. The arrangement of the layer then takes place at such an angle that over the entire tunnel cross-section the water fronts as evenly as possible the layer to reach.
Die Dicke der Schichten kann verhältnismäßig gering gewählt werden; eine Dicke von 2 bis 30 cm erscheint in der Regel ausreichend, insbesondere dann, wenn die Wasserdurchlässigkeit der Schichten erheblich höher ist als die Wasserdurchlässigkeit des anschließenden Materials.The thickness of the layers can be chosen relatively small become; a thickness of 2 to 30 cm usually seems sufficient, especially if the water permeability of the layers is significantly higher than the water permeability of the subsequent material.
Zur Herstellung dieser Schicht eignet sich insbesondere rolliges Material, das in der Lage ist, eine Saugspannung in der Schicht aufzubauen. Die Saugspannung soll vorzugsweise so bemessen sein, dass sie über die gesamte Fläche der Schicht reicht. Dann ist gewährleistet, dass sich das Wasser über die ganze Schicht verteilt, wodurch der Wasserfluss gleichförmig wird. Gut geeignet zum Aufbau der Schicht sind Kies oder Gemische aus Kies und Sand, die einen Feinanteil von 5 Gew.-% bis 30 Gew.-% enthalten. Verwendbar ist alternativ jedoch auch anderes bindiges Material, solange die Wasserdurchlässigkeit entsprechend höher ist als die des benachbarten bindigen Materials. Wird als bindiges Material Bentonit verwendet, können als wasserdurchlässigeres Material durchaus Tone oder Lehm verwendet werden. Auch synthetische Materialien wie z. B. Mineralfasern sind zum Aufbau der Schicht einsetzbar. Ein Beispiel für ein geeignetes synthetisches Material ist Geotextil. Dieses Material hat den Vorzug, dass die Dicke der Schicht klein, beispielsweise zwischen 2 und 10 cm, gehalten werden kann. Schichtdicken im Bereich zwischen etwa 10 und 30 cm sollten vorgesehen werden, wenn die Schicht aus einem bindigen oder einem rolligen Material aufgebaut wird. Es versteht sich von selbst, dass auch Kombinationen der genannten Materialien einsetzbar sind, solange die geforderte Wasserdurchlässigkeit gewährleistet ist.For the production of this layer is particularly suitable rolling Material that is able to withstand a suction stress in the Build up a layer. The suction voltage should preferably be such be that they cover the entire surface of the layer enough. Then it is guaranteed that the water over the distributed throughout the layer, making the flow of water uniform becomes. Well suited to the structure of the layer are gravel or mixtures of gravel and sand, which has a fines content of 5 wt .-% to 30 wt .-% included. However, it is also possible to use another alternative cohesive material as long as the water permeability correspondingly higher than that of the adjacent cohesive material. If bentonite can be used as a cohesive material as a water permeable material quite clay or loam be used. Also synthetic materials such. B. mineral fibers can be used to construct the layer. An example for a suitable synthetic material is geotextile. This material has the merit that the thickness of the layer small, for example between 2 and 10 cm, are kept can. Layer thicknesses in the range between about 10 and 30 cm should be provided if the layer of a cohesive or a rolling material is built. It goes without saying by itself that also combinations of the mentioned materials can be used as long as the required water permeability is guaranteed.
Die Herstellung der Schicht erfolgt in an sich bekannter Weise entsprechend dem verwendeten Material. Bei einigen Materialien kann es vorteilhaft sein, die Schichten bereits über Tage vorzubereiten und als Bauteile unter Tage zusammenzusetzen.The production of the layer is carried out in a conventional manner according to the material used. For some materials it may be advantageous to prepare the layers already for days and to assemble as components underground.
Der Zweck der Schichten ist, das in das bindige Material eindringende Wasser so zu verteilen, dass eine gleichmäßige Befeuchtung möglichst über den gesamten Querschnitt gegeben ist. Insbesondere können auf diese Weise Wasserwegigkeiten, die sich durch die Ausbildung von Perkolationstrichtern infolge des sogenannten "Fingering" ergeben können, vermieden werden. In gleicher Weise wird durch die senkrechten Schichten eine schnelle und vorauseilende Durchfeuchtung entlang der Kontur zum Gebirge und vor allem entlang der Sohle vermieden, da jede Schicht ungleichmäßige Wasserfronten erneut gleichmäßig verteilt.The purpose of the layers is to penetrate the cohesive material Distribute water so that even moistening as possible over the entire cross-section is given. In particular, in this way Wasserwegigkeiten, the through the formation of percolation funnels due to the so-called "fingering" can be avoided. In the same way becomes through the vertical layers a fast and anticipatory moisture penetration along the contour avoided to the mountains and especially along the sole, as each Layer uneven water fronts evenly distributed again.
Hierzu müssen die Schichten in Kontakt mit dem bindigen Material angeordnet werden und in dieses Material eingebettet sein. Dies ist bei der Sandschicht, die in dem oben genannten Manuskript beschrieben ist, nicht der Fall, so dass diese Sandschicht nicht in der erfindungsgemäßen Weise wirken kann.For this, the layers must be in contact with the cohesive material be arranged and embedded in this material be. This is the case with the sand layer that is in the above Manuscript is described, not the case, so this Sand layer can not act in the manner according to the invention.
Claims (9)
- Closure seal for closing an underground cavity and having:characterised in thata static abutment which adjoins the underground cavity and closes same,a filling of a cohesive material having a first water permeability kf(1), said filling adjoining the static abutment,an auxiliary abutment which is water-permeable at least in regions and which delimits the filling,inside the filling of the cohesive material is arranged at least one layer of an additional material, in such a way that the layer is aligned at an angle of between 60° and 90° relative to a water entry direction, and the additional material has a second water permeability kf(2) which is higher by at least one order of magnitude than the water permeability kf(1).
- Method for closing underground cavities, having the steps:constructing a static abutment by means of which the underground cavity is closed,filling a space, which adjoins the static abutment outside the cavity, with a cohesive material which has a first water permeability kf(1), characterised byarranging at least one layer of an additional material, which has a second water permeability kf(2), inside the cohesive material, in such a way that the layer is arranged at an angle of between 60°and 90° relative to a water entry direction, and the additional material is so selected that its water permeability kf(2) is higher by at least one order of magnitude than kf(1),producing a water-permeable auxiliary abutment which seals the filled space.
- Method according to claim 2,
wherein the layer is arranged substantially perpendicular to the water entry direction. - Method according to claim 2 or 3,
wherein the additional material is a cohesive material. - Method according to claim 2 or 3,
wherein the additional material is a non-cohesive material which is capable of building up a suction tension in the layer. - Method according to claim 2 or 3,
wherein the additional material is a synthetic material. - Method according to one of claims 2 to 6,
wherein the layer of the additional material is produced with a thickness of 2 to 30 cm. - Method according to one of claims 2 to 7,
wherein the layer of the additional material is prepared in advance over days. - Method according to one of claims 2 to 8,
wherein the layer of the additional material is fitted with sensors, preferably with pressure, temperature and/or humidity sensors.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10149972A DE10149972C1 (en) | 2001-10-10 | 2001-10-10 | Blanking plug and method for closing underground cavities |
| DE10149972 | 2001-10-10 | ||
| PCT/EP2002/009725 WO2003033878A1 (en) | 2001-10-10 | 2002-08-30 | Closure seals and method for closing underground cavities |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1436489A1 EP1436489A1 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
| EP1436489B1 true EP1436489B1 (en) | 2005-10-26 |
Family
ID=7702036
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP02801287A Expired - Lifetime EP1436489B1 (en) | 2001-10-10 | 2002-08-30 | Closure seals and method for closing underground cavities |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1436489B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE307962T1 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE10149972C1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2252549T3 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2003033878A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102013109521A1 (en) | 2013-09-02 | 2015-03-05 | Stephan Schmidt Kg | Closure structure and methods and materials for its production |
| DE102018124217B3 (en) | 2018-10-01 | 2019-05-16 | Stephan Schmidt Kg | Use of molded articles of bentonite for the production of shaft closures |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2810263A (en) * | 1951-08-10 | 1957-10-22 | Ford Bacon & Davies Inc | Cavern storage for natural gas |
| US4335978A (en) * | 1981-04-07 | 1982-06-22 | Mutch Robert D | Induced intragradient system for secure landfill |
| DE4130658A1 (en) * | 1991-09-17 | 1993-06-09 | Gsf - Forschungszentrum Fuer Umwelt Und Gesundheit, Gmbh, 8000 Muenchen, De | Transverse sealing in salt mines in form of masonry bond blocks - comprises compressed salt rubble with small diameter grains and containing at least ninety five per cent sodium chloride. |
| DE19944860A1 (en) * | 1999-09-18 | 2001-03-22 | Geophysikalisches Messen Und G | Method for fitting cohesive section supports into mineshaft comprises first forming temporary support, e.g. of rigid plastic foam, and applying filling material in sections of increasing width |
-
2001
- 2001-10-10 DE DE10149972A patent/DE10149972C1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-08-30 EP EP02801287A patent/EP1436489B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-08-30 WO PCT/EP2002/009725 patent/WO2003033878A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-08-30 AT AT02801287T patent/ATE307962T1/en active
- 2002-08-30 ES ES02801287T patent/ES2252549T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-08-30 DE DE50204717T patent/DE50204717D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE50204717D1 (en) | 2005-12-01 |
| DE10149972C1 (en) | 2002-08-22 |
| WO2003033878A1 (en) | 2003-04-24 |
| ES2252549T3 (en) | 2006-05-16 |
| EP1436489A1 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
| ATE307962T1 (en) | 2005-11-15 |
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