EP1404508A1

EP1404508A1 - Body with improved surface properties

Info

Publication number: EP1404508A1
Application number: EP02754241A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Bernd Späth
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2001-06-21
Filing date: 2002-06-21
Publication date: 2004-04-07
Also published as: JP2005537034A; US20050003146A1; WO2003000483A1; DE10292713D2; CA2456251A1

Abstract

The invention relates to surfaces and combinations of surfaces, which have at least two different structure shapes. Said structural shapes can take the form of any combinations of directed or nondirected structures, the main dimensions thereof lying in the micrometer range. According to the inventive combinations of said surface structures, the individual structures can be advantageously improved upon as well as used in various new ways.

Description

Body with improved surface properties

The described invention relates to a body with surfaces which are equipped with structures according to the invention and thus have improved properties.

In particular, those surfaces that can come into contact with both fluid and solid media, as well as soiled / contaminated with any materials and particles, or can be contaminated or covered in some other way. Furthermore, surfaces are described that are improved by special structuring as well as by combinations of materials, surface changes and other shape, material and function-changing measures in such a way that the surfaces have advantages, both in the area of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic frictional resistances (reduction of turbulence and influence) of flow stalling or flow separation behavior), as well as in the area of movement on the respective subsurface or in the respective medium, in addition to this, the surface is both optimized in its function / possibly. safer to use and pollution / icing is also reduced.

When improving the properties of surfaces, attempts have been made for some time to find ways to reduce pollution, or also to reduce pollution

To increase self-cleaning power.

Well-known examples on this topic are patent applications

EP 0772514 and WO 00/58410.

They describe self-cleaning surfaces in the form of elevations and depressions, which at least partially have hydrophobic properties, in different ways

Manufacturing processes and characteristics, for example with permanently applied but also with detachable surface structures. There are also applications for surfaces that describe reducing frictional resistance with flowing media.

For example, the patents DE 19650439 Cl, DE 3609541 C2, in which rib structures influencing the flow boundary layer are shown.

Disadvantages of the self-cleaning surfaces described lie both in the size limitation of the applied particle size of the structures and in the limited production variants, and in the limitation of the cleaning action to water. Furthermore, no safety-related aspects are taken into account. The disadvantages of registrations of friction reducing structures are that they are generally very specific

Describe surface structures that are defined both in terms of size and in terms of application to very specific applications or forms of expression. In addition, they are also limited to specific areas of application (vehicles, aircraft, etc.), especially practically exclusively to interfere with the surface, and here in particular to properties that reduce friction, e.g. to increase speeds or reduce the amount of energy to be used. Compared to the surface according to the invention, other surfaces, especially those with structures, have many disadvantages.

None of the existing structures can completely cover all the tasks which the surface according to the invention fulfills. Furthermore, the surface according to the invention enables additional solutions for applications which neither currently known, friction-reducing (such as patents DE 19650439 Cl, DE 3609541 C2) nor the self-cleaning surfaces in the embodiments described can achieve. With this invention, it becomes possible to use certain structured surfaces under conditions that were not previously feasible.

The invention is based on the object of describing a novel surface that covers at least part of the

Combines advantages of the different structures described above with one another, and also opens up new application possibilities by means of a corresponding combination according to the invention and forms of expression and tasks according to the invention, which surface structures to be described have new, improved properties. This is achieved by combinations and design according to the invention as well as material properties of different surface structures. A body has a plurality of surfaces which can come into contact with different media,

• being a first surface with a first

Surface structuring in the micrometer range and / or in the nanometer range is provided, the first surface structuring being adapted to a first medium which comes into contact with the first surface,

• wherein a second surface is provided with a second surface structuring in the micrometer range and / or in the nanometer range, the second

Surface structuring is adapted to a second medium which comes into contact with the second surface. It should be noted in this connection that the first medium and the second can be the same medium or different media of the same phase (liquid, solid, gaseous), for example both media can be a liquid of the same or different viscosity, a gas or a solid , For many surfaces, it is desirable, for example due to the application of the surface of an object, as well as several or all surfaces of objects of a body, to assign several identical or different properties at the same time, for example both friction-reducing properties, with one or more different fluid media , possibly even with different flow rates and even different flow directions, as well as certain self-cleaning properties with regard to different media.

This can also vary to the extent that, for example, the self-cleaning support surface can be designed on the same object, but different surface areas, both hydrophobically and lipophobically, in order to be able to best perform the desired tasks. In addition, the surface according to the invention can also take on tasks other than self-cleaning, such as, for example, facilitating the prevention of the depositing and sticking of heavier materials on the bottom of objects (for example containers), as well as the pouring out of the inventive combination with corresponding direction-oriented structures Improve, lighten and also accelerate materials or take away deposited material on the side walls again.

It is often also expedient to provide a surface, an object ^" or other substrates with technical features which cannot be adequately solved by the prior art or only with great technical effort.

The present invention describes surfaces with arrangements according to the invention of structures which can have both friction-reducing and self-cleaning surface properties, and Flow velocities and flow directions can be influenced by specific characteristics, and can also delay or, if necessary, accelerate the transition from laminar to turbulent flows, and can be formed in any combination of structures designed according to their tasks. In addition, the surfaces according to the invention have further advantages. Depending on the application, they can be used for the exchange of fluid media, for example for selective throughput processes. In addition, the surfaces according to the invention can be equipped in a special form with functionalized surface structures or materials. In addition, the combination of directional and non-directional structures offers further advantages: In special forms, there is the possibility of using, supplementing and improving the respective advantages and areas of application of the individual structures by means of the other structure.

For example, the function of the friction-reducing surface can be improved with the help of the self-cleaning surface in such a way that the friction-reducing surface structure can be protected from dirt and deposits by the self-cleaning surface structure, so that the function can be guaranteed and maintained even under the influence of contaminating fluids , Likewise, the self-cleaning surface structure in combination with the friction-reducing surface structure can be optimized, for example, to the extent that the cleaning substances, e.g. water etc., can be directed through the direction-influencing, friction-reducing surface structure to where optimal cleaning is guaranteed or also takes place. The advantages of the surfaces according to the invention are very diverse, they make it possible to assign new application possibilities to surfaces and objects, and to improve and expand previous applications. This invention can be applied to all surfaces of objects, in particular those surfaces which are subjected to frictional resistance during movement, for example due to air friction (gas mixture) or liquid friction (water), but also due to frictional processes on, on or with solids, or any combination of these aggregate states , or combinations of mixtures or mixtures of the same aggregate states.

The purpose of this invention is to achieve improved frictional resistance values, particularly in the case of static and sliding friction processes, or any combination of these types of friction with one another. Furthermore, this invention includes the reduction or otherwise influencing all occurring sliding friction effects with, between moving bodies with moving or non-moving materials / media, and between all non-moving bodies with moving materials / media.

An important part of the surfaces according to the invention are the various forms of self-cleaning structures, which can be designed in different design variations (shape, size, material, coating, etc.) due to special microstructures, mainly in the form of undirected elevations or depressions or elevations and depressions eg in the form of nubs. Among other things, these structures have the property, under certain conditions (correct size of the structures, spacing of the elevations or depressions from one another, as well as the correspondingly adjusted heights of the elevations in relation to the spacing, and the correct choice of material, suitable for the contaminating media to be expected and cleaning fluids, etc.) with the respective corresponding, mainly fluid media (eg water), with the help of which self-cleaning is to be promoted, among other things to form very low wettability values, in particular visible through large contact angles / contact angles.

This means, for example, that water droplets form approximately spherical surfaces on these structures, which cannot adhere to the substrate and therefore run very quickly, and which bind non-adhesive or poorly adhering contaminants to them by adhesive forces and thus take them along with them when they roll off thus remove.

Due to the individual elevations and the gas-filled (usually air) recesses between them, contaminating particles (e.g. dirt particles) have a very small contact surface (boundary layer), since the majority of the particle does not form a contact surface with the solid surface. As a result, the contaminating particle (s) are larger due to water drops with which he / she comes into contact during the cleaning process

Adhesive forces as with the only minimally touched solid surface / form, and therefore is caught, picked up and transported away by the water drop. One can therefore assume that through appropriate

Surface structures in the form of elevations and depressions, made of the appropriate materials (suitable for both the contaminating materials and the respective medium that supports cleaning), in combination with contact-preventing gas inclusion between the elevations and a mostly liquid moving medium that supports cleaning , can be achieved that the surface is practically no longer dirty or can be cleaned very easily. If necessary, the surface according to the invention can also be supplemented by a targeted increase (corresponding combination with the friction-reducing, flow-influencing, speed-increasing variant of the surface according to the invention) of the speed, the friction, and the energy with which the medium which supports the cleaning to the self-cleaning Surface structure strikes, so the cleaning effect can be used, improved, and even made possible in individual application forms.

In contrast to normal smooth surfaces, certain types of micro-structured, self-cleaning surfaces ideally reach a contact angle / contact angle with a value of up to 160 ° (with wax-like substances). These extremely hydrophobic surfaces are called ultraphobic. A contact angle of 0 degrees means complete wetting, an angle of 180 degrees completely non-wetting. These microstructured surfaces have special, hemispherical, lenticular or knob-shaped structures, which

Prevent water drops from attaching or cause dirt particles to be easily washed away by water. It is obvious that such a surface, according to the invention creates almost ideal water-repellent conditions, especially in combination with suitable hydrophobic measures, such as e.g. in the form of hydrophobic phobing agents (e.g. anionic, cationic, amphoteric, nonionic surface-active compounds), e.g. as a spray or wax.

The microstructures described below mainly refer to the area <1 mm, the rib structures in the μm range, the microstructures to prevent contamination, contamination, icing, etc. however, can still be considerably smaller, ie the smallest structures reach into the nano range depending on the application.

In existing applications, the use of microstructured surfaces is always specifically designed for a specific function in a specific medium, e.g. Reduced friction with air or reduced friction with water. The microstructured surfaces used are usually made of a very specific, mostly uniform material, and the surfaces are structured uniformly in order to reduce frictional resistance in connection with certain media. The same applies to self-cleaning surface structuring, these are also usually made for a product from particles / elevations of different sizes, but with the same material.

Combinations of different microstructures, as in the present invention, with different tasks, made of different materials, on different elements of a surface, have clear advantages over improvements introduced so far. To effectively reduce the frictional resistance, different microstructures can be applied or applied to the surfaces concerned for the different media that are responsible for the friction. The arrangement of the ribs according to the invention, with the depressions lying between two ribs in each case, is to be applied primarily to the respective surfaces such that these ribs are arranged mainly in the longitudinal direction to the expected main flow direction of the respective fluid, or the direction of movement or travel of the object , so that the expected friction with the respective media can be minimized. The lower the viscosity of the expected flowing fluid, the smaller the dimensions of the structures, i.e. both the spacing between the ribs, the spatial shape of the ridges and the heights of the individual ribs can be adapted to the respective fluids.

Since air is gaseous and water is liquid, it can make sense to structure the surfaces of an object, which are mainly exposed to air, more finely than the surfaces, which are mainly exposed to water.

The rib-shaped surface structures have the advantage over all other surface structuring, as well as over very smooth surfaces, that they have a clearly positive influence on all flow around the body, both due to turbulence-influencing effects and u. U. by delay delamination compared to, for example, smooth surfaces. Both effects influence the sliding behavior of the body around which fluids flow, in a positive way, especially when

Flying / swimming / gliding within a uniform fluid (air / water etc.), for example in ski jumping, flying etc.

Both effects show advantages over conventional improvements when using the corresponding microstructuring on the surfaces. Through a longitudinally oriented rib structure on several surfaces, the fineness of the structures can be made dependent on the respective flowing fluid medium, a general improvement in the frictional resistance is achieved. Through a targeted structure refinement or adaptation of the structure at certain points of the respective body, where on As soon as flow separation behavior is to be expected, this behavior of the separation can be reduced

What is important for the use of the structures according to the invention is primarily the relationship of these structures to the boundary layer flow which is particularly subject to friction, since the different properties of the laminar and turbulent flows, in particular the changeover between these states, in particular from laminar to turbulent, come into play here. The boundary layer flow arises due to the

Frictional forces between the flowing fluid and the flow around the body.

The speed directly at the body is zero, at the outermost edge of the boundary layer the speed of the fluid is then just as high as the flow speed of the flowing medium (without frictional resistance on bodies). At the points on the surface where there is a risk of boundary layer detachment, it is possible, for example, to have a particularly large number of rib structures, each with the rib structures (size and function) being adapted

Apply recesses to influence the respective flowing fluid medium in such a way that the flow separation is delayed as far as possible. By supplementary use of structures that reduce flow separation (e.g. v-shaped finned rib structures, if necessary also dimensioned accordingly in the essential areas), as well as in combination with other structures (e.g. turbulence generators) at the corresponding points on the surface of an object, the flow separation can be further improved or minimized.

The result of this is that, for example, a flight or gliding process does not stop uncontrollably, especially at critical, low movement or flight speeds, but the positive conditions can be maintained longer.

In fluid media, the flow velocities are such that the edge zones, i.e. the areas in the fluid media, which are in contact with other, e.g. solid materials are in contact, areas are where the friction, due to the cohesion between the different materials, causes the liquids to flow much more slowly here than inside, e.g. a tube where only molecules of the fluid are present and the intermolecular frictional forces are significantly lower and therefore the highest flow rate is achieved.

The Reynolds number is a dimensionless figure for the

Ratio of inertial forces to viscosity forces in a flowing liquid. Re = wl / v, where w is a characteristic. Speed is a characteristic 1. Length (pipe diameter or diameter of a body with flow) and v the kinematic. Viscosity of the liquid.

The critical Reynolds number is a turbulence criterion, it indicates when a laminar flow changes into a turbulent one. A flow is laminar at small values and turbulent at larger values.

The order of magnitude of the fin spacing of the grooved / fin structure according to the invention to be selected on one of the surfaces of the sliding element depends, among other things, on what the kinematic toughness (quotient of the toughness of the fluid and its density) of the fluid, which mainly causes frictional resistance, will be.

The degree of wettability of a solid by a certain liquid always shows a state of equilibrium between cohesion and adhesion, ie it shows one State between the interaction with the wall molecules and the other liquid molecules of the respective liquid.

An example of a liquid that forms a large contact angle with many surfaces is this

Mercury. This property is based on the extremely high surface tension that exists between the individual mercury atoms. An example of a solid on which liquids form very large contact angles is PTFE.

The low tendency of the PTFE to adhere is due to its extremely low surface energy. At 18 mN / M, it has the lowest surface energy known from a solid. However, due to its other properties, it has the disadvantage of having very little wear resistance.

Coating systems based on carbon (a-C: h or DLC (diamond like carbon) and Me-C: H) offer ideal wear resistance.

By installing various elements in the

Carbon network manages the surface tension of the

To influence coatings in a targeted manner.

With fluorine or silicon, the wetting angle of water could be increased to over 100 degrees, which significantly reduced the wettability.

This low surface tension is comparable to that of PTFE, with the layers simultaneously having the hardness of ceramic materials. As additional possibilities for improvement, as well as in combination with the surfaces according to the invention, a very good adaptation to the respective requirements and media can be achieved.

The ideal body is represented by the streamlined body. Its drag coefficient is 0.055. This value will by ensuring that its flow does not stop, and that there are no large pressure differences that could create eddies and thus turbulence. The laminar flow is maintained all over the body. Using the longitudinal grooves, which are mainly oriented in the longitudinal direction of the body, in accordance with the invention, it can be assumed that the grooves and edges of the structuring hinder the formation of cross-currents in the viscous lower layer, thereby reducing turbulence in the boundary layer. This in turn means that less pulse exchange takes place and consequently a generally lower turbulent shear stress is to be expected. It can also be assumed that if the ribs flow slightly at an angle, they will influence the flow close to the body so that it will run more in the direction parallel to the body.

This property can be used to apply the rib structures to a surface in such a way and in such a way that they can be used to influence the flow direction, at least in part, and thereby improve and facilitate the two- or three-dimensional control of the body (also applies for sliding elements for ski jumping). This effect has the great advantage that it can be expected for both types of flow, laminar and turbulent flows, as well as in this context for gaseous and liquid media. This in turn can be used on different surfaces, which can be structured differently (since they come into contact with different fluids), and also because of their position on the respective surface of an element can have somewhat different tasks in the area of friction reduction and thereby Bring benefits. The factor s = 2h has proven to be a good size ratio of the height h of the elevations to the distance s between the elevations h, but this value can vary widely depending on the application.

Trapezoidal grooves with elevations, which have a side inclination of approx. 30 - 45 ° in a triangular shape and, if necessary, other inclination angles, are particularly useful. Of course, the external shape of the elevations as well as the angle, the distance between the elevations and the material from which these microstructured surfaces are made can be adapted to the requirements. In contrast, according to the invention, certain e.g. Supplementary structures are applied in certain zones of the surface, for example structures executed diagonally to the direction of movement, which can drain excess fluid in a targeted manner, or can also take on other tasks, such as generating friction or turbulence. In addition, a refined or coarser structure in individual areas of the surface can provide other, improved properties of the object equipped with these surfaces.

Ideally, a main structure variant of the surface should have rib-like structures which are attached in the direction of movement so that a density of approx. 10 -35 e.g. trapezoidal, U-shaped, V-shaped, L-shaped grooves per mm is achieved.

This has several advantages.On the one hand, this type of structuring means that very good sliding properties can be expected due to the reduced static friction, on the other hand, the surface remains very stable despite the relatively large number of ribs, due to the large number of elevations (cf.Fakir's nail bed). If necessary, this rib structure can be supplemented by a scale structure. It can be assumed that these surfaces can be made even more lubricious if the appropriate lubricant, such as wax or the like, is applied to the surface. The construction of surfaces with a friction-reducing and self-cleaning or non-soiling function can also be applied to all other products that are either exposed to gas, liquid or even a certain amount of solid friction / contamination (e.g. movement due to incomplete massive accumulations, at least in part solid individual parts such as sand, earth, spheres, granules, etc.), as well as all possible mixtures of different / identical aggregate states, as well as mixtures of different / same materials in the same or different aggregate states.

The application according to the invention applies both to bodies that are moved due to their own strength (car, bicycle, etc.) and to those that are moved due to other forces (acceleration due to gravity, motor, muscle, etc.). The microstructuring of sports equipment is particularly worth mentioning, since this area is constantly trying to develop new products with even better properties in order to achieve new top performance and to improve general use and application. In general, this invention does not result in major

Changes in the external shape are absolutely necessary in order to achieve or even enable much better properties of the surfaces. Various techniques can be used to produce the structures according to the invention, such as lithographic processes (eg LIGA process), micro-molding, mechanical microtechnology, laser micromachining, hot stamping, injection molding, plasma technology, etc. For the finer, anti-pollution microstructure, in the case of plastics such as PE, may also offer sintering (fluidized bed sintering, powder, possibly electrostatic powder spraying, etc.). Through the plasma treatment of surfaces, energy is introduced into the surface of the solid matter in a very special, plasma-specific manner. Plasmas are therefore very suitable for surface treatment. They can activate and roughen, ie make the molecular components of the surface susceptible to the connection with other substances, but they also serve for the direct coating of surfaces by suitable choice of process gases.

Adhesive metallization can be applied to a surface prepared in this way using conventional palladium nucleation. This method can also be used to metallize plastics that have not been metallizable up to now, or that can only be metallized with the help of high foreign matter surcharge.

With the help of suitable processes, even PTFE can be metallized in a highly adhesive manner.

Another large area of application for plasma-activated surfaces is foil and plastic surfaces. Surface treatment using low-temperature plasmas often goes one step further than just activating the surfaces.

This next step is functionalization. For example, the treatment of plastic parts with oxygen as a process gas leads to hydroxyl, carbonyl, or also ester groups, i.e. chemically functional molecular parts, which make workpieces pretreated in this way susceptible to further surface processes (changes in surface properties depending on the desired requirements - hydrophobic and wax-friendly , electrically conductive, etc.).

The surface of an object is determined by its surface; In the application area of modified surfaces according to the invention, the wettability and the friction play an important role here. Plasma technology can also be used so that such micro- and nano-structures according to the invention can be produced economically.

With the help of plasma technology, thin ceramic structures can be micro or nano structured e.g. are applied to metal stamps, which in turn can then, for example, emboss materials that can be embossed by ceramic structures, such as plastics (plexiglass, etc.) with this micro / nanostructure. The structure of the ceramic layer is self-organizing, but the plasma process must be controlled so that exactly the self-organization desired for the respective application takes place in order to achieve the respective structure. Plasma processes can e.g. Manufacture structured rolls according to the invention, for. Made of metal, etc., for hot stamping nano / micro structures on certain surfaces of objects, as well as nano / micro structures on all other surfaces as well as all additional elements required and used to use these objects, which consist of embossable materials.

The invention described here consists of very diverse possibilities for improvement, which do not necessarily have to be used on a surface or for one and the same product, but each individual improvement can also be used separately. When using all possibilities, however, the surface can be optimally adapted to the respective environmental conditions and media.

In order to present the advantages of the invention in its variety of applications, a winter sport sliding element is described in the first example, which relates generally to sliding elements. Subsequently, further examples will follow in a shortened manner to show the wide range of applications of the surface according to the invention.

Example 1:

The first example describes snow sliding elements, the surfaces of which are improved by special structuring as well as by combinations of materials, surface changes and other measures to change shape, material and function in such a way that the sliding element has advantages, both in the area of aerodynamic and hydrodynamic frictional resistance (reduction of turbulence and influencing flow stalling or flow separation behavior), as well as in the area of sliding on the respective subsurface, in addition to this it is both optimized in its function / becomes safer in use and contamination / icing is also reduced. This invention can be applied to all surfaces of objects which are subject to frictional resistance when moving, e.g. by air friction (gas mixture) or

Liquid friction (water), but also due to frictional processes on, on or with solids, or any combination of these aggregate states, or combinations of mixtures or mixtures of the same aggregate states. The purpose of this invention is to improve

To achieve frictional resistance values, especially in static and sliding friction processes, or any combination of these types of friction with each other. Furthermore, this invention includes the reduction of all occurring sliding friction effects, between moving bodies with moving or non-moving materials / media, as well as between all non-moving bodies with moving materials / media. In addition, by a corresponding application of the invention, the improved surfaces of the Sliding elements both an improved, safer function of the surface elements (binding, ski brake, etc.) is achieved, as well as a considerable reduction in icing / contamination (deposition of undesired materials on the surface) of these elements, which optimizes the use and wearing comfort of the sliding elements ,

The treads of the skis produced today are made of low-cost polymers, such as Polyethylene, and usually have small, in the direction of travel

Notches (lengthways) which replace the previously used central furrow.

PE is an inexpensive material which, thanks to its thermoplastic properties, can be shaped into the appropriate form, both with minimal effort and at low cost.

The goal of many improvements is to use new materials to change the running surfaces of sliding elements to such an extent that the respective sliding element can slide faster on the respective surface. The disadvantage of many of these ideas is that very expensive materials have to be used, or that the production of the respective outsoles is very expensive and complex, especially with a view to the fact that only a part of the sliding element can be improved thereby.

The disadvantage of the currently common outsoles is, among other things, that the wettability of the

Polyethylene material, due to its currently common type of structuring, is still relatively large due to water. This means that the sliding friction forces present in this way hinder the sliding of the sliding element on the ground. Without wax, the wettability values of PE surfaces at contact angles are less than 80 °, ie as a result, the sliding element's sliding properties are reduced, among other things due to increased friction values. In current use, the sliding friction forces are reduced by special wax mixtures, which among other things have the task of reducing the wettability of the outsole surface by water. Today with good special waxes (fluorine waxes) wettability values in the form of measurable

Edge angle / contact angle of approx. 120 ° reached, in contrast to approx. 80 ° - 90 ° contact angles for PE surfaces with common waxes. Furthermore, attempts have been made to achieve friction-reducing effects by changing the outer shape of the snow sliding elements in order to improve the aerodynamics of the sliding element in such a way that the sliding element is more comfortable to drive. In addition, the reduction in air friction should also enable a higher sliding speed. Many of these existing improvements have the disadvantage of being expensive and uneconomical, and they also have other disadvantages, such as an increase in the weight of the sliding element or other disadvantages in use, storage or use, which occur as a result of the different design.

Another problem that is not sufficiently solved when using sliding elements, and here in particular snow sliding elements, is the hindrance to the use of the snow sliding element due to snow deposits and icing on the upper sides of the snow sliding element. This can pose both a safety risk and lead to disabilities while driving, and also problems when buckling up the snow gliding element. These problems affect both the snow gliding element itself, the binding area and the ski boot. Due to snow or ice in the area of the binding and / or the sole of the ski boot, it is often not possible to get into the binding and to allow it to engage properly. However, the solutions currently in use have some disadvantages. The main problem here is likely to be the insufficient attractiveness of an object, for example in the form of an ice scraper, etc. for the potential user. Such an object is either annoying, if you should always have it with you, also annoying, under certain circumstances even dangerous, if it is on the snow gliding element, the ski pole or any other piece of equipment. It is also an additional product, which, depending on the prevailing snow or weather conditions, may not be considered an annoying accessory by most users of snow gliding elements. There are also other attempts to prevent or reduce the icing and contamination of safety-related mechanical parts on or on the snow gliding element. For example, snow guards are attached to or on the snow gliding element, which consequently leads to higher weight, more cumbersome handling, as well as other driving characteristics and, of course, as with the Ξiscratchers, can also be purchased as an additional accessory, or additionally attached. This again involves costs and effort for the user.

The wettability of PE outsoles is reduced in current use by applying wax, which in turn has particularly hydrophobic properties, to the covering. The success of waxing increases if the wax is applied at an elevated temperature (approx. 130 ° C) (hot waxing). This process means that the wax can penetrate into the top layer of the polymer, thereby improving the hydrophobic properties of the polymer, ie the covering of the outsole. The disadvantage of this procedure, with normally structured outsoles, is that the outsole, due to its relatively coarse structure, and therefore only slightly enlarged surface, can only absorb or store a very limited amount of wax.

The structures mentioned also have the disadvantage that, given the customary, fine longitudinal structure of the outsole, in wet snow conditions, the water film under the ski is not adequately regulated and the excess water cannot be removed. This can lead to a suction effect if no air can penetrate between the corresponding surfaces or was previously stored.

If an additional diagonal structure is used to prevent the suction effect, in order to discharge the excess water laterally and to bring air between the surfaces, the problem arises that the structures running transversely or obliquely to the direction of travel create increased friction with the surface and thus the slidability is reduced.

The general problem with many improvements to sliding elements is that attempts are almost always made to optimize only a very specific part of an element, a device, etc. by means of suitable improvements.

In contrast, the invention described here has several positive effects, not only partially on a certain part of the sliding element, but also on the optimization of individual functional units (outsole, binding area, etc.), as well as on the functioning of the entire sliding element. The improvement according to the invention on the sliding element is achieved by corresponding structural adaptation or new or partial structuring of surfaces with a microstructure according to the invention which were not previously structured, or surfaces which already have structures, but are improved and supplemented by a microstructure can. This brings clear advantages and improvements over other previously used solutions. The application of the surfaces on sliding elements according to the invention is based, inter alia, on the object of improving them in such a way that, for example, the outsole achieves a lower coefficient of friction with the ground by means of suitable microstructuring, and the sliding element can therefore slide better and faster. Furthermore, the invention, applied to the remaining surfaces except the outsole, reduces the

Air resistance of the entire sliding element, so that here both a more comfortable use and a faster sliding speed can be achieved. In addition, with the help of a special microstructure variant of this invention, the problem of contamination of the sliding element, as well as the undesirable deposition of snow and ice on and on the sliding element, as well as in the binding area, can be reduced or prevented. This makes driving with the sliding element as well as getting into the binding considerably easier. In addition, the dangers are significantly reduced when it comes to problems with the ski binding, the ski brake and all moving mechanical elements. The possible occurrence of malfunctions can be reduced, since the probability of the occurrence of

Problems due to non-triggering / blocking of the binding or unintentional triggering due to foreign bodies (ice, snow, dirt, etc.) can be largely prevented, since almost all foreign bodies cannot find a hold on the structured surface according to the invention, or very simply by Water can be washed off. In addition, the sliding elements structured according to the invention, as well as all other bodies, shoes, items of clothing etc. structured in this way, become less easily dirty and have the advantage of being easier to clean to leave, or even with open transport, for example on the

Vehicle to become less dirty.

With streakline structures (mainly in

MicroStructures running in the direction of movement) have the MicroStructures rather friction and

Turbulence reduction function, without streak line structures

(direction-independent structuring) rather

Self-cleaning function.

With this invention, the user incurs practically no additional costs, since the invention is also purchased with the ski, and the improvements result in a higher quality

Product represents. There are no negative additional features on the optimized product, e.g. increased weight, protruding parts that are at risk of injury or the like, which could reverse the advantage of the improvement into disadvantages, which others

Areas of use

Due to the microstructuring of the surface, the surface area is greatly increased; with suitable, very thin, hot waxes, this type of surface can incorporate a much larger amount of wax than the conventional outsole covering structures. The much finer structure also makes wax absorption easier.

It is comparable to other substances that promote the sliding ability of a sliding element, such as Sprays or liquids that prevent icing and u. a. for highly structured cross-country skis instead of wax

Application come.

Movement while skiing is fundamentally influenced by two factors: the first is the air resistance, the second is the frictional forces on the snow or

Underground in general, which mainly consists of

Sliding frictional and static frictional forces exist.

By changing the structure of the surfaces of the sliding element according to the invention, both types of Reduce resistance, ie by suitable microstructuring of the surface. This applies to both the outsole and the entire top of the ski, including the steel edges and the side cheeks of the ski.

There are many factors that can contribute both to improvements in driving properties and to the optimization of the use of a sliding element. These improvements according to the invention relate to the entire sliding element, including binding and ski boots, as well as clothing and accessories of the user. The microstructures described below relate mainly to the area <1 mm, whereby the groove structures in the μm range, the microstructures to prevent icing and contamination e.g. in the

Bond area, but can still be considerably smaller, i.e. the smallest structures reach into the nano range depending on the application. Combinations of different microstructures, as in the present invention, with different ones

Tasks, made of different materials, on different elements of a device, such as a sliding element, have clear advantages compared to improvements introduced so far. According to the invention, the properties of the sliding element, in particular snow sliding element, are improved in that all surfaces have significantly better values due to the appropriate application of a microstructuring with respect to frictional resistance, tendency to turbulence and flow separation or flow separation behavior, and that the contamination is also achieved by applying suitable microstructuring according to the invention or icing etc. can be significantly reduced or prevented. To effectively reduce the frictional resistance, different microstructures can be applied or applied to the surfaces of the sliding element concerned for the different media which are responsible for the friction. Thus, for the surface of the sliding element in the outsole area, another type of microstructuring approx. 10 - 25 grooves / mm may be appropriate, since the microstructuring that most effectively reduces the frictional resistance with the respective fluids should be selected for each surface, since this is mainly the case

Friction processes take place with relatively viscous fluids (water).

On the top of the sliding element, the

Microstructuring should be relatively fine, i.e. for example approx. 10 - 35 surveys / mm, since air (gas mixture) mainly occurs as the medium that generates frictional resistance. The structures should be applied largely in the longitudinal direction on the sliding element so that they are oriented in the direction of travel during normal use of the sliding element.

In order to optimize the reduction in friction, it also makes sense according to the invention to provide both the binding and the boot with a microstructure running in the direction of travel on all surfaces if necessary. Furthermore, the sliding element, in particular

Snow gliding element, according to the invention particularly in the binding area, i.e. surface in the binding area, binding, brake, and plate under the binding (heightening plate), but also the parts of the boot which are relevant for fastening the snow sliding element to the user / wearer are microstructured in this way (with small hydrophobic elevations in a distributed manner Form (nub structure), permanently attached), soiling or icing (clogging by snow) is reduced or even prevented or can be removed very easily by exposure to water. The degree of wettability of a solid by a certain liquid always shows a state of equilibrium between cohesion and adhesion, ie it shows one

State between the interaction with the wall molecules and the other liquid molecules of the respective

Liquid on.

An example of a solid on which liquids form very large contact angles is PTFE.

However, due to its other properties, it has the disadvantage of having very little wear resistance.

Carbon-based coating systems (a-C: h or DLC (diamond like carbon) and Me-C: H) offer ideal wear resistance. By installing various elements in the

Carbon network manages the surface tension of the

To influence coatings in a targeted manner.

This low surface tension is comparable to that of PTFE, with the layers simultaneously being hard

Have ceramic materials.

Wax: The intention in developing different types of wax is to make one as large as possible

Contact angle or contact angle in relation to the surface

(PE outsole) to achieve water drops.

So it seems that contact angles of at least

80 ° are desirable for moving on snow, d. H. all improvements which have values higher than 120 ° (PE-

Tread with fluorine waxes) are extremely interesting.

A contact angle of 0 degrees means complete wetting, an angle of 180 degrees completely non-wetting. Pimpled, microstructured surfaces according to the invention have special structures which prevent water drops from attaching or cause dirt particles to be washed away very easily by water. It can therefore be said that such a surface, applied to sliding elements, would create almost ideal water-repellent conditions, especially in combination with suitable hydrophobizing measures, such as in the form of hydrophobic phobing agents (e.g. anionic, cationic, amphoteric, nonionic surface-active compounds), eg as a spray or wax. The actual sliding of the ski on the snow is based, at least in part, on the same principle as the sliding of ice skates on ice. This physical peculiarity is based on a special property of water and is called regulation. It describes the pressure dependence of the phase transition from the solid to the liquid state of matter for substances whose melt has a higher density than their solid phase (water, bismuth, gallium).

Such substances can be melted under pressure, and when the pressure drops, solidification occurs again. On the other hand, in addition to the regulation, melting cap formation occurs as a result of friction. When the ski surface glides over the snow, arises

Friction and therefore heat. This frictional heat causes the snow crystals under the covering to melt briefly (melting cap formation). This partial melting is responsible for the gliding process. Too much melting cap formation, however, creates a water film and thus adhesive forces and a suction effect that counteracts sliding.

The tread structure significantly influences the sliding properties and also the turning properties of the ski. The structure reduces the friction between snow and

Tread. It is recommended for dry, crystalline

Snow a very fine, almost smooth structure and a somewhat coarser structure for amorphous smooth snow, especially to counteract a suction effect

The currently common structure of the PE ski sole is machined with a special rotating stone, depending on the

Feed and speed of rotation impresses different patterns in the ski base, which then serve to let the ski slide on the existing water film, depending on the moisture conditions of the snow. The influence of the water film on the sliding behavior of the sliding element should be controlled by the fine, mainly running channels and adapted to the respective requirements.

In the structuring of the outsole according to the invention, the suction effect can be counteracted.

Due to the large number of heights and depressions and the continuous movement of the snow gliding element, a small amount of air enclosed in these depressions permanently counteracts the suction effect.

Furthermore, the microstructuring also achieves a hydrophobic effect that counteracts the suction effect. This hydrophobic property also means that the ski has very little friction on the ground, which may can also lead to less wear on the ski sole covering material. Likewise, the tendency to turbulence, the friction resistance and the stall behavior of the respective flowing fluids are reduced by the microstructuring of the surfaces of the snow sliding element according to the invention.

Depending on the requirement, load and task, the coverings structured according to the invention can of course also consist of other suitable materials than the ones currently used, so e.g. PTFE, other plastics, surface-modified plastics, metals and metal alloys, carbon-based coating systems, as well as all other suitable materials and material mixtures. To the properties when using

To improve snow sliding elements decisively, some advantageous improvements according to the invention with respect to the surfaces of the sliding element will now be described. “Surfaces of the sliding element” encompasses all surfaces which are visible on the outer sides or can be exposed to frictional resistances or also contaminating environments. Furthermore, the invention encompasses surface changes in the binding area, on the ski boots and on the clothing and also on all accessories which are worn on the body can be.

In order to improve an everyday object, you have the possibility to change different parts of it. Using the example of the ski, the primary improvement is to change the outsole. However, it is very possible to optimize the other surfaces as well. The optimization of the outsole of the sliding element according to the invention mainly reduces the frictional resistance and the tendency to turbulence in the hydrodynamic range. As far as the remaining surfaces of the sliding element are concerned, the microstructuring of the surfaces according to the invention leads to a reduction in friction and a reduction in the tendency to turbulence, mainly in the aerodynamic range. The improvement consists in structuring the ski sole - in contrast to the current structuring - much more finely, but predominantly also in the longitudinal direction.

A comparable longitudinal structure (applied in the direction of travel) lends itself to the entire surface of the sliding element exposed to air resistance, as well for the binding as well as the ski boot and all clothing of the user.

In the following explanations, I refer to a snow gliding board and here in particular the ski, representative of all possible applications of microstructuring according to the invention on sliding elements. These microstructures according to the invention serve not only to reduce frictional resistances, but also to reduce turbulence tendencies and flow separation behavior of fluid media, and to support the hydrophobic properties of the respective surface material. Likewise, all surfaces according to the invention for preventing contamination and icing, and, if necessary, for reducing frictional resistance, are also shown using the example of a snow gliding element, in particular a ski, and the elements, devices and equipment required for its use. The example of the application of this type of surface structuring to sliding elements, in particular snow sliding elements, clearly shows that these

Ideally, structuring on the respective surfaces can be dimensioned such that, e.g. on the surface of the outsole, as well as in the edge area and if necessary also on the sides of the ski, the structuring to the expected friction-causing medium (snow, ice), the melting process explained above, due to friction and pressure, at least partially melted into water will be adjusted. Just as the other surfaces of the ski can be set to another expected friction-generating medium, namely air.

It also makes sense that all surfaces of devices and bodies, which are attached to the sliding element, as well as all surfaces of equipment, clothes, etc., which are used for the use of sliding elements, also do so be improved that they too should be equipped with the appropriate, friction-reducing and, if necessary, combined with other, eg self-cleaning, surface structures in the corresponding areas. In particular, this of course applies to the devices attached to the ski, such as ski bindings, ski brakes, elevation plates, etc., and of course also in particular to the surfaces of the ski boots. The groove-shaped surface structures have the advantage over all other surface structuring, as well as over very smooth surfaces, that they have a clearly positive influence on all flow around the body, both through turbulence-influencing effects, and u. U. by delay delamination compared to, for example, smooth surfaces.

Both effects influence the sliding behavior of the body around which fluids flow, e.g. in the form of a sliding element in a positive way, especially when sliding within a uniform fluid (air), for example when ski jumping. A general improvement in the frictional resistance is achieved by means of a longitudinally oriented rib structure on all surfaces of the sliding element, the fineness of the structures being able to be made dependent on the respective flowing fluid medium. This behavior of the sliding element can be reduced by a specific structure refinement or adaptation of the structure at certain points of the sliding element, where flow separation behavior is most likely to be expected, e.g. in the rear binding area, as well as at the tip of the sliding element, etc.

At these points, it makes sense to apply a particularly large number of rib structures with the depressions which are respectively adapted to the rib structures (in terms of size and function) in order to encompass the respective fluid medium flowing around to influence the fact that the flow separation is delayed as far as possible. Using the longitudinal grooves, which are mainly oriented in the longitudinal direction of the body, in accordance with the invention, it can be assumed that the grooves and edges of the structuring hinder the formation of cross-currents in the viscous lower layer, thereby reducing turbulence in the boundary layer. This in turn means that less pulse exchange takes place and consequently a generally lower turbulent shear stress is to be expected.

It can also be assumed that if the ribs flow slightly at an angle, they will influence the flow close to the body so that it will run more in the direction parallel to the body.

This property can be used to apply the rib structures in the type and direction to the sliding element so that they can be used at least in part to influence the flow direction, and thereby to control the sliding element (during sliding and turning due to the corresponding structuring of the edge area of the steel edges) can be improved and relieved (also applies to sliding elements for ski jumping).

Ideally, the primary structure of the outsole should have groove-like structures which are attached in the running direction so that a density of approx. 10 -25 e.g. trapezoidal, U-shaped, V-shaped, L-shaped grooves per mm is achieved (Figure 1).

This has several advantages.On the one hand, this type of structuring means that very good sliding properties can be expected due to the reduced static friction forces.On the other hand, the surface remains very stable despite the relatively large number of ribs, due to the large number of elevations (see nail bed from Fakir). If necessary, this rib structure can be supplemented by a shed structure, particularly useful for cross-country skiing and touring. It can be assumed that these surfaces can be made even more lubricious if the appropriate lubricant, such as wax or the like, is applied to the surface.

A longitudinally structured tread is already being used on the majority of alpine skis. However, the current structuring consists of a much rougher screening (Figure 8a).

At the moment there are about 2 - 3 elevations or notches per mm. In addition, the raised areas are much wider than the notches in the currently common coverings. Furthermore, the treads currently used are absolutely uniform, with the same types of structure.

In contrast, according to the invention certain, e.g. Supplementary structures are set in certain zones of the ski, for example structures that are carried out diagonally to the direction of travel, which can discharge excess water to the outside. In addition, a refined or coarser structure in individual areas of the sliding element can provide improved driving properties. Both standardized, always the same structures, with the same spacing of the ribs from one another and, alternatively, optimized structures are possible, which can be optimally matched to the respective requirement (giant slalom speed, maneuverability slalom, as well as different snow or weather conditions).

For example, in certain zones of the sole of the sliding element, finer or coarser rib arrangements result in changed frictional forces. In addition, the number and structure of the elevations allows the contact surface of the sliding element on the Change the surface (snow). This offers the possibility of increasing the pressure per cm ² by a smaller contact area and thereby influencing the regulation / melting cap formation and generating an increased or reduced water film, which in turn changes the sliding friction on the surface.

Edges are made as one-piece edges or link edges in various steel hardnesses. Hard steels are more resistant, but more difficult to machine.

A relatively new development are heat-treated steels as edge material, which hold the sharpness longer than conventional material, but are difficult to tune by hand. The grip of the edges can also be improved by providing the edges with a microstructure according to the invention, which e.g. in the running direction, at an angle or perpendicular to the running direction and thus achieves the desired effect (reduction of frictional resistance while driving or greater grip when edging, e.g. when braking).

In addition to the improvements according to the invention in the form of suitable microstructuring, according to the features of the present invention, both the

The shape and the material of the structuring serve to make the surface of the sliding element according to the invention a larger one

To give elasticity.

Another possibility is to apply the microstructuring features according to the invention to other materials which replace all or part of the previous materials for the surfaces of sliding elements in order to achieve the desired elasticity.

If not only the sliding element itself stores voltage due to its structure, and this is converted into driving dynamics can, but also the coating of the sliding element can convert tension into dynamics, this is a further improvement, in addition to the improvement due to the microstructured surface with its advantages mentioned above. Elasticity can be achieved by choosing the material so that the elevations (ribs) are rigid and relatively angular in order to prevent cross currents as much as possible. However, the material of the elevations can also be very flexible (for example, scale-shaped from rigid materials), the material below the elevations can alternatively be chosen to be elastic.

Example 2:

The second exemplary embodiment represents, for example, surfaces of objects such as structures, structures and comparable bodies, which can both be exposed primarily to fluid frictional forces from different flow directions and materials, and can also have surfaces which are intended to perform self-cleaning functions. An advantageous embodiment of the subject matter of the invention provides, for example, to provide the surfaces of objects which may be exposed to fluid or generally movable media with surfaces according to the invention. These surfaces, as well as the objects surrounding them, have enormous advantages over other surfaces, for example in buildings or other bodies. A specific example can be done using a bridge over a river. An embodiment of the surface according to the invention can consist in the fact that this is a body which consists of different materials and is also exposed to different fluid media. Furthermore, soiling should be largely prevented, the total material expenditure kept low and the stability of the building optimized. All of these requirements can be met with the invention

Surface are supported.

So the surfaces that are under water

(Support elements, etc.), with a shape of the surface according to the invention, structured such that water is adapted to the fluid medium, predominantly in

Direction of flow applied, reducing friction

Surfaces are applied that can reduce the flow friction of the impinging and flowing water masses, and possibly they can also be used to influence the channeling (if necessary, of course, combined with any other structures and surfaces). This can be achieved by reducing the water pressure both a stabilizing effect of the overall bridge system, thereby promoting stability and also

Safety, as well as the total material consumption can be reduced, since the same static stability can be achieved by reducing the water pressure with less material. By using the surface according to the invention, a friction-reducing surface can also be applied to all desired surfaces of components in the area of the bridge, which is above the water, combined with surface structures with self-cleaning properties, which can ensure in relevant areas that dirt, Icing, etc. very effective, and in particular can be cleaned by wind and water. The same applies of course to all areas that are under water. By using the surfaces according to the invention, an improvement in properties can also be achieved under water, such as, for example, the reduction of moss and algae growth, and also general pollution. Another example of a group of objects that can be constructed with the surfaces according to the invention are all types of scaffolding, masts and supporting elements. For example, scaffolding, which can be structured with the surfaces according to the invention, pollute much less, which should be of great interest in the construction industry, and on the other hand, its function is improved in such a way that less frictional forces occur (for example due to wind loads, downpours, storms), which leads to better stability. Furthermore, any deposits, in particular dirt, snow, ice, etc., are significantly reduced by the self-cleaning properties of the surfaces compared to the currently common surfaces in this area. These self-cleaning properties have a wide variety of advantages, which can have not only savings in cleaning costs and aesthetic features, but also, for example, safety-related aspects. Corresponding surfaces can dry faster with the aid of appropriate forms of the surface according to the invention, freeze less and also accumulate less dirt, which could lead, among other things, to accidents, dangers and malfunctions.

Example 3

With moving or moving objects, for example vehicles (water, land, air), different surface structures can also be advantageous. For example, in the case of watercraft

Reduction of friction with the fluid medium water is desirable, but also with the surrounding air of interest. The structuring can vary depending on the fluid, and on a surface (ship's hull) can also be of interest, different Applying alignments of the structures, since not only the direction of movement itself, but also the flow direction created by the shape of the moving body should be taken into account at individual points on the body and corresponding different types of structuring combined accordingly and thus being advantageous. The self-cleaning properties of the surfaces according to the invention are relevant in all areas anyway. However, many surfaces should also be provided with self-cleaning structures so that adhering particles can be removed quickly and as completely as possible, especially for safety-related, user-friendly, easier work, etc. functions. Friction-reducing abilities are obviously sensible and important, especially for relatively quickly moving or moving or also flowed around surfaces and objects, for example to save energy, but also to increase performance, and if necessary also for visual and decorative purposes. The surface according to the invention can also be applied to all structures and supplementary bodies on the objects described, for example on sails, masts, bicycles etc. This also applies above all to purposes and applications which are concerned with maximum performance, for example with the optimized use of devices and objects that are used in competitions.

However, these structures according to the invention are also advantageous for all other surfaces. An exemplary embodiment of this can be explained using a bicycle.

According to this embodiment, the surfaces of each element of the bicycle are improved with variations of the surface structures according to the invention. So every surface of every part of the bike, which is exposed to air friction resistance, with the appropriate structures, if necessary also in different combinations, as well as in combination with self-cleaning surfaces, in order to prevent dirt and deposits, which, for example, could impair the general functioning as well as those of the friction-reducing structures.

But of course there are also surfaces that can be particularly relevant for the self-cleaning surfaces, in particular parts of the device that can come into contact with the user, or parts that can get through

Pollution could be impaired in their function. An important element of this kind can e.g. to be the saddle. Here, by appropriately using the self-cleaning shape of the structures of the surface according to the invention, the saddle can neither be contaminated, nor by a suitable combination with friction-reducing surface features, e.g. on the surfaces that are not occupied by the driver (underside, edges, etc.), "unnecessary air turbulence is generated. Furthermore, the combinations of two or more

Structures ensure that the remaining, mostly self-cleaning surfaces of the saddle can also be equipped with additional capabilities. A suitable combination of surfaces can also achieve a friction-reducing effect on the upper side, which is particularly important when the vehicle is stationary. But these surfaces have many other advantages, such as better evaporation of sweat, which can then evaporate very easily due to the corresponding structures, or can drain away in a targeted manner.

Comparable applications apply to the handlebar area etc., as well as for all surfaces of objects and other substrates on or on the described objects. The same applies to all other surfaces of objects such as sports, work and leisure equipment and objects that can be moved, move independently or can be surrounded by moving materials, such as inliners, ice skates, sledges, skeleton, bob, kickboards, surfboards, boats, kayaks, canoes, sailing and motor ships, kite boards, parachutes, Kite glider, sky diver equipment etc.

Example 4

A further area of application of the surfaces according to the invention is also surfaces in areas in which hygienic improvements are to be sought in addition to new and improved application possibilities, e.g. in health care. This is particularly important for all surfaces that can be soiled, but in particular can also be contaminated, since corresponding surface structures according to the invention even prevent or at least complicate the adhesion of germs and other pathogens and, above all, facilitate and accelerate cleaning. In addition, other problems can be solved by the surfaces according to the invention, so the problem of friction with substances should not be underestimated.

For all surfaces that can come into contact with fluid materials in particular, friction-reducing properties are advantageous, in particular also when these properties can be coupled with direction-influencing properties with respect to the media flowing around. A corresponding application example is shown below using a catheter.

Usually, a catheter is a tubular element that is inserted into a body, for example, and is often also used in the medical field to transport any, mainly fluid, media. In this special case, applied to the surfaces of an object, the following surface combinations according to the invention can be used here, for example, in order to achieve the advantages described below. It is quite possible that a relatively viscous product should be transported inside the cannula, while the exterior of the cannula mainly comes into contact with the body's own materials and liquids. Both the inside of the object and the outside can be provided with the surface according to the invention. Furthermore, soiling as well as contamination by foreign bodies and in particular by pathogenic germs should be prevented or at least minimized, which is why it is important to supplement or combine the friction-reducing surfaces with self-cleaning surfaces.

This brings many advantages, the objects can transport materials more easily, are easier to empty and less dirty. Furthermore, these objects can be more easily integrated into one

Insert the body and remove it again, as material adhering to the outside can also be prevented or reduced. The hygienic properties can also be improved. Longer stay in a body will also cause fewer problems, for example in the special case of a bypass catheter that is to continuously transport fluid media (blood), provided that there are no problems with fluctuating flow rates, new deposits on the Interior walls, pathogenic germs, rejection reactions, etc. should occur.

All of these properties and abilities can be applied to all surfaces of medical objects in suitable combinations. Of course also supplemented by any other finishes and properties that are relevant to each

Applications can be beneficial.

Another application example is a surgical one

Device, for example for minimally invasive use, such as can be used for liposuction, for example. Here too, the use of the surface according to the invention will lead to improved properties. Both inside and outside of these devices, a friction-reducing surface brings advantages. The materials to be extracted can be extracted faster, more easily and more effectively. The outer surface of the device, on the other hand, can be moved back and forth along the tissue effortlessly and, above all, more gently for the patient, inside the body. Of course, the hygienic aspect of self-cleaning surfaces also plays a very important role in this area.

In addition to the medical surfaces mentioned, the surfaces according to the invention can also relate to other, likewise medically used surfaces of objects that are not obviously classified in this category.

This special application example concerns all surfaces of objects that can be absorbed by a body (living being). A striking exemplary embodiment of this may well be, for example, all objects to be taken orally, in particular medication, in the form of capsules, tablets, pills, etc. The surface according to the invention also opens up new possibilities here. For example, all forms of training of capsules, tablets, pills, suppositories, ^'etc., can be formed in the inventive surface combinations, depending on the application, different combinations may be required to achieve optimal results. In order to be able to swallow capsules etc. more easily, they mostly have a cylindrical shape with, for example, hemispherical ends on both sides. On closer inspection, these objects in particular can be compared with flow-optimized torpedoes, etc., because in both cases, the smoothest possible forward movement in the respective medium is to be achieved. With the torpedo this is undoubtedly water, with the drug capsule it is the body fluids, especially in the esophagus, and their walls.

So it is a huge advantage if the drug capsule is easier to swallow. This is achieved by using the surface according to the invention in that a friction-reducing surface which corresponds to these application requirements is applied to the medicament capsule.

Furthermore, it is provided in another embodiment to combine self-cleaning properties (here, for example, certain hydrophobic / lipophobic properties) with the friction-reducing properties, e.g. due to hydrophobic surfaces that delay the dissolution of the capsule in appropriate water-containing media for a certain time. The capsule can also be constructed so that only individual parts, e.g. the two hemispherical

Ends with the self-cleaning surface structure, so that e.g. due to the hydrophobic properties, a repulsion (the capsule "rolls off") on the walls of the mucous membranes automatically causes the capsule to always take the optimal position in the esophagus, that is, never crosswise, but always along the intended direction of movement.

The rest of the cylindrical body can be equipped with rib structures, for example, to facilitate sliding in the esophagus. All of these applications and the resulting advantages can of course be applied and used on all surfaces.

The use of the surfaces according to the invention in any form can also be transferred to all other objects which are moved in a medium, are moved in a moving medium or are also surrounded by a medium. Furthermore, all surfaces according to the invention which are moved on a moving or non-moving medium. Furthermore, the surfaces according to the invention can of course also take on additional tasks, for example they can be designed to produce certain other effects and of course also consist of all materials and can be combined with all other surfaces.

It is also possible, for example, to produce surveys of individual or all structures from materials which are medically or otherwise effective (depending on the application or task) and which can take on certain tasks in addition to or in addition to the medicament inside the capsule. For example, the surfaces according to the invention can also consist of structures which dissolve in whole or in part and which can take on certain tasks, such as facilitate gliding through gel, mucus or foam formation, but also take over medical / pharmaceutical tasks through released active ingredients.

Example 5 All types of containers and tubes which can come into contact with movable and also partly other media can also be structured in appropriate combinations with the surfaces according to the invention. An expedient embodiment of the subject matter of the invention can, based on containers, have the following training features.

Many exemplary containers are designed to hold materials and mostly to dispense them again. If you now provide any container with an embodiment of the surface according to the invention, it can be achieved that it can be filled, emptied, cleaned, cleaned more easily, more generally, and furthermore e.g. handle the emptying and filling in a controlled manner.

If you now e.g. starting from a waste container, there is the possibility, for example, to design the floor area predominantly self-cleaning, but alternatively to design the inner wall elements with friction-reducing surfaces, as well as the upper edge area (filling and emptying area) again with self-cleaning surface features and the outside, for example with a mixture of friction-reducing and possibly also self-cleaning surfaces.

This embodiment has many advantages. The self-cleaning floor area can prevent dirt from sticking to larger objects, the container can be completely emptied and is light. especially with water to clean, especially contaminating substances such as fungi, pathogens and other hazardous substances are prevented from sticking to the bottom of the object for a long time and then multiplying there. The conversion area with the predominantly friction-reducing surface has the task of being able to empty the contained material quickly and completely, with the support of the self-cleaning floor surface. The upper opening area, on the other hand, should not be too dirty and can therefore be self-cleaning Surface features should be provided so that nothing gets stuck after emptying or can be removed very easily.

The outer area of the object, however, should not get dirty either, since rubbish bins are often outdoors for a very long time and are exposed to many different materials such as dirt, snow, ice, etc. In addition, it is advantageous if it additionally has a friction-reducing surface, which has the advantage, among other things, that the container is less susceptible to being knocked over by wind or gusts of wind.

Further application examples are all types of containers that should also be emptied in such a way that as few residues as possible remain in the vessel, such as food containers that are to be recycled. For example, yogurt cups etc. that should still be washed out with water in order to avoid mold etc. as well as odors. In this case too, the application according to the invention has advantages. In a further embodiment of an object, which can be filled and emptied, for example, further advantages in use can be achieved by, for example, adapting the surfaces according to the invention to the respective use and adding further features.

For example, by using the surfaces according to the invention, they can be optimized so that, for example, when emptying an object, the speed of emptying can be accelerated or turbulence within the material to be distributed can be reduced. In order to increase the emptying speeds through the surfaces according to the invention, beyond the friction-reducing capabilities, artificial mechanisms such as pumps etc. can also be used, of course occurring forces, such as gravity, pressures, etc., or the Coriolis force.

This can be used in such a way that, in particular in the case of emptying processes which are ideally carried out perpendicular to the surface of the earth, the Coriolis effect can be used by the surface according to the invention in such a way that emptying can either be accelerated or, if desired, can also serve this purpose , e.g. cause increased frictional forces of the goods to be emptied with the wall of the vessel.

This can e.g. can be realized as follows. For example, the friction-reducing surface structures can be applied in the interior of the container in such a way that, since they also influence the direction, they can serve to set the material to be emptied into a rotational movement which can accelerate the Coriolis force occurring there ^ so that this can complement each other. This leads to a faster rotational movement of the medium to be emptied, which can be used for a much faster emptying of the entire medium.

The friction-reducing surface, for example in the form of groove and rib structures, can be used here in such a way that, for example, a helical, spiral arrangement of the structures can influence the direction of movement of the goods to be emptied, either in such a way that acceleration takes place, or in such a way that the flow and rotation speed can be slowed down and the friction increased, so that, for example, any additional particles adhering to the vessel wall can be removed again and again by increased friction, or the turbulence generated can be used (e.g. gas admixture). Furthermore, the pouring area of the object can be provided with self-cleaning surfaces so that it can always be kept free of contamination.

Example 6

Another important area of application is pipes in general, and in this application example in particular, the narrowing of pipes. An exemplary embodiment of constrictions of pipes are all types of nozzles, valves, etc. Here, too, the aim is to achieve improved surfaces of constrictions, inlet and outlet openings, for example in the case of nozzles and adjoining surfaces. This example of the application of the surface according to the invention is an improvement in both the spray properties; as well as the tendency to dirty and stick nozzles and the associated surfaces. In principle, a nozzle is a flow channel that has a changing diameter. Since this is a flow channel, there is always a friction-reducing surface in order to obtain optimized flow values. Furthermore, both in the outlet area and in the area of the narrowest point of the nozzle, the adhesion of disruptive particles or liquids should be prevented as far as possible. This is achieved through the use of surface structures according to the invention. Only through the targeted combination of the surface structures according to the invention can the properties of the entire product (nozzle) be optimized.

All shapes of nozzles, as well as all adjoining surfaces, can be structured in the microstructuring according to the invention in order to obtain ideal surface structures. A special embodiment can be presented in the form of an aerosol nebulizer for the administration of fluid media (eg suspensions).

This object can be provided with the surfaces according to the invention, for example, as follows:

The inlet area of the nozzle and the outlet area of the pressure vessel can be provided with friction-reducing surfaces, as can the entire interior for atomizing the aerosol in order to obtain flows that are as friction-free as possible. In addition to this, the direct exit area of the nozzle and also the edge area of the interior, at which materials can settle, can be provided with the surface according to the invention in such a way that no adhesive dirt or deposits occur, or these can be easily removed. It is also very important to provide the outside, which gets into the mouth in use, with self-cleaning surface structures according to the invention, so that germs, pathogens and other deposited materials can be easily removed and thus improved hygiene properties are achieved.

Example 7

Another interesting application of the invention

The surface can consist, for example, in the area of objects susceptible to contamination, e.g. in the form of

Apparatus and devices, the surfaces according to the invention are used in the following embodiment on the following apparatus: This example is a razor, in particular a wet razor, the use of which is usually heavily contaminated and a slightly sliding surface is desired. The surfaces can now be designed, for example, as follows: at least a part of the surface of the shaving head serves to keep the blade or blades at a mostly defined distance, if possible to let it slide smoothly over the skin. For these surfaces, there is a surface that generates relatively little sliding friction resistance with the surface, so that sliding that is as frictionless as possible can be achieved. Furthermore, the most polluting are above all

Gaps between multiple blades and all other surfaces of the shaving apparatus that tend to become soiled are suitable for being pronounced in self-cleaning surface designs. By appropriate combination and design of the surface according to the invention it can further be ensured that the blades themselves, if necessary on the top and bottom, are given corresponding structures which both allow the soiling materials to slide more easily in the intended directions and also more easily contaminate these contaminating materials have running water removed.

These application examples of the surfaces according to the invention can of course be varied as desired and offer the advantages that a gentler, easier shave is made possible, since the friction-reducing surfaces achieve ideal friction-reducing effects with the media that are usually used for shaving, such as water, soap, foam, etc. , And the application of the self-cleaning surfaces according to the invention in connection with the media mentioned and the additionally occurring soiling objects (hair, skin flakes, etc.) also has the effect that all soiling is very easy to clean with water (which is involved in the process anyway) , With appropriate surface structures according to the invention, in particular in the area of the blade, the hygienic properties can also be improved in such a way that inflammation tendencies caused by germs adhering to the blades are minimized. Furthermore, the structures can have properties that are antiseptic, React hemostasis etc., but they can also be designed so that conscious material removal, for example to indicate conditions (object is no longer fully functional), or to generate additional functions (dissolving surveys produce, for example, lubricating film, foam, etc. or also antiseptic components), as well as for the release and functionalization of functional surfaces or structures that may be present under the surveys. Other application examples are other devices and objects, such as dry shavers, toothbrushes, massage devices, etc.

Example 8 The surface according to the invention also offers many advantages in the jewelry sector.

For example, the surface can be combined in such a way that, for example, in a wristwatch, all surfaces that can come into contact with the wearer's skin can be equipped with friction-reducing surfaces, and all others, in particular the visible surfaces that face outwards, can be equipped with self-cleaning surfaces.

For example, the rib / groove surfaces on the underside of the wristwatch can both ensure that the contact surface on the skin is relatively small, which can result, among other things, in that the wearer sweats less, and any sweat that may evaporate faster can and therefore the materials of the watch are less vulnerable to attack (acids, salts, fats, etc. of the skin), as well as that the materials themselves can retain their original appearance for a longer time.

There may also be a possibility that the likelihood of allergic reactions may decrease. Likewise, the self-cleaning surface can also help the piece of jewelry to retain its original appearance longer, is easier to maintain and less dirty. Of course, this example of the combination of the surface according to the invention can also be varied as desired. A second area of application is body jewelry, which is attached through the surface of the body. This includes all types of piercings. The application of the surfaces according to the invention is appropriate here, in particular for hygienic and also out of the application advantages mentioned in the example above.

Example 9 The surfaces according to the invention are also advantageous for all surfaces of objects which can be contaminated, in particular if these objects are also exposed to different conditions, for example outdoors. For example, in the case of furniture, etc., which can be temporarily outdoors, the surface according to the invention is of decisive advantage.

The advantages of self-cleaning surfaces do not need to be explained in this application example. The friction-reducing surfaces that influence the flow direction are also very important in this context.

By appropriately combining the different surfaces, both the stability of the objects can be increased and a supportive effect on the self-cleaning surface can be achieved. Due to the direction-influencing effect of the friction-reducing surface, the self-cleaning effect can be supported for all bodies, since when using this structure the self-cleaning fluid supports be directed in certain directions, and a particularly good cleaning effect can be achieved. In particular for objects that oppose possible currents with a high resistance, the friction-reducing surfaces also provide additional protection

Damage better protected, as it usually falls less often or can also tear (parasols, laundry holders, decorative elements, flower pots, etc.).

Example 10

The structures according to the invention can be applied to all types of surfaces.

Some application examples are surfaces that belong to people's living, working and leisure environments (e.g. furniture, kitchens, bathrooms, etc.).

In all these areas and all other areas, self-cleaning effects are always very beneficial. A corresponding combination with other aspects of the surface according to the invention achieves further advantages.

Thus, as with all other surfaces according to the invention, combinations with corresponding directional structures can have both friction-influencing and direction-influencing surfaces, which e.g. Direct liquids to the self-cleaning surface.

In addition, however, the use of the non-directional structure, which is very sensitive to mechanical influences, can only be made possible by the presence of a second, larger and mechanically more stable structure, which, when used appropriately, protects the finer surface, for example, by completely or partially removing the finer structure the larger one is embedded or surmounted by it in other forms of application. See FIGS. 5a and 5b, the non-directional structure being embedded in the directional one, and also FIGS. 3c, 3f, 3h and 3j, where here directional structures are also directed

Structures (larger dimensions) are protected against mechanical influences. In Figures 2h to 2m undirectional

Structures protected by other non-directional structures (larger dimensions).

Irrespective of this, all variations of the surface according to the invention can also be used for decorative and design purposes.

Example 11

The surfaces according to the invention are also suitable for the use of shoes, since e.g. in soccer shoes, a surface combination in the manner according to the invention can keep both the contamination, and thereby also the weight during wear, as low as possible and, moreover, the friction-reducing surface has the advantage that the foot can be moved with much less air friction, for example allows higher shooting speeds when shooting the ball.

Example 12 For all molding processes / embossing processes, etc.

(For example, toolmaking / thermoforming / injection molding), the surface according to the invention can be designed in all variants on the mold templates (molding tools), which leads to products shaped according to the invention which can have all the advantages of the surface according to the invention.

Furthermore, the surface according to the invention can also facilitate the demolding and ejection of the finished products after the molding process, since the adhesive forces are reduced. Example 13

The surfaces according to the invention are also advantageous in the case of transport devices with the aid of which or in which media are transported. Through friction-reducing structures, i.a. faster flow velocity is reached or less pressure is required to move a fluid medium through an object. There is also the possibility of filling foaming fluids (e.g. beer) more quickly by influencing the flow type (laminar / turbulent), which can lead to less foaming of the fluid. In addition, by combining with self-cleaning surfaces, especially at the inflow and outflow area, there is the possibility of better cleaning and less tendency to contaminate.

Example 14

Films in the sense of independently usable surfaces or surfaces to be applied are also suitable for the use of the surfaces according to the invention, in all variations and combinations.

Since both the reduction in pollution and the friction-reducing effect of the surface according to the invention is advantageous for practically all applications. It does not matter whether it is packaging or surfaces in general, since in any case the invention

Surface advantages and often even completely new applications.

Provide another application example in this area

Protective films that are intended to protect against dirt and damage, etc., for example films that are only removed when an object has survived, for example, transport, installation, etc. With the surface according to the invention, in addition to all the other advantages, the use of the direction-influencing surface can ensure that contaminating or contaminating objects get into a certain one Direction away from the object to be protected. This can, for example, be such that a surface with self-cleaning and friction-reducing properties has such structures that contaminating material can be derived when trying to clean it, e.g. with water, but also with the help of natural processes (gravity, wind, rain, etc.) ,

Tarpaulins, foils and fabrics are also important applications.

Example 14a

Another possible application is cloth or foil-like surfaces that come into contact with moving media such as sails from surf elements. These have the task of moving an object with the help of flowing media. Therefore, supplementary structures, equipped with the abilities mentioned, are certainly a sensible addition, since they can be used to optimize the properties. By using the surface designs according to the invention, the air flow can be guided along surfaces more easily, but can also be braked by an appropriate arrangement or embodiment, which can serve to increase the propulsion. Surprisingly, a surface structure according to the invention has at least one further very important advantage. This rough surface formation according to the invention, in particular with elevations, has, in addition to its other advantages, the fact that the adhesive properties of smooth surfaces are very greatly reduced. With appropriate dimensions and spatial arrangement of the structures, as well as supplemented by other surface features if necessary, the tendency to adhesion can be reduced and the possibility of self-cleaning with the help of water-repellent liquids can be increased. These properties make it possible, among other things, to solve the problem of It is very easy to lift the sail off the surface of the water (with each new ascent onto the surf element), as air pockets between the surface structures reduce the sticking of the sail to the water surface and in this way it is much easier to re-position the sail. The use of the entire sports equipment can thus be improved.

Example 14b A possible further application is represented by all types of surfaces on which fluid media are guided, for example shower curtains. Here too, the use of the surface structures according to the invention can achieve advantages, both in terms of contamination (mold, lime, etc.) and in general in use.

With an application according to the invention, in the case of very fine raised surface shapes (hydrophobized if necessary), the water which strikes the surface drips off very quickly and almost all contaminating particles are removed in the process.

This can also be achieved in combination with other microstructures (hydrophobic), which are protected against mechanical damage, by means of a surface configuration structured according to the invention, which has coarser structures than those designed purely for self-cleaning. In addition, the shape and arrangement of the directional structures according to the invention can be designed in such a way that the applied water is deliberately and purposefully directed in such a way that all surfaces can be optimally supplied with water.

In addition, unlike fixed shower screens, there is always the problem that the adhesive properties are smoother or other surfaces, for example extremely hydrophilic, also self-cleaning surfaces, cause problems when using the shower device. The problems are that the usually moveable shower curtain becomes wet as soon as the water flows out of the shower and the body of the user, as well as the curtain

Curtain approaches the user and adheres to the body. This process is extremely disruptive, it hampers the user when showering, contaminates the shower curtain with cleaning agents and the user with contaminants that adhere to the shower curtain (mold, germs, dirt, etc.). It can be assumed that this process is caused by the warm flowing water, the temperature difference between the area inside the shower and the rest of the room, and the resulting rising warm air flow. Static charges may also be involved.

According to the invention, the tendency to approach and adhere is significantly reduced by the rapid beading of the water and the air enclosed between the elevations to minimize adhesion, as well as by the small surface of the shower curtain that can actually be touched by the skin, and also by the lack of adhesion-promoting effect a water film, as well as the hydrophilic surface. In addition, approaching or sticking can be further reduced by preventing direct contact between two curtain / curtain or curtain / tub surfaces, particularly in the lower region, and thus preventing contamination and contamination, and avoiding damp zones.

Example 14c

Another form of this invention can for

Convertible roofs can be used. Here too, the applications according to the invention represent ideal improvements in order to optimize the properties of the surface.

The structures can be used here to reduce the frictional resistance with fluid media. The special arrangement, shape and dimensioning of the elements can further increase the stability of the surface and improve the aerodynamics. The tendency of the component to become dirty can also be significantly reduced by appropriate arrangement, dimensioning and choice of material.

This special application variant is particularly suitable for convertible roofs because here no polishable surface is as necessary as on the painted areas of the vehicle.

In special application variants, the surface structure according to the invention can be shaped and applied in such a way that it can also specifically influence flows and generate resistance, for example in order to direct air flows in such a way that the suction from the accelerated air flow onto the

Top of the roof is reduced at higher speeds, and the inflation of the roof can thereby be reduced. Other surface types can also be added to optimize this effect.

Example 15

Accelerated bodies (spears, boomerang, arrows, projectiles, balls, etc.) or other objects in fluid media or moving objects are also nothing other than objects with surfaces, but here the mostly very fast movement, especially through fluid media , plays a considerable role in the application, and it is also advantageous to avoid or minimize contamination of the object, this product group also lends itself to being provided with the surfaces according to the invention. Particularly in the case of projectiles which are given a flight-stabilizing self-rotation when they are drawn, when firing, the use of the friction-reducing structure according to the invention can have a very advantageous effect on the flight properties and accordingly on the accuracy of the hit. The friction-reducing structuring can be used both along the direction of movement and in any twisted form, likewise along the direction of movement, comparable to the coiled form in the launching device.

Of course, all surfaces of the required throwing, accelerating or

Firing devices for the application of the accelerated body can be provided with the surface according to the invention, since here too both friction-reducing and self-cleaning, as well as all other advantages of these surfaces, can both facilitate use and increase performance. Due to the surfaces according to the invention on these objects, deviations due to wind, cross winds, thermal air movements, gusts, rain etc. are less problematic because the objects react less sensitively to them.

Example 16 Structures to reduce drafts and also

Ways to improve breathability, gas and fluid exchange.

A simple application example of this

Possible applications can be demonstrated using glasses, for example.

Here, for example, a form of training can be carried out such that, for example, glasses for use in sporting activities, for example when cycling, can be designed as follows: Any parts on the glasses, but for example the entire frame, which can be designed to be relatively wide in order to protect against draft, dust and wind, etc., can be designed such that the surface can be made from any materials with friction-reducing surfaces, for example in a rib / groove structure that can be predominantly formed in the direction of travel.

This enables reduced air friction with the surrounding media (especially wind / rain, etc.). In addition, any surface of the glasses can also be provided with self-cleaning surfaces, which in any case lead to a reduced tendency to become dirty, but in addition to this, these self-cleaning surfaces can also perform other important tasks. If these self-cleaning surfaces are designed, for example in the form of nub-like elevations, they can be combined both separately and also directly in connection, for example with the friction-reducing structures. A possible form of training can be that the knob-like surface structures can be provided with openings, which allow an exchange of air with the relatively still warm, humid air under the glasses and the air outside the glasses, especially without possibly having problems with dirt, direct wind , other irritating substances or materials etc. occur because the friction-reducing surface creates a kind of calm air cushion between the elevations and thus no problems with drafts etc. can arise, but very well for gas and moisture exchange (prevention of fogging on the inner surface of the glasses ) can be taken care of.

Example 17

In the field of textiles, clothing and other equipment elements can be an interesting area of application for example, work or casual clothing can be used.

Especially where very heavy soiling, dangerous soiling and contamination occur, but also in the case of disturbing soiling, a self-cleaning surface is of course an option, but a friction-reducing surface can also complement the self-cleaning surface, improve it and enormously expand the possible applications. For example, many applications in work and leisure are also dependent on being influenced as little as possible by the flowing media.

In many areas this is even very important and also increases security. Many people are exposed to strong currents from moving, especially fluid media, such as water currents, air currents, but also sudden gusts and other changing currents, often in connection with their own or other movements. Some examples are motorcycle clothing, swimming and diving suits, clothing of platform workers, sewer workers, and in general rain and wind protection clothing, as well as e.g. also casual clothing, such as those of hang-gliders, winter sports clothing, wetsuits for surfers, fishing clothing, especially for river fishing etc., as well as all suitable equipment such as gloves, helmets, boots, etc.

Of course, the application of the surfaces according to the invention can be applied to all items of clothing, textiles and equipment, e.g. also to reduce friction on the inside of the clothing, especially with the surface of the body, to prevent skin irritation, and also with these surface characteristics, the air and moisture transport between clothing and skin be improved, but also for aesthetic and design purposes.

Example 18 Another application is in the area of filters, for example filter bags.

As a special embodiment, simple coffee filter bags can be used here, in combination with the filter holder required for their use. The surface according to the invention lends itself here for several reasons, since the usual filtering process can be optimized in several areas by a corresponding application of the surface according to the invention in the corresponding embodiment. Filter bags usually consist of water-permeable, pore-covered, fibrous material. During the brewing process, the ground coffee particles are washed up with water, whereby the water-soluble, flavor-containing substances are to be washed out (end product coffee). The disadvantages of these filter bags are, among other things, that parts of the brewed coffee grounds settle on the walls of the filter and get caught there. As a result, both suspended material (coffee powder dry), sometimes completely unwashed, gets stuck on the upper edge areas, as well as coffee powder, which has been partially washed out, also on the upper one

Outlines. The causes of this behavior are both physical in nature (density, etc.) and due to the structure of the filter. By using the surface according to the invention, in addition to other advantageous properties, these problems can now be eliminated. A possible embodiment of a coffee filter bag in this regard can be constructed as follows: In particular, the inside of the filter paper can be equipped with a combination of the designs of the surface according to the invention, in order to prevent coffee grounds from sticking reduce or prevent, as well as to ensure the smoothest possible, continuous transport of the coffee in the drain direction. This ensures that both the ground coffee can be completely washed out, as it slides down again and again to the bottom of the filter, and that the ground coffee cannot form a pore-closing, stuck mass on the bottom of the filter, so that the unimpeded outflow of the finished coffee is fully guaranteed. In addition, the finished coffee is also directed with the help of the surface according to the invention in a friction-reducing and targeted manner towards the outflow possibility, and in connection with a surface of the filter bag holder likewise designed according to the invention, the outflow of the end product can be influenced in a targeted manner. Structuring according to the invention in the area of the outside of the filter and the inside of the filter holder element can also achieve that the trapped air can prevent the filter from adhering to the filter holder element.

Example 19

Particularly in the case of surfaces of objects which show perceptible reactions under the influence of moving media, it is advantageous to apply the surface according to the invention.

The achievable advantages can be clearly demonstrated using the example of musical instruments and here using the example of wind instruments. In wind instruments, a man-made air flow is introduced through a tube-like body, usually in conjunction with resonance-producing body shapes, which ultimately produces perceptible resonances (music).

The air flow, inter alia with particles (saliva), moisture and germs, creates in certain Areas of the object vibrate and is emitted through an opening.

Using an advantageous shape of the surface according to the invention, e.g. an accelerating or reducing effect on the type of training causing air flow, can influence the mode of operation of the instrument. In combination with self-cleaning surfaces, especially in the area of the mouthpiece, as well as those areas that are mixed with the breathing air to collect and empty the above-mentioned

Particles and materials are provided, the function, hygiene and maintenance can be facilitated. Likewise, the surface according to the invention can be applied to all other surfaces of such an object. Here, too, advantages in terms of care, function and visual characteristics can be achieved.

Example 20

A further embodiment of the application of the surface according to the invention can be represented by objects whose surfaces are also intended, inter alia, to influence the direction, control and transport of existing and emerging, in particular fluid, media.

A corresponding application example is offered by the surfaces of solariums, which are already suitable for self-cleaning properties. With these self-cleaning properties, a great number of advantages can be achieved compared to the devices currently customary, but significant improvements can only be achieved by combining them in the manner according to the invention with additional surface features. This can look like this: In a special embodiment of the use of the surface according to the invention, in addition to other surfaces of the object, in particular the contact surface can be designed in a corresponding manner. The mainly transparent edition can be used as

Form of application of the surface according to the invention can be configured as follows:

A great number of advantages can be achieved by an advantageous combination of the surface features according to the invention. There is the possibility, by means of appropriate elevation and depression structures, to discharge fluid media (sweat) that occur in a targeted manner both from the body and also to subsequently discharge them into certain intended areas. In combination with self-cleaning surfaces, the entire surface, which is contaminated by particles, germs and other media, can also be cleaned quickly and easily. Likewise, all other areas and surfaces, but especially those that can be contaminated by germs or other undesirable materials.

The removal of the undesired materials can be accelerated or influenced, for example, by targeted promotion or influencing of the flow properties. Likewise, self-cleaning-promoting applications, mechanisms, etc. can be combined in any combination with the application of the surface according to the invention. In addition, the surface structures according to the invention can also be used, for example in the case of transparent surfaces with transparent elevations, to specifically direct electromagnetic waves (for example electromagnetic radiation in the form of light) so that desired effect effects (for example uniform browning by uniform scattering of the corresponding UV light) are achieved can be. This variant can of course also be applied to any application.

Example 21 All surfaces of devices for producing

Flows or for converting flows into other forms of movement or energy such as, for example, propellers, rotors, fans, wind and water blades, screws, screws and blades etc. are also suitable for being improved by the surface designs according to the invention. With the use of the surfaces according to the invention, both the friction of the moving device with the surrounding media can be reduced, which leads to lower energy consumption or higher energy gain; Furthermore, the surface of the

Protect the device from deposits and dirt.

Example 22

All types of sports and leisure, as well as work facilities in the form of clubs and

Striking elements that are to be moved or accelerated by one or more media, such as striking elements and clubs, in particular striking sticks and batons for moving and / or accelerating bodies such as balls, balls, pucks etc.

A golf club can be regarded as a specific example, which can be improved with the surfaces according to the invention in that any surfaces, such as the handle, handle, head, etc., have improved properties due to reduced friction with the surrounding media. For example, this can mean faster blow movements due to reduced air friction, as well as increased impact power, lower energy consumption during the blow itself, as well as less wind sensitivity and thus more precise hits. The surfaces according to the invention also ensure less soiling and easier cleaning.

By using appropriate structures, which are mainly applied across the force, a secure grip can also be guaranteed, and a moisture-wicking effect can also be achieved in damp or wet conditions (rain, humidity, water hazard, sweat, etc.). In addition, the club head at the point where the ball is to be hit can also be improved with the surface characteristics according to the invention.

Example 23 All types of moving and / or moving materials flow around transport elements and containers, such as ski carriers, ski boxes, bike carriers, load carriers, etc. In particular, transport containers, such as ski boxes, can be significantly improved by the surfaces according to the invention.

With this device, both the box itself and the associated carrier can be improved in a variety of ways. By using the directional, friction-reducing surface, structured to match the surrounding medium (air), for example, if the entire surface (top and bottom) of the box is structured in this way, fuel consumption can be reduced due to an improved drag coefficient. By using a comparable structure, for example only on the underside, by accelerating the air under the box, higher downforce can be generated in order to achieve better driving stability. In a further exemplary embodiment, however, the upper side in the direction of travel, the lower side, in whole or in part, transversely to Direction of travel must be structured to achieve better crosswind properties.

In this way, two surface structures of the same design but applied in different directions can be applied to two different surfaces of a device for the same medium, in order to perform different tasks.

Furthermore, an undirected structure on the device ensures better self-cleaning or less tendency to become dirty. In this application, this structure works in the same medium (air) as the directional structures, but its main task is only guaranteed with a second medium (liquid). In addition, this surface according to the invention is particularly noticeable when suitable

Materials used to manufacture the structures are characterized by lower wind noise and better driving behavior of the vehicle with the device.

Example 24

All types of moving or accelerated elements such as Balls, for example golf, badminton, volleyball, handball etc.

Example 25

All types of oars, paddles, poles etc., such as ski poles, which have improved properties due to the surfaces according to the invention.

Some characteristics of the surface according to the invention are shown below. The invention describes surfaces with structures that can be applied permanently or in a removable form.

All surfaces as well as all structures can consist of suitable materials as well as combinations of materials in order to adapt and do justice to the respective applications and the respective surrounding media.

The shape of the elevations and depressions of the directional structures can have any shape, but in particular it is V-shaped, U-shaped, L-shaped and triangular. Furthermore, the surface characteristics according to the invention can be used with other, already existing or subsequently applied structures. All directional structures can consist of rigid, sharp-edged and non-sharp-edged, as well as movable or partially movable elements. The individual elements of the structures according to the invention can assume all sizes within the defined size specifications. They can vary in the height and width of the elevations or depressions.

Furthermore, the longitudinal elevations can be designed in the form of scales, and these can be designed to be rigid, movable and also displaceable and elastic. In addition, the directional structures can be designed in wave form, or can be constructed (elastic) in such a way that they can execute wave-shaped or S-shaped movements. Furthermore, the elevations can also not be aligned parallel, approximating to one another, merging with one another, diverging again and falling and disappearing, and also constructed in a wave-like manner ascending or descending. Structures that are independent of direction, predominantly in the form of pimple-shaped elevations, can also be produced from all suitable materials, and can be produced or applied using all suitable production methods. Furthermore, they can be designed in a wide variety of designs and combined with any structure.

Both structures can be juxtaposed in an unmistakable manner on both the same surface

Combination arrangement can be applied, as well as on the same surface in the form of a combination of both structures, it being possible for example for the elevations of the longitudinal, larger structure to be completely or partially covered with smaller elements of the direction-independent structural shape. Likewise, a comparable combination of direction-independent structures between the directed elevations or on the sides of the elevations. The surfaces according to the invention can also be applied to the respective substrate in the form of foils, fabrics, coatings and lacquers.

All surfaces can be structured with the most suitable structural shape, size, in any combination. All surfaces described with combinations of individual or multiple structures can be supplemented, replaced or combined with other materials, structures or elements that have comparable properties. Boundary layer influencing, for example friction reducing, as well as self-cleaning properties, effects, structures, etc. can be achieved or made possible with any other surface structures, materials, applications, processes, methods, etc. that produce comparable properties. Examples of these are phobing substances and materials, but also, for example, extremely hydrophilic coatings (no-drop coatings) suitable for the respective fluid media, as well as coatings of the surfaces with any boundary layer-influencing or self-cleaning or self-cleaning materials, structures, etc. Furthermore, e.g. by gas or liquid bubbling, a boundary layer-influencing, friction-reducing effect can also be achieved, as well as by applying adhesive or partially adhering materials (oils, mucilaginous substances, etc.), which can influence the boundary layer due to their properties.

Description of the Figures Further details of the invention are described in the drawing with the aid of schematically illustrated exemplary embodiments, which are not to scale.

1 shows a cross-section not to scale through a possible embodiment of an element of the invention

Surface in the form of a predominantly directional, friction-reducing surface.

The rib-shaped elevations are marked with h, the

Distance of the trapezoidal depressions between the ribs with s and the angle that the ribs form with the base surface with α.

FIGS. 2a-2f show plan views, not to scale, of possible embodiments of a further element of the surface according to the invention in the form of predominantly non-directional, knob-shaped self-cleaning surface characteristics.

FIGS. 2a-2d show relatively regular surfaces with different dimensions of the elevations, with uniform but non-directional distributions being present here.

FIG. 2e shows a top view of an embodiment of a surface variant according to the invention, which consists of at least two different undirected types of elevations, this is only one exemplary embodiment, which may be entrusted with the same (self-cleaning) tasks from two different materials, the same materials, or can take on different tasks.

FIG. 2f also shows a top view of an embodiment of a surface variant according to the invention, which consists of at least two different undirected types of elevations, this being only one exemplary embodiment, which may be entrusted with the same (self-cleaning) tasks from two different materials, same materials, or can take on different tasks. In this case, however, the smaller elevations are not applied everywhere, but only between the larger elevations.

FIGS. 2g-2m likewise show variants of non-directional, predominantly self-cleaning surfaces, but in cross-sectional drawings, which represent only a few different forms of this surface variant consisting of elevations and depressions.

FIG. 2g shows a surface variant which is not to scale and which consists of knob-like elevations of the same size with equal spacing of the elevations from one another.

FIG. 2h shows a surface variant, which is also not to scale, and which consists of two knob-like elevations of different heights with similar distances but differently arranged elevations.

FIGS. 2i-21 show further surface variants, which are also not to scale, and which consist of at least two knob-like elevations of different heights with similar or different distances and also differently shaped and differently arranged surveys.

FIG. 2m now shows a surface variant, which is also not to scale, and which, comparable to the plan view in FIG. 2e, consists of at least two different nub-like elevations with similar or different distances, and also differently shaped and differently arranged elevations, small elevations also here, at least partially on larger elevations can sit.

FIGS. 3a-3n all show cross-sectional drawings of possible forms of predominantly directed surface-influencing surface structures in different forms, all materials and forms in all combinations being able to be used. They show different, not true-to-scale shapes, of predominantly longitudinal rib / groove microstructures.

FIG. 3a shows trapezoidal structures which consist of triangular elevations which lead to depressions in a trapezoidal shape due to certain distances between the elevations.

FIG. 3b shows comparable triangular structures of the elevations, but lying so close together that the depressions between them only have triangular structures.

Figure 3c also shows triangular surveys, but in different sizes and arrangements, and at different locations on the surface. For example, the smaller structures can be both microstructures on the top of depressions of other coarser rib microstructures and also rib structures on the top of depressions, which form coarser structures on the surface of an element.

Figure 3d shows comparable longitudinal microstructures as shown in Figures 3a and 3b, but in the form of finer, steeper triangular structures.

Figures 3e - 3h also show longitudinal

Triangular micro structures, in different forms, such that structures of the same type (triangle) are shown, but both different angles of inclination of the individual smallest ribs, as well as different distances between the ribs, as well as combinations of structures with the same angle of inclination and the same basic shapes of the ribs, but different heights and distances between the individual structures.

FIGS. 3i and 3j show comparable longitudinal microstructures, which however consist of rectangular structures as the smallest elevations.

Figures 3k - 3m also show longitudinal microstructures, the smallest elevations of which are shown here in the form of round-walled elements.

FIG. 3n shows another form of longitudinal microstructures, the smallest elevations of which have the shape of very slender ribs, for example.

FIGS. 4a-4e show a perspective top view of a surface structured, for example, with triangular ribs.

Figure 4a shows in principle the comparable surface as Figure 3a. FIG. 4b shows a surface similar to FIG. 4a, but with the difference that here the rib structures are not applied continuously, but with gaps, but nevertheless in a line (alignment) one after the other.

FIG. 4c shows a surface similar to that of FIG. 4b, with different zones on the surface in the form of elevations of different lengths.

Figure 4d shows a surface similar to 4c, but here is another zone with finer structuring, also in the longitudinal direction and also in alignment with the other elevations, but e.g. with twice the number of surveys (same heights but different angles of inclination or different heights but same / or different angles of inclination) per unit area.

FIG. 4e shows a surface similar to that of FIG. 4d, but here, for example, there is a series of elevations on the surface

Surface arranged so that they are no longer in alignment with the other ridges.

This example shows the possibility that both different rib heights, as well as different, not in a row one behind the other

Rib heights and groove valleys can follow one another at

Need to generate a certain amount of turbulence

FIG. 5a shows a section of a perspective top view of a longitudinal rib structure which is provided with a variant of the self-cleaning, dirt-repellent knob structure both in the area of the elevations and in the groove valleys. FIG. 5b shows a sectional view through a longitudinal rib structure which is provided with a variant of the self-cleaning, dirt-repellent knob structure both in the area of the elevations and in the groove valleys. In this example, however, the knobs consist of elevations of different sizes and shapes, in contrast to FIG. 5a.

FIG. 6a shows the top view of a surface with two different combinations of longitudinal structures according to the invention. In this figure, two rib structures of different rib spacings are shown, as well as a smooth surface in the edge area.

FIG. 6b also shows the top view of a surface, this surface being equipped with three different structural combinations according to the invention. It represents a surface that is moved in the direction of the arrow. The right side represents a longitudinal, in

Structure (1) of ribs and grooves oriented in the direction of movement. Next to it is a likewise directed structure (2) of ribs and grooves, which, however, runs diagonally to the structure mentioned above. The third structure (3) according to the invention is in the form of longitudinal ribs and groove structures which are provided with smaller, self-cleaning undirected elevations. Comparable to the examples in FIGS. 5a and 5b.

FIG. 7 shows another in a top view

Form of the surface according to the invention in the form of rib and groove structures, which, however, in contrast to the above applications, are no longer designed to run parallel, but rather to approach or run away from one another. Any other can be added to this figure Structural shapes of the directed surface structure can be carried out, for example, completely converging ribs as well as decreasing or increasing heights of the ribs, etc.

The subsequent figures are neither to scale nor are they intended to represent special sliding elements, since in this application they only serve to show the possible uses, possible variations, and advantages of the improvements according to the invention. The microstructuring shown is representative of all possible surfaces structured according to the invention. Figures of sliding elements, in particular snow sliding elements, and all objects, devices, etc. that can be used in this context are shown here as specific applications.

FIG. 8a shows a cross section of an example of the currently customary structuring of sliding soles of sliding elements. There are about three groove-like depressions within a width of 1 mm in the direction of movement.

FIG. 8b shows a cross section with structuring according to the invention on the surfaces of a ski 1. - outsole with microstructuring 2. - steel edge with microstructuring

3. - Sidewall with microstructuring. - Core

5.- Upper chord

6th - lower chord 7th - shell, surface with microstructuring

It should be noted that all surfaces each adapted to the _{requirements,} structures can be designed. Both directional and non-directional as well as combined structures can be applied. FIG. 9 also shows a cross section, with (1) the outsole, (2) the steel edge, (4) the relatively coarse longitudinal structures currently customary and (3) a form of the likewise longitudinal microstructuring provided with triangular elevations and trapezoidal depressions represents.

Figure 10a shows the top view of the surface of a sliding element, using the example of a ski sole with the two steel edges.

This is a normal, longitudinal microstructuring with ski edges on the outside (unstructured).

Figure 10b also shows micro-longitudinal structuring in the central ski sole area (4), on the outer areas of the ski sole (3) and on the inner areas of the ski edge also micro-structuring (2), but in addition to the one running obliquely in the direction of travel, so that excess water can be derived under the ground outside of the ski edge (1).

FIG. 11 shows a sectional drawing through the ski base section shown in FIG. 10b. In this example, both the ski edge and part of the ski sole are shown.

(1) shows the outermost, ground part of the steel edge, which has no structuring here. With (2) the part of the steel edge lying further inward is shown, which here has a combination of two structures, a structure (6) running in the direction of travel and a second (5) which runs diagonally outwards and backwards in the direction of travel. The outer area (3) of the skiing surface has a comparable structure. Whereas the central area, in the middle of the sole of the ski, only has a structure (6) running in the direction of travel. This type of structuring allows the excess water content of the water film under the ski to be easily drained outwards under the steel edge.

Figures 12a-12c show a ski sole in a top view.

12a shows a longitudinal microstructure in the form of a groove / rib profile, which has the same structure on the entire outsole.

12b shows two possible areas of the same type of structure, but with a different arrangement. In the central area in the middle of the ski sole you can see a longitudinal microstructuring, in the edge area, as well as at the tip and the end of the ski sole where there are normally areas where the ski is bent upwards, the outsole has a grooved structure diagonally to the direction of travel, which runs out obliquely on both sides towards the edge area.

The basic structure of FIG. 12c is the same as FIG. 12b, with the difference that here the longitudinal, central region of the microstructuring has a somewhat different external shape.

FIG. 13a again shows a cross section through a sliding element, a ski edge and the outsole with its longitudinal microstructuring being shown here. In this figure, the elevations (ribs) of the microstructured surface of the ski sole form a plane with the ski steel edges.

FIG. 13b shows a further possibility in which the elevations of the structured area are not flush with the Edges, but, for example, raised by the elevation height, can be applied outstandingly over the remaining surfaces, and can protrude by parts of these heights. Here, as an additional difference, part of the steel edges are also provided with longitudinal microstructures (cf. FIG. 10a with unstructured edges, FIG. 11 with structures, but approximately flush).

For example, in the case of the raised variant (FIG. 13b), one could assume that the elevations of the structures protrude minimally from the ski surface (but only approx. 0.025 mm), i.e. approx. 1/40 mm with an approximate distance between the individual elevations of the structures of approx 0.05 mm.

The number of elevations per outsole, with an outsole of approx. 10 cm width, would result in approx. 2000 ribs per ski with a relatively fine structure of 20 elevations per mm.

This large number makes it possible to obtain a very stable surface.

In addition, the folded structure of the surface increases the stability and torsional rigidity of the ski sole (see trapezoidal sheet, corrugated cardboard).

Claims

Patentansprüσhe

1. bodies with a plurality of surfaces which come into contact with different media, • wherein a first surface with a first

Wherein a second surface is provided with a second surface structuring in the micrometer range and / or in the nanometer range, the second surface structuring being adapted to a second medium which comes into contact with the second surface.

2. Body according to claim 1, wherein the first surface structuring is set up as a direction-dependent surface structuring.

3. Body according to claim 2, in which the direction-dependent surface structuring has elevations in the form of ribs and depressions, • the elevations in each case being aligned essentially parallel to one another, and

• The depressions are essentially aligned parallel to each other.

4. Body according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first surface structuring has scale-shaped elevations.

5. Body according to claim 3 or, in which at least part of the surface of the elevations and / or at least part of the surface of the depressions is hydrophobic.

6. Body according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the second surface structuring is set up as a direction-independent surface structuring, whereby the second surface structuring provides a self-cleaning function for the second surface.

7. Body according to claim 6, wherein the direction-independent surface structuring has nub-like elevations.

8. Body according to one of claims 6 or 7, in which at least part of the second surface structuring is hydrophobic to ultraphobic.

9. Body according to one of claims 2 to 8, in which the first surface has a first surface area and at least one additional surface area,

The first surface area has the first surface structuring, and the additional surface area has a direction-dependent additional surface structuring in the micrometer range,

• whereby the directional orientation of the additional surface structuring compared to the directional orientation of the first

Surface structuring is inclined at a predetermined angle.

10. Body according to one of claims 1 to 9, in which the first surface structuring and / or the second surface structuring have / has different structure sizes.

11. Body according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the first surface structuring and / or the second surface structuring have / has flexible elevations.

12. Body according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the second surface additionally has a surface structuring with a larger than the structure size of the second surface structuring structure size.

13. Body according to claim 12, wherein the additional surface structuring of the second

Surface has a structure size in the micrometer range.

14. Body according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the additional surface structuring of the second surface is set up as a direction-dependent surface structuring.

15. Body according to one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the structure size of the first surface structuring is between approximately 10 μm and approximately 1 mm.

16. Body according to one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the structure size of the second

Surface structuring is between approximately 0.5 μm and approximately 1 mm.

17. Body according to one of claims 1 to 16, in which the second surface structuring is adapted to the second medium, the second medium being a different medium from the first medium

18. Body according to one of claims 1 to 17, in which the first surface and the second surface form a common surface in which the first surface structuring and the second surface structuring are arranged.

19. Body according to one of claims 1 to 18, set up as one of the following devices:

• sliding element carrier,

• sliding element box, • vehicle bike rack,

• vehicle load carrier,

• Sports facility, in particular ball racket facility and / or ball.

20. Body according to one of claims 1 to 18, arranged as a sliding element.

21. Body according to claim 20, in which at least one additional device is attached to the sliding element, which has at least partially the second surface structuring on its surface.

22. The body of claim 21, wherein the additional device is one of the following:

• sliding element brake,

• sliding element binding,

• sliding element binding elevation plate, or Sliding element shoes.