BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
(FIELD OF THE INVENTION)
This invention relates to a hydraulic actuator circuit of a working
machine.
(DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART)
To a boom cylinder of a hydraulic excavator, a load on total weight of
an attachment for an excavator and a load for carrying by the attachment
acts in a direction of a cylinder contraction-side. In some cases, this leads to
a problem of sudden lowering of the attachment on burst of a load-side
pipeline in the boom cylinder and an oil leak in the control valve.
For this reason, in the load-side pipeline of a hydraulic actuator circuit
in a working machine with a long span attachment, a holding valve (a safety
valve) is provided (for example, Japanese Patent Application laid-open
publications Hei 3-57507 and Hei 10-267009).
In Europe, with regard to the holding valve, several kinds of tests
including an acceleration test defined in ISO 8643 are required to pass. The
acceleration test is as follows. In the circuit with the holding valve in a load-side
pipeline of the boom cylinder, a load for the test which corresponds to a
half of an actual rated lifting capacity is provided and then an actuating
speed of the boom cylinder is set to 200 mm/sec. In this condition, on burst
of the load-side pipeline, the actuating speed is measured as test result for a
check. The test requires the actuating speed of less than twice (400 mm/sec)
as high as the above set value.
In a circuit with two openings connected each other in series, the
openings are described as the following equation (1). Here, the opening
means area of the opening (opening area).
1 /A12+1 /A22= 1 /ATOTAL2
A1 :meter-out opening of a control valve (hereinafter referred to as
control valve opening) A2 : holding valve opening ATOTAL : total opening in two openings in series (the opening to control
an actuator)
The control valve opening A1 is determined on the basis of a standard
that a target operability is accomplished in a machine without a holding
valve. For this reason, in a machine with a holding valve and two openings
A1, A2 connected in series, the larger A2 gets, the less the holding valve
influences the operability. But, in order to pass the acceleration test, the
opening A2 can not be overwhelmingly larger than the opening A1.
For this reason, it is difficult to accomplish the target operability at
this situation. Accordingly, in a case of a circuit with a holding valve, a
desired opening A2 had to be determined by time-consuming trial and error
so as to obtain the same operability as that in only opening A2.
However, tuning the holding valve opening is hard to work, and,
because of existence of inevitable manufacturing tolerances and variations
arising while manufacturing the opening A2, the total opening A1+A2 is
difficult to accomplish the same operability as that of only the opening A1.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide a hydraulic actuator
circuit capable of fulfilling a safety ensuring function inherent in a holding
valve while ensuring operability (target operability) equal to that in the case
of a control valve opening alone without a holding valve and wherein a
holding valve opening can be set independently in a simple manner without
being influenced by the control valve opening.
The hydraulic actuator circuit of the present invention comprises, as a
basic construction, a control valve which is operated by an operating means,
a hydraulic actuator which is controlled by the control valve in accordance
with an amount of operation of the operating means, and a holding valve
disposed in a load-side pipeline of the hydraulic actuator and adapted to
close the pipeline in a neutral state of the control valve, thereby holding a
load.
In this hydraulic actuator circuit the present invention is
characterized by including a holding valve control means for controlling an
opening of the holding valve during operation of the hydraulic actuator.
According to the construction of the holding valve control means:
(a) in a normal condition wherein a holding pressure acting on the load-side
pipeline takes a value of not smaller than a first given value, the opening of
the holding valve is set to a value larger than a meter-out opening of the
control valve in the normal condition; and (b) in an unusual condition wherein the holding pressure drops to a value of
not larger than a second given value, the opening of the holding valve is set
to a value at which an actuating speed of the hydraulic actuator is lower
than that in the absence of the holding valve.
According to this construction, when the pressure (holding pressure) of
the load-side pipeline drops upon occurrence of an unusual condition such as
burst, the opening of the holding valve is reduced to suppress an increase of
the actuating speed or actuator speed.
Thus, by setting the opening of the holding value or the holding valve
opening in the unusual condition to a value at which a desired actuating
speed is obtained, it is possible to prevent a sudden lowering of load.
On the other hand, in the normal condition without the occurrence of
burst or the like, the holding valve opening is set to a value larger than the
control valve opening in that condition, so that there is no fear of operability
being influenced by the holding valve opening.
That is, if the valve opening is set on the basis of the target operability,
it is possible to ensure a desired operability and it is no longer required to
perform such a troublesome work as adjusting the holding valve opening for
attaining the target operability.
In other words, adjusting or tuning of the holding valve opening can be
done independently without being influenced by the control valve opening
and in a simple manner such that in the normal condition the holding valve
opening is set sufficiently larger than the control valve opening, while in the
unusual condition the holding valve opening is set only on the basis of only
fulfilling the function as a safety valve.
It is preferable that in the normal condition the holding valve opening
be set to a value sufficiently larger than the control valve opening.
The holding valve control means may be constructed such that the
holding valve opening in the unusual condition is set to a value at which the
actuator speed is lower than twice as high as that in the normal condition.
In this case, the holding valve opening can be set so that the foregoing
desired actuator speed is lower than twice as high as that in the normal
condition in conformity with the ISO Standard.
Preferably, the holding valve is constructed so that its opening varies
depending on the amount of operation of the operating means, and the
holding valve control means is constructed to make control such that the
amount of change in the opening of the holding valve based on the amount
of operation of the operating means is varied in accordance with the holding
pressure.
In this case, in a circuit configuration wherein the opening of the
holding valve changes together with the control valve opening in accordance
with the amount of operation (pilot pressure) of the operating means, the
amount of change in the holding valve opening relative to the amount of
operation varies in accordance with the holding pressure.
The holding valve may be constructed as a hydraulic pilot valve whose
opening changes in accordance with a pilot pressure based on operation of
the operating means, while the holding valve control means may be
constructed such that by adding to the holding valve the holding pressure in
a direction in which the holding pressure is added to the pilot pressure, the
amount of change in the holding valve opening relative to a command signal
inputted from the exterior is changed on the basis of the holding pressure.
Preferably, the holding valve control means is constructed such that
the holding pressure is applied in a direction in which the pressure set for a
return spring in the holding valve is decreased.
Preferably, the holding valve control means is constructed so as to
apply the holding pressure to a pilot port of the holding valve.
Preferably, the holding valve control means has a pressure reducing
valve disposed in a pilot line of the holding valve and is constructed so as to
change the output of the pressure reducing valve in accordance with the
holding pressure.
Preferably, as the pressure reducing valve there is used a hydraulic
pilot type pressure reducing valve, and the holding valve control means is
constructed so as to supply the holding pressure as a pilot pressure to the
pressure reducing valve.
In this construction, the holding pressure is applied to the hydraulic
pilot type holding valve in a direction in which the holding pressure is added
to the external pilot pressure and the change of the holding pressure is
directly linked with the change of the holding valve opening, so that the
operation of the holding valve is performed quickly and positively in
comparison with a later-described construction wherein a holding pressure
is detected by a sensor and the detected signal is converted to an oil
pressure signal and applied to the holding valve, thus resulting in the
apparatus reliability becoming higher.
Besides, since the opening of the holding valve can basically be
controlled by the operating means, it is possible to carry out for example an
operation such that, after an unusual suspension of working attachment at
a high position in the air, the actuator is operated while opening the holding
valve gradually by operation of the operating means to bring down the
attachment to a lower position.
The holding valve control means may include an electromagnetic
proportional type pressure reducing valve disposed in the pilot line of the
holding valve, a holding pressure sensor for detecting a holding pressure,
and a controller which provides a command signal to the pressure reducing
valve in accordance with a signal fed from the holding pressure sensor.
In this case, in what manner the holding valve opening is to be
changed relative to the change in holding pressure can be selected
arbitrarily by a signal processing in the controller and thus it becomes
possible to widen the control range.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Fig. 1 is a boom cylinder circuit with a function for holding a load
according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a view disclosing characteristics of pilot pressure of a
holding valve in Fig. 1 to a holding valve opening;
Fig. 3 is a view disclosing characteristics of pilot pressure of a
holding valve in Fig. 1 to a spool stroke of the holding valve;
Fig. 4 is a boom cylinder circuit with a function for holding a load
according to a second embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is a view disclosing characteristics of pilot pressure of a
holding valve in Fig.4 to a spool stroke of the holding valve;
Fig. 6 is a boom cylinder circuit with a function for holding a load
according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 7 is a view disclosing characteristics of an amount of operation
of a remote control valve in Fig.6 to a spool stroke of the holding valve;
Fig. 8 is a boom cylinder circuit with a function for holding a load
according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention; and
Fig. 9 is a view disclosing a control flow of the invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
A load holding function (apparatus) in hydraulic actuator circuits
embodying the present invention will be described hereinunder with
reference to Figs. 1 to 9 in illustration of, but not in limitation of, the
present invention.
The present invention is applicable to a hydraulic actuator circuit used
in a hydraulic excavator and a working machine constituted using the
hydraulic excavator as a matrix or a main body such as a dismantling
machine or a deep hole excavator.
In each of the following embodiments reference will be made to a boom
cylinder circuit in a hydraulic excavator or a work machine using the
hydraulic excavator as a matrix.
First Embodiment (see Figs. 1 to 3)
Numeral 11 denotes a boom cylinder as a hydraulic actuator, numeral
12 denotes a hydraulic pump as an oil pressure source, numeral 13 denotes
a boom extension-side (load-side) conduit or pipeline, numeral 14 denotes a
contraction-side conduit or pipeline, numeral 15 denotes a control valve, and
T denotes a tank. With a pilot pressure Pi provided from a remote control
valve 16, the control valve 15 operates strokewise to control both operating
direction and speed of the boom cylinder 11.
In the extension-side pipeline 13 is provided a holding valve circuit H
in a mounted state to the boom cylinder 11, the holding valve circuit H
comprising a hydraulic pilot type holding valve 17, a check valve 18, a relief
valve 19, and an assist cylinder 20. The assist cylinder 20 is a holding
valve control means disposed on a return spring 17a side of the holding
valve 17.
With the pilot pressure Pi provided from the remote control valve 16,
the opening of the holding valve 17 changes together with that of the control
valve 15 in accordance with the amount of operation of the remote control
valve 16. For example, upon burst of the extension-side pipeline 13 in a
neutral state of the control valve 15, the outflow of oil from the boom
cylinder 11 to the extension-side pipeline 13 is inhibited by closure of the
holding valve 17. As a result, contraction (load lowering) of the cylinder 11
is prevented.
The assist cylinder 20 comprises a piston rod 21 which contacts the
return spring 17a and controls the pressure (a force resisting to the pilot
pressure Pi, "spring set pressure" hereinafter) of the return spring, a
first pressure chamber 22, and a second pressure chamber 23. The pilot
pressure Pi is introduced into the second pressure chamber 23, while a
holding pressure Ph acting on the extension-side pipeline 13 is introduced
into the first pressure chamber 22. The first pressure chamber 22
pressurizes the piston rod 21 in a direction to weaken the spring set
pressure, while the second pressure chamber 23 pressurizes the piston rod
21 in a direction to strengthen the spring set pressure.
In the normal condition wherein the holding pressure Ph takes a value
(determined by weight of the load of the boom cylinder 11) of not smaller
than a first given value, the spring set pressure becomes low, so that the
opening of the holding valve 17 becomes larger. In contrast therewith, in
the unusual condition wherein the holding pressure Ph drops to a value
(almost zero in a completely burst state of the extension-side pipeline 13 for
example) of not larger than a second given value, the spring set pressure
becomes high, so that the opening of the holding valve 17 becomes smaller.
In the normal condition the opening of the holding valve is set to a
sufficiently larger value relative to a meter-out opening ( "control valve
opening" hereinafter) of the control valve 15. In the unusual condition
the opening of the holding valve is set to a value at which the cylinder speed
becomes lower than that without the holding valve.
In the case of a machine conforming to ISO standard, the opening of
the holding valve is controlled so that, when the boom cylinder operating
speed under a test load which corresponds to a half of an actual rated lifting
capacity is set to 200 mm/sec, the cylinder speed in bursting the extension-side
pipeline 13 of a boom cylinder 11 takes a value of less than twice (400
mm/sec) as high as the set value.
The holding valve opening A2 is controlled such that in the foregoing
equation (1), when the speed of 200 mm/sec is ensured at the total opening
ATOTAL and when there remains only the holding valve opening A2 due to
burst of the load-side pipeline, the speed does not exceed the two-fold speed
(400 mm/sec).
Therefore, the holding valve opening A2 does not become an
overwhelmingly larger opening relative to the control valve opening A1.
This controlling condition for the holding valve opening is illustrated
in Figs. 2 and 3.
Fig. 2 illustrates how the control valve opening and the holding valve
opening vary as the pilot pressure Pi changes and Fig. 3 illustrates a spool
stroke of the holding valve 17 relative to changes of the pilot pressure Pi.
In Fig. 2, a dash-dot line I represents a holding valve opening
characteristic in the normal condition, a dash-double dot line II represents
a holding valve opening characteristic upon occurrence of burst, and a solid
line III represents a control valve opening characteristic. Further, the
symbol A represents a value (the amount of operation of the remote control
valve 16) of the pilot pressure Pi at which the cylinder speed becomes 200
mm/sec in the normal condition. In the normal condition, the holding valve
opening takes the value at point x and the control valve opening takes the
value at point z both in Fig. 2, and with the total opening at this time, the
cylinder speed becomes 200 mm/sec.
Upon occurrence of burst, the holding valve opening decreases to the
point y in Fig. 2, and with the total opening at this time, the cylinder speed
is suppressed to a value of smaller than 400 mm/sec.
There may be adopted a construction wherein upon occurrence of burst
the cylinder speed is suppressed to the normal condition speed (200 mm/sec)
or lower.
Thus, when the holding pressure Ph decreases upon occurrence of an
unusual condition such as burst in the cylinder extension-side pipeline 13,
the holding valve opening is narrowed to prevent an increase of the actuator
speed. Therefore, by setting this holding valve opening in the unusual
condition to a value which affords a desirable actuator speed (e.g., lower
than twice as high as that in the normal condition), it is possible to prevent
a sudden lowering of the working attachment in the working machine.
On the other hand, in the normal condition without the occurrence of
burst or the like, the holding valve opening takes a sufficiently larger value
than the control valve opening at that time. Thus, there is no fear of the
operability being influenced by the holding valve opening.
That is, tuning of the holding valve opening can be done independently
without being influenced by the control valve opening and in a simple
manner such that in the normal condition the holding valve opening is set
sufficiently larger than the control valve opening, while in the unusual
condition the holding valve opening is set on the basis of only fulfilling the
safety valve function.
Besides, the holding valve opening can be controlled by the remote
control valve 16. Therefore, for example when the attachment is
suspended at a high position in the air upon occurrence of burst, the holding
valve opening is expanded gradually by operation of the remote control
valve 16, allowing the boom cylinder 11 to operate to its contraction side,
whereby the attachment can be let down to a lower position.
Further, the holding pressure Ph is applied to the holding valve 17 in a
direction (spring set pressure weakening direction) in which it is added to
the pilot pressure Pi to expand the holding valve opening, and thus a change
of the holding pressure Ph is directly linked with a change of the holding
valve opening. Consequently, the operation of the holding valve 17 is
performed quickly and positively in comparison with for example the
construction wherein the holding pressure Ph is detected with a sensor and
the detected signal is converted to an oil pressure signal and applied to the
holding valve, thus resulting in the apparatus reliability becoming higher.
Second Embodiment (see Figs. 4 and 5)
In the following second embodiment the same portions as in the first
embodiment will be denoted by the same reference numerals to omit
tautological explanations thereof.
In this second embodiment, as shown in Fig. 4, a pressure reducing
valve 24 is provided in the holding valve circuit H. The pressure reducing
valve 24 functions as a holding valve control means whose secondary
pressure changes in accordance with the pilot pressure Pi. The holding
pressure Ph is reduced by the pressure reducing valve 24 and is then
applied together with the pilot pressure Pi to the holding valve 17.
According to this construction, in basically the same manner as in the
first embodiment, the holding pressure Ph is added to the pilot pressure Pi
and acts in a direction to expand the holding valve opening. In the normal
condition, therefore, the holding valve opening is set to a value sufficiently
larger than the control valve opening, while in the unusual condition the
holding valve opening is reduced.
Fig. 5 shows how the holding valve opening changes.
As shown in the same figure, in the normal condition, from the time
when the pilot pressure Pi reaches a preset value PiS (when the spool stroke
reaches the point e), the secondary pressure in the pressure reducing valve
is added to the pilot pressure Pi, resulting in the degree of increase of the
holding valve opening (spool stroke) becoming larger. For example, the
cylinder speed becomes 200 mm/sec at point A. At this time the holding
valve opening takes a value sufficiently larger than the control valve
opening.
On the other hand, upon occurrence of burst, the secondary pressure in
the pressure reducing valve is not added. Consequently, the holding valve
opening expands slowly to a narrower extent than in the normal condition
while depending on only the pilot pressure Pi, whereby the cylinder speed
for example at point A is suppressed to lower than 400 mm/sec.
Third and Fourth Embodiments (see Figs. 6 to 9)
In both third and fourth embodiments, the pilot pressure Pi introduced
into the holding valve 17 is controlled in accordance with the holding
pressure Ph.
More specifically, in the third embodiment, as shown in Fig. 6, a
pressure reducing valve 25 is disposed in the pilot line of the holding valve
17. The pressure reducing valve 25 functions as a holding valve control
means whose secondary pressure varies depending on the holding pressure
Ph. In this case, as shown in Fig. 7, the pilot pressure Pi drops upon
lowering of the holding pressure Ph (upon occurrence of a trouble), whereby
the ratio of an increase of the holding valve spool stroke relative to the
amount of operation of the remote control valve decreases and the holding
valve opening is reduced.
On the other hand, in the fourth embodiment, as shown in Fig. 8, an
electromagnetic proportional type pressure reducing valve 26 is disposed in
the pilot line of the holding valve 17. Further provided are pressure
sensors 27 and 28 for detecting the holding pressure Ph and the pilot
pressure Pi, respectively. A secondary pressure Pi2 in the pressure
reducing valve 26 is controlled a command signal provided from a controller
29 in accordance with pressure signals provided from both pressure sensors
27, 28.
The contents of this control will now be described in more detail. As
shown in Fig. 9, when the detected holding pressure Ph exceeds a preset
value PhS (NO in step S1 namely normal condition) and also when the pilot
pressure Pi is not more than a preset value PiS (NO in step S2), the
controller 29 sends a signal to the electromagnetic proportional valve 26 to
set Pi equal to Pi2 (proportional valve secondary pressure) (step S3).
On the other hand, when the answer in step S1 is YES (Ph<PhS,
namely unusual condition) and the answer in step S2 is also YES (Pi≧PiS),
the controller 29 sends a signal to the electromagnetic proportional valve 26
to reduce the secondary pressure Pi2 (step S4).
As a result, as indicated with a solid line in step S4, the ratio of a
change in the proportional valve secondary pressure Pi2 relative to the pilot
pressure Pi becomes gentler or smaller than in the normal condition
(indicated with a dash-double dot line in the same step) and the holding
valve opening is reduced.
Also in both third and fourth embodiments, as in the first and second
embodiments, it is possible to prevent an increase of the cylinder speed in
the unusual condition while ensuring the target operability. Besides, the
setting of the holding valve opening can be done in a simplified manner with
the holding valve 17 alone.
Further, according to the fourth embodiment, a desired way of change
of the holding valve opening relative to the change of the holding pressure
Ph can be selected arbitrarily by a signal processing in the controller 29.
Consequently, it becomes possible to enlarge the control range.
In each of the above embodiments there basically is adopted a
construction wherein the holding valve opening is controlled in accordance
with the pilot pressure Pi of the remote control valve 16. However, there
may be adopted a construction wherein the holding valve opening is
controlled (expanded in the normal condition and reduced in the unusual
condition) in accordance with the holding pressure Ph alone independently
of the pilot pressure Pi.
In this case, the holding valve 17 may be an electromagnetic valve
which is controlled with an electric signal provided from the controller.
The present invention is applicable not only to the boom cylinder
circuit but also to an arm cylinder circuit and the hydraulic actuator circuits
(including a hydraulic motor circuit) in working machines (e.g., crane) other
than the working machine and those using the hydraulic excavator as a
matrix.
Thus, according to the present invention, there is provided a hydraulic
actuator circuit comprising a control valve which is operated by an
operating means and which controls the operation of a hydraulic actuator in
accordance with the amount of operation of the operating means, and a
holding valve disposed in a load-side pipeline of the hydraulic actuator and
whose opening varies in accordance with a signal inputted from its exterior
such as a controller, the holding valve being closed in a neutral state of the
control valve to hold a load, the hydraulic actuator circuit further
comprising a holding valve control means for controlling the opening of the
holding valve during operation of the hydraulic actuator, the holding valve
control means being constructed such that:
(a) in a normal condition wherein a holding pressure acting on the load-side
pipeline takes a value of not smaller than a first given value, the
opening of the holding value is set to a value sufficiently larger than a
meter-out opening of the control valve; and (b) in an unusual condition wherein the holding pressure drops to a value
of not larger than a second given value, the opening of the holding valve is
set to a value at which the actuator speed is lower than that in the absence
of the holding valve.
According to the present invention it is possible to set the holding
valve opening sufficiently larger than the control valve opening in the
normal condition and thereby ensure the target operability while fulfilling
the safety ensuring function inherent in the holding valve, that is,
preventing a sudden lowering of load upon occurrence of a trouble such as
burst in the load-side pipeline.
Besides, tuning of the holding valve opening can be done
independently without being influenced by the control valve opening and in
a simplified manner such that in the normal condition the holding valve
opening is set sufficiently larger than the control valve opening, while in the
unusual condition the holding valve opening is set only on the basis of
fulfilling the function as a safety valve.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been described
above, the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto.