EP1425300A2 - PHENOTYPE-DETERMINING VIRULENCE GENES OF i PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA /i FOR COLONIZATION AND PERSISTENCE IN HUMAN BEINGS, ANIMALS AND PLANTS, USES OF SAID GENE AND ASSOCIATED PROTEINS - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the genes of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa which when switched off reduce the virulence of said microorganism and even make said microorganism completely innoccuous. The genes which are known to determine virulence are used as targets for the development of medicaments and vaccines for blocking or switching off said genes or the associated gene products in vivo, in addition to the development of diagnostic agents.

Description

 Phenotype-determining virulence genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for colonization and persistence in humans, animals and plants, uses of the genes and associated proteins

5 The invention relates to newly identified sequences of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, uses of these new and known sequences of the above. Microorganism and associated antibodies and vaccines.

The genus Pseudomonas contains rod-shaped, polar flagellated, gram-negative bacteria. The species Pseudomonas aeruginosa (aerugo, lat. = Verdigris) is bacteria with a length of 1.5-3 μm and a diameter of 0.5-0.8 μm, which are assigned to the group of γ-proteobacteria and one relatively common, well studied and fully sequenced microorganism. The taxonomic classification is based on L5 based on the 16S rRNA sequences. P.aeruginosa is characterized by the production of various dyes that have given the bacterium its name.

P.aeruginosa makes very little demands on the habitat and is able to adapt to a wide range by selectively regulating its gene expression

Adapt spectrum of different environmental conditions. It was even detected in almost pure water (> 71 kΩ and in some disinfectants.

This great adaptability makes P.aeruginosa an almost ubiquitous and sometimes dangerous germ that is only very sensitive to dehydration. 25 By selectively regulating gene expression, the phenotype of the bacteria can vary between a mucoid and a non-mucoid variant, depending on the habitat requirements.

In its non-mucous form, the bacterium is flagellated and has a diverse .0 surface, so that it can open up new habitats. Mucous P.aeruginosa are unscathed and differ in many phenotypic features from the mobile variant. The most striking difference is the strong production of alginate. Presumably this glycocalyx becomes the stable one Adhesion of the bacteria to surfaces is imparted, thus securing the colony's hold against water currents or cilia movements of a populated epithelium. Furthermore, phagocytosis is made more difficult and the absorption of nutrients is facilitated (BOTZENHARDT & DÖRING 1993; COSTERTON ET AL. 1987)

Genetic studies have shown that the genes belonging to a metabolic chain in P.aeruginosa PAO mostly do not lie in a polycistronic gene cassette, are regulated by a common promoter and, e.g. in Escherichia coli, can be transcribed as an mRNA, but are coded at different locations in the genome despite common regulation. Examination of the PAO genome showed a division into two parts already known from P.putida: essential and anabolic genes are usually close to the origin of replication, catabolic and non-essential ones mostly in the other half. This division is probably due to the integration of new genetic elements, e.g. Plasmids attributed to a formerly smaller genome. The entire genomic sequence of P.aeruginosa PAO was published in 2000 and is now available for further silico studies (www.pseudomonas.com).

There is a great genetic similarity of strains from very different habitats, which can either be explained by an evolutionarily very young radiation or a genome organization that is conserved in principle independent of the habitat. When isolates from P.aeruginosa - infected CF patients were examined, in addition to an acquisition from the environment, a nosocomial infection within a clinic or an infection of relatives who were also ill were often found

P.aeruginosa only affects people when their immune system is generally or locally weakened. The most affected patient groups are premature babies and immunosuppressed people, as well as people suffering from diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF), severe burns or malignancies. Due to its adaptability, its high antibiotic resistance and its low nutritional requirements, P.aeruginosa is also found in hospitals, where according to data from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (USA) it is one of the main causative agents of nosocomial diseases with a share of 10.1% (BRAVENY, KRUMP-SCHMIDT 1985; POLLAK 1985; HORAN 1986).

During tissue colonization and invasion into epithelial cells, P.aeruginosa produces a variety of virulence determinants. These include two toxic proteins, exotoxin A and exoenzyme S, which trigger cell death after being absorbed into eukaryotic cells. Various proteases (elastase, alkaline protease, LasA fragment) locally destroy the tissue structure in the host and hydrolyze immunoglobulins, components of the complement system and receptors of the immunocompetent cells. In addition, P.aeruginosa also secretes heat-stable cytotoxins with detergent-like properties, so-called rhamnolipids, which due to their chemical structure can neither be decomposed by host proteases nor induce an immune response. Much of the expression of the pathogenicity factors of P.aeruginosa is regulated in a growth-dependent manner using quorum sensing (DEKIEVIT & IGLEWSKI 2000; STOREY ET AL. 1998).

In contrast to the acute infection described above, chronic Pseudomonas infestation in CF patients remains restricted to the lungs, but is a decisive factor in the course of the disease there. Alginate and mucin can eventually block entire areas of the lungs, causing the atelectasis to irreversibly transform the lung tissue. The area available for respiration becomes increasingly smaller and the patients die from pulmonary insufficiency (PIER 1985; H0IBY 1986).

There is therefore a great need to obtain therapeutics and vaccines against pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, as well as diagnostics with which the pathogenicity can be determined in detail. The aim of an immunization must be an immune response that the bacteria cannot escape by changing their surface proteins, as they do, for example, in the formation of a biofilm or in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. If this is possible, the vaccination strategy would not make sense, since it would not lead to the elimination of the bacteria, but only to a selection of a certain group of bacteria.

For a successful vaccination, it must therefore be ensured that the pathogens penetrating the organism do not affect the corresponding surface protein

.0 can simply do without it or not express it during part of their development cycle. This problem has not always been solved to the full with the previous vaccines against bacteria. While most viruses are not capable of making major changes in their protein composition and vaccinations against one or more of their surface proteins almost always result in

L5 Providing adequate vaccination protection, bacteria are organisms that adapt to given environmental stimuli. The development of vaccines against bacteria is therefore very difficult, since it cannot be reliably demonstrated without a function prediction whether a special surface protein is indispensable for an infection or not.

20 It is therefore an object of the invention to provide means for

Classify Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with regard to their virulence factors and to be able to influence their hazard potential. More specifically, the task is to develop a strategy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and to find possible targets for the development of vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics.

The invention is based on the knowledge that different genes, which are very different from one another, are involved in the virulence potential of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa microorganisms via their gene products and are independent, but partially complementary and potentiating virulence factors. The in

Genes found within the scope of this invention partly have completely different functions and are also located at completely different locations in the genome of the microorganism. Their impact on virulence was unpredictable. On off- switch "one or more of these genes affects the virulence up to the complete harmlessness of the microorganism.

The solution to the problem of this invention includes:

5

- the discovery of new virulence-determining genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa;

- The use of new and known genes, which were recognized as virulence-determining, as targets for the development of drugs and vaccines

.0 blocking or disabling of these genes or the associated gene products in vivo, and for the development of diagnostics;

- the use of the virulence-determining genes for the diagnosis of virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.

L5

In detail, the invention therefore includes:

1. Isolated or recombinant nucleic acids according to the sequences for Seq. ID 1,

20 seq. ID 2 and Seq. ID 3 or homologues degenerate or modified for this

Sequences with a corresponding function, the modifications particularly including deletions, insertions and / or substitutions of amino acids, in particular point mutations, shortenings, extensions and the like, insofar as these do not significantly impair the overall function with regard to the survivability 5 of the microorganism;

2. Proteins which are encoded by one of the abovementioned sequences or homologous, essentially functionally identical proteins or peptides, in particular those with deletion, insertion or exchange of individual 0 and / or more amino acids, sequence-extending addition of individual and / or more amino acids and / or chemical derivatization especially of the terminal amino acids linked sequence modification. 3. Use of the nucleic acids or nucleotide sequences PA0740, PA1288, PA1322. PA1441, PA1572, PA1992, PA2591, PA3344, PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and / or PA5415 of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated according to the nomenclature of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Community Anno-

5 tation Project (see "www.pseudomonas.com"), and / or the nucleic acids or

Nucleic acid sequences according to Seq. ID 1, 2 or 3, or the respective associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa-e gene proteins, which are all essential for the survivability of the microorganism in humans or animals, as targets for the development of diagnostics for identifying the virulence of a PseU-LO domonas aeruginosa strain , for the development of therapeutic agents against

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains and for the development of vaccines against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.

Instead of or in connection with PA 1441, the sequences PA1104 L5 and / or PA1452 can also be used.

Proteins which can be used also include proteins or protein fragments of the proteins and homologous variants which are homologous to these, in particular those with deletion, insertion or exchange of individual and / or several amino acids,

20 sequence-extending addition of single and / or more amino acids and / or chemical derivatization, in particular of the terminal amino acids of linked sequence modification.

4. Antibodies raised against by one of the nucleic acid sequences PA0740, 25 PA1104, PA1288, PA1322, PA1441, PA1452, PA1572, PA1992, PA2591,

PA3344, PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and PA5415 of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated according to the nomenclature of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Community Annotation Project, or the nucleic acid sequences according to Seq. ID 1, 2 or 3 encoded protein or at least one functional fragment

30 one of the aforementioned proteins are directed for use in determining the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa siamese. 5. Vaccine containing at least one of the nucleic acid sequences PA0740, PA1104, PA1288, PA1322, PA1441, PA1452, PA1572, PA1992, PA2591, PA3344, PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and PA5415 of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated according to the nomenclature of Pseudomonas pseudomonas pseudomonas Community Annotation Project, or the nucleic acid sequences according to Seq. ID 1, 2 or 3 encoded protein or at least one functional fragment of one of the aforementioned proteins, or at least one fusion protein based on the protein or functional part of the protein and

LO vaccine containing at least one of the nucleic acids according to sequences

PA0740, PA1104, PA1288, PA1322, PA1441, PA1452, PA1572, PA1992, PA2591, PA3344, PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and PA5415 of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated according to the nomenclature of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Community Annotation Project, or the nucleic acids according to Se.

L5 ID 1, 2 or 3, in modified modification readable in mammalian cells and in

Assignment to a promoter readable in mammalian cells.

In a further development of the invention, the genes with the associated promoter can be ligated into a plasmid. Furthermore, customary additives and

20 adjuvants and in particular at least one adjuvant can be contained in the vaccine.

In the sequences Seq. ID 1, Seq. ID 2 and Seq. ID 3 is the following newly identified gene sequences:

25

Seq. ID 1

DNA sequence:

30 CTGCAGGGCTACGCTGAGGGAGTTGTAGAGGAGGCCGATGACAACACCCTGC

GCATCCGGCTAGCCCATGGCCTTCGAGTCAAAGAAGCGTCTCCCGCCGCCGA TGACGTGGCCGACGTTCCGCGTACGCCGGGGGTTAAGAAGCCTTCGATACGT CTGCTCGGGCTGCTCCAGCTGCTGTGGTTAGAGGCTGGACTGGCCAACTGGT ACCCACTGATGGAAGGCAAGCGAACGCCCGCGAATGTTGCCTATTGGGTATCT 35 GAAGCCGCAAAGCGTATCCGGGCCAGCCGAATGACGGTGTTCGACGTCTTGC TGATGTCGGCCAAGAAGAACTCCCGCATGGCGAAGCGCAATGCTGAGGTCGT GGAGCTGGCGCAGGAGCATTCGCGCAGGCTCATTGCGGTGTCGCCGCTGGC

GTCCTTCAACTCGGAACGACGCAATCTCTTGACGCTTTCTGTCTCGGGACCCTT

CGGGATGCCGACGATGGACATTCGAGCGGA

5 This DNA sequence is crucial for both intracellular survival and quorum sensing of P. aeruginosa. This sequence is not present in all but in most pathogenic P. aeruginosa isolates. Destruction of this sequence or of the gene product encoded by it leads to the quorum sensing being switched off and thus to a reduction in

L O pathogenicity

Seq. ID 2

L5 DNA sequence:

TGCAGGATCTGGGTCAGGTTGTCGATCAGGTTCTGGGTCAGCGAATTCAGAGC TCTCATTCGTCCTGGCACTCCACTGCCGGTTGGTCTGGGAAATTAATTGGGAA GGGCGGCAGGCCGCGCGCCTTGTCGAGATCCGCTGCGACCTGCAAGGCCGC 20 CTCGAGCTCGTCGCAGCCGGTGGCTTGCATGATGTTGTAGCGCTGGTTCTTTT CTTCGTTTTCGGTCATGGCCAGGGCCAGGTAGAGACTCGGGGGAACCACACG GAAGAGGTACTCCTTGCCCTTGGCCAGGAGCACGCCCTCGGTGAATTTGCCG CTTTCCTTGCGGGCCGAGAGCATCATCGACTTCTGCGCCGGCGACAGCTCGC GGAACCTGGAGATCTTCTCTACCTCGTCTGGGGGCATGTTCAGGCACAACCAC

25 CACTCGATCATGTTCAGCATCGGCGCCCCGGAGGCTGGGATGTCGTCGATGTT

CTGGGTGGCGAGCCAGAACCAGGCGCCCAGTTTCCGCCACATCTTGGTGATC TTCATGGCGTAGGGCAGCAGCAGCGGGTGCTTGGTGATGATGTGTCCCTCATC GGTGATCTTGACGATGGGCCGGCCCTTGAATTGGTCGCGTTCGGCGATGTTGT TTACGGTGTTCAGCAGCGAGATGTAGGCGATCCCGAGCTGGGCGGCGTAGCC

30 TTCGCGCGCGTAAGTCGCGAAATCCACCACGGTGAGGTCGGCTTCAGGCCAG

GGCGTGCCTTTGCGATTGAACATCTCGCC

Seq. ID 3 5 DNA sequence:

ATGCGTTGGAAACTCCCCTGGCCGAAGCTGGCCGCACCGAAGCTGGCCGCGT CCGGCGCTGGCGATGACGAGCAGCCGGACGGCTGGCAGCGCCACGTCGAGG CACTGCACCAGGCCGGCATCCCCGAACCCGGCACGGCGGTGCAAGGTCACA 0 GGCCGGCGACCATGGCAGACGAGCAGACGCTGTATGAGGTCGCGCCGTCGTT CGTGGAACTACTGCCCTGGGTGGAGTTCCTGCCGCAGTCGAAGGCCATGTTG CTGGAGGACGGGCAATCGGTGGCGGCCTTTTACGAGCTGGTGCCGCTGGGCA CCGAAGGCCGGGAACCCGGCTGGCTCGCGCAGGCCCGCGATGCCTTGGAGA ACGCGCTGCAGGACAGTTTCGATGAACTGGACGAAACTCCCTGGGTGTTGCAG CTCTACGCCCAGGACGAGCCCAGTTTTGACCAGTACATGCAGACCCTGCGCGA CTATGTGCAGCCGCGCGCCCGTGATACAGCGTTCAGCGAGTTCTACCTGCGCT TCTTCGGCCACCACCTGCGCGCGGTGGCCAAGCCGGGCGGCCTGTTCGAGG ACACTGTGGTCACACGGCTGCGCTGGCGCGGCCAGACCCGGCGCGTGCGCA TGGTGGTCTACCGCCGCGTGACCGGGCAAGGGCAAAACAGCCGTCGCGGGC AGACGCCCGAGCAGATGCTCAATATCGTCTGCGACCGCCTGTGCGGCGGACT GGCGAACGCCGGCATTCAGGCCCGGCGCATGGTCGCGGCAGATGTTCATGAC TGGTTGCTGCGCTGGTTCAACCCGCGCCCCACGTTGCTCGGGCCTGGGGCCG AAGACCGGGAGCGCTTCTATACATTGGCGCGCTATCCCGACAGTGCGGAGGA AGGCGAGGACGGCGAGATCGAGCTGGCGAGCGGACGGGATTTCAGCCAACG GCTGTTCTTCGGCCAGCCGCGTTCCGACGTGGCGCACGGCACCTGGCATTTC GACGGCATGCCGCACCGCGTGCTGATCACCGACCGCCTGCGCATGCCGCCAG GCACGGGACACCTGACCGGCGAGACGCGCAAGGGCGACGCCATCAACACGTT GTTCGACCAGATGCCCGAGGACACCATCCTTTGCCTGACGCTGGTCGCCACG CCGCAGGATGTTCTCGAAGCGGATCTCAATCATCTGGCGAAGAAGGCCGTGG GCGAAACCCTGGCATCCGAGCAGACGCTCAAGGACGTGCATGAAGCCC GCTC CCTGATCGGCAGCGCGCACAAGCTCTATCGTGGCACGCTGGCGTTCTACCTG CGCGGGCGCGACGAGGCGGAACTGGATCGGCGCGGCCTCGACCTGGCGAAC GTCATGCTCAACGCCGGTTTGCAGCCGGTTCGCGAAGACGACGAGGTGGCAC CGCTGAACAGCTACTTGCGCTGGCTGCCGTGCTGCTACAACCCCGGCCAGGA TCGGCGCAAGTGGTACACCCAACTGATGTTCGCCCAGCACGCGGCGAACCTC TCGCCCGTGTGGGGCCGCGCCCAAGGTACGGGGCACCCCGGCATCACGATG

TTCAACCGCGGCGGCGGGCCGATCACCTTCGACCCGCTCAACCGCCTGGATC GGCAGATGAATGCCCACCTGTTTCTGTTCGGCCCGACAGGTTCAGGCAAGTCG GCGACCCTCAACAACCTCTTGAATCAGGTCACGGCGATCTACCGTCCCCGCCT GTTCATTGTCGAGGCCGGCAACAGCTTCGGCTTGTTCAGCGACTTTGCCCGGC GCCTGGGCCTGACCGTGAATCGGGTCAAGCTCGCTCCGGGCTCGGGCGTTAC

CCTGGCGCCGTTCGCGGATGCGCGCCGGCTGATCGAGACGCCCAGCGACGT GCAGACGCTCGACGCCGATGCGCTGGATGAAGACCTGCCTCCCGATGCTGTG GCCATGGAGGCAGATGAGCAGCGCGACGTACTGGGTGAACTGGAGATCACCG CGAGGCTGATGATCACCGGCGGCGAAGATAAAGAAGAAGCCCGGATGACGCG AGCCGACCGCTCACTGATCCGTCAGTGCATCCTCGATGCCGCCGAGCACTGC

CACAGCAAGGATGGCGAGAAGCGAACCGTTCTCACGCGCGATGTGCGCAACG CGCTGCGCACGCGCAGCCAGGACCCGACGCTGCCGGAAATGCGGCGTGTGC GACTGCTGGAGATGGCCGACGCCATGGACATGTTCTGCCAAGGCACGGACGG CGAAATGTTCGACCGCGACGGTTCGCCGTGGCCCGAAGCCGACATCACCCTG GTGGATCTGGCGACCTATGCCCGCGAAGGCTACAACGCGCAGCTCTCTATTGC

CTACATCAGCCTGATCAGCACGGTGAACAACATTGCCGAGCGCGATCAGTACC TGGGCCGCCCGATCATCAACGTCACCGACGAAGGACACATCATCACCAAGAAC CCGCTGCTCGCACCCTACGTGGTGAAGATCACCAAGATGTGGCGCAAGCTGG GGGCCTGGTTCTGGCTCGCCACACAAAACATCGACGACTTGCCGCGCGCTGC AGAGCCCATGCTCAACATGATCGAGTGGTGGATCTGCCTGTCGATGCCGCCC GATGAGGTGGAGAAGATCGCGCGGTTCCGCGAACTCTCGCCTGCGCAGAAGG CGCTGATGCTTTCCGCGCGCAAGGAAGCCGGGAAGTTCACCGAGGGCGTCAT CCTCTCCAAGAGCCTGGAAGTGCTGTTTCGGGCCGTGCCACCGAGCCTCTATC TCGCGCTCGCGCAGACGGAACCCGAGGAGAAGGCCGAGCGTTACCAGCTCAT GCAGCAACACGGCATCAGCGAACTCGATGCGGCCTTCAAAGTGGCCGAGAGA ATCGACCAGGCGCGCGGCATCAAGTCGCCAGCCGTGGGCCTGCCGCAATAG

The sequence described with D8A6 (Seq. ID 2) is homologous to part of the ORF (open reading frame = the part of a gene that is translated into a protein) described with CB31 (Seq. ID 3). This is part of a previously not described highly homologous gene family which is found in most P. aeruginosa strains and other Gram-negative bacteria (other Pseudomonas species such as P. syringae, P. fluorescens and genera such as Ralstonia, Burkholderia) in the same habitat - come. This ORF codes for a protein that is essential for the function of the quorum sensor. The transposon insertion in D8A6 prevented the production and release of homoserine lactones (the messenger molecules of the quorum sensing). It is therefore no longer possible to express a pathogenic phenotype. In addition, the high level of conservation of the proteins encoded by the D8A6 homologous sequences allows regulation of the expression of pathogenicity factors across species boundaries. Thus e.g. D8A6 / CB31 is one of the sequences necessary for stable co-colonization in the lungs of a CF patient (here between P. aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia). These stable, multiple colonizations very often lead to a rapid and fatal deterioration in the health of the affected patients.

An intervention in this regulatory chain (through therapy or vaccination) is expected to significantly improve the clinical picture of colonized patients. These genes are useful in diagnostics to determine whether a pathogenic P aeruginosa is able to build up stable coexistence in the patient with other bacteria, which would increase its dangerousness.

The use of the PA1441 gene can be replaced or combined for the purposes of the invention with the use of the PA1452 and / or PA1104 genes, since these genes interact in their function (see PA1441).

In the context of the invention, P.aeruginosa mutants were examined for their survivability in neutrophilic granulocytes. The genes identified are for P.aeruginosa is essential to survive contact with these cells. Bacteria that lack these genes can therefore be more easily killed by a cellular immune response. In addition, some of the striking P.aeruginosa mutants also showed an increased sensitivity to the complement system of the blood serum.

Virulence is classified in the context of this invention in the following way:

The quorum sensing and survival of such pseudomo- .0 nas aerug / nosa microorganisms in which a virulence gene has been inactivated in granulocytes are used for assessment. The classification is explained in more detail below.

By using the virulence genes found here for surface proteins

.5 code, as the goal of a vaccination strategy, it is now possible to create an environment for the bacteria in the vaccinated organism that they can no longer adapt to. If they keep their surface proteins, they are attackable by the antibodies, but if the bacteria renounce them, they are no longer able to defend themselves against the neutrophil granulocytes. O

In addition to using some surface proteins as vaccines, these proteins can also serve as markers for an assessment of the pathogenic potential of a P. aeruginosa. In addition, intracellular proteins suitable for pathogenicity and resistance to

25 are of great importance for the immune response, but are not accessible to antibodies due to their location. Investigations with ELISA or PCR, in which these special genes are addressed, make it possible to make statements about the pathogenic behavior of a bacterium (eg resistance to oxidative stress, ability to think intracellularly, formation of biofilms, so motility through flagella or Pili, resistance to antibiotics) and thus, for example, to tailor a patient's antibiotic therapy individually to the abilities of the bacterium affected. The genes identified here come from the areas of: resistance to oxidative stress, ability to survive intracellularly, formation of biofilms and motility through flagella or pili.

5 Gene identification

The genes according to the invention were identified with the aid of transposon mutagenesis. First, a mutant library was created and it was determined whether the respective mutants were still virulent or not.

L O

For those mutants in which the quorum sensing and / or the intracellular persistence had been modified or switched off, a functional analysis of the respective gene was connected if the function was not known.

L 5

transposon

In transposon mutagenesis, a transposon is introduced into a cell using a suitable vector system and integrated into the genome. Here, the genomic DNA sequence is cut with a single-strand overhang by means of a transposase and the transposon is integrated with smooth ends. A DNA polymerase fills the resulting gaps so that the DNA sequence is duplicated to the left and right of the transposon insertion. With the transposon Tn5 used in this work, the insertion is sequence-independent with a sequence duplication of 9-12 bp. The insertion takes place in one

25 coding section, a gene is switched off and marked at the same time. If a phenotypic change occurs as a result of this loss, the mutant in question can be selected. The surrounding DNA region can be sequenced on the basis of the known transposon sequence. A mini Tn5 derivative in the vector pTnMod-OGm was used for irreversible transposon mutagenesis (DENNIS & ZYLSTRA 1998). In pTnMod-OGm, the origin of replication oriR PMB1 lies in the mini-transposon, so that after the genomic insertion, the remaining plasmid can no longer be replicated with the transposase. pTnMod-OGm shown in Fig. 1.

If one now selects for the resistance mediated by the transposon, all bacteria are killed without transposon insertion and only the mutants can grow.

If it is to be checked whether a gene switched off in this way is responsible for the expression of a particular phenotype, this can be done by comparing the original strain and the transposon mutant in a suitable differentiation approach. If the parent strain can survive a certain selection condition but the mutant cannot, the gene that is switched off is essential for survival under these selected conditions.

.5

The screening of the mutants can be facilitated using various known methods developed for this. These include the signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) method, the "in vivo expression technology (IVET) and methods using DNA chip technology

»0

The STM method is described in, for example

Hensel M, Shea JE, Gleeson C, Jones MD, Dalton E, Holden DW. Simultaneous identification of bacterial virulence genes by negative selection. (1995) Hensel M. Whole genome scan for habitat-specific genes by signature-tagged 25 mutagenesis. (1998)

Chiang SL, Mekalanos JJ, Holden DW. In vivo genetic analysis of bacterial virulence. (1999) Mecsas J. Use of signature-tagged mutagenesis in pathogenesis studies. (2002)

10 In Vivo expression technology (IVET) is a procedure for the identification of all genes that are increasingly expressed under defined selection conditions (MAHAN ET AL. 1993; MAHAN ET AL. 1995; SLAUCH ET AL.1994; RAINEY ET AL.1997). The use of DNA chip technology requires that the genome of the organism to be examined is completely sequenced. Under this condition, it is possible to construct a DNA chip on which the sequences of all putative ORFs are fixed. If this organism becomes the

5 whole mRNA obtained, rewritten with the aid of random sequences into cDNA fragments and labeled accordingly, an expression profile of the entire genome can be created under the selected growth conditions by hybridization with the DNA chip. By comparing the expression profiles in different habitats, the identification of all differences in the

.0 expression pattern possible (WEI ET AL. 2001).

Results of the mutation experiments and function assignment of the determined genes

.5 sequencing

The sequencing of the flanking areas of the transposon insertions introduced with the aid of plasmids was carried out externally (industrial order sequencing). The sequences obtained from this have already been identified with BlastN at the nucleotide level and BlastX at the protein level

20 sequenced PAO genome (www.pseudomonas.com) examined.

If the sequence was known, the respective promoter region of the identified gene was sequentially overlapped on both DNA strands. If additional sequence variants were found in the DNA sequence of the gene hit, which caused an amino acid exchange of the encoded protein, the gene was used

25 PCR amplified and sequenced again (Qiagen). Non-coding sequence variants were not checked further. Only if the results of all sequencing were the same was nucleotide substitution accepted as confirmed.

JO In the case of unknown sequences, homologous sequences were searched for in the NCBI database (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) using BlastN and BlastX. The results of the sequencing should only be briefly presented here. The sequences themselves - if not present in the PAO genome - are shown in the sequence listing. A precise interpretation and evaluation of the results is then carried out separately for each transposon mutant. The numbering of the genes, the percentage of the sequence identity and the descriptions refer to the information in the PAO database.

L 0

Table 3.13. List of sequencing results. The column “sequence variants” contains the respective amino acid substitutions in the protein (the first letter stands for the PAO sequence, the second for the one found in P.aeruginosa TB) " ^* " Means that the gene was not fully sequenced due to its length. Further sequence variants in the DNA sequence of this gene are therefore possible. The number in brackets indicates the number of non-coding nucleotide substitutions, the specification after the abbreviation "P "stands for the mutations in the promotor area.

Except for three unknown sequences without homologies in the databases, all other 14 DNA sequences of PAO sequencing are known. The sequence identity averages 99.6%.

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To identify the genes, a large number of transposon mutants were examined for their survivability in a certain habitat. The result is the information which genes are essential for survival under the selected selection conditions.

L5 The sequenced transposon mutants with the respective results of the in vitro and in silico tests are listed below. In individual cases, further studies on the phenotypic characterization of the mutants were carried out on the basis of this data. These results are also noted. The phenotypic properties of the respective mutant

20 are described in more detail. Finally, the available information on each transposon mutant is discussed in summary. When listing the phenotypic properties, a quotient Q _{AB is} listed for the transposon mutants, the intracellular survival of which was quantified in granulocytes. This is the quotient of the

25 Viability in AB serum divided by viability in granulocytes. The value indicates by how much the corresponding transposon mutant survived better in the AB serum than phagocytized in granulocytes. P.aeruginosa - mutants whose intracellular survival is impaired thus receive values that are significantly greater than one. Bacteria that are serum sensitive, in

30 granulocytes can persist well, however, have values less than or equal to one. PA0740

Phenotypic properties

Quorum Sensing Enhances further properties Enhanced protease secretion

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gen number PA0740

Name yjcs

Lactonase function, previously thought to be: ß-lactamase

Structural features / homologies 62% similarity to hypothetical protein YjcS from E.coli structural features of the metallo-ß-lactamase superfamily

Nucleotide substitutions synonymous: 452T - C; 545T - G; 551T - C; 893C - T; 908T - C; 950T

Length 1977 bp = 658 aces.

Influence on neighboring genes

All genes in the vicinity of PA0740 are encoded on the other strand of DNA. PA0740 itself has a typical promoter and terminator structure. Cis effects can therefore be excluded.

further investigations

A determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of different ß-lactam antibiotics showed no increased sensitivity of the transposon mutant compared to the wild type. An examination of the culture supernatant showed that the homoserine lactone concentration is significantly increased in a mutant with a transposon insertion in PA0740. Summary

Contrary to the annotation in the genome project, PA0740 is not a ß-lactamase, but a homoserine lactonase, which is necessary for P aeruginosa to cultivate the homoserine lactones that occur when switching to the stationary growth phase. (A substrate from the class of β-lactams could not be found for PA0740.) If one takes into account the homology to the β-lactamases, whose function lies in the cleavage of the ring system of the β-lactam antibiotics, it can be assumed that PA0740 is a homoserine lactonase which catalyzes a first step in the degradation of the homoserine lactones by cleavage of their ring structure. Switching off this gene results in a significant increase in the concentration of homoserine lactones in the medium and thus an increased reaction of the bacteria to this signal, e.g. a significantly increased secretion of proteases.

PA1288

Phenotypic properties

Viability in granulocytes 0.07 in AB serum 0.8 Q AB 11

Quorum Sensing Disabled further properties no protease secretion, increased sensitivity to peroxides

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gen number PA1288 Function possible transport protein of the outer membrane

Structural features / homologies 47% similarity to fadL (transporter for long-chain fatty acids in the outer membrane of E.coli) in the outer membrane of E. coli)

43% similarity to ompP1 from Haemophilus influenzae (possible virulence factor)

Nucleotide substitutions synonymous: 638C -T; 935C -T

Length: 1275 bp = 425 ace.

Influence on neighboring genes

There is a clear termination loop behind PA1288. The next three genes are encoded on the opposite strand. A direct influence of the transposon insertion on the surrounding genes is therefore very unlikely.

further investigations

The main stress that phagocytosed bacteria in granulocytes are exposed to is oxidative. To simulate these conditions, a corresponding transposon mutant 14C5 was spread on LB agar with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and incubated at 37 ° C. for 16 hours. The stress exerted on the bacteria therefore did not last over the entire incubation period, but only worked initially for a relatively short time. If the P.aeruginosa were not killed in this initial phase, they could subsequently grow undisturbed.

It was found that the resistance to hydrogen peroxide in the transposon mutants with insertions in PA1288, PA3344, PA4621 and PA5349 is clearly limited compared to the wild type.

Further information

There are two paralogous genes (PA4589 and PA1764) for PA1288 in the P.aeruginosa PAO genome, both of which are listed in the PAO database as possible membrane proteins of the outer bacterial membrane. Further information was only available in the databases on fadL and ompP1. Fadl:

FadL transports long-chain fatty acids through the outer cell membrane. A second enzyme (fatty acid acyl-CoA synthetase (FACS)) transports the Fatty acids then through the inner cell membrane and after activation with CoA leads them to ß-oxidation. FadL determines the specificity of the recording, FACS makes the recording process irreversible (DiRusso CC, BLACK PN.1999). The structure of FadL corresponds to a β-barrel made of 20 antiparallel strands, the 5 amino acid sequence of which determine the specificity of the channel thus formed. FadL is primarily expressed during the stationary growth phase of E. coli. Bacteria in which FadL was switched off through mutation, show only a slight change in the protein composition in the transition from the logarithmic to stationary phase and survive only for a short time with _limited-L o nutrients (FAREWELL A et al. 1996).

ompPV.

OmpP1 is a protein in the outer cell membrane of Haemophilus influenzae. (BOLDUC GR 2000). There are different variants of this L5 protein in H. influenzae. The protein is expressed during infection of a host organism and its expression is not downregulated even in the case of a specific immune response against its external epitopes. In principle, OmpP1 is suitable for immunization against H. influenzae.

20 Summary

PA1288 codes for a protein whose structure corresponds to that of a β-barrel. The specificity of the channel formed in this way remains unknown, presumably the recognized substrate is hydrophobic (aliphatic or aromatic). On the basis of the orthologic genes described in the literature, it can be assumed that the corresponding substrate within the bacterium is activated and metabolized with coenzyme A (e.g. β-oxidation).

It was known from the investigations carried out that the functionality of PA1288 is essential for the production of aliphatic homoserine lactones and for intracellular survival in granulocytes. These observations

30 are confirmed by the test results in E.coli and H. influenzae described in the literature (see above). The exact function of this protein is not known for P.aeruginosa, but the orthologous protein FadL from E. coli has been investigated in detail. FadL transports long-chain fatty acids in E.coli through the outer cell membrane. With external stress (high growth density or incubation at 42 ° C) the expression of this gene is significantly increased. Switching off fadL means that the bacteria can no longer switch from logarithmic growth to the stationary phase. Hunger phases are also poorly survived by these mutants. In Haemophilus influenzae an appropriate orthologic gene is necessary for the infection. These results lead to the conclusion that the function of the FadL-like protein in P.aeruginosa is connected in some way with the response to external stress factors. The way in which PA1288 exerts an influence on the production of autoinducers or intracellular stability cannot be explained beyond any doubt. One hypothesis would be that PA1288 is essential for the absorption of long-chain aliphatic compounds, which are necessary after further processing as acyl side chains in the production of aliphatic homoserine lactones (AHL). This would also explain why the corresponding gene in E. coli is up-regulated in the stationary phase. Under these conditions, the production of AHL is highest and thus the need for aliphatic compounds to build up the side chain of the homoserine lactones. The knockout of PA1288 could thus block the synthesis of AHL in P. aeruginosa. The transposon mutants were no longer able to respond appropriately to various types of external stress: intracellularly in granulocytes, the bacteria could not survive the oxidative stress, and when examining quorum sensing, increased production of homoserine lactones was the appropriate response to stress due to high growth density, no longer observable. This is comparable to the reaction of E.coli to switching off fadL

In the P.aeruginosa wild type, the switch to the conditions of the stationary phase also upregulates mechanisms to ward off external stress. When examining the intracellular survivability, bacteria from this growth phase were transferred to the granulocytes. If the transposon mutants with an insertion in PA1288 did not change to the conditions of the stationary phase, which is indicated by the low production of pyoverdin and homoserine lactones, they were opposite Stress much more susceptible and could not survive in the granulocytes. This coincides with the finding that P.aeruginosa has much stronger defense mechanisms against a host's immune response in the stationary phase than in its logarithmic growth phase.

PA1322

Phenotypic properties

Quorum sensing switched off further properties no protease secretion, increased

Resistance to peroxide

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gen number PA1322

Name pfuA

Function of possible TonB-dependent receptor

Structural features / homologies 44% similarity to a ferrous chromium iron receptor (S.paratyphi) C-terminal TonB receptor cassette

Nucleotide substitutions Synonym: 1559G-A; 1613G-A) Length 2199 bp = 732 As.

Influence on neighboring genes

There is a strong termination sequence behind pfuA. There were even major problems in this area during sequencing. An effect of the transposon insertion on the transcription of the subsequent genes can therefore be excluded.

further investigations

Insertion in PA1322 resulted in increased resistance to peroxides. Further information

TonB is a secreted protein that binds iron from the surrounding medium with high affinity and delivers P.aeruginosa. If TonB is switched off in P.aeruginosa PAO, pyoverdin and pyochelin are no longer produced. In contrast to the wild type, P.aeruginosa PAO mutants with a defect in tonB are no longer able to lethally damage or even survive immunosuppressed mice. TonB-dependent iron absorption is therefore essential for P.aeruginosa to infect a host (TAKASE H ET AL. 2000)

Summary

The current literature describes that the iron uptake of P.aeruginosa is regulated by quorum sensing. With the transposon mutants found here, however, the regulation runs in the opposite direction: switching off a TonB-dependent iron receptor leads to switching off the production of homoserine lactones. Such a regulatory mechanism has not yet been described in the literature. In a different context, however, when TonB was inactivated, it was shown that this mutant also no longer has pyoverdin production. The production of these siderophores is regulated directly via the quorum sensing, so that here too a connection between the iron absorption and the expression of the quorum sensing was demonstrated. The results of the investigations in the present work undoubtedly prove the direction of the regulation found here, in which PfuA has a regulatory influence on the quorum sensing.

PA1441, (PA1452, PA1104) Phenotypic properties

Survivability: in granulocytes 0.08 in AB serum 0.7 Q _AB 9 further properties: In microscopic observations the mutant appears to be immobile, in invasiveness tests with epithelial cells it almost showed no invasiveness. Shortened, structurally modified flagella can be seen on electron microscopy.

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gen number PA1441 Function hypothetical, unclassified

protein

L O probably flagella structure

Structural features / homologies 47% similarity to fliK

(S. typhimurium)

Nucleotide substitutions non-synonymous: GCC GTC: A74V

GTC - GCC: V82A

L5 synonymous: 164G - A; 776C - T

Promoter: -82C - G; -29G - A

Length 1284 bp = 427 ace.

Influence on neighboring genes

20 A clear termination structure follows PA1441. It is therefore unlikely that other genes will be transcribed together with PA1441.

other genes

By switching off the genes PA1452 (flhA) or PA1104 (flil) could also

25 mutants are produced which have a reduced survivability in granulocytes.

Further information

The structure of flagella was examined in detail using the example of S.typhimurium and E.coli. The genes necessary for the synthesis of the flagella are then arranged in three large neighboring operons. The next operon is only read after all proteins that are encoded in an operon have been completely synthesized and incorporated into the resulting flagellum according to their function. fliK is the last gene of the second operon, with which the basal plate of the flagellum is completely built. FliK has at least two functions in S.typhimurium. On the one hand, it specifies the specificity of the central channel of the basal plate and regulates whether proteins for the hook of the flagellum or the flagellin itself are exported (MACNAB 1992). On the other hand, it works as a chaperone for the proteins that are channeled through the channel. If fliK is switched off in S.typhimurium, the mutants are immobile and either have no flagella or have functionally extended flagella hooks (“poly hooks”) which have a corkscrew-like structure instead of correctly assembled flagella.

The above In principle, operon structure can also be found in P.aeruginosa. However, the last gene of the second operon {fliK) is separated from the rest of the operon by an insertion of 372 kBp, which now ends with fliJ. fliK itself lies directly in front of the 3rd operon for flagell synthesis, but is separated from it by a clear termination loop.

Flil and FlhA together with FliK are necessary components of the flagella export system. FlhA is a structural component, while Flil enables the export of the respective proteins while using ATP (MINAMINO, MACNAB, 1999). The location of FliK, Flil and FlhA in the flagellum is shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 2 shows the secretion system of P aeruginosa. The affected genes are marked in dark gray in the figure. All three genes addressed here are necessary for the secretion of pathogenicity factors by the flagellum. All have been shown to be necessary for the intracellular survival of P aeruginosa.

further investigations

In the studies of invasiveness in epithelial cells (Section 3.5.1.), Mutants with transposon insertion in fliK showed the least invasiveness. When observing them under a microscope it was also noticed that they were completely immobile. Electron microscopic images of their flagella were therefore taken for a more precise examination. It could be seen on these images that the flagella in about 90% of the PA1441 transposon mutants are significantly shortened, the rest have no flagellum at all. In S.typhimurium, switching off fliK leads to the formation of elongated hook structures. In order to be able to decide whether the structures seen are shortened flagella or extended hooks, the flagellins of fixed bacteria (P.aeruginosa TB ^, P.aeruginosa PA1441- knock out and E.coli DH5α or DH5a with a specific anti-flagellin - Antibodies (against flagellin type b) detected.

FlhA mutants have no flagella, flil mutants have functional flagella in principle, but these are not firmly integrated in the membrane and are quickly lost together with the connected export system.

Summary

The expression of PA1441 is essential for the motility of P.aeruginosa. In contrast to E.coli and S.typhimurium, however, a shortened flagellum continues to build up when the gene is switched off. In P.aeruginosa, fliK is separated from the rest of the second operon for flagella synthesis by a large insertion. The decrease in intracellular survivability of P. aeruginosa by switching off genes PA1104, PA1441 and PA1452 suggests that the flagella export system is essential for the survival of the bacteria in phagocytes. This corresponds to the experience from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, another intracellularly viable pathogen, in which proteins secreted by the flagella export system are essential for intracellular persistence (YOUNG ET AL., 1999). Since the export systems of Psudomonas and Yersinia are highly homologous, a similar function for the secretion of pathogenicity factors is a sufficient explanation for the need for these genes to survive in granulocytes. PA1572

Phenotypic properties

Survivability: in granulocytes 0.06 in AB serum 1, 2

Quorum Sensing: reduced production from Autoinducem further properties: reduced protease secretion

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gene number PA1572 Function Hypothetical protein, unclassified

Structural features / homologies 56% similarity to a 377 As. long hypothetical protein

Pyrococcus horikoshii.

Nucleotide substitutions non-synonymous: ACC - GCC: T354A synonymous: 1007C - G

Length 1146 bp = 382 ace.

Influence on neighboring genes

The last 20 bases of the coding sequence of PA1572 together with the following sequence form a typical termination structure. It is therefore unlikely that other genes will be transcribed together with PA1572.

further investigations

It was shown that the reduced secretion of proteases and homoserine lactones could be increased almost to the starting values of the wild type by incubation with P.aeruginosa TB ^.

Summary

In the case of the transposon mutant with an insertion in PA1572, the switched-off gene is unclassified, so that neither binding partners nor substrates are known. Still, this is one of the most interesting genes in these studies were found. While serum resistance to the wild type is unchanged, perhaps even slightly increased, almost no PA1572 knock out mutants survive phagocytosis by granulocytes. They also show a greatly reduced production of homoserine lactones, but no total loss. By adding autoinducers, the own production of these molecules could be induced in mutants with an insertion in PA1572. This leads to the conclusion that the transposon insertion has not influenced the uptake, detection or production of homoserine lactones, but rather their regulation.

PA1992

Phenotypic properties

Survivability: in granulocytes 0.4 in AB serum 0.4 further properties: significantly increased invasiveness in epithelial cells and increased adherence

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gen number PA1992 Function of possible 2-component sensor Structural features / homologies 56% similarity to unpublished flhS from Paracoccus denitrificans

(only C-terminal 75% of ORF)

Structural motifs of a histidine kinase and a response regulator re ceiver

Nucleotide substitutions not synonymous: CTG - TTG: L326F in the promoter: -75 C - T

Length 1694 bp = 565 aces. Influence on neighboring genes

PA1992 is the last gene of a possible polycistronic gene cassette. This closes without a termination loop, but the genes on the opposite strand are encoded on the following 8 kB. An ice effect of transposon insertion is therefore unlikely.

Further information

There are two paralogous genes to PA1992 in the PAO genome. PA1976 is a bit longer, but has some very homologous areas. The second paralogic gene is PA3271. Both genes are functionally classified as 2-component sensors. No further information on the function of PA1992 or flhS is available in the databases.

Further investigations When investigating the intracellular survival in granulocytes, the mutant 14B2 mostly showed a survival rate that was clearly above that of the average. However, the results of the invasiveness tests with epithelial cells were particularly striking (Section 3.5.1.). The transposon mutant showed a significantly higher adherence and a 10-20 times higher invasiveness in epithelial cells than the wild type.

Summary

PA1992 is a histidine kinase. This structural motif indicates a function as a regulator in a signal cascade. Switching off the PA1992 gene increased the adherence and invasiveness in epithelial cells by at least a factor of 10. The genomic environment does not allow for an ice effect. The phenotypic changes are therefore directly attributable to the switching off of the PA1992 gene. PA2591

Phenotypic properties

Quorum Sensing Disabled further properties: no protease secretion

5

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gene number PA2591 function transcription regulator structural features / homologies 46% similarity to DMSO - reduct .0 tase - regulator protein DorX (Rhodobacter sphaeroides) signature of the LuxR family length 807 bp = 268 As.

L5 influence on neighboring genes

There is a possible termination loop behind PA2591. However, this structure is not particularly pronounced. The following genes PA2590 and PA2589 (both hypothetical ORFs) may therefore also be transcribed by the RNA polymerase.

20

Summary

The identified gene PA2591 belongs to the family of LuxR regulators, e.g. also Vfr, a well-known regulator of quorum sensing. Heard of all gram negative bacteria whose quorum sensing has been studied so far

25 at least one LuxR-related protein for the regulation system of quorum sensing. In this context, it is interesting that switching off PA2591 led to the complete failure of the quorum sensing in P.aeruginosa TB. This means that this regulator also intervenes in the control of the quorum sensing. So far, only Vfr was known as the higher-level regulator. The

The function of the LuxR regulator found was previously unknown. The results of the investigation showed that by inserting transposons into this gene, neither short-chain nor long-chain aliphatic homoserine lactones could be produced by the transposon mutant. This means that so far Functionally uncharacterized regulator intervenes in a similar central position in the production of autoinducers as Vfr, but has so far been overlooked.

PA3344

Phenotypic properties

Survivability: in granulocytes 0.05 in AB serum 0.9 further properties: increased sensitivity to Peroxi¬

L 0 den

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gen number PA3344 designation recQ

L 5 Function ATP-dependent DNA helicase structural features / homologies DEAD box subfamily of ATP-dependent helicases, conserved C-terminus typical of helicases,

HRDC domain

20 nucleotide substitutions synonymous: 95A-C; 337A-G; 382C-T length 2138 bp = 713 As.

Influence on neighboring genes

25 4 further genes of unknown function are located on the PAO chromosome in the same reading direction after recQ. An ice effect would be theoretically conceivable, but recQ does appear to be responsible for the observed phenotype through the results of the further studies.

30 more information

The function prediction obtained from the PAO database is: DNA replication, recombination, modification and repair further investigations

Under normal growth conditions or when incubated with AB serum, a transposon mutant with an insertion in recQ shows no significantly changed phenotype. However, switching off RecQ leads to a significant decrease in the intracellular viability in the granulocytes and to a significantly increased sensitivity to peroxides. The function of this protein must therefore be to repair the DNA damage induced under these circumstances.

L O summary

AB serum did no more damage to the mutants than the wild type. Only the ability to survive intracellularly after phagocytosis by the granulocytes was greatly reduced. Switching off recQ increased the sensitivity to oxidative stress in the granulocytes. This is due to the lack of growth

L5 peroxide-containing full medium has been confirmed. RecQ is presumably involved in the repair of damage caused by oxidative stress on the DNA.

PA4621

Phenotypic properties

20 Survivability in granulocytes 0.2 in AB serum 0.2

Quorum sensing switched off further properties no protease secretion, increased

25 Sensitivity to peroxides

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gene number PA4621 function possible oxidoreductase

30 structural features / homologies motifs of an aldehyde oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase at the C-terminus, 2 transmembrane helices before says nucleotide substitutions: non-synonymous: CTG - TTG: L326F in the promoter: -75 C - T length 2832 bp = 944 As.

Influence on neighboring genes

There is no termination structure behind PA4621. The gene together with the following three genes PA4620 (4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase), PA4619 (membrane-bound alcohol dehydrogenase cytochrome c subunit) and PA4618 (unknown function) forms a polycistronic gene cassette.

Summary

The mutant with an insertion in PA4621 was characterized by a defect in the quorum sensing and a reduced survivability in AB serum, which made it stand out in the selection experiments with granulocytes. The latter is due to an increased sensitivity to oxidative stress in the phagosomes. The information in the databases about the switched-off gene does not contain any information about a possible substrate or further test results for the encoded protein.

PA5040

Phenotypic properties

Survivability: in granulocytes 1, 0 in AB serum 2.7

Q _AB 2.7 further properties: Survived best of all the transposon mutants examined when incubating with granulocytes.

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gen number PA5040

Description pilQ Function: Possible oxidoreductase Structural features / homologies: Necessary to build up type IV

Fimbriae. Forms a basic component through which the Pili proteins are removed. Type IV fimbriae are necessary for motility ("switching motility") and contact with surfaces (HOBBS & MATTICK 1993) Nucleotide substitutions: synonymous: 488C-T; 743C-T; 803T-C length: 2145 bp = 714 As.

Influence on neighboring genes pilQ is the last gene of the polycistronic gene cassette pilMNOPQ. Immediately afterwards, other genes are encoded without obvious termination structures, which have a function in amino acid metabolism (aromatic amino acids) or in heme synthesis.

Further investigations

The mutant transposon, in which the transposon was inserted into the pilQ gene (PA1322), has a significantly increased serum stability. PilQ is a

Part of the type IV fimbriae of P.aeruginosa (MARTIN ET AL. 1993).

Summary

The high survival rate of pilQ transposon mutants is primarily due to increased resistance to blood serum. The genes for amino acid or heme synthesis that may be read together with pilQ from RNA polymerases have no decisive influence on the serum stability of bacteria. The observed changes in the phenotype are therefore due to the lack of the corresponding gene product. Switching off PilQ seems to compensate for an increased production of

Exopolysaccharides come, which shield the bacteria against the complement system. PA5349

Phenotypic properties

Survivability: in granulocytes 0.05 in AB serum 0.4

Quorum sensing switched off further properties no protease secretion, increased

Sensitivity to peroxides

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gen number PA5349 Function possible rubredoxin reductase Structural characteristics / homologies 59% similarity to rubredoxin reductase from Acinetobacter calcoa ceticus partial signature of an aromatic hydroxylase (flavoprotein monooxygenase), structural feature of a pyridine nucleotide - disulfide oxidoreductase

Nucleotide substitutions synonymous: 893G - C; 1055T - C length 1155 bp = 384 As.

Influence on neighboring genes

The genes before PA5349 code for various enzymes of carbon catabolism. PA5350 and PA5351 for two rubredoxin ORFs, the gene following PA5349 (PA5348) codes for a possible DNA-binding protein, which (in the databases) is assigned a function in DNA replication, modification, recombination or repair , All of these genes (from PA5355 to 5347) are presumably read in one go by the RNA polymerase. Further information

Rubredoxin reductase is a flavoprotein oxidoreductase. It works together with rubredoxin and thus oxidizes aliphatic hydrocarbons with oxygen to the corresponding carboxylic acid, which can then be further metabolized by other enzymes. However, rubredoxin reductase also has another function: In some anaerobic bacteria, it also acts as a protection against oxidative stress (LUMPPIO HL ET AL., 2001). Rubredoxin and rubredoxin reductase can also be an important protection against oxidative stress in bacteria with an aerobic metabolism. So you can e.g. replace the superoxide dismutase in E.coli (PIANZZOLA MJ ET AL. 1996).

In P.aeruginosa, the expression of two superoxide dismutases and a catalase is regulated directly via the LasR / LasI system. Quorum sensing is therefore also necessary in this bacterium to control oxidative stress. Mutants with a defect in one of the two regulation systems show a reduced resistance to hydrogen peroxide (HASSETT DJ ET AL. 1999), as was also observed here when the rubredoxin redictase was switched off.

further investigations

According to the investigations in others, the mutant was also checked for its sensitivity to peroxides with a transposon insertion in PA5349. This mutant was also characterized by a significantly reduced resistance to oxidative stress.

Summary The transposon mutant with an insertion in PA5349 showed a significantly reduced survivability in the incubation with granulocytes. Similar to other mutants with a defect in the helicase, this can be directly attributed to a reduced resistance to oxidative stress based on the results of the incubation on peroxide-containing medium. It is known that in P.aeruginosa resistance to hydrogen peroxide in the stationary phase involves at least two superoxide dismutases and one catalase (HASSETT DJ ET AL. 1999). Rubredoxin reductase, which is functionally very similar, could also be classified in this category. The detoxification of Oxygen is of crucial importance for P.aeruginosa. The failure of one of the detoxification mechanisms may be the reason why the phagocytosed mutants with a defect in PA5349 can no longer survive intracellularly in granulocytes. Furthermore, the mutant produced no homoserine lactones when inserted in PA5349. The rubredoxin reductase is presumably necessary in order to oxidize aliphatic hydrophobic compounds in such a way that they can be processed in the fatty acid metabolism. The failure of this enzyme could influence the synthesis of aliphatic homoserine lactones, since no or only a few aliphatic side chains for AHL synthesis are present in the mutants due to the knockout (see also PA1288) PA5415 Phenotypic properties

Quorum Sensing: no production of short-chain AHL, only very little production of long-chain AHL. further properties: protease secretion not switched off

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gene number PA5415 function serine hydroxymethyl transferase

(Amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism: Gly, Ser, Thr metabolism, Lys synthesis, CH ₄ metabolism and C reservoir) Structural features / homologies: 82% similarity to serine hydroxymethyltransferase from E. coli. Structural motifs of a class II amino transferase and a binding site for pyridoxal phosphate. Nucleotide substitutions: non-synonymous: CGG - CAG: R76Q

GGG - GCC: G304A synonymous: 161C - T; 228G - A; 251T - C; 287G - A; 308A-G; 416A-C; 770T - C; 935T - C length 1254 bp = 417 As.

Influence on neighboring genes

There are at least 4 different options behind PA5415 to form termination structures. It is possible that these are protein binding sites through which the transcription and translation of the following genes (sarcosine oxidase and proteins of the C metabolism) can be regulated.

Summary

A link between the content of serine hydroxymethyltransferase and quorum sensing cannot be found in the current literature. However, there are results from E. coli that these bacteria change their expression pattern under stress. In this case, the serine hydroxymethyltransferase is produced together with the protein FadL and the acly carrier protein in a significantly increased manner (OHBA ET AL. 1997). A mutant with the transposon insertion in a protein corresponding to FadL was found in the course of the investigations - PA1288. This mutant also shows a defect in quorum sensing and in the response to stress factors. The only known functional relationship is that the serine hydroxymethyltransferase has a function in C1 metabolism. S-adenosylmethionine is not only an internal reservoir for C1 metabolism, but also for the production of homoserine lactones. Switching off the serine hydroxymethyltransferase may lead to a reduction in the concentration of available S-adenosylmethionine and thus to a lack of homoserine to build up the autoinducers. Seq. ID 1

Phenotypic properties

Survivability in granulocytes 0.3 in AB serum 0.15

Quorum Sensing: If other properties are switched off, no protease secretion

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gen number: Not present in the PAO genome

Further information At the protein level, there is little similarity (2- e ^{* 19} ) between the sequenced region and a hypothetical Salmonella typhi ORF. There were no homologies at the nucleotide level.

Further investigations In a Southern hybridization, the genomic DNA of various P. aeruginosa isolates digested with Psfl was hybridized with the flanking sequence of the transposon insertion. The Seq. ID1 is not only present in P.aeruginosa TB but also in the two isolates investigated P.aeruginosa CSGB8 and SG17M. As expected, no signal was seen with P.aeruginosa PAO.

Summary

The unknown sequence is not clone-specific DNA from P.aeruginosa TB, since it also occurs in two isolates of clone C (P.aeruginosa SG17M and CSGB8). A transposon insertion in this area, which does not exist in P.aeruginosa PAO, completely switched off the quorum sensing of P.aeruginosa TB. This means that the quorum sensing in these bacteria is sometimes regulated differently. In addition, in the unknown DNA sequence - at least in a subpopulation of P.aeruginosa - encodes additional decisive factors for the expression of the quorum sensing, which are not found in studies of the genetic reference strain PAO.

Seq.lD 2

Phenotypic properties

Quorum Sensing Off further properties no protease secretion

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gen number: Not present in the PAO genome

Further investigations: As with the mutant with an insertion in Seq. ID 1 was also hybridized here with the Psfl-digested genomic DNA of various P.aeruginosa isolates with the flanking sequence of the transposon insertion. The unknown DNA sequence is not only present in P.aeruginosa TB but also in most of the P.aeruginosa isolates examined. As expected, no signal was seen with P.aeruginosa PAO. A sequence identity using BLASTN showed a sequence identity of approximately 80% to Seq. ID 3.

Summary As with Seq. ID 1 is also this unknown sequence not a clone-specific DNA of P.aeruginosa TB, since it also occurs in other isolates. A transposon insertion in this area, which does not exist in P.aeruginosa PAO, completely switched off the quorum sensing of P.aeruginosa TB. This is a further indication that the quorum sensing of P.aeruginosa TB - and possibly also of other P.aeruginosa isolates - is regulated by additional factors that are unknown from the studies in PAO. Seq. ID 3

Disabled gene (It. P.aeruginosa genome project)

Gene number Not present in the PAO genome

Summary:

Seq. ID 3 shows an 80% identity at nucleotide level to Seq. ID 2, in contrast, represents the sequence of the complete gene. This is an example from a gene family that is present in more than 60% of all P. aeruginosa isolates and in many other gram-negative bacteria, but is missing in the sequenced strain PAO. The members of this gene family have a similarity of approx. 80% to each other at the nucleotide level, and usually much higher at the protein level.

L5

Summary of results Intracellular viability in granulocytes

The inventors examined more than 1000 transposon mutants for their intracellular survivability in granulocytes. Those P.aeruginosa mutants with the clearest phenotypic deviations were collected and examined again. The most striking of the bacteria thus confirmed in their phenotypic deviation was more precisely differentiated and quantified, to what extent the measured low survival rates can be attributed to low survivability in granulocytes and what proportion a sensitivity to blood serum has to the measured effect. Furthermore, the identified transposon mutants were examined for their invasiveness in epithelial cells. It was shown that the intracellular survivability in granulocytes and the invasiveness of a bacterium in epithelial cells are phenotypic properties that are not related to each other. The sequencing of the flanking DNA regions of the genomically inserted transposons showed that in most P.aeruginosa TB transposon mutants which had not survived the selection experiment, genes which also occur in the P.aeruginosa PAO genome were switched off.

In the case of mutant transposons, whose sensitivity to blood serum was changed, the cause appears to be a modification in the composition of the extracellular matrix or the structure of the outer cell membrane. The reasons for the reduced survivability in granulocytes can be traced back to defects in the defense against oxidative stress or the repair of oxidative damage to the DNA. On the other hand, genes of the flagella export system were found, the switching off of which on the one hand interfered with the flagellar build-up, but on the other hand also greatly reduced the intracellular survivability in granulocytes and the invasiveness in epithelial cells. This is due to the dual function of this export system. In addition to its function for the orderly building of flagella, it is also required for the secretion of pathogenicity factors that enable P. aeruginosa to survive intracellularly.

Quorum sensing

The functionality of the quorum sensing was investigated by incubating the P.aeruginosa transposon mutants with an E. coli detector strain. The latter carried a plasmid on which a luciferase was coded behind a promoter to which an RNA polymerase could only bind in the presence of homoserine lactones. For this purpose, each individual mutant was examined separately in microtiter plates. The identified transposon mutants with a clear defect in the production of long and short chain aliphatic homoserine lactones (AHL) were found on two newly developed selection media investigated their protease activity. As was to be expected, there was a clear connection between the production of AHL and the secretion of proteases.

The genes found code for a large number of different proteins, but the majority for regulators with a previously unknown function. A second group of genes is associated with fatty acid metabolism. The results indicate that these gene products are essential for the synthesis of the aliphatic side chains of the homoserine lactones. Furthermore, a TonB-dependent iron receptor was found, the inactivation of which led to a total failure of the quorum sensing. So far, it was only known that quorum sensing regulates iron absorption; the reverse mechanism has not yet been described. Furthermore, a protein was identified which has structural similarities to a β-lactamase and whose inactivation increases the amount of free homoserine lactones in the stationary growth phase and thus has the function of a homoserine lactonase. In addition, transposon insertions were found in two further DNA sequences which are not known from the sequencing of P.aeruginosa PAO, but which are not clone-specific DNA of the TB strain, but were also found in other P. aeruginosa isolates. With one exception, all of the genes found had not previously been assigned to quorum sensing. This indicates that the existing regulatory model for the production of AHL is very incomplete. The lack of two DNA sequences in P.aeruginosa PAO, the inactivation of which led to a defect in the quorum sensing of the transposon mutant under investigation, was a surprising finding and suggests that the AHL production of different P.aeruginosa strains can be regulated differently. PAO lacks DNA sequences that occur in several other P.aeruginosa strains and have an essential function there for the regulation and production of homoserine lactones. The information obtained from the investigation of P.aeruginosa PAO will therefore only be able to describe the quorum sensing in other P.aeruginosa strains incompletely. experimental part

Generation of the transposon mutants

5 bacterial strains

Escherichia coli

DH5: F, φ80, m80 / acZΔM1S, A (lacYZA-argF) _w ∞, recA1, endA1, hsdRU

LO (r _κ ^" ; m _κ ⁺ ), supE44, λ, thϊ, gyrA, relA1

Use: Storage of pTnMod-OGm and donor strain in triparental conjugation

HB101: P, leuB6, proA2, recA13, thi-1, ara-14, lacY1, galK2, xyl-5, mtl-1,

L5 rpsL20, supE44, hsdS20 (r _B ; m _B ^" )

Use: As a carrier of plasmid pRK2013; Helper strain in triparental conjugation

Pseudomonas aeruginosa TB: serotype: 4

20 Pyocin type: 1 h

Phage lysotype: F8, M4, PS2, PS24, PS31, 352, 46b / 2, 1214, Col21, F7, F10, PS21, PS73 A plasmid could not be detected.

25

Vectors pTnMod-OGm

The vector pTnMod-OGm was first described by DENNIS & ZYLSTRA (1998). It is a so-called plasposon with a mini-Thδ (with a 30 gentamicin resistance) and an or / TRP4 for conjugative transfer. During the transposition, the transposase remains on the plasmid. In addition, the transposed sequence in pTnMod-OGm also includes the origin of replication of the plasmid. This means that the residual plasmid can no longer be replicated after transposition and is therefore lost. The replication used Origin oriR pMB1 can also be stably expressed in most E. coli strains, but not in P.aeruginosa. Another advantage of this vector lies in the fact that a renewed mobilization of the flanking areas of the inserted mini-transposon is possible as a plasmid (plasmid rescue). In this plasmid, an optimized signal sequence (V ₄₀ ; V = A, G, C) was ligated to the origin of replication in the Kpn \ interface of the pTnMod-OGm. The plasmid is therefore suitable for generating mutants with specific signal sequences.

pRK2013 pRK2013 is a so-called helper plasmid. It codes for all genes that are necessary for conjugation (tra and mob). It can be used to mobilize other plasmids that have an RP4 oriT, even if the donor strain itself does not have the genes necessary for conjugation (FIGURSKI D & HELINSKI D 1979).

Cultivation of bacteria

The most widely used culture medium for growing bacteria was Luria-Bertiani- (LB-)

Medium. The bacteria were mostly grown from individual colonies in 5 ml LB (37 ° C., 250 rpm, 12-16 h). LB agar with an appropriate antibiotic additive served as a storable culture or for selection.

Selective media:

E.coli DH5α pTnMod-OGm LB + 25 μg / ml gentamicin

E.coli HB101 pRK2013 LB + 50 μg / ml Kanamycin P.aeruginosa LB + 50 μg / ml gentamicin and

M9 (glycerol) + 50μg / ml gentamicin

Triparental conjugation

In this method, a mobilizable plasmid is transferred from a donor strain which is itself not capable of conjugation to an acceptor strain with the aid of a helper strain which has the genes necessary for conjugation. It is only important here that the acceptor does not have a functioning restriction system. Donor strain E. coli DH5α

Vector pTnMod-OGm

Helper strain E.CO// HB101 with pRK2013 acceptor strains P.aeruginosa TB

P.aeruginosa TB was incubated for 5-7 days on blood agar at 42 ° C and inoculated daily. Donor strain E.coli DH5α (with pTnMod-OGm) and helper strain E.coli HB101 (with pRK2013) were streaked on the day before the conjugation on LB agar with appropriate antibiotic addition.

The bacteria were resuspended in 10 mM MgSO ₄ and adjusted to a density of 1.0 OD. Suspensions of donor, helper and acceptor were mixed in a ratio of 10: 10: 1 and plated on an LB agar plate. After incubation at 37 ° C for several hours, the bacteria were resuspended and aliquots were plated onto M9 (glycerol) agar plates with gentamicin added. Positive transposon mutants were transferred to a new M9 (glycerol) agar plate with gentamicin after about 2 days of incubation (37 ° C.). After a 16-hour incubation at 37 ° C, the plates were stored at 4 ° C for about 1 month before the P.aeruginosa mutants were subjected to further experiments or were frozen at -80 ° C. This storage was necessary in order to separate the transferred E. coli, which hardly grow with the carbon source glycerol, but can still survive, from the P.aeruginosa mutants. The E.coli were unable to survive such a long period of hunger.

Preparation of genomic DNA from gram-negative bacteria

P. aeruginosa genomic DNA was prepared using a method specially developed for Gram-negative bacteria (CHEN & Kuo 1993). The DNA processed in this way was used as a template in PCR or for the production of Southern blots. Investigation of the P.aeruginosa transposon mutants phagocytosis test

The generated P.aeruginosa TB - transposon mutants were tested for their intra-intranulocytic survivability. For this purpose, granulocytes were freshly prepared from blood and incubated with P.aeruginosa transposon mutants. The granulocytes were separated from the extracellular bacteria by washing and filtering and then lysed, so that the fraction of the intracellular, viable P. aeruginosa became available for further analyzes.

For each selection approach, 10 ⁷ freshly prepared granulocytes were incubated with 2-10 ⁸ cfu P.aeruginosa transposon mutants in RPMI1640 (with 10% human AB serum) for 2 hours at 37 ° C.

3 shows the scheme of the selection method for determining the intracellular survivability in granulocytes of P.aeruginosa TB transposon mutants.

In a control batch started in parallel, the bacteria grew without external selection 2 -10 ⁸ bacteria in RPMI 1640. After the incubation period, the extracellular bacteria were separated from the intracellular bacteria by repeated washing, centrifuging and filtering. The granulocytes were lysed and the genomic DNA was prepared from the surviving bacteria after incubation on full medium for several hours. The DNA was prepared accordingly from an aliquot of the control batch.

Examination of the quorum sensing

The principle of the test method is to incubate the P.aeruginosa mutants together with an E. coli detector strain which has an episomally encoded luciferase which is only expressed in the presence of aliphatic homoserine lactones.

For this purpose, the transposon mutants were inoculated in microtiter plates and incubated at 37 ° C. The detector strain carrying the sensor plasmid was in LB + Tetracy- clin up to a density of OD 0.3 - 0.4 and an equal volume of it was added to each P.aeruginosa transposon mutant. After 4 h incubation (37 ° C) the luciferase activity was measured with a photon camera. The striking mutants found in this study were then checked again in a second experiment on LB agar ⁽¹⁾ together with the detector stem as a cross.

Determination of the invasiveness of P.aeruginosa mutants in epithelial cells. Cell culture of eukaryotic epithelial cells (Chang cells). The medium (RPMI1640 with 5% FCS) was removed from the starting culture (50 ml, 37 ° C., 5% CO ₂ ) with cells that had grown pre-confluently and incubated the cells with trypsin solution for 5-10 min at 37 ° C. As soon as the cells had detached from the surface, RPM 11640 with 5% FCS was added and the cell number was determined with a microscope in a Neubauer counting chamber. Aliquots were taken from this cell suspension for the following experiments.

Microscopic examination of the invasiveness

The fastest way to determine the invasiveness of different P.aeruginosa mutants is by microscopic examination of adherent epithelial cells that had been incubated with the respective P.aeruginosa. For better visibility, the cells were fixed with formaldehyde after 1 hour of incubation with bacteria (in the ratio cells: bacteria = 1: 100) and stained with crystal violet. The counting was done under the microscope at 1000x magnification.

Quantifying the invasiveness of P.aeruginosa

The first steps for the quantitative determination of the invasiveness of P.aeruginosa strains are similar to those in the chapter above. The treatment of the bacteria and epithelial cells corresponds to the above. Protocol. In this experiment too, the epithelial cells were incubated with a 100-fold excess of bacteria for a time to be determined experimentally.

After the incubation had ended (37 ° C., 5% CO ₂ ), the epithelial cells were washed three times with RPMI1640 to separate the bacteria in the supernatant and for 120 Incubated min with RPMI1640 +100 μg / ml polymyxin B (37 ° C, 5% CO ₂ ) to kill the adherent extracellular bacteria. The cells were then washed twice again with RPMI1640 and incubated with saponin solution (50 mg / ml) for 5-10 min to release the intracellular bacteria. Aliquots of this lysate and their dilutions were streaked on LB agar, incubated overnight at 37 ° C. and the number of live bacteria was determined.

A comparable experiment was carried out to determine the adherence of the bacteria to the epithelial cells, but the incubation with polymyxin B was omitted. The epithelial cells were washed only four times with RPMI1640 before they were lysed.

Flagellin detection in P.aeruginosa

In some transposon mutants, a connection with the regulation of the flagellar structure was found when examining the intracellular survivability. The following investigations were carried out for further characterization.

Immunological examination of the flagella mutants The bacteria to be examined were used overnight in 5 ml of LB medium and 3 ml of bacterial suspension were removed for the further tests. After the cell number had been determined, 4-10 ¹⁰ bacteria were centrifuged off and resuspended in 1 ml of PBS. Aliquots of 10 ⁸ and 10 ⁷ bacteria (from a 1:10 dilution) were applied to a nitrocellulose membrane (Protran BA85, 0.45 μm) and dried at 37 ° C.

The flagellin was detected in accordance with the Tropix protocol, which can generally be used for immunological detections. A rabbit AK against flagellin type b (Montie T, Univ. Tennessee, Knoxville) was used as the primary antibody.

Flagella staining for electron microscopic examination

P.aeruginosa from a culture incubated overnight at 37 ° C. were killed by adding formaldehyde (final concentration 1%) and on a Fixed mica matrix. The staining was done with 5 mM uranyl acetate (pH 7.0), which acted on the bacteria for 5 min. After washing twice with dist. The preparation was dried with water and fixed on a copper support. (The electron microscopic examination was carried out at the GBF by Dr. M. Rohde)

Selection of STM mutants

The P.aeruginosa transposon mutants were inoculated separately in microtiter plates from frozen glycerol cultures and incubated at 37 ° C. overnight. 48 transposon mutants each with different signal sequences were combined and examined for their survivability in granulocytes in a phagocytosis test. Each group of 48 mutants was subjected to two independent experiments.

After an overnight incubation at 37 ° C., the bacteria (selected and unselected samples) were resuspended in 10 mM MgSO ₄ and exposed to the selection conditions a second time. (The controls were accordingly only suspended in RPMI1640.) The bacteria spread on LB agar were incubated at 37 ° C. overnight. Only after this second selection was the genomic DNA of the surviving bacteria isolated.

The signal sequences of the transposons were then amplified from these DNA solutions using PCR. The signal sequences thus obtained were digested with Hind \\\ restriction and the specific 40 bp sequences were purified by gel filtration (Sephadex G-100). The purified 40 bp sequences were analyzed using a

Terminal transferase labeled at the 3 'end with DIG-ddUTP.

The signal sequences of the donor plasmids were amplified by means of PCR and fixed on membranes as dot blots. The 3 'end-marked signal sequences from the phagocytosis test were hybridized to these prepared blots at 65 ° C. (16 h). The frequency of the individual signal sequences was determined by a light reaction. The X-ray films obtained were scanned and the blackening (od / mm ² ) of the individual dots. The results were evaluated in MS Excel.

Plasmid rescue The plasmid rescue (AUSUBEL ET AL. 1987-95) is a procedure to convert the flanking DNA of an inserted plasposon into episomally stable plasmids. For this purpose, the genomic DNA of a transposon mutant was digested with a restriction endonuclease and the resulting fragments were converted into ring structures in a self-ligation. Only the genomic sequence in which the plasposon was integrated had an origin of replication and an antibiotic cassette and could be stably expressed on an appropriate selection medium after transformation into E. coli. These plasmids were then used to sequence the flanking genomic DNA sections of the inserted transposon. The genomic P.aeruginosa DNA was digested with Pst \ or βc / l / SamHI and the DNA was purified by phenol / chloroform extraction with subsequent ethanol precipitation. For the reaction, the digested genomic DNA was incubated with T4 ligase. The ligation batches were concentrated in a vacuum concentrator and transformed into E. coli. The flanking DNA sequence of the transposon insertion was determined from the plasmids obtained in this way by sequencing.

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Claims

claims:

1. Isolated or recombinant nucleic acid, characterized by one of the sequences according to Seq. ID 1, Seq. ID 2 or Seq. ID 3 or a degenerate or modified homologous sequence with a corresponding function, the modifications comprising deletions, insertions and / or substitutions of amino acids, in particular point mutations.

2. Protein which is encoded by a sequence according to claim 1 or a homologous, substantially functionally identical protein or peptide, in particular one with a sequence-extending addition of individual and / or more by deletion, insertion or exchange of individual and / or more amino acids Amino acids and / or chemical derivatization, in particular of the terminal amino acids associated sequence modification.

3. Use of the nucleic acids or nucleotide sequences PA0740, PA1104, PA1288, PA1322, PA1441, PA1452, PA1572, PA1992, PA2591, PA3344, PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and / or PA5415 of the microorganism Pseudomona aeruginosa, designated according to the nomenclature of the Pseudomonas aerosol

Community Annotation Project, and / or the nucleic acids or nucleic acid sequences according to claim 1, or of fragments or modified sequences of the above nucleic acids or nucleic acid sequences with a corresponding function, or the respective associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteins, all of which are essential for the survivability of the microorganism in humans or Animal are essential as targets for the development of diagnostics to identify the virulence of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain.

4. Use of the nucleic acids or nucleotide sequences PA0740, PA1104,

PA1288, PA1322, PA1441, PA1452, PA1572, PA1992, PA2591, PA3344, PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and / or PA5415 of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated according to the nomenclature of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Community Annotation Project, and / or the nucleic acids or nucleic acid Sequences according to claim 1, or of fragments or modified sequences of the above nucleic acids or nucleic acid sequences with a corresponding function, or the respective Pseudomonas aeruginosa-owned proteins, all of which are essential for the survivability of the microorganism 5 in humans or animals, as targets for development of therapeutic agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.

5. Use of the nucleic acids or nucleotide sequences PA0740, PA1104, PA1288, PA1322, PA1441, PA1452, PA1572, PA1992, PA2591, PA3344,

LO PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and / or PA5415 of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated in accordance with the nomenclature of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Community Annotation Project, and / or the nucleic acids or nucleic acid sequences according to claim 1, or of fragments or modified sequences of the above nucleic acids or nucleic acid sequences with ent

L5-speaking function, or the associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteins, which are all essential for the viability of the microorganism in humans or animals, as targets for the development of vaccines against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.

20

6. Use according to one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the sequences PA1104 and / or PA1452 are used instead of or in connection with PA 1441.

25 7. Use according to one of claims 3 to 6, characterized in that instead of the proteins homologous proteins or protein fragments of the proteins and homologous variants are used, in particular those with sequence-extending by deletion, insertion or exchange of individual and / or several amino acids Append single and / or several

3 o amino acids and / or chemical derivatization, especially of the terminal ones

Amino acids linked sequence modification.

8. Antibodies against by one of the nucleic acid sequences PA0740, PA1104, PA1288, PA1322, PA1441, PA1452, PA1572, PA1992, PA2591, PA3344, PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and PA5415 of the microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated according to the nomenclature of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa

5 Community Annotation Project, or against fragments or modified sequences of the above nucleic acids or nucleic acid sequences with a corresponding function, or against a protein encoded by one of the nucleic acid sequences according to claim 1 or the above sequences or at least one functional fragment of such a protein, LO especially for the use in determining the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains.

9. vaccine containing at least one of one of the nucleic acid sequences PA0740, PA1 104, PA1288, PA1322, PA1441, PA1452, PA1572, PA1992,

L5 PA2591, PA3344, PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and PA5415 of the microorganism

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated according to the nomenclature of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Community Annotation Project, or the nucleic acid sequences according to claim 1, encoded protein or at least one functional fragment of one of the aforementioned proteins, or at least one on the protein or

20 functional part of the protein-based fusion protein.

10. Vaccine containing at least one of the nucleic acids according to sequences PA0740, PA1 104, PA1288, PA1322, PA1441, PA1452, PA1572, PA1992, PA2591, PA3344, PA4621, PA5040, PA5349 and PA5415 of the microorganism 5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, designated according to the nomenclature of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Community Annotation Project, or of fragments or modified sequences of the above nucleic acids or nucleic acid sequences with a corresponding function, or of the nucleic acids according to claim 1, in modified modification readable in mammalian cells and in association with a promoter readable in mammalian cells.

11. Vaccine according to claim 10, characterized in that the at least one gene with the associated promoter is ligated into a plasmid.

12. Vaccine according to one of claims 9 to 11, additionally containing customary additives and auxiliaries and preferably at least one adjuvant.

ML