EP1408519B1

EP1408519B1 - Current supply for high temperature superconducting devices

Info

Publication number: EP1408519B1
Application number: EP03292461A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Steffen Elschner; Joachim Bock; Franck Breuer
Original assignee: Nexans SA
Current assignee: Nexans SA
Priority date: 2002-10-04
Filing date: 2003-10-06
Publication date: 2007-12-05
Anticipated expiration: 2023-10-06
Also published as: EP1408519A1

Description

The present invention relates generally to a current supply for supplying low temperature superconducting devices refrigerated below the critical temperature with current. In particular the present invention relates to such a current supply comprising a multi-filament coil made of a high temperature superconducting material.
Today's superconducting devices are mostly operated at liquid helium temperature, i.e. 4.2 K For supplying such a low Tc device with current at least two current leads must run from outside (room temperature) into the cryogenic system for leading the current to and away.
Generally these current leads are made of normal conducting metals. However the power introduced into the cryogenic system due to heat conduction and ohmic loss causes an appreciable boil-off of liquid helium being a considerable cost factor.
It was suggested using so called hybrid current leads being tubes or rods and consisting of two parts. The first part is normal conducting and runs from room temperature to a cryogenic system having an intermediate temperature e.g. of liquid nitrogen LN2, i.e. 77 K. The second part is made of high temperature superconducting (htsc) ceramic having a critical temperature above said intermediate temperature and runs from the cryogenic system with intermediate temperature to the low Tc device at e.g. liquid helium LHe. Thereby the heat input into the liquid helium could be reduced since the second part is a ceramic having a lower heat conductivity than metals. Further in case of DC applications ohmic losses are avoided since the second part itself is superconducting over its whole length.
Both ends of the superconducting part of the current leads are provided with contacts of little resistance one end being connected with the normal conducting part at the high temperature end (warm end) and the other being connected with the superconducting device at the low temperature end (cold end).
Such a tube type hybrid current lead is disclosed in EP 0 723 278 A1 . This hybrid current lead is in the form of a hollow cylinder one end being made of a superconducting material (cold end) and the other end being made of a metal.
For reducing the heat input a reservoir filled with a cooling medium is provided within the tube at the side of the metal part of the tube adjacent to the superconducting part.
US 5,057,645 discloses a lead interface connected to a superconducting device said lead interface being e.g. a cylindrical insulating dewar housing an electrical lead for current supply to the low temperature device. Since the electrical lead is housed in an insulating dewar it is not necessary to disconnect the electrical lead from the superconducting device in the periods when no current is supplied to the superconducting device and the electrical lead need not be cooled. In the electrical element according to US 5,057,645 a monofilament coil is employed as electrical lead for the superconducting part at the cold end.
US 5,880,068 discloses a method for increasing the thermal length of the high temperature superconducting moiety of a current supply for low temperature superconductor devices relative to the spacing between its warm and cold end wherein the high temperature superconducting moiety comprises at least two parts being arranged in a non colinear manner. For example the single parts can be arranged parallel to each other forming plates or one after the other forming a zig-zag pattern.
Furthermore it is suggested arranging two plates each composed of a plurality of single parts to a dual hts lead one plate adapted to carry current to the low temperature superconducting device and the other plate adapted to carry current away there from.
The current supply according to US 5,880,068 is a complex structure comprised of a plurality of single parts. Furthermore its production requires a plurality of process steps including producing, arranging and conductively connecting each single part.
WO 99//22386 is directed to a method for producing a coil from a high temperature superconductive material, and a high temperature superconductive coil with low alternating current loss, including mono- and multi fila coils and bifilar coils. For mechanically supporting the coil it is suggested filling the gaps ment between the filaments of the coil at least partially with a material being electrically non-conductive in order to avoid eddy currents. According to WO 99//22386 the coils obtainable can be used as semi-finished products for producing a current supply. There is no indication as to the use of such coils as current supply to low temperature devices wherein the current supply connects the low temperature side of the device with a high temperature side. Further, there is no indication as to the specific construction of such current supply in coil form for reducing heat transfer from the high temperature side to the low temperature side. To the contrary, among the materials listed as suitable for filling the gaps materials are mentioned such as aluminium nitride having a high heat conductivity.
In EP 0 350 268 A3 a bifilar coil made of YBCO material is disclosed used as current supply for connecting a high temperature side with a low temperature side. In order to reduce the heat conduction from the high temperature side to the low temperature side it is suggested using filaments tapered in the direction of the low temperature side. In the coil the gaps between the single filaments are not filled. Further, there is no indication as to the production of such coil, in particular, there are no indication as to further constructional features such as the width of the gaps etc..
For practical use it is desired that the cross section of the superconductor is as low as possible, the minimum value. however, being determined by the nominal current and the critical current density, that is the critical current density at the warmest part in the magnetic self field.
It was the object of the present invention to provide an improved htsc current supply having drastically decreased heat input. Furthermore it was the object of the present invention to provide a htsc current supply wherein the lead for carrying current to and for carrying current away from the low temperature device are combined in one stable component.
According to a further aspect it was the object of the present invention to provide such a combined htsc current supply allowing an optimisation of the superconducting geometry and a reduction of the heat input depending on the requirements of the specific application.
According to the present invention this object is solved by a htsc current supply in form of a multi-filament coil having at least two filaments, said filaments being made of a htsc material and being insulated at least partially from each other by a material of low heat conductivity, wherein the width of the gaps is at least 2 mm.
In its simplest embodiment the present invention relates to a double thread coil or bifilar coil composed of two spiral filaments which are made of a htsc material and the gaps between the spiral filaments being filled at least partially with a material of small heat conductivity for insulating the filaments from each other.
In operation one end of each filament composing the coil is connected to a low temperature superconducting device and the other end of each of the filaments is connected to a normal conducting lead the current being supplied by one of the filaments and being returned by the other.
Due to the coil structure the thermal length is drastically increased so that the heat input is significantly reduced.
Further, since in the htsc current supply of the present invention the current runs in opposite direction adverse influences of the self field of the superconductor affecting the current carrying capacity of the conductor are reduced. Due to the enhanced current carrying capacity compared to a superconductor in which the current runs in one way only in the current supply of the present invention the cross section of the superconductor, i.e. of the filament can be reduced and the number of turns can be increased.
In addition by the multi-filament arrangement the outer stray field is strongly reduced.
The current supply of the present invention in form of a multi-filament coil is particularly suitable for AC and DC applications with small or medium sized current, in particular in a range of I = 10 A to I = 1000 A.
For the present invention, in principle, any kind of high temperature superconducting material can be used for forming the multi-filament coil. The high temperature superconducting material used in the present invention can be an oxide material as well as a non oxide material. The present invention relates also to multi-filament coils made of a material which becomes superconducting on thermal treatment.
Examples are oxide superconducting materials of the type (Y,SE)-(Ba,Ca,Sr)-Cu-O, (TI,SE)-Ea-Cu-O with Ea being alkaline-earth metal and SE being rare earth element, or an oxide superconducting material comprising Hg, such as rare earth-barium-cuprate type superconductors, e.g. mercury-barium-strontium-calcium-cuprate type superconductors, thallium-strontium-calcium-barium-cuprate type superconductors. An example for a non oxide material is MgB₂ having Tc of about 50 K.
A preferred oxide superconducting material Is of the blsmuth-strontium-calclum-cuprate type (BSCCO) such as Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂Oy (generally referred to "2212") or Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃Oy (generally referred to "2223"). The superconducting material can include one or more suitable additional and/or substituent element. For example, for the BSCCO part of the bismuth can be substituted by Pb ((Pb-)Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O).
Further, the superconducting material can include one or more suitable compounds, such as sulfates or alkaline-earth metals, said sulfates having a high melting point, e.g. BaSO4, SrSO4, and/or (BaSr)SO4.
The single filaments of a coil are thermally insulated from each other by a suitable material of low heat conductivity. Suitable materials are synthetic materials. Examples are synthetic resins such as epoxy resins, e. y. epoxy resins distributed under the trade marks "Stycast" produced by Emerson & Cuming and "Araldit" produced by Ciba-Geigy.
Said insulating material is filled into the gaps or incisions, respectively, between the single filaments. The gaps/incisions may be filled completely or at least partially.
Due to the thermal insulation heat is forced to move along the windings and any by-pass is avoided. In addition by the filling material the mechanical stability is improved.
The ends of the coil and of each filament, respectively, are formed as contacts, i.e. they are provided with means for electrically conductive connection of the coil and filaments, respectively, with a current source, here the conventionally conducting part of the current supply, and a current consumer, respectively, here the low temperature superconducting device.
Suitable methods for preparing such contacts are generally known and are disclosed in WO 00/08657 which is included herein by way of reference.
For example such an electrically conducting connection can be obtained by surrounding the ends of the superconducting coil and filaments, respectively, with an electrically conducting metal. Examples for suitable metals are copper, silver, alloys with each other and/or with further metals such as CuNi alloys.
These contacts may be formed from metal sheets or may be burned-in metal contacts.
In principle, any known process for producing multi-filament coils can be used for producing the multi-filament coil of the present invention suitable as a multi-filament current supply.
For example, methods for producing double- and multi-filaments coils are disclosed in WO 99/22386 .
In the following the principles of preparing a suitable multi-filament coil are illustrated with reference to a double-filament coil.
As starting body a superconducting ceramic tube or a tube made of a material which becomes superconducting on further heat treatment can be used. The starting body can be provided at both ends with annular metal contacts, e.g. made of silver.
The intended double spiral profile is cut into the external surface of the tube, e.g. by sawing, turning or milling. Preferably when cutting the spiral profile into the wall, the wall is not completely separated, that is the incisions in the form of the spiral profile do not extend to the internal of the tube.
The ends of the tube, approximately the area corresponding to the area of the contacts, remains uncutted, that is the incisions of the spiral profile do not extend up to the ends of tube.
The incisions are filled at least partially with a non superconducting material of low heat conductivity, preferably a suitable synthetic material.
The internal surface of the tube is turned down until the single spiral filaments are separated from each other.
The ends of the tube not having incisions, that is the area of the contacts, are separated by two cuts, e.g. parallel to the axis of the tube, and the cuts are also filled completely or partially with the material of low heat conductivity.
By this process a stable component can be obtained composed of two (or if desired three and more) spiral filaments isolated from each other. By the above production method also multi-filament coil can be obtained wherein more than two current leads are integrated in one tube. Such current supply in form of a multi-filament coil can be advantageously used for magnets with low temperature superconducting (Itsc)-Shim coils as used e.g. in NMR spectroscopy.
For connecting said double filament coil with normal electric conductors or superconductor devices suitable means can be provided at each end of the filaments which are well known to those skilled in the art.
For example semi-circle components made of copper can be provided on both ends of the filaments.
In the result an integrated current supply is obtained in which the current leads of the current supply for carrying current to and away are combined in one single component.
It has to be noted that the geometry of the starting body is not restricted to a tube but any geometry suitable for the production of a coil may be used. Preferably the geometry of the starting material is substantially cylindrical.
The width of the windings corresponding to the width of the filaments and the width of the cuts of each spiral filament define the pitch per winding and consequently the overall length of the spiral filament.
According to the present invention "width" is defined to be the extension parallel to the longitudinal axis of the starting tube.
The dimensions and geometry of the coil are not particularly restricted and can be chosen according to need. Preferably the single filaments of the coil are arranged concentrically and have the same diameter.
According to the present invention the width of the gaps (cuts) is adjusted to at least 2 mm in order to further reduce the heat conductivity.
Preferably the width of the cuts is within some millimetres, e.g. from 2 mm to 10 mm, particularly from 2 mm to 6 mm and mostly preferred from 2 mm to 4 mm.
It has to be noted that by a given length of the coil body by enhancing the width of the gaps the overall length of the spiral filaments and consequently of the thermal length of the superconductor is reduced with increase of the risk of heat input into the superconducting device at low temperature. Thus the upper limit of the width of the gaps is chosen in view of sufficient thermal length of the superconducting filament.
The superconducting cross section A_SC is determined by the width and the thickness of the windings.
Since the width and the thickness of the windings can be chosen according to need it is possible to adjust precisely the desired nominal current.
According to the present invention the thickness of the windings corresponds to the wall thickness of the starting tube for preparing the coil.
According to a preferred embodiment the current supply in form of a coil of the present invention can be provided with a shunt. Such shunt serves to protect the superconducting component in case of bum out when the htsc material looses its superconducting properties.
In such case high resistance occurs causing ohmic heat which can destroy or damage the superconducting component within a very short period.
The shunt is made of a normal conducting material which is applied on the external surface of each of the spiral filaments. The shunt may cover the external surface completely or only partially both in length and width. Preferably the shunt extends over the whole length of the spiral filament.
The material for the shunt can be selected from any suitable conducting synthetic material or from a metal, metal being preferred.
Examples are the noble metals, in particular Ag, Au, Pt, Rh, Pd, Ru, Os and Ir and alloys thereof. Also non noble metals and alloys can be used.
The noble metals are advantageous in view of electrical conductivity. However otherwise noble metals exhibit also good thermal conductivity. In view of the desired reduced thermal input into the superconducting device connected to the current supply it is preferred to use metals or alloys having less heat conductivity even though these materials exhibit often only less electrical conductivity than the noble metals. A suitable example thereof is CuNi30.
For applying the shunt to the external surface of the spiral windings of the coil, the starting body in which the spiral profile is cut, e.g. a tube, can be provided with a metal sheath prior to cutting.
Alternatively the metal for the shunt can be applied on the surface of the spiral filaments by a vapour deposition technique such as a plasma method, a sputtering technique or electrodeposition.
Suitable techniques and materials for providing a superconductor with a shunt are disclosed in WO 00/086657 referred to above. The techniques disclosed therein are also applicable for the present invention.
According to a further embodiment the cross section of the spiral filaments can diminish in direction toward the cold end of the spiral filament since the critical current density increases with decreasing temperature. For example, the cross section can diminish gradually over the whole length or can be the same over a specific extension at the warm end and may be reduced from the end of the extension directed toward the cold end to the cold end of the spiral filament.
The residual heat conductivity of the present htsc current supply in form of a multi-filament coil is determined by two effects that is the heat conductivity in axial direction (P1) and the heat conductivity in azimuthal direction (P2, parallel to the superconductor).
The former (P1) is determined by the width of the insulating incisions and decreases with increasing width of the incisions. The area relevant for this contribution is defined by the dimensions of the starting tube from which the coil is obtained according to the following equation: $A_{coil} = π ({ra}^{2} - {ri}^{2}),$
, with

ra = outer radius and
ri = inner radius.

The latter (P2) is determined by the overall length of the superconductor (the coil) and decreases with increasing length of the coil.
That is, for minimum P1 the cross section of the tube should be small but on the other side for minimum P2 the length of the coil should be large.
Since the length of the coil decreases with increasing width of the incisions the cross section of the coil has to be optimised in order to minimize the residual heat conductivity.
In the present invention this can be readily achieved by simple variation of the width of the incisions made and the dimensions of the coil used.
For illustration in the following examples a htsc current supply in form of a double filament coil according to the present invention is compared with a hitherto known htsc current supply in form of a tube.
These examples are only for illustration purposes and are not intended to restrict the invention.
In the examples the heat input of htsc current supplies between a cryogenic system at intermediate temperature (LN2) and a low temperature device at liquid helium (LHe) is examined for I = 240 A.
The distance between both cryogenic systems (LN2, LHe) was 30 cm.
The critical current density at 77 K was 1000 A/cm².
The superconducting material used in both examples was BSCCO 2212. The insulating material was Stycast 2850 FT.
The calculation of the heat input is based on the following integrals for heat conductivity:

Integral of heat conductivity of the superconductor (sc): $I_{sc} = \int_{4.2}^{77} λ_{sc} (T) dT = 4.67 \frac{W}{cm}$
Integral of heat conductivity of the insulating material (im): $I_{im} = \int_{4.2}^{77} λ_{im} (T) dT = 0.065 \frac{W}{cm}$

Example 1

a) Current supply of prior art consisting of two rods
The rods used had a cross section A_sc = 0.24 cm².
The total heat input P_T was calculated as followed: $P_{T} = 2 \times I_{sc} \times A_{sc} / L = 0.074 W, L = length of the rods = 30 cm$
b) Current supply according to the invention in form of a double filament coil without electrical shunt:
A coil was used having the following dimensions:
- outer diameter of the coll = 35 mm
- thickness of the wall = 4 mm
- length of the coil = 30 cm
- resulting in a cross section A_coil = 3.90 cm²
- width of the windings = 6 mm
- width of the cuts = 3 mm
- length of each spiral L_s = 162 cm.

Heat input (axial): $P_{1} = \frac{A_{coil}}{L} \cdot \frac{I_{sc} \cdot I_{im}}{x_{im} \cdot I_{sc} + x_{sc} \cdot I_{im}}$
with

x_im = L_im/L = 0.33: relative length of insulating material (im)
x_sc = L_sc/L = 0.67: relative length of superconductor (sc)

P_{1} = \frac{A_{coil}}{L} \cdot \frac{I_{sc} \cdot I_{im}}{0.33 \cdot I_{sc} + 0.67 \cdot I_{im}} = 0.025 W

Heat input (azimuthal): $P_{2} = 2 \cdot \frac{A_{sc}}{L_{s}} \cdot I_{sc} = 0.014 W$
Total heat input: $P_{T} < P_{1} + P_{2} = 0.039 W$
As is clear from the above calculation by using the current supply of the present invention in form of a double filament coil the heat input was reduced by 48 %.

Example 2

The same cryogenic system and current supplies were used as in example 1 with the exception that the current supply of the present invention in form of a double filament coil and the rod-like current supply of the prior art were provided with a shunt made of metal being normal conducting.
The shunt was made of an alloy CuNi30 with A_sc = A_M, (A_M = cross section shunt).
Integral of the heat input of the normal conducting shunt (M) $I_{M} = \int_{4.2}^{77} λ_{M} (T) dT = 11.3 W / cm$

a) Current supply of prior art: $P_{M} = 2 \cdot I_{M} \cdot \frac{A_{M}}{L} = 0.18 W$

Total heat input: P_ges = P_M +P_SC = 0.18W +0.075W = 0.225 W
b) Current Supply of present invention:
Heat input (axial): $\begin{array}{l} P_{1} = \frac{A_{coil}}{L} \cdot (\frac{I_{sc} \cdot I_{im}}{x_{im} \cdot I_{sc} + x_{sc} \cdot I_{im}} + \frac{I_{M} \cdot I_{im}}{x_{im} \cdot I_{M} + x_{sc} \cdot I_{im}}) \\ = 0.225 W + 0.025 W = 0.050 W \end{array}$

Heat input (azimuthal): $P_{2} = 2 \cdot \frac{A_{M}}{L_{S}} \cdot I_{M} + 2 \cdot \frac{A_{SC}}{L_{S}} \cdot I_{SC} = 0.049 W + 0.014 W = 0.063 W$

Total heat input: $P_{T} < P_{1} + P_{2} = 0.050 W + 0.063 W = 0.113 W$

By the current supply of the present invention the heat input into the cryogenic system at LHe was reduced by 55 %.
It should be noted that the above calculations do not consider the effects involved with the reduction of the magnetic self field due to the opposite running current in the multi-filament coil of the present invention resulting in an increase of the current carrying capacity of about 20 %.
Since the current carrying capacity is increased in the present htsc current supply in form of a mulit-filament coil, for a predetermined value for the current carrying capacity it is possible to reduce the cross section of the superconductor by the same amount.
Furthermore according to the present invention it is possible to readily optimize the dimensions of the coil by varying the width of the filaments and /or the width of the incisions in dependence on the critical current density being dependent on the temperature (also not considered in the calculation).
When including these effects into the calculation in view of the above, still better results can be expected in using the current supply of the present invention in form of a multi-filament coil, such as a double filament coil.

Claims

High temperature superconducting current supply in form of a multi filament coil having at least two spiral filaments, said filaments being composed of a high temperature superconducting material or a material which becomes superconducting an thermal treatment and being insulated from each other by a material which is filled at least partially In the gaps between the spiral filaments, wherein the lead for carrying current to and for carrying current away from the high temperature superconducting device are integrated in one component, characterised in that the width of the gaps Is at least 2 mm and the material filled at least partly in the gaps is of low heat conductivity.
Current supply according to claim 1,
characterized in
that the coil is a double filament coil.
Current supply according to claim 1 or 2,
characterized in
that the coil is made of an oxide superconductor material of the bismuth-type (BSCCO) or such material which becomes superconducting on thermal treatment.
Current supply according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized in
that the current supply is provided at least partially with a shunt of normal conducting material.
Current supply according to claim 4,
characterized in
that the shunt is made from a material selected from materials with reduced or low thermal conductivity.
Current supply according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized in
that the cross section of one or more of the filaments is less at the cold end than at the warm end of the current supply.
Current supply according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized in
that the width of the gaps separating the filaments from each other is within a range of 2 mm to 10 mm.
Process for preparing a current supply according to any of the preceding claims,
characterized in
that from a tube-like hollow body a multi filament coil is made comprising at least two spiral filaments, wherein the width of the gaps separating the filaments is at least 2 mm,
filling the gaps between the filaments at least partially with a material of low heat conductivity and providing electrical contacts at each end of the filaments, optionally prior to cutting the spiral filaments into the external surface of the tube-like hollow-body.
Process according to claim 8,
characterized in
that incisions are made between the spiral filaments having a width within the range of 2 mm to 10 mm.
Use of a multi-filament coil made of an oxide superconducting material as current supply for a high temperature superconducting device wherein the multifilament coil is comprised of at least one filament for carrying current to, and at least one filament for carrying current away from the high temperature superconducting device, wherein the gaps between the filaments are at least partially filled with a material, characterised in that said material is of low heat conductivity and that the gaps have a width of at least 2 mm.