EP1418482A1 - Method and device for solar cells MPP regulation - Google Patents

Abstract

A device (1) to adapt an electrical load (2) to a current source (3) of variable power comprises a unit (4) which differentiates a source output signal over time to give first or second differentials, followed by an amplifier (5) before the load which connects to the current source so that the output signal comprises oscillations, especially resonance oscillations. Independent claims are also included for the following: (a) a maximum power point regulator; (b) a solar module with the above;and (c) a process as above

Description

The invention relates to methods and devices for adaptation electrical loads to a power source with if necessary alternating power source performance that allow the Current source to derive maximum load power from the load.

Photovoltaic cells (solar cells) convert incident sunlight through the release of positive and negative charge carriers in a doped semiconductor material in electrical energy. While the voltage tapped on solar cells is relatively independent of the Is light, there is a pronounced current intensity Dependence of the current that can be drawn from a load on the Intensity of the incident light radiation.

Fig. 1 shows schematically the relationship between current and voltage in a typical photovoltaic system (e.g. with Siemens SM 110 modules) for two different illuminance levels of solar radiation (100% (1000 W / m ² ) and 50% (500 W / m ² )). Depending on the load resistance R _L with which the solar cell is connected, an operating point is set on the current-voltage characteristic of the solar cell for a given illuminance. 1 also shows the characteristic curves for load resistances R _L of 1.5 Ω, 2.8 Ω and 3.3 Ω. For a solar radiation of 100%, a working point of the solar cell at approx. 10.5 V and approx. 6.9 A results at a load resistance of 1.5 Ω, ie a power P ₁ of approx. 72.5 W. The working point for On the other hand, 100% solar radiation for a load resistance R _L of 2.8 Ω is approx. 17.5 V and approx. 6.3 A and corresponds to the maximum power point (MPP). The maximum power P _MAX1 that can be obtained from the photovoltaic system at this operating _point is thus approximately 110 W.

When the sun is only 50%, the operating point of the system for the load resistance R _L of 2.8 Ω is approx.9.0 V and approx.3.3 A, which results in a power P ₂ of approx. 30 W. The power _maximum P _MAX2 for this characteristic is approx. 16.0 V and approx. 3.0 A and is therefore approx. 48 W. A load resistance R _L of approx. 5.3 Ω would be required for this. 2 shows the corresponding power characteristics of the photovoltaic system under consideration with the power _maxima P _MAX1 and P _MAX2 as a function of the solar cell _voltage .

It can be seen directly from FIGS. 1 and 2 that through mismatch of the load resistance a more or less significant part the available for a given sun exposure electrical power is not used.

To achieve the maximum possible power output under practical conditions to achieve the photovoltaic system consistently is one continuous adjustment of the load resistance to the current illuminance necessary. In the example shown in Figs. 1 and 2 the impedance of the load resistance for 50% solar radiation to about 5.3 Ω, so that among them Lighting conditions taken maximum power from the system can be. As a rule, however, solar systems are used for a single illuminance designed so that the load impedance is not properly adapted for other lighting conditions. Because of this mismatch, the facility will over most of the time not all of the available power was taken.

Except for the irradiance on the semiconductor material the solar cell hits and that of cloud cover and pollution the cell surface is affected, the solar cell characteristic curve depends also depend on the cell temperature. A higher solar cell temperature leads to lower performance and thus to one poorer efficiency. The efficiency indicates how much the amount of light radiated into usable electrical energy becomes. Commercial solar cells have depending on the cell type an efficiency of 8 to 14%.

3 shows an example of the illuminance and its Fluctuations due to changing clouds in the course someday. One can clearly see the strong fluctuations in the irradiance recognize the ongoing adjustment of the solar cell operating point require maximum power from the solar cell to be able to remove.

Another problem with the operation of a photovoltaic solar system can arise from changing consumer loads. In particular for "island solutions" where one or more consumers (e.g. electric motors) are operated directly by a solar system, the working point changes immediately with a changing load the solar system. Even when charging an accumulator directly affects the internal battery resistance, that of the state of charge is dependent on the electrical power generated by the solar cell during charging.

To solar cells each their current maximum possible output remove and use it optimally, it is known an adaptation device between the solar generator and the consumer to switch on which the impedance of the consumer adaptively adjusts the changing internal resistance of the solar generator over time.

DE 3 245 866 A1 specifies an MPP regulation in which between Solar generator and load resistor a controllable DC converter is provided which the solar cell voltage in converts an output voltage applied to the load resistor. Current and voltage fluctuations on the input side of the Adjustment devices become more maximum for determining the point Power (MPP) used by each at the highest and at the lowest voltage the instantaneous value of the delivered Performance is determined and stored. A control device compares the stored performance values and adds them to the Maximum power related voltage as a setpoint to a conventional one Regulator for the DC converter. Since none targeted search for the maximum power is the working point the solar cell only on the best, found by chance Value set. It can therefore take a relatively long time before a corresponding change in the ambient conditions "optimal" working point is found.

DE 198 37 862 A1 relates to a solar module with an MPP controller which a DC-DC converter through a voltage detector is controlled with two switching thresholds, the switching thresholds are set such that the optimal operating point of the solar cell arrangement lies between the two switching thresholds. The voltage detector compares the solar cell voltage with the two Switching thresholds and controls the DC-DC converter so that the source voltage continuously between the switch-on threshold and the switch-off threshold oscillates back and forth, with the optimal working point is run through. However, is problematic in this proposal, the setting of the switching thresholds, the order one to cover a wide range of radiation intensity, far must be apart, causing a strongly fluctuating Source voltage or source power occurs. The optimal working point is run through, but the solar cell will not operated continuously in this optimal working point.

In US 4,794,272 is a power controller for solar systems with a battery charger with which the maximum power is dependent of voltage and current changes on the source side or the load side of a DC-DC converter is determined. The DC-DC converter is controlled via a pulse width control, the working point of the solar cell exclusively depending on the state of charge detected via the charging current the battery.

US 6 281 485 B1 discloses an MPP controller for solar cells. The For this purpose, the MPP controller periodically records the source voltage and the Load current and uses it to determine a source voltage change and a change in performance. Depending on Sign of the source voltage change, the sign of the Change in performance and the absolute value of the change in performance the control voltage of a DC-DC converter is changed. The MPP circuit uses the sign of Source voltage change and power change the direction in which the operating point is to be shifted to a higher one To achieve performance. The goal of this iterative approach is to the solar cell at the respective cell voltage with maximum To perform. Based on the absolute value of the change in performance it is determined whether the optimal working point is already was reached and no further working point shifts more should be done.

Since the MPP controller described in US 6 281 485 the operating point the solar cell moves with a constant step size, it can take a long time until the MPP controller reaches the optimal working point has reached. This is further complicated by the fact that the performance characteristics of solar cells depending on the Source voltage or from a control value - the control voltage of the DC-DC converter - are relatively flat. A maximum of Performance curve is therefore difficult to determine, and the real one The operating point of the solar cells oscillates, similar to that the teaching of DE 198 37 862 to the optimal working point and forth. This problem is further exacerbated by inaccuracies and always occurring noise during the detection amplified by current and voltage. In particular a load current measurement with sufficient accuracy for the MPP control a wide range of currents to be detected, for example 0 to 25 A places high demands on the corresponding sensor. Because the direction of the shift of the working point from the sign the power change or the load current change current measurement errors can lead to incorrect working point shifts and therefore problems with the maximum value search to lead.

The object of the present invention is methods and devices specify to adapt electrical loads to a power source, where there is a sharp connection between one Control variable and the power source power output by the power source or the load power acting on the load to the power source in a simple way maximum load power to see about the load. In particular, an MPP controller and a solar module can be specified.

This object is achieved by the independent claims solved. The dependent claims relate to advantageous ones Refinements of the inventive concept.

eine Differenziereinrichtung, die ein Ausgangssignal (I_Q, U_Q) der Stromquelle nach der Zeit (t) differenziert und ein der ersten Ableitung (dU_Q/dt, dI_Q/dt) oder der zweiten Ableitung (d²U_Q/dt², d²I_Q/dt²) entsprechendes Ausgangssignal liefert,
und

einen der Differenziereinrichtung nachgeschalteten Verstärker, an dessen Ausgang die Last anliegt und der das Ausgangssignal der Differenziereinrichtung verstärkt,

wobei der Verstärker derart mit der Stromquelle verbunden ist, daß die vom Verstärker aufgenommene Verstärker-Leistung der Stromquelle entnommen wird, und das Ausgangssignal (U_A, I_A) des Verstärkers Schwingungen, insbesondere Resonanzschwingungen, aufweist.According to the concept of the invention, the device according to the invention for adapting an electrical load to a current source with possibly changing current source power in order to derive maximum load power from the current source via:

a differentiating device that differentiates an output signal (I _Q , U _Q ) of the current source according to time (t) and one of the first derivative (dU _Q / dt, dI _Q / dt) or the second derivative (d ² U _Q / dt ² , d ² I _Q / dt ² ) delivers corresponding output signal,
and

an amplifier connected downstream of the differentiating device, at whose output the load is present and which amplifies the output signal of the differentiating device,

the amplifier being connected to the current source in such a way that the amplifier power consumed by the amplifier is taken from the current source and the output signal (U _A , I _A ) of the amplifier has oscillations, in particular resonance oscillations.

(I) Erfassen eines Ausgangssignals (U_Q, I_Q) der Stromquelle oder einer damit korrelierten elektrischen Größe,

(II) Erzeugen der ersten Ableitung (dU_Q/dt, dI_Q/dt) des in (I) erfaßten Signals und gegebenenfalls der zweiten Ableitung (d²U_Q/dt², d²I_Q/dt²),

(III) Verstärken des erhaltenen Ableitungssignals unter Erhalt eines verstärkten Ausgangssignals (U_A, I_A) und

(IV) Anlegen des erhaltenen verstärkten Ausgangssignals (U_A, I_A) an die Last,

wobei die zum Verstärken in Schritt (III) beim verwendeten Verstärker erforderliche elektrische Verstärker-Leistung der Stromquelle entnommen wird, so daß das verstärkte Ausgangssignal (U_A, I_A) Schwingungen, insbesondere Resonanzschwingungen, aufweist.The concept of the method according to the invention for adapting an electrical load to a current source with possibly changing current source power in order to derive maximum load power from the current source comprises the following steps:

(I) detecting an output signal (U _Q , I _Q ) of the current source or an electrical variable correlated therewith,

(II) generating the first derivative (dU _Q / dt, dI _Q / dt) of the signal recorded in (I) and, if appropriate, the second derivative (d ² U _Q / dt ² , d ² I _Q / dt ² ),

(III) amplifying the derivative signal obtained to obtain an amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) and

(IV) applying the obtained amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) to the load,

the electrical amplifier power required for amplification in step (III) in the amplifier used being taken from the current source, so that the amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) has oscillations, in particular resonance oscillations.

The concept of the invention also includes the application of the above Process for controlling or regulating photovoltaic systems, especially of solar cells and solar panels as well as arrangements therefrom, the load in particular an ohmic load, a Battery or an accumulator, a charger, a rectifier, a Inverters, a transformer and / or another electrical Converter is.

The device according to the invention for adapting electrical loads to a current source has a differentiating device which differentiates an output signal (I _Q , U _Q ) from the current source according to the time (t). The differentiating device supplies an output signal corresponding to the first derivative (dU _Q / dt, dI _Q / dt) or the second derivative (d ² U _Q / dt ² , d ² I _Q / dt ² ). To form the second derivative, two simple 1st order differentiators can also be connected in series. The differentiating device can be implemented analog and / or digital. It can get its supply voltage from the power source. The differentiation results in a sharp relationship between a control variable and the power source or load power.

A current source in the sense of the present invention is to be understood to mean all electrical signal sources, in particular those which deliver a current or voltage signal. The power source may include solar cells, fuel cells, or other sources that provide electrical energy. The relationship between current and voltage of the current source is usually described by a corresponding current-voltage characteristic curve, which characterizes the properties of the current source. Depending on certain environmental conditions, such as temperature and irradiance with a photovoltaic power source, the power source generates maximum power source power (P _Q ) at an optimal operating point.

According to the invention, the differentiating device is an amplifier downstream, at the output of which the load is applied and which Output signal of the differentiating device amplified. The amplifier can have a linear or non-linear gain characteristic and in a linear and / or non-linear characteristic range operate. It can be with a constant or a variable gain (F) operated. It is possible, the amplifier in analog and / or digital or hybrid technology to realize. Amplifiers and differentiators can also together, e.g. on a semiconductor chip. advantageously, the amplifier has a high efficiency and a low power loss.

The amplifier is connected to the current source in such a way that the amplifier power (P _v ) consumed by the amplifier is taken from the current source. It is expedient to connect the supply lines of the amplifier to the current source, where appropriate a corresponding adaptation of the source voltage to the required supply voltage of the amplifier is provided, for example by means of a voltage converter. Since a possible power consumption of the differentiating device can be neglected, the amplifier represents the main direct load of the current source. The current source is loaded by the amplifier power (P _v ) for amplifying the output signal of the differentiating device. Due to the relationship between current and voltage expressed in the characteristics of the current source, the output signal of the current source decreases when the current source is loaded by the amplifier. Due to this feedback between amplifier and current source, vibrations of the output signal (U _A , I _A ) of the amplifier can occur.

With a suitable choice of the amplification factor (F), resonance effects can occur, and resonance oscillations can form at the output of the amplifier. The resonance vibrations that occur due to the resonance effect can have certain characteristic frequencies. The current source, differentiating device, amplifier and load form an oscillator. In the event of resonance, this vibrating system takes maximum power from the source, which occurs at the load as the maximum load power (P _A ). The power source is always operated at the optimal operating point (MPP).

Because the occurrence of resonance vibrations in a vibratory System of fulfilling a relatively sharply defined Vibration condition depends on the invention Device when the output signal of the amplifier resonant vibrations has a simple removal of maximum Performance possible. The degree of amplification is thus expedient of the amplifier set such that the vibration condition is satisfied and resonance vibrations occur. Since the Vibrations of the amplifier output signal depending on Gain (F) of the amplifier in a relatively sharply limited Range of the gain, it is according to the invention very easy to set the required gain. In contrast to the prior art, the invention requires Device no time-consuming search of a maximum power in a relatively flat performance curve.

According to the invention, even a changing load does not have a direct one Influence on the resulting operating point of the power source and the power drawn from the power source. As long as the vibration condition of the oscillator is satisfied, the output of the oscillates Amplifier, and maximum power is taken from the source and fed to the load. If necessary, an adjustment of the Reinforcement level to a changed load resistance necessary, to continue to meet the vibration condition. This tracking the degree of amplification can, as already explained, relative be done easily.

The current source can expediently be one or more photovoltaic Have cells (solar cells) or consist of them. The Solar cells can be designed as solar panels. A solar panel has a flat arrangement of interconnected solar cells on. Preferred solar panels like the type SM 110 from Siemens are designed for a nominal voltage of 12 V, generate a Open circuit voltage of 17.5 V and a nominal power of 110 W. (rated power). To a higher output voltage and / or power to achieve, it is advantageous to have several solar panels in series or to connect in parallel. In this way, standard Output voltages of, for example, 60 to 220 V and nominal powers of a few kilowatts can be achieved.

Furthermore, by the device according to the invention Occurring periodic modulations of sunlight for generation of electrical power. These modulations have a complex spectrum with a resonance maximum. This Modulated radiation contains energy that leads to an AC component of the signal generated by a solar cell as a current source leads. This AC component contributes to the excitation of the (Resonance) vibrations and is from the invention Device used.

The device advantageously has an adjusting device for the gain (F) of the amplifier on the amplifier acts. The setting device can be set manually of the degree of amplification, for example via a potentiometer. It is particularly advantageous if the adjustment device a semi-automatic or automatic setting of the gain level performs. For example, you can use a electronic potentiometer act on the amplifier and the set the required gain, which is the vibration condition to obtain resonance vibrations at the amplifier output Fulfills. The amplifier can also be a controllable one Preamplifier (VCA - Voltage Controlled Amplifier) and a line amplifier include with high efficiency. A practical one Design of the setting device provides means that change the gain (F) of the amplifier until resonant vibrations occur at the amplifier output.

In order to suppress interference signals, it is advisable to use a filter device between the output of the differentiator and the input of the amplifier. The filter device filters the output signal of the amplifier according to a predetermined Pass characteristic, it being particularly advantageous, a Use bandpass filters to filter the amplifier input signal. With a bandpass filter, low-frequency interference, especially the mains frequency 50 Hz, and high-frequency noise can be suppressed in the excitation signal. Through the bandpass filter it also enables the frequencies of the resonance vibrations to influence and a sharp resonance of the vibrating System. Advantageous bandpass filters are Krohn-Hite filters with corner frequencies of 20 Hz and 200 kHz. A special one advantageous pass band is between 1.0 and 5.0 kHz.

A particularly suitable amplifier for amplifying the output signal the differentiating device is an operational amplifier. Operational amplifiers are easy to wire, have one large gain range and have a high efficiency. However, the device according to the invention can also be analog and / or digital amplifiers of one of the classes A to T or one have adaptive power MOSFET amplifiers. Examples of preferred Amplifiers are the Tripath TA series audio amplifiers, especially the TA3020. To resonate vibrations over a To enable a wide frequency range is a broadband amplifier advantageous. A particularly useful transmission area is 10 Hz to 100 MHz. However, it is also according to the invention possible to provide amplifiers with a bandwidth in the audio range, in particular from 20 Hz to 40 kHz.

The operating point of the amplifier can also be in a non-linear Range of its gain characteristic are what the setting the degree of reinforcement can be advantageous. Through the non-linear Operation of the amplifier can also use quasi-rectangular waveforms be achieved.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the device, the setting device has a detection device which detects the current source power (P _Q ) emitted by the current source and / or the load power (P _A ) absorbed by the load and / or an electrical correlated with these powers Size (U _A , I _A ; U _Q , I _Q ) recorded.

The detection device can in particular the current and / or detect the voltage of the power source or the load by the to determine power source or load-side power. The measurands can be detected by an appropriate sensor and before the determination of the service are preprocessed. Conveniently, the measured variables recorded are filtered, smoothed and / or converted. In particular, it is advantageous to detect the current and / or the detected voltage in corresponding DC voltage quantities (RMS values) to convert. Among other things, an RMS converter is used become. The equivalent direct voltage quantities can to be processed more easily, in particular to the degree of reinforcement of the amplifier.

Based on the size detected by the detection device Adjustment device the required degree of gain (F) of Adjust the amplifier. The setting device expediently evaluates the detected size and determines the maximum of the detected Size or performance depending on the degree of amplification. Due to the sharp resonance condition that a vibratory system must be met, a pronounced occurs Maximum of power source or load side power on that simple is to be determined. The corresponding degree of reinforcement can can be easily determined.

The setting device expediently has a controller, or the output signals of the detection device as such or after signal processing as actual values and the degree of amplification of the amplifier regulates. In this case, the device represents an MPP controller.

The controller of the setting device can be any analog and / or digital controller. The control characteristic of the controller can advantageously the properties of the other components the device, in particular the properties of the amplifier, the power source and / or the load. preferred Control characteristics are P, I, PI, PD, Log and Exp controllers. The controller can also be adaptive and its characteristic and / or adjust parameters to the working conditions. Also one digital control of the gain factor, for example by a Microcontroller can be conveniently provided.

The controller is expediently designed such that it regulates the gain (F) of the amplifier in such a way that the load power (P _A ) is maximized. In this way, maximum power is drawn from the current source via the load resistance, the gain level being able to be set particularly advantageously owing to the ability of the system to vibrate.

The controller can advantageously be designed as a maximum controller be, which has a setpoint generator, which is dependent a control value of the controller, in particular the degree of amplification (F), generates a setpoint for the control. The setpoint generator can use the controller setpoint to set a dynamic setpoint for the controller to generate the maximum of the size to be controlled to investigate. For example, it is possible to set the dynamic setpoint based on the control value - gain (F) of the amplifier - to create. The dynamic setpoint can expediently increase with continuous time as long as the manipulated value is one certain predetermined condition is met. The default condition is preferably a limit value for the manipulated variable, which is from Controller is monitored. By increasing the control setpoint are also - as far as possible through the given control system - The manipulated variable and the actual value of the controlled system increase. exceeds the manipulated value the specified limit value, the Maximum controller generates a setpoint that decreases over time. By the decreasing setpoint also reduces the manipulated variable and after a certain time meet the specified condition again, whereupon the maximum controller again generates an increasing setpoint. Such a maximum controller automatically finds the maximum the size to be controlled or the actual value of the control system. The variable to be controlled, here the power source or load side power, approaches her in ascending and descending ramps maximum possible value. This approach is particularly important advantageous if the decrease in the setpoint is faster or steeper takes place as the increase in the setpoint. Such a maximum regulator is per se, but not in connection with that used according to the invention Oscillation principle, known (DE 198 46 818 A1).

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the setting device has a comparator which, at predetermined times, the value of one or more of the variables detected by the detection device (P _Q , P _A ; U _Q , I _Q ; U _A , I _A ) with the value compares the relevant size at the previous point in time and forms the respective difference value. The difference in value of the size in question indicates the change in size with respect to the previous point in time. It shows whether, for example, the corresponding size has increased or decreased as a result of a change in the degree of amplification (F). The difference value can be fed to the controller which, depending on the type of the detected quantity, controls the degree of amplification of the amplifier on the basis of the difference value in such a way that the load power (P _A ) or the current source power (P _Q ) is maximized. If, for example, the power increases as a result of a change in the degree of amplification, it is expedient to increase the degree of amplification further in order to determine the maximum power and the associated degree of amplification. Conversely, if the value of the quantity sensed by the detector or the output signal of the comparator drops, the controller can reduce the gain.

The controller can adjust the gain (F) of the amplifier preferably as a function of a change in the gain (F) at a previous point in time and the amount of the resulting change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) to change. In order to find the maximum of the power, it is expedient that the controller increases the amplification level (F) of the amplifier if the amplification level (F) was increased during the previous change and the comparator detects a positive change in the current source power (P _Q ). and / or the load power (P _A ) is determined or if the gain (F) was reduced in the previous change and the comparator detects a negative change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) is determined. The controller expediently reduces the gain (F) of the amplifier if the gain (F) was increased during the previous change and the comparator determines a negative change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) or if the gain (F) was reduced during the previous change and the comparator determines a positive change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ).

A particularly rapid setting of the degree of amplification of the amplifier can be achieved if the setting device has an optimization device that executes an optimization method. The optimization method determines the maximum of the current source power (P _Q ) emitted by the current source and / or the load power (P _A ) absorbed by the load as a function of the degree of amplification (F). A number of known optimization methods are suitable for determining the maximum of the performance characteristic. Due to the complex relationship between the degree of amplification and the power source or load-side power, iterative optimization methods are particularly suitable, which test different operating points or gain factors in order to approach the maximum iteratively.

This is a particularly preferred iterative optimization method Gradient method (Newton method), which is the slope of the performance characteristic evaluates to determine the maximum power. Based on the increase in the performance curve in the current The working point will be increment and direction for the next change of the working point. The gradient method evaluates the relationship between the manipulated variable (degree of amplification) and target size (performance) in the form of the corresponding partial Derivation from.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, the setting device has a correction device which detects a parametric variable of the current source and delivers it to the controller in the form of an electrical correction signal. The controller can emit a correspondingly corrected output signal or control signal for controlling the degree of amplification in order to carry out a correction of the degree of amplification taking into account the detected current source parameter. In this way, for example, the current source temperature (T _Q ) can be taken into account when setting the degree of amplification. This is particularly advantageous when using solar cells as a current source, since the current-voltage characteristics of solar cells are strongly temperature-dependent. Corresponding sensors, for example a temperature sensor for detecting the solar cell temperature, can be provided for detecting the current source parameters.

To a consumer with direct current or direct voltage can operate between the output of the amplifier and the Load rectifier can be provided, the output signal rectified the amplifier. By providing one Inverter can from the oscillating amplifier output signal a sinusoidal alternating current for operation generated by appropriate loads. It is still possible the alternating current via a load transformer into a local and / or feed in public (line) network. As a load in particular an ohmic load, a battery or an accumulator, a charger, a rectifier, an inverter, a transformer or another electrical converter may be provided.

A particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention provides a symmetrical, bipolar arrangement of the solar panel, differentiation device, if necessary, filter device and amplifier. The positive and the negative are connected by two-wire cabling Connection of a solar panel with the differentiating device connected. The other components of the device can also connected by symmetrical bipolar two-wire wiring become. The symmetrical feed allows amplifiers (Push-pull amplifier) with higher efficiency and larger Input and output resistance can be used.

One solar cell or several solar cells as a power source for generation of electrical power and a device according to the invention, in particular an MPP controller, can preferably also be designed as a solar module. In particular, it is possible that Differentiation device, if necessary filter device, amplifier and setting device as a unit, in particular as an analog and / or digital semiconductor chip. The components the device according to the invention can also be used entirely and / or partially realized by a microcomputer.

(I) Erfassen eines Ausgangssignals (U_Q, I_Q) der Stromquelle oder einer damit korrelierten elektrischen Größe;

(II) Erzeugen der ersten Ableitung (dU_Q/dt, dI_Q/dt) des in (I) erfaßten Signals und gegebenenfalls der zweiten Ableitung (d²U_Q/dt², d²I_Q/dt²);

(III) Verstärken des erhaltenen Ableitungssignals unter Erhalt eines verstärkten Ausgangssignals (U_A, I_A) und

(IV) Anlegen des erhaltenen verstärkten Ausgangssignals (U_A, I_A) an die Last.

The process according to the invention, which comprises the following steps, is explained below:

(I) detecting an output signal (U _Q , I _Q ) of the current source or an electrical variable correlated therewith;

(II) generating the first derivative (dU _Q / dt, dI _Q / dt) of the signal recorded in (I) and optionally the second derivative (d ² U _Q / dt ² , d ² I _Q / dt ² );

(III) amplifying the derivative signal obtained to obtain an amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) and

(IV) Applying the obtained amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) to the load.

Since the electrical amplifier power (P _v ) required for amplification in step (III) in the amplifier used is taken from the current source, the amplifier is fed back to the current source, so that the amplified output signal has oscillations, in particular resonance oscillations.

Preferably, an amplifier is used for amplification in step (III), the electrical amplifier power (P _V ) that is consumed is not constant, but rather depends on the size of the amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) and / or that in step (IV) Load-absorbed load power (P _A ) is dependent, so that a time-changing load on the power source occurs.

In order to suppress interfering signal components, it is advantageous filter the derivative signal after step (II) and before step (III). A particularly favorable excitation of the oscillating system can by filtering the signal to be amplified according to a predetermined one Bandpass pass characteristics can be achieved.

Advantageously, the reinforcement in step (III) is adjustable Gain (F) of the amplifier made to the feedback system to excite vibrations and the oscillation condition to fulfill. By changing the degree of reinforcement can the vibratory system, especially one Solar system, to the current working conditions, such as illuminance and load resistance. The degree of reinforcement is advantageously set so that the vibration condition for the current working conditions.

The gain (F) is preferably set so that the load power (P _A ) absorbed by the load is maximized. The gain level is expediently set by an analog and / or digital controller, in particular a maximum value controller, which automatically determines a maximum value of the variable to be controlled.

An advantageous embodiment of the method provides that depending of a manipulated variable of the control, in particular the Gain (F), a setpoint for the control is generated. It is advisable to generate an increasing setpoint as long as the manipulated variable meets a specified condition, and in otherwise, to generate a time-decreasing setpoint.

To control the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier, the value of one or more of the variables P _Q , P _A , U _Q , I _Q , U _A , I _{A can be} compared with the value of the relevant variable at the previous point in time and the respective value Difference value are formed. The degree of amplification is expediently controlled taking into account this difference value, which indicates the change in the corresponding variable compared to the previous point in time.

In step (III), an optimization method can be used to maximize the load power (P _A ) or the current source power (P _Q ) taken up by the load by (iteratively) setting the gain (F). Gradient methods that take into account the derivation of the power with regard to the variable to be set (degree of amplification) are particularly suitable for optimizing the power.

To parametric values of the power source, especially the temperature the power source when setting the gain level of the amplifier, the parameter values of Current source detected by appropriate sensors and for a correction of the degree of reinforcement.

Preferably, the gain (F) is set so that the Operating point of the amplifier in a nonlinear range of its Gain characteristic is.

The amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) is expediently applied to an ohmic load, a battery or an accumulator, a charger, a rectifier, an inverter, a transformer or another electrical converter.

The concept of the invention shown is not limited to the illustrated embodiments, but covers the basic Principle of a current or signal source via an amplifier extract maximum power with oscillating output signal, the amplifier acting as a load on the source.

Fig. 1 ein Beispiel für eine Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinie einer Solarzellenanordnung;

Fig. 2 ein Beispiel für eine Leistungs-Kennlinie einer Solarzellenanordnung;

Fig. 3 ein Diagramm der Strahlungsintensität während des Verlaufs eines Tages;

Fig. 4 schematisch ein Ausführungsbeispiel einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung;

Fig. 5 schematisch ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung;

Fig. 6a ein Ersatzschaltbild eines erfindungsgemäßen Solarmoduls für eine Lastbetrachtung zur Erläuterung der Erfindung;

Fig. 6b ein Ersatzschaltbild eines erfindungsgemäßen Solarmoduls für eine Signalbetrachtung zur Erläuterung der Erfindung;

Fig. 7 ein Frequenzdiagramm einer am Verstärkerausgang auftretenden Schwingung;

Fig. 8 eine schematische Darstellung einer Regelung des Verstärkungsgrades F;

Fig. 9 eine schematische Darstellung eines Versuchsaufbaus;

Fig. 10 graphische Darstellungen zum Verlauf von Strom, Spannung und Temperatur eines Meßwiderstands und

Fig. 11 graphische Darstellungen einer experimentellen Auswertung.

Preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained below with reference to the drawing. Show it:

1 shows an example of a current-voltage characteristic of a solar cell arrangement;

2 shows an example of a performance characteristic of a solar cell arrangement;

3 shows a diagram of the radiation intensity during the course of a day;

4 schematically shows an embodiment of a device according to the invention;

5 schematically shows a further exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention;

6a shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a solar module according to the invention for a load analysis to explain the invention;

6b shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a solar module according to the invention for a signal consideration to explain the invention;

7 shows a frequency diagram of an oscillation occurring at the amplifier output;

8 shows a schematic illustration of a regulation of the degree of amplification F;

9 shows a schematic illustration of an experimental setup;

Fig. 10 graphical representations of the course of current, voltage and temperature of a measuring resistor and

11 shows graphical representations of an experimental evaluation.

FIG. 4 schematically shows an exemplary embodiment of the device 1 according to the invention for adapting an electrical load 2 to a current source 3. The electrical load 2 is adapted according to the claimed oscillation principle in order to obtain maximum load power P _A from the current source 3 via the load 2 , The adaptation can take place with regard to a changing load impedance R _L and / or a variable internal resistance R _{Q of} the current source 3.

The current source 3, for example a solar cell arrangement (solar panel), can generate a changing current source power P _Q depending on different conditions, for example environmental conditions. For example, current I _Q and voltage U _{Q of} a solar cell are dependent on the illuminance and the solar cell temperature T _Q.

The device 1 has a differentiating device 4, which differentiates the output voltage U _{Q of} the current source 3 according to the time t and supplies an output signal corresponding to the first derivative dU _Q / dt or the second derivative d 2 U _Q / dt ² . In the exemplary embodiment shown, the differentiating device 4 forms the second derivative d ² U _Q / dt ^{2 of} the voltage U _{Q of} the current source. The differentiating device 4 can be implemented, for example, by an appropriately connected operational amplifier. A typical operational amplifier is an LN357N device, for example.

The differentiating device 4 is followed by a bandpass filter 7, which the output signal of the differentiator 4 after a filters predetermined bandpass characteristics to remove interference signals and a sharp resonance of the vibrating system too achieve. The bandpass filter 7 can for example be a pass band of up to 5 kHz. The appropriate pass band is easy to determine, if necessary by simple experiments.

The output of the filter device 7 is connected to the signal input of an amplifier 5. The supply voltage of the amplifier 5 or the amplifier power P _v is taken from the current source 3. A high-efficiency digital audio amplifier of the T-Class is preferably used. Such amplifiers have low distortion, low noise, a large dynamic range and high immunity to interference or noise from the supply voltage. T-Class amplifiers consist of a CMOS signal processing section and a DMOS power transistor. A preferred amplifier with high efficiency is the TA3020 from Tripath. For example, the voltage-controlled ST-VCA2 preamplifier from Radio Design Labs can be used to set the gain.

The degree of amplification F of the amplifier 5 is regulated by an adjusting device 8 in such a way that the load power P _A which is supplied to the consumer 2 is maximized. In order to detect the load power P _A consumed by the load 2, the setting device 8 has a detection device 10 which detects the current I _A flowing through the load and the output voltage U _{A of} the amplifier 5 falling across the load. The detection device 10 can determine the load power P _A consumed by the load by multiplying the current I _A and the voltage U _A. It is of course also possible to detect only the current I _A or the voltage U _A and to determine the load power P _A only on the basis of the detected quantity. This is particularly advantageous when the load impedance R _L is known and constant, since only one sensor is required to determine the load power P _A. Even with a variable load impedance R _L , the load power P _A can be appropriately estimated. Instead of maximizing the load power P _A , it is still possible to optimize one of the electrical variables (U _A , I _A ) correlated with the power.

The setting device 8 shown in FIG. 1 also has a comparator 6, which at predetermined times t _i , for example every 100 ms, the value of the load power P _A (t _i ) determined by the detection device 10 with the value of the relevant variable compares P _A (t _i-1 ) at the previous point in time and forms a difference value ΔP _A (t _i ). The difference value ΔP _A (t _i ) indicates the change in the load power P _A with respect to the previous evaluation time t _i-1 . A positive difference value ΔP _A (t _i ) indicates that the load power P _{A has} increased, for example as a result of a change in the gain F, and vice versa.

The difference value ΔP _A is fed to a controller 9 which controls the degree of amplification F of the amplifier 5 on the basis of the difference value in such a way that the load power P _{A is} maximized. The controller 9 can, for example, the gain F (t _i ) depending on a change in the gain ΔF (t _i-1 ) at a previous time t _i-1 and the amount of the resulting change in load power | ΔP _A (t _i ) | to adjust.

In order to take into account the influence of the cell temperature T _Q on the characteristic curve of the current source 3, a correction device 11 is provided, which detects the temperature T _Q and supplies an electrical correction signal to the controller 9. By means of the correction device 11 it is possible, for example, to take into account the influence of the solar cell temperature T _Q on the current-voltage characteristic curve of solar cells when setting the gain F. As is known, the power source power P _Q generated by the solar cell 13 drops with increasing solar cell temperature T _Q. This can be compensated for by a corresponding increase in the gain F.

Since the amplifier 5 draws its supply voltage from the current source 3, the amplifier power P _v picked up by the amplifier 5 is taken _from the current source 3. The current source 3 is loaded as a function of the amplifier output signal U _A or the load power P _A , and there is a feedback between the load 2 or amplifier 5 and the current source 3 which, with a suitable choice of the gain factor F, causes the output signal U _A to oscillate Amplifier 5 leads. The resonance effects that occur cause resonance vibrations at the amplifier output, which have certain characteristic frequencies.

7 shows a frequency diagram of a typical resonance oscillation occurring at the amplifier output. One can clearly see the pronounced frequency maximum at 4.7 kHz. In the event of resonance, this oscillating system takes maximum power from the source, which is available as load power P _A at consumer 2. Another maximum of the vibration at the amplifier output is 12.3 kHz.

Since the occurrence of resonance vibrations at the amplifier output is easy to detect, the load power P _A occurring at the load 2 can be maximized by evaluating a “sharp” characteristic curve. A complex determination of the maximum power of a relatively flat power characteristic curve, as is done according to the prior art, is not necessary. The degree of amplification F of the amplifier 5 only has to be adjusted in the case of changed current source conditions or a changing load 2, so that the oscillation condition of the oscillator is further fulfilled.

Fig. 5 shows a further embodiment of an inventive Device that has a symmetrical, bipolar arrangement has, as it is often used in solar technology.

The current source 3 has a plurality of solar panels 13 connected in series on. Due to the symmetrical arrangement of the solar panels 13 there is a positive / negative output voltage of, for example ± 6 V or ± 12 V available. To a higher rated power too achieve, other solar panels 13 can be connected in parallel.

The differentiating device 4 and the amplifier 5 are via a Corresponding symmetrical cabling with the current source 3 connected and suitable for processing bipolar signals. Due to the symmetrical arrangement of the Components can be high efficiency with high yield for the entire photovoltaic system can be achieved.

_A rectifying device 12 is provided between the output of the amplifier 5 and the load 2, which rectifies the output current I _A or the output voltage U _{A of} the amplifier 5. In this way, the load 2 can be operated with direct current or direct voltage, which is particularly advantageous for charging accumulators or batteries. In order to generate sinusoidal alternating currents, an alternating-current device can also be provided. This can be connected directly to the output of the amplifier 5 or to the output of the rectifying device 12. The alternating current generated can also be fed into a local and / or public network via a load transformer. It is particularly advantageous to provide a three-phase inverter for this purpose.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the controller 9 controls the degree of amplification F of the amplifier 5. For this purpose, the controller 9 is supplied with the current source power P _Q determined by the detection device 10 or another variable correlated therewith. The controller 9 can be designed, for example, as a maximum value controller, which generates a setpoint for the control as a function of the gain F. A setpoint generator uses the gain factor to generate a setpoint that rises over time until the maximum power P _Q drawn from the power source is achieved.

6a shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a solar module according to the invention for a load analysis to explain the principle of operation. The current source 3 is represented by an ideal current source with an impressed current I _Q and an internal resistance R _Q. The voltage U _Q = I _Q * R _Q occurs at the output of the current source 3.

Since the power consumption of the differentiating device 4 is negligible compared to the power P _v consumed by the amplifier, the current source 3 is loaded exclusively by the amplifier 5. The amplifier 5 represents a variable load Rv for the current source 3 as a function of the power P _{v it} consumes. The voltage U _A and the current I _A occur on the output side of the amplifier 5. The amplifier 5 is loaded by the load 2 with an impedance R _L.

Since the internal resistance R _{Q of} the current source 3 is generally much larger than the resistance R _{v of} the amplifier, the following approximately applies: P V = I Q 2 · R V , This results on the amplifier output side P A = U A · I A = U A 2 R L for the load power. Assuming a lossless amplifier with 100% efficiency: P A = P V ,

The resistance R _{V of} the amplifier can thus be determined: R V = U A 2 I Q 2 · R L ,

6b shows an equivalent circuit diagram of a solar module according to the invention for signal consideration. For the purpose of a simple explanation, the amplifier 5 is shown as a connected operational amplifier (UU converter). The gain factor of the amplifier 5 is F according to this circuit F = U A U V ,

The current source voltage U _{Q present} at the input of the device is differentiated twice by the differentiating device 4 according to the time t. The voltage is therefore at the input of the amplifier 5 U V = d 2 U Q dt 2 on. The voltage U _A = F · U _V results at the amplifier output.

Taking into account the expression for R _v obtained from the performance analysis: U Q = U A 2 I Q · R L ,

For the voltage at the amplifier input:

Taking into account the relationship between amplifier input voltage U _v and amplifier output voltage U _A , the following second-order differential equation is obtained:

This non-linear differential equation of the second order for the voltage U _A (t) at the output of the amplifier describes an oscillatory system consisting of current source 3, differentiation device 4, amplifier 5 and load 2. The solutions of the differential equation correspond to complex vibrations. When the vibration condition occurs, resonance effects occur which lead to resonance vibrations of the amplifier output voltage U _A. In the event of resonance, the maximum power P _{Q is} taken from the current source 3 and fed to the load.

The resonance frequencies of the oscillation of the output voltage U _{A of} the amplifier are shown in the frequency diagram of FIG. 7. One can clearly see the pronounced maximum of the output voltage U _A at a frequency of approximately 4.7 kHz.

8 shows a schematic illustration of a gain control, which automatically adjusts the gain level in this way F allows to oscillate at the amplifier output too achieve.

To adapt the working range, the detected actual value X, for example the voltage U _A or the power P _A , optionally after smoothing or averaging, can be optionally standardized or scaled by a standardization device 14.

A maximum controller 15 determines a manipulated value Y for setting the degree of amplification F of the amplifier 5, a target variable correlated with the actual value, for example the load power P _A , to be maximized. For this purpose, the maximum controller 15 stores the current actual value X and the manipulated value Y at the time t. The manipulated value Y is increased by the value dY at the time t + 1. This change in the manipulated variable changes the gain by dF, which also changes the voltage U _A and the power P _A.

If the actual value X 'at time t + 1 is smaller than the actual value X at previous time t is, the manipulated variable was in the wrong Direction changed. At the next time t + 2, the manipulated variable then reduced by 2 dY.

If the actual value X 'increases or remains the same at time t + 1, the change can be repeated. At the next time t + 2 the manipulated value is increased again by the value dY.

This procedure is repeated continuously by the maximum controller 15. In this way, the output voltage U _A and the power P _A can be continuously maximized.

Via an optional characteristic curve adjustment device 16, the calculated manipulated variable Y to the gain characteristic of the amplifier 5 (reinforcements Vi) can be adjusted. This is conveniently done through a piecewise linear adaptation characteristic, e.g. is described by base pairs (Yi, Vi).

example 1

FIG. 9 shows a schematic illustration of an experimental setup for examining the performance behavior of a device 1 according to the invention. The aim of the experiments was to demonstrate a gain in the load power P _A absorbed by a load resistor 2 by the impedance matching using the device 1 according to the invention.

For this purpose, a total of six identical solar panels 13 were used Sun aligned. Two panels were combined, so that three pairs of panels were available for measurement. The first two pairs of panels (channels a and b) were switched 17a, 17b connected to the device 1 according to the invention. The Device 1 had two independent channels, on their respective one Outputs were load resistors 2a, 2b. For reference the third pair of solar panels was used for the qualitative comparison measurement connected to a load resistor 2c via a switch 17c (Channel c).

In order to exclude errors due to manufacturing-related component differences, were all pairings of the components in preliminary tests examined. From these measurements it was found that the maximum error due to component differences is less than 1%.

To measure the load power P _A , which was recorded by the respective load resistors 2a, 2b, 2c, a calorimetric measurement was carried out by recording the temperature profile of the load resistors 2a, 2b, 2c, each arranged on an aluminum block as a heat sink. For this purpose, a temperature sensor 18a, b, c was arranged in a central bore in each heat sink, which measured the temperature Ta, Tb, Tc of the load resistor 2a, b, c. The data of the temperature sensors 18a, 18b, 18c were recorded by a measuring device 19. In addition, the voltages and currents of the load resistors 2a, 2b, 2c were recorded and recorded.

At the start of the measurement, the switches 17a, 17b, 17c were turned on simultaneously switched on. For each channel a, b, c current and Voltage as well as the temperature of the heat sink for the individual Measuring intervals recorded and recorded.

10 shows the course of the current, the voltage and the temperature for the channels a, b, c. The current and voltage of channels a, b, the loads 2a, 2b of which were adapted to the time-varying source powers P _{Q of} their solar panels via the device 1 according to the invention, were significantly greater than the current and voltage of the reference channel c. The greater load power of the channels a, b is also evident in the temperature profile of the heat sink of the load resistors 2a, 2b. The temperatures of these heat sinks rose significantly in the course of the measurement compared to the temperature of the heat sink of the load resistor 2c.

Example 2

11 shows further experimental results graphically. The upper graphic shows the course of the recorded load power with and without the device according to the invention (MPP controller) for four Time ranges (ranges 1, 2, 3 and 4). The graphic below shows that Ratio of the load power with device to the load power of the Reference channel. This performance ratio is for wide areas the measurement greater than one, which is a gain in performance by the invention Device means.

The greatest profit was achieved in area 1 of the measurement. In this Period of time, the sun was covered by a cloud, causing only a low source power was available. In In this area the load was increased by the device on the Adjusted internal resistance of the source and so the power consumption optimized. The load performance with device 1 is clear bigger than without.

In area 2 the irradiance of the solar panels changed. The gain F of the Amplifier 5 regulates the oscillation condition of the oscillation system adapt to the changed lighting conditions. Both services fluctuated strongly in this area.

In area 3, the sun was again covered by a cloud. The power at the load resistor connected directly to the solar panels broke due to the mismatch to the changed Source impedance together while the device according to the invention made an adjustment to the changed source parameters.

In area 4 with direct sunlight, the source power fluctuated relatively strong. The services with and without the invention Devices are approximately the same in this area. At the At the end of the measurement period, the sun was again covered by clouds, and the impedance matching according to the invention led to a new one Performance gain, as the lower graphic in area 4 shows.

The experiments of Examples 1 and 2 show a clear gain in performance by the device according to the invention. Especially in areas where the irradiation of the solar panels from the optimal Conditions for which the solar system was designed deviates, the device can despite mismatching the source Take maximum power and add it to the load resistor. This corresponds to an ongoing adaptive adaptation of the load the source under performance gain.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

1

Device or MPP controller

2

Load (electrical)

3

power source

4

Differentiator

5

amplifier

6

comparator

7

filtering device

8th

adjustment

9

regulator

10

detector

11

corrector

12

Rectifying means

13

Solar cells (photovoltaic cells)

14

normalization means

15

Maximum slider

16

Characteristic adjusting means

U _Q

Power source voltage 3

I _Q

current flowing in the current source circuit

P _Q

Current source power

U _A

Output voltage of the amplifier 5

I _A

current flowing through the load 2

P _A

load power absorbed by load 2

P _V

Amplifier power

F

Amplification level of the amplifier 5

T _Q

Power source temperature

Claims (35)

Device (1) for adapting an electrical load (2) to a current source (3) with possibly changing current source power (P _Q ) in order to give the current source (3) maximum load power (P _A ) via the load (2) remove that has: a differentiating device (4) which differentiates an output signal (I _Q , U _Q ) of the current source (3) according to the time (t) and one of the first derivative (dU _Q / dt, dI _Q / dt) or the second derivative (i.e. ² U _Q / dt ² , d ² I _Q / dt ² ) provides the corresponding output signal,
and an amplifier (5) connected downstream of the differentiating device (4), at whose output the load (2) is present and which amplifies the output signal of the differentiating device (4), wherein the amplifier (5) is connected to the current source (3) such that the amplifier power (P _v ) received by the amplifier (5) is taken _from the current source (3), and the output signal (U _A , I _A ) of the Amplifier (5) has vibrations, in particular resonance vibrations. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that a filter device (7), in particular a bandpass filter, is provided between the output of the differentiating device (4) and the input of the amplifier (5), which filters the output signal of the amplifier (5) according to a predetermined pass characteristic filters. Device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it has a setting device (8) for the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier (5), which acts on the amplifier (5). Device according to one or more of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the amplifier (5) is an operational amplifier. Apparatus according to claim 3 or 4, characterized in that the setting device (8) has a detection device (10) which detects the power source power (P _Q ) emitted by the power source (3) and / or the power (P) _consumed by the load (2) Load power (P _A ) and / or an electrical variable (U _A , I _A ; U _Q , I _Q ) correlated with these powers. MPP controller, characterized by a device according to claim 5, in which the setting device (8) has a controller (9) which detects the output signals of the detection device (10) as such or after signal processing as actual values and the gain (F) of the amplifier (5) regulates. MPP controller according to Claim 6, characterized in that the controller (9) is designed such that it controls the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier (5) in such a way that the load power (P _A ) is maximized. MPP controller according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the controller (9) has a setpoint generator which, depending on a control value of the controller (9), in particular the gain (F) of the amplifier (5), a setpoint for the Regulation generated. MPP controller claim 8, characterized in that the setpoint generator generates a time-increasing setpoint as long as the control value fulfills a predetermined condition and otherwise, if the control value does not meet the condition, generates a time-decreasing setpoint. MPP controller according to one or more of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the setting device (8) has a comparator (6) which, at predetermined times, the value of one or more of the variables (P _Q. ) Detected by the detection device (10) , P _A ; U _Q , I _Q ; U _A , I _A ) with the value of the variable in question at the previous point in time and feeds the respective difference value to the controller (9), which, depending on the type of variable detected, has the gain (F) of the Controls amplifier (5) based on the difference value so that the load power (P _A ) or the current source power (P _Q ) is maximized. MPP controller according to one or more of Claims 6 to 10, characterized in that the controller (9) increases the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier (5) when the value of the variable detected by the detection device (10) or the output signal of the Comparator (6) increases and the gain (F) of the amplifier (5) decreases when the corresponding size drops. MPP controller according to claim 10 or 11, characterized in that the controller (9) the gain (F) of the amplifier (5) as a function of a change in the gain (F) at a previous point in time and the amount of the resulting change in the current sources -Power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) changes. MPP controller according to Claim 12, characterized in that the controller (9) increases the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier (5) if the degree of amplification (F) was increased during the previous change and the comparator (6) detects a positive change in the Current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) is determined, or if the gain (F) was reduced in the previous change and the comparator (6) shows a negative change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) is determined that the controller (9) reduces the gain (F) of the amplifier (5) if the gain (F) was increased during the previous change and by the comparator (6 ) a negative change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) is determined, or if the gain (F) was reduced in the previous change, and by the comparator (6) a positive change in the current sources -Leist tion (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) is determined. MPP controller according to one or more of Claims 6 to 13, characterized in that the setting device (8) has an optimization device which carries out an optimization process, in particular a gradient process, by the maximum of the current source power output by the current source (3) (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) consumed by the load (2) and to control the gain (F) of the amplifier (5) accordingly. Device or MPP controller according to one or more of Claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the operating point of the amplifier (5) lies in a non-linear range of its gain characteristic. Device or MPP controller according to one or more of Claims 3 to 15, characterized in that the setting device (8) has a correction device (11) which has a parametric variable of the current source (3), in particular the current source temperature (T _Q ) the current source (3), detected and supplied in the form of an electrical correction signal to the controller (9), which outputs a correspondingly corrected output signal or control signal for controlling the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier (5). Device or MPP controller according to one or more of Claims 1 to 16, characterized in that a rectifying device (12) and / or an alternating device is provided between the output of the amplifier (5) and the load (2). Device or MPP controller according to one or more of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that the amplifier (5) is an analog or digital amplifier of one of the classes A to T or an adaptive power MOSFET amplifier. Solar module, the current source (3) one or more photovoltaic Cells (solar cells) (13) for generating electrical Power as well as a device or an MPP controller (1) according to one of claims 1 to 18. Method for adapting an electrical load (2) to a current source (3) with possibly changing current source power (P _Q ) in order to take the maximum load power (P _A ) from the current source (3) via the load (2), that includes the following steps: (I) detecting an output signal (U _Q , I _Q ) from the current source (3) or an electrical variable correlated therewith, (II) generating the first derivative (dU _Q / dt, dI _Q / dt) of the signal recorded in (I) and, if appropriate, the second derivative (d ² U _Q / dt ² , d ² I _Q / dt ² ), (III) amplifying the derivative signal obtained to obtain an amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) and (IV) applying the amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) obtained to the load (2), the electrical amplifier power (Pv) required for amplification in step (III) of the amplifier (5) used being taken from the current source (3), so that the amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) has oscillations, in particular resonance oscillations. Method according to Claim 20, characterized in that an amplifier (5) is used for the amplification in step (III), the electrical amplifier power (P _V ) which is consumed is not constant, but rather on the size of the amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) and / or depends on the load power (P _A ) absorbed by the load (2) in step (IV). Method according to claim 20 or 21, characterized in that after step (II) and before step (III) the derivative signal is filtered, in particular by a bandpass filter. Method according to one or more of claims 20 to 22, characterized in that the amplification in step (III) is carried out by adjusting the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier (5). Method according to Claim 23, characterized in that the degree of amplification (F) is set in step (III) in such a way that the load power (P _A ) absorbed by the load (2) is maximized. A method according to claim 24, characterized in that the degree of amplification (F) is set by a controller. Method according to Claim 25, characterized in that a setpoint for the control is generated as a function of a control value of the controller, in particular the degree of amplification (F). A method according to claim 26, characterized in that as long as the control value fulfills a predetermined condition, a time-increasing setpoint is generated and, if the control value does not meet the condition, a time-decreasing setpoint is generated. Method according to one or more of claims 23 to 27, characterized in that in step (III) at predetermined times the value of one or more of the quantities P _Q , P _A , U _Q , I _Q , U _A , I _A with the value the relevant size compared at the previous point in time and the respective difference value is formed, with which the gain (F) of the amplifier (5) is controlled so that the load power (P _A ) or the current source power (P _Q ) is maximized becomes. A method according to claim 28, characterized in that the gain (F) of the amplifier (5) in dependence on a change in the gain (F) at a previous point in time and the amount of the resulting change in the current source power (P _Q ) and / or the load power (P _A ) is changed. Method according to Claim 28 or 29, characterized in that an optimization method, in particular a gradient method, is used in step (III) in order to adjust the load power absorbed by the load (2) by adjusting the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier (5) (P _A ) or to maximize the power source power (P _Q ). Method according to one or more of claims 23 to 30, characterized in that in step (III) the gain (F) of the amplifier (5) as a function of a detected parameter value of the current source (3), in particular the current source temperature (T _Q ) is set. Method according to one or more of claims 23 to 31, characterized in that in step (III) the degree of amplification (F) of the amplifier (5) is set such that the operating point lies in a non-linear range of its gain characteristic. Method according to one or more of claims 20 to 32, characterized in that in step (IV) the amplified output signal (U _A , I _A ) to an ohmic load, a battery or an accumulator, a charger, a rectifier, an inverter , a transformer or another electrical converter is applied as a load (2). Application of the method according to one or more of the claims 20 to 33 for the control or regulation of photovoltaic Systems, in particular of solar cells and solar panels and orders from it. Application of the method according to one or more of the claims 20 to 33 for the control or regulation of photovoltaic Systems, in particular of solar cells and solar panels and arrangements thereof, the load (2) of an ohmic Load, a battery or an accumulator, a charger Rectifiers, an inverter, a transformer and / or is another electrical converter.

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