Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/002—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits
  • A01N25/006—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing a foodstuff as carrier or diluent, i.e. baits insecticidal
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N45/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds having three or more carbocyclic rings condensed among themselves, at least one ring not being a six-membered ring

Definitions

• Adult insects have also caused considerable damage to many fruits and have been implicated as carriers of some plant diseases as well.
• Chemical pesticides for the control of the CRW pest complex are applied to 12-16 million hectares per year. These chemicals have often been applied as a preventive measure, sometimes unnecessarily, thereby increasing the health risks imposed on the general population as well as on livestock and other farm and domestic animals and wildlife.
• This invention relates to novel insecticidal compositions effective for the control of insects, Diabroticite insects in particular, and to methods of controlling the insects utilizing the novel compositions. Description of the Relevant Art
• the corn rootworm pest complex (subfamily Galerucinae) is comprised of two taxonomic groups, Virgifera and Fucata.
• the Virgifera group beetles overwinter as eggs in the soil and are univoltine. This group is comprised of northern corn rootworm (NCR) , Diabrotica longicornis barber! Smith & Lawrence, from the upper Mississippi Valley; western corn rootworm (WCR) , D. virgifera virgifera LeConte, from the midwestern U.S.; and Mexican corn rootworm (MCR) , D. v. zeae Krysan & Smith, from the south central U.S.
• NCR northern corn rootworm
• WCR western corn rootworm
• MCR Mexican corn rootworm
• the Fucata group beetles overwinter as adults and are multivoltine. They include the western spotted cucumber beetle (WSCB) , D. undecimpuncta ta undecimpunctata Mannerheim, ranging from the far western U.S. into the upper Baja Peninsula; the banded cucumber beetle (BCB) , D . bal teata LeConte, from the southeast U.S.; and the southern corn rootworm (SCR), D. u . howardi Barber, commonly known as the spotted cucumber beetle in the adult stage and ranging east of the Rockies from southern Canada into Mexico.
• WSCB western spotted cucumber beetle
• BCB banded cucumber beetle
• SCR southern corn rootworm
• D. u . howardi Barber commonly known as the spotted cucumber beetle in the adult stage and ranging east of the Rockies from southern Canada into Mexico.
• Diabroticine beetles there are Acalymma vitta tum (Fabricius), the striped cucumber beetle ranging from Mexico to Canada, primarily east of the Rockies and A. trivi tta tum (Mannerheim) , the western striped cucumber beetle, found in the west.
• Acalymma vitta tum the striped cucumber beetle ranging from Mexico to Canada, primarily east of the Rockies and A. trivi tta tum (Mannerheim) , the western striped cucumber beetle, found in the west.
• larvae and adults are responsible for extensive feeding damage. For example, larvae of SCR hatch from eggs of overwintering adults and either feed on seedling corn roots or bore into the base of the stem. They also attack peanut crops by penetrating the developing peanut and either consuming it or facilitating attack by disease-causing microorganisms.
• Multivoltine species e.g. SCR
• SCR single-voltine species
• WCR WCR
• the univoltine beetle life cycle begins with eggs laid below the surface of the soil in the fall. In early spring, the larvae hatch and begin to feed. Beetles emerge from mid- uly through August, with male beetles emerging about 1 week before the females .
• Lacing baits with cucurbitacins causes insects to compulsively feed on them and subsequently die from the insecticides which are also present in the bait compositions.
• the increased feeding brought on by the cucurbitacins results in a reduction in the amount of insecticide necessary for an effective formulation by up to about 90-95%.
• the baits are pest specific and capable of killing 99% of the insects consuming them (Tallamy and Hala Stammh. 1993. Environ . Entomol . vol. 22, pp. 925-932).
• the semiochemical-based insecticide carbaryl in a formulation bait specific to CRW (Chandler et al. 1995. In: Clean water, clean environment, 21 st century team agriculture, working to protect wa ter resources . Conf. Proceed, vol. 1, pp. 29-32), has been under commercial development and evaluation in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Rootworm Management Areawide Program on limited corn acreage in the Corn Belt.
• Baits such as those reported by Metcalf et al., supra , were prepared from Cucurbita fruits which were dried, ground and impregnated with insecticides and volatile attractants. These baits were then scattered over plots of sweet corn, with some of the bait on the leaves and silks of the ears of corn. Lance and Sutter (1992. J. Econ . Entomol . vol. 85, pp.
• 967-973 also described a bait formulation containing an insecticide, a feeding stimulant and volatile attractants.
• volatile attractants were included since cucurbitacins, although recognized as powerful feeding stimulants, have not been considered effective as attractants. Delivery of the insecticide was therefore accomplished by first attracting the insect, then stimulating it to feed on the insecticide-laced bait.
• compositions and methods have also been utilized in attempts to control the CRW.
• Guss et al . U.S. Pat. No. 4,565,695, 1986
• Doane et al . U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,618, 1995
• a gustatory stimulant comprising dried and powdered plant material containing cucurbitacins, a lubricant and an adherent to be used in combination with an insecticide for adult beetles.
• Munson et al. U.S. Pat. No.
• Schroder et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,968,541, 1999 and 6,090,398, 2000) describe aqueous bait compositions which are effective as insecticides for the control of Diabroticite insects and contain cucurbitacin feeding stimulants and soluble toxicants, such as photoactive xanthene dyes. Although these compositions solved the delivery problems associated with dry particulate formulations, they are limited to those toxicants which are water soluble, and do not include those toxicants which are insoluble or have moderate to low solubility.
• aqueous composition which is consistently effective for the control of insects, Diabroticite insects in particular, and comprises a cucurbitacin feeding stimulant and a toxicant, where the toxicant is either insoluble in water or has low to moderate solubility.
• Fig. 1 shows the LC90 of a synthetic pyrethroid esfenvalerate (Asana ® XL 0.66 EC, DuPont Agricultural Products, Wilmington, DE) in combination with bitter Hawkesbury watermelon juice applied as a foliar spray on cucurbits against southern corn rootworm (SCR) adults. Results were achieved at approximately 0.003 % (w/v) in 48 hours.
• Fig. 2 shows the effects of varying concentrations of two insecticides: imidacloprid (Admire ® 2F, Bayer, Kansas City, MO) and carbaryl (Sevin ® 50W, Rhone-Poulenc, Research Triangle Park, NC) in combination with Hawkesbury watermelon juice on southern corn rootworm (SCR) mortality.
• imidacloprid Admire ® 2F, Bayer, Kansas City, MO
• carbaryl Sevin ® 50W, Rhone-Poulenc, Research Triangle Park, NC
• SCR southern corn rootworm
• Fig. 4. shows the effects of insecticides in combination with bitter Hawkesbury watermelon juice applied by aerial treatment on corn in comparison to the commercial product Slam ® [(13%), Micro Flo Co., supra ) , 8.0 fl oz: fipronil [(.44SC), Rhone-Poulenc, supra ) , 0.16 oz; methyl parathion [Penncap-M ® (2FL) , Elf Atochem North America, supra] , 2.4 fl oz. Mortality of CRW adults after 24-hr exposure is indicated.
• Fig. 5 shows the mortality of Japanese beetles treated with carbaryl (Sevin ® XLR Plus, Rhone-Poulenc, supra) at 3.2 oz/acre in bitter Hawkesbury watermelon juice by aerial application.
• Useful toxicants for the control of Diabrotica which are insoluble or have limited water solubility are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, carbamates such as carbaryl and aldicarb, organophosphates, fiproles, pyrethroids, pyrazoles, phenylpyrazoles, imidachloprids, various microbials and microbiol by-products such as toxin-producing bacteria (e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis) and entomopathogenic viruses and fungi (e.g. baculoviruses) .
• carbamates such as carbaryl and aldicarb
• organophosphates e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis
• pyrazoles e.g. Bacillus thuringiensis
• phenylpyrazoles phenylpyrazoles
• imidachloprids microbials and microbiol by-products
• toxin-producing bacteria e.g. Bacill
• insecticides are commercially available in particle form, such as dry flowables, dusts or wettable powders, or as emulsifiable concentrates, flowables or invert emulsions.
• Cucurbitacins are recommended feeding stimulants and are known and described in the art for that purpose (see Metcalf et al., 1987, supra ; Rhodes et al. 1980. J. Am . Soc. Hort . vol. 105, pp. 838-842; Metcalf et al. 1981. Cucurbit . Genet . Coop . Rep. vol. 4, pp. 37-38; Metcalf, R.L. 1985. Bull . 111 . Na tl . Hist . Surv. vol. 33, pp. 175-198; Metcalf and Rhodes, Canadian Patent No. 1,195,922, 1985; How et al. Environ . Entomol . vol. 5, pp.
• the compounds are obtained by extraction from Cucurbitaceae plants. Examples include, but are not limited to, melons such as cantaloupe, watermelon, bitter Hawkesbury watermelon, gourds such as bitter buffalo gourd, cucumbers and squash such as zucchini.
• the plant material may be dehydrated, then ground into a powdery material. Preferably, the plant material may be ground up, solid material filtered off and the filtrate (or juice) utilized. This juice contains the feeding stimulants and may be utilized effectively as a crude extract.
• the bitter mutant of Hawkesbury watermelon (BHW) Ci trullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai. (Syn. Ci trullus vulgaris Schrad) is the source of the cucurbitacin feeding stimulants.
• the melon is ground to pulp and the juice containing the cucurbitacins extracted.
• the extraction may be carried out under pressure, as in a cider or hydraulic press or a commercial centrifuge, then filtered and utilized directly as a crude liquid extract. It may also be concentrated, then diluted for use as needed.
• the juice may also be frozen for long-term storage (i.e. months). It may be concentrated by evaporation, spray-drying, freeze-drying or other means to about 5 to about 12% initial volume or weight of the juice (or crude extract) .
• cucurbitacin E or cucurbitacin E-glycoside had the most powerful effect (DeMilo et al., 1998, supra) .
• it has lower mammalian toxicity than any of the other cucurbitacin compounds and is water soluble, an important advantage for aqueous formulations .
• It is also the most abundant cucurbitacin in bitter Hawkesbury watermelon, an added benefit for utilizing BHW juice extract in the formulation of the composition.
• the cucurbitacins are also commercially available, although they are at present somewhat expensive.
• Additives such as adherents or sticking materials, emulsifiers, thickeners such as starch, stabilizers, oils, preservatives, antifoam agents and/or buffers may also be included in the composition as needed. These materials are well known in the art and are commercially available. In addition, attractants may also be utilized if deemed necessary. While it has not yet been established experimentally, observations suggest that the cucurbitacins themselves may have some attractant capability.
• the insecticidal composition is prepared by providing feeding stimulant at an effective concentration. This may be accomplished by mixing feeding stimulant concentrate with water to the desired concentration.
• An effective feeding stimulant concentration range is from about 0.0001% to about 10% (w/v) .
• Single strength BHW juice has been utilized effectively experimentally and contains about 0.03 to about 0.07 % (w/v) cucurbitacins.
• the amount utilized is not critical, as long as there is enough feeding stimulant present in the composition to cause the insects to feed compulsively.
• An effective amount of toxicant is added with mixing to the feeding stimulant preparation. This amount is significantly less than that recommended for use by manufacturers and generally ranges from about 0.1% to about 20% of the recommended amount, depending on the particular toxicant utilized. In addition, if deemed useful, mixtures of toxicants may also be utilized.
• a useful formulation may be prepared by combining a crude extract of BHW juice at a cucurbitacin concentration of from about 0.0001% to about 10% (w/v) with fipronil (a phenylpyrozole) at a concentration of about 2 g active ingredient. (A.I.) /acre. [NOTE: Since the recommended amount is about 59 g A. I.
• the composition contains about 3.3% of the recommended amount.
• a feeding stimulant concentration of about 0.0003% to about 0.002% (w/v) in a volume of about 5 to about 10 gal/acre applied by conventional ground spray equipment, such as tractor- mounted boom sprayers, backpack sprayers, etc. would be effective, while a concentration of about 0.002% to about 0.09% (w/v) in a volume of about 0.5 to about 2 gal/acre would be effective for aerial application.
• a water-soluble starch or other thickening agent such as Mira Sperse ® 626 (A.E. Staley Mfg.
• IL Co., Decatur, IL
• a sticker such as Gelva ® (Monsanto Corp., St. Louis, MO) or Lastic ® (Helena Chemical Co. St. Louis, MO) may be added at a concentration of from about 0.1% to about 3% (w/v) .
• the composition is applied to target plants (corn, cucurbits, peanuts and other agricultural crops attacked by the CRW) by conventional ground and aerial spraying equipment. It is applied to cucurbits, for example, at the first sign of CRW adults, usually at the early seedling stage. Treatments are applied weekly for about 3 weeks or until adult CRW populations decline below economic injury levels. In corn, treatment may begin at first evidence of adults present on corn, at the time gravid females reach about 20% of the population or at the time of silking. Treatments may be repeated until the population of adults declines below economic injury levels. Trap collections and/or counts of living and dead beetles in the treated corn may be utilized to estimate population levels.
• a composition of BHW juice containing carbaryl (Sevin ® XLR, Rhone-Poulenc, supra ) at 4 fl oz active ingredient (A.I.) /acre was applied by ground sprayer on corn. This treatment was compared to a control and to the commercial product Slam ® (Micro Flo Co., supra ) , a dry cucurbitacin formulation mixed with carbaryl, at the recommended rate of 4 fl oz A. I. /acre. Applications were made at a rate of 5 gal/acre using a Modern Flow high clearance sprayer at a speed of about 2 mph, using TX-3 hollow cone nozzles. Treatments were replicated 5 times on plots 12 rows wide by 100 ft long.
• Treatments were replicated 4 times on plots 12 rows wide by 150 ft long. Prior to treatments, 73 cm by 95 cm wood frame dead beetle trays were placed in each replication, and dead beetle counts were made 24 hours after treatment. Results are shown in Fig. 3. At 24 hours, there was an increase in mortality of all the toxicants tested over Slam ® , the standard commercial bait currently utilized for control of adult corn rootworms. For example, fipronil applied at 4 g or 0.16 oz/acre (7% the recommended rate) killed 44% more beetles than Slam ® . Penncap ® -M at 2.4 fl oz/acre (10% the recommended rate) also killed more beetles than Slam ® .
• Example 4 Aerial Application on Corn of Fipronil ( .44SC) and Penncap-M ® (2FL) /BHW Juice.
• Aerial treatments were applied to corn plots. The size of the plots were 50 ft wide by 1320 ft long (1.5 acres). Fipronil at a rate of 4 g (0.16 oz)/acre was mixed with BHW juice and applied at a rate of 1 gal/acre. The second treatment, Penncap- M ® , was added to BHW juice formulation at 2.4 fl oz/acre, a rate of 10% the recommended rate for treatment for adults. Slam ® was applied at a rate of 8 oz/acre. The applications were made with a Piper Pawnee PA-25 aircraft equipped with TeeJet D6 nozzles, calibrated to spray 1 gallon of the formulation per acre.

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