EP1379777B1 - Fuel injection valve - Google Patents

Fuel injection valve Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1379777B1
EP1379777B1 EP02729866A EP02729866A EP1379777B1 EP 1379777 B1 EP1379777 B1 EP 1379777B1 EP 02729866 A EP02729866 A EP 02729866A EP 02729866 A EP02729866 A EP 02729866A EP 1379777 B1 EP1379777 B1 EP 1379777B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuel injection
opening
injection valve
fuel
valve seat
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP02729866A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1379777A1 (en
Inventor
Günter DANTES
Detlef Nowak
Jörg HEYSE
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
    • F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
    • F02M61/18—Injection nozzles, e.g. having valve seats; Details of valve member seated ends, not otherwise provided for
    • F02M61/1853—Orifice plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
    • F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
    • F02M51/061—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means
    • F02M51/0625—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures
    • F02M51/0664—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding
    • F02M51/0671—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding the armature having an elongated valve body attached thereto
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
    • F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
    • F02M61/166—Selection of particular materials

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a fuel injection valve according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the fuel injection valve according to the invention with the characterizing features of claim 1 has the advantage that with him a very high atomization quality of a to be sprayed fuel is achieved.
  • the Fuel injection valve according to the invention is in a It integrated atomizer disk, which functionally can be referred to as fan jet nozzle disk, a Fanning of fuel possible with the optimum Spray pictures especially for direct injection of Fuel can be generated in a combustion chamber.
  • Consequence can at an injection valve a Internal combustion engine u.a. the exhaust emission of Internal combustion engine reduces and also a reduction of fuel consumption.
  • the atomizer disk with at least one radially extending opening area provided, which ends at a baffle and from the the fuel largely due to the slot arrangement perpendicular to the flow direction in the opening area is fanned out.
  • opening area in the Provide atomizer disk.
  • Opening areas for example, a desired oblique sprayed off spray can be generated.
  • a uniform very atomised spray composed of several Fan beams, to be delivered.
  • the atomizer disk it is particularly advantageous to use the atomizer disk to produce the so-called multilayer electroplating.
  • by virtue of their metallic training are such atomizer discs very unbreakable and easy to assemble.
  • the application of Multilayer electroplating allows an extremely large Freedom of design, as the contours of the opening areas in the atomizer disk are freely selectable. Especially in the Compared to silicon wafers where due to the Crystal axes achievable contours are strictly predetermined (Truncated pyramids), this flexible design is very advantageous.
  • the metallic deposition has especially compared to Production of silicon wafers has the advantage of a very great variety of materials.
  • the most different metals with their different magnetic properties and Hardening can be used to manufacture the atomizing disks microplating used.
  • FIG. 1 shows a Fuel injector in section
  • Figure 2 shows the neck II in Figure 1 in the region of the valve seat and the fan jet disk according to the invention
  • Figure 3 a Section along the line III-III in Figure 2 by a upper layer or layer of the fan jet nozzle disk.
  • Electromagnetically actuated valve in the form of a Injector for fuel injection systems of mixture-compression, spark-ignited internal combustion engines has one of a magnetic coil 1 at least partially surrounded, serving as inner pole of a magnetic circuit, tubular, largely hollow cylindrical core 2.
  • the Fuel injector is particularly suitable as High pressure injector for direct injection of Fuel in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine.
  • stepped bobbin 3 made of plastic takes up a winding of the magnetic coil 1 and allows in conjunction with the core 2 and an annular, non-magnetic, partially surrounded by the magnetic coil 1 Intermediate part 4 a particularly compact and short design of the injection valve in the region of the magnetic coil 1.
  • a continuous longitudinal opening. 7 provided, which extends along a valve longitudinal axis. 8 extends.
  • the core 2 of the magnetic circuit also serves as Fuel inlet, wherein the longitudinal opening 7 a Fuel supply channel represents.
  • an external metal (eg ferritic) housing part 14 which is used as external pole or outer guide element closes the magnetic circuit and the Magnet coil 1 at least in the circumferential direction completely surrounds.
  • a fuel filter 15 is provided for the Provides filtering out of such fuel components that due to their size in the injector blockages or Can cause damage.
  • the upper housing part 14 is closed tightly and firmly lower tubular housing part 18, z. B. an axial movable valve member consisting of an armature 19 and a rod-shaped valve needle 20 and a elongated valve seat carrier 21 encloses or receives.
  • the two housing parts 14 and 18 are z. B. with a circumferential weld firmly connected.
  • the seal between the housing part 18 and the Valve seat carrier 21 is z. B. by means of a sealing ring 22nd
  • Valve seat carrier 21 a With its lower end 25, which also at the same time the downstream completion of the entire Represents fuel injector surrounds the Valve seat carrier 21 a in a through hole 24th fitted disc-shaped valve seat member 26 with a e.g. downstream truncated cone tapered Valve seat surface 27.
  • Valve needle 20 disposed at its downstream end a valve closing portion 28 has.
  • conically tapering Valve closing portion 28 acts in a known manner with the Valve seat surface 27 together.
  • Downstream of Valve seat surface 27 follows the valve seat member 26 a Atomizer disk 30, which in the following due to their special function as a so-called fan jet nozzle disc is designated and the example by means of Multilayer electroplating is made and two on each other comprising deposited metallic layers.
  • the actuation of the injection valve takes place in known Way e.g. electromagnetically.
  • the electromagnetic circuit with the magnetic coil 1, the core 2, the housing parts 14 and 18 and the armature 19.
  • the valve needle 20 during its axial movement with the armature 19 along the valve longitudinal axis 8 serves on the one hand in the Valve seat carrier 21 on the armature 19 facing the end provided guide opening 34 and on the other hand upstream of the valve seat member 26 arranged disc-shaped guide member 35 with a dimensionally accurate Guide opening 36.
  • the electromagnetic circuit can also be another excitable actuator, such as a piezostack, in used a comparable fuel injection valve be or actuating the axially movable valve member done by a hydraulic pressure or servo pressure.
  • a piezostack in used a comparable fuel injection valve be or actuating the axially movable valve member done by a hydraulic pressure or servo pressure.
  • Pressed or screwed adjusting sleeve 38 is used for Adjustment of spring preload via a centering piece 39 with its upstream side of the adjusting 38th adjacent return spring 33, which is with her opposite side supported on the armature 19.
  • In the anchor 19 are one or more bore-like flow channels 40 provided by the fuel from the longitudinal opening. 7 in the core 2 from over downstream of the flow channels 40th trained connecting channels 41 near the guide opening 34 in the valve seat carrier 21 into the passage opening 24th can get.
  • the stroke of the valve needle 20 is determined by the mounting position of the Valve seat member 26 predetermined.
  • An end position of Valve needle 20 is in non-energized solenoid 1 by the system of the valve closing portion 28 at the Valve seat surface 27 set while the other End position of the valve needle 20 when the solenoid coil 1 by the attachment of the armature 19 at the downstream Front side of the core 2 results.
  • the electrical contacting of the magnetic coil 1 and thus their excitement via contact elements 43, the outside the bobbin 3 with a Plastic extrusion 44 are provided and continue as Connecting cable 45 run.
  • the plastic extrusion 44 can also be determined by other components (eg housing parts 14 and 18) of the fuel injector.
  • a first paragraph 49 in the through hole 24 serves as Bearing surface for a e.g. helical compression spring 50.
  • a second stage 51 is an enlarged installation space for the three disk-shaped elements 35, 26 and 30 created.
  • the valve needle 20 enveloping compression spring 50th clamped the guide member 35 in the valve seat carrier 21, there against her with her paragraph 49 opposite side the guide element 35 presses ..
  • Downstream of the Valve seat surface 27 is in the valve seat member 26 a central outlet opening 53 introduced by the at opened valve on the valve seat surface 27th along flowing fuel flows to subsequently in a first layer 58 of the fan jet nozzle disk 30 to enter.
  • the fan jet nozzle disk 30 is located, for example, in FIG a recess 54 of a disc-shaped retaining element 55 before, wherein the holding member 55 fixed to the valve seat carrier 21 e.g. by welding, gluing or by jamming connected is.
  • a central Outlet opening 56 is formed through which the fanned Fuel leaves the fuel injector.
  • FIG. 2 shows the detail II in FIG Clarification of the geometry of the fan jet nozzle disk 30.
  • Figure 3 is a sectional view taken along the line III-III in Figure 2, to the contours of the opening geometry within the fan jet nozzle disk 30. To closer to the flow of the fan jet nozzle disk 30 In addition, in FIG Outlet opening 53 of the valve seat member 26 located.
  • the fan jet nozzle disk 30 is formed of two galvanically deposited layers, layers or Layers, thus axially in the installed state follow one another.
  • the two layers 58 and 59 of Fan jet nozzles 30 have e.g. the same Outside diameter on.
  • the first layer 58 is at least one radially extending Opening portion 61 is provided, which over the entire axial Thickness of this layer 58 runs and from the bottom End face 62 of the valve seat member 26 is limited.
  • Each channel-like opening portion 61 ends at a baffle 63, to which the radial running flow hits.
  • each baffle 63 closes in downstream direction in the lower layer 59 a slit-shaped outlet opening 64 at.
  • the radially outside lying wall 65 of each outlet opening 64 extends aligned with the respective baffle 63 and thus provides ultimately their downstream extension.
  • the slit-shaped outlet openings 64 have a larger Length L on as the width 1 of the opening into it Opening area 61. As shown in Fig. 3, L> 1.
  • outlet openings 64 in their longitudinal extent run largely perpendicular to the opening portions 61, can meet the impact wall 63 striking flow in the right angle to it according to the size of the Fan outlet 64 and the fuel will be fine atomized in a fan beam geometry.
  • the thickness of the lower layer 59 and thus the axial length of Outlet openings 64 are decisive for the Beam fanning and deflection.
  • About the Cross-sectional areas of the opening portions 61 can be the Adjust the homogeneity of the fan beam to be sprayed.
  • the beam shape is changeable.
  • rectilinear outlet openings 64 are slotted arcuate outlet openings 64 conceivable.
  • the Fan jet nozzle disk 30 may also be used in contrast to in Figure 1 shown installation variant obliquely inclined to Valve longitudinal axis 8 be attached, so that the Fuel spray at an angle ⁇ to the valve longitudinal axis. 8 is hosed.
  • Fan jet nozzle disc 30 stamping and embossing technology, erodiertechnisch or etching technology produce.

Description

Stand der TechnikState of the art

Die Erfindung geht aus von einem Brennstoffeinspritzventil nach der Gattung des Anspruchs 1.The invention is based on a fuel injection valve according to the preamble of claim 1.

Aus der EP 0 611 886 A1 ist bereits ein elektromagnetisch betätigbares Brennstoffeinspritzventil bekannt, bei dem stromabwärts eines Ventilsitzes eine Lochscheibe bzw. ein Lochscheibenpaket vorgesehen ist. Die zwei aufeinanderliegenden Lochplättchen sind jeweils mit wenigstens einem schlitzförmigen Durchgangsloch ausgeformt. Die Schlitze der einzelnen Plättchen sind derart angeordnet, dass sie sich bei einer Projektion in eine Ebene grundsätzlich schneiden, und zwar im rechten Winkel zueinander. Ein in den Schlitz des stromaufwärtigen Plättchens einströmender Brennstoff strömt von außen zur Mitte des Schlitzes, wo er von dem Schlitz des stromabwärtigen Plättchens untergraben ist. Im Schnittbereich der beiden Schlitze befindet sich somit eine. Durchgangsöffnung durch die gesamte Lochscheibenanordnung, durch die der Brennstoff letztlich abgespritzt wird. Die grabenförmigen Schlitze weisen pyramidenstumpfförmige Wandungen auf, da sie mittels Ätzen in Siliziumscheiben eingebracht sind. From EP 0 611 886 A1 is already an electromagnetic actuatable fuel injection valve is known in which downstream of a valve seat, a perforated disc or a Perforated disk package is provided. The two stacked perforated plates are each with formed at least one slot-shaped through hole. The slots of the individual platelets are arranged such that they are projecting into a plane basically cut, in a right angle to each other. One in the slot of the upstream Platelet inflowing fuel flows from the outside to Middle of the slot where he is from the slot of the undermined downstream platelet. in the Section of the two slots is thus one. Passage opening through the entire perforated disc arrangement, through which the fuel is ultimately sprayed. The trench-shaped slots have truncated pyramidal Walls on, as they are by etching in silicon wafers are introduced.

In der DE-OS 196 07 288 wurde bereits die sogenannte Multilayergalvanik zur Herstellung von Lochscheiben, die insbesondere für den Einsatz an Brennstoffeinspritzventilen geeignet sind, sowie ein Herstellungsprinzip einer Scheibenherstellung durch mehrfaches galvanisches Metallabscheiden verschiedener Strukturen aufeinander, so dass eine einteilige Scheibe vorliegt, ausführlich beschrieben. Die mikrogalvanische Metallabscheidung in mehreren Ebenen, Lagen bzw. Schichten kann auch zur Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe zum Einsatz kommen.In DE-OS 196 07 288 has already been the so-called Multilayer electroplating for the production of perforated disks, the in particular for use on fuel injection valves are suitable, as well as a Manufacturing principle of a disc production by multiple galvanic metal depositing various Structures on top of each other, leaving a one-piece disc is present, described in detail. The microgalvanic Metal deposition in several levels, layers or layers can also for the preparation of the invention Fan jet nozzle disc are used.

Vorteile der ErfindungAdvantages of the invention

Das erfindungsgemäße Brennstoffeinspritzventil mit den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 hat den Vorteil, dass mit ihm eine sehr hohe Zerstäubungsgüte eines abzuspritzenden Brennstoffs erzielt wird. Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Brennstoffeinspritzventil ist in einer an ihm integrierten Zerstäuberscheibe, die von der Funktion her als Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe bezeichnet werden kann, eine Auffächerung des Brennstoffs möglich, mit der optimale Spraybilder insbesondere beim direkten Einspritzen von Brennstoff in einen Brennraum erzeugt werden können. Als Konsequenz können an einem Einspritzventil einer Brennkraftmaschine u.a. die Abgasemission der Brennkraftmaschine reduziert und ebenso eine Verringerung des Brennstoffverbrauchs erzielt werden.The fuel injection valve according to the invention with the characterizing features of claim 1 has the advantage that with him a very high atomization quality of a to be sprayed fuel is achieved. With the Fuel injection valve according to the invention is in a It integrated atomizer disk, which functionally can be referred to as fan jet nozzle disk, a Fanning of fuel possible with the optimum Spray pictures especially for direct injection of Fuel can be generated in a combustion chamber. When Consequence can at an injection valve a Internal combustion engine u.a. the exhaust emission of Internal combustion engine reduces and also a reduction of fuel consumption.

In vorteilhafter Weise ist die Zerstäuberscheibe mit wenigstens einem radial verlaufenden Öffnungsbereich versehen, der an einer Prallwandung endet und von der aus der Brennstoff aufgrund der Schlitzanordnung weitgehend senkrecht zur Strömungsrichtung im Öffnungsbereich aufgefächert wird.Advantageously, the atomizer disk with at least one radially extending opening area provided, which ends at a baffle and from the the fuel largely due to the slot arrangement perpendicular to the flow direction in the opening area is fanned out.

Durch die in den Unteransprüchen aufgeführten Maßnahmen sind vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen und Verbesserungen des im Anspruch 1 angegebenen Brennstoffeinspritzventils möglich.By the measures listed in the dependent claims are advantageous developments and improvements in the Claim 1 specified fuel injection valve possible.

Von Vorteil ist es, mehr als einen Öffnungsbereich in der Zerstäuberscheibe vorzusehen. Durch eine gezielte Anzahl an Öffnungsbereichen kann beispielsweise ein gewünschtes schräg abgespritztes Spray erzeugt werden. Andererseits kann bei einer symmetrischen Anordnung von Öffnungsbereichen, z.B. mit vier Öffnungsbereichen, ein gleichmäßiges feinstzerstäubtes Spray, zusammengesetzt aus mehreren Fächerstrahlen, abgegeben werden.It is advantageous to have more than one opening area in the Provide atomizer disk. Through a targeted number of Opening areas, for example, a desired oblique sprayed off spray can be generated. On the other hand, at a symmetrical arrangement of opening areas, e.g. with four opening areas, a uniform very atomised spray, composed of several Fan beams, to be delivered.

Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, die Zerstäuberscheibe mittels der sogenannten Multilayergalvanik herzustellen. Aufgrund ihrer metallischen Ausbildung sind solche Zerstäuberscheiben sehr bruchsicher und gut montierbar. Die Anwendung der Multilayergalvanik erlaubt eine extrem große Gestaltungsfreiheit, da die Konturen der Öffnungsbereiche in der Zerstäuberscheibe frei wählbar sind. Besonders im Vergleich zu Siliziumscheiben, bei denen aufgrund der Kristallachsen erreichbare Konturen streng vorgegeben sind (Pyramidenstümpfe), ist diese flexible Formgebung sehr vorteilhaft.It is particularly advantageous to use the atomizer disk to produce the so-called multilayer electroplating. by virtue of their metallic training are such atomizer discs very unbreakable and easy to assemble. The application of Multilayer electroplating allows an extremely large Freedom of design, as the contours of the opening areas in the atomizer disk are freely selectable. Especially in the Compared to silicon wafers where due to the Crystal axes achievable contours are strictly predetermined (Truncated pyramids), this flexible design is very advantageous.

Das metallische Abscheiden hat besonders im Vergleich zur Herstellung von Siliziumscheiben den Vorteil einer sehr großen Materialvielfalt. Die verschiedensten Metalle mit ihren unterschiedlichen magnetischen Eigenschaften und Härten können bei der zur Herstellung der Zerstäuberscheiben verwendeten Mikrogalvanik zum Einsatz kommen. The metallic deposition has especially compared to Production of silicon wafers has the advantage of a very great variety of materials. The most different metals with their different magnetic properties and Hardening can be used to manufacture the atomizing disks microplating used.

Durch den Galvanikprozess werden die einzelnen Schichten ohne Trenn- oder Fügestellen so aufeinander aufgebaut, dass sie durchgehend homogenes Material darstellen. Insofern sind "Schichten" als gedankliches Hilfsmittel zu verstehen.By the electroplating process, the individual layers without separation or joints so constructed on each other, that they represent homogeneous material throughout. In that sense To understand "layers" as an intellectual aid.

Zeichnungdrawing

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung vereinfacht dargestellt und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert. Es zeigen Figur 1 ein Brennstoffeinspritzventil im Schnitt, Figur 2 den Ausschnitt II in Figur 1 im Bereich des Ventilsitzes und der erfindungsgemäßen Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe und Figur 3 einen Schnitt entlang der Linie III-III in Figur 2 durch eine obere Lage bzw. Schicht der Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe.An embodiment of the invention is in the drawing simplified and in the following Description explained in more detail. 1 shows a Fuel injector in section, Figure 2 shows the neck II in Figure 1 in the region of the valve seat and the fan jet disk according to the invention and Figure 3 a Section along the line III-III in Figure 2 by a upper layer or layer of the fan jet nozzle disk.

Beschreibung des AusführungsbeispielesDescription of the embodiment

Das in der Figur 1 beispielhaft dargestellte elektromagnetisch betätigbare Ventil in der Form eines Einspritzventils für Brennstoffeinspritzanlagen von gemischverdichtenden, fremdgezündeten Brennkraftmaschinen hat einen von einer Magnetspule 1 zumindest teilweise umgebenen, als Innenpol eines Magnetkreises dienenden, rohrförmigen, weitgehend hohlzylindrischen Kern 2. Das Brennstoffeinspritzventil eignet sich besonders als Hochdruckeinspritzventil zum direkten Einspritzen von Brennstoff in einen Brennraum einer Brennkraftmaschine.The example shown in the figure 1 Electromagnetically actuated valve in the form of a Injector for fuel injection systems of mixture-compression, spark-ignited internal combustion engines has one of a magnetic coil 1 at least partially surrounded, serving as inner pole of a magnetic circuit, tubular, largely hollow cylindrical core 2. The Fuel injector is particularly suitable as High pressure injector for direct injection of Fuel in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine.

Ein beispielsweise gestufter Spulenkörper 3 aus Kunststoff nimmt eine Bewicklung der Magnetspule 1 auf und ermöglicht in Verbindung mit dem Kern 2 und einem ringförmigen, nichtmagnetischen, von der Magnetspule 1 teilweise umgebenen Zwischenteil 4 einen besonders kompakten und kurzen Aufbau des Einspritzventils im Bereich der Magnetspule 1. An example, stepped bobbin 3 made of plastic takes up a winding of the magnetic coil 1 and allows in conjunction with the core 2 and an annular, non-magnetic, partially surrounded by the magnetic coil 1 Intermediate part 4 a particularly compact and short design of the injection valve in the region of the magnetic coil 1.

In dem Kern 2 ist eine durchgängige Längsöffnung 7 vorgesehen, die sich entlang einer Ventillängsachse 8 erstreckt. Der Kern 2 des Magnetkreises dient auch als Brennstoffeinlassstutzen, wobei die Längsöffnung 7 einen Brennstoffzufuhrkanal darstellt. Mit dem Kern 2 oberhalb der Magnetspule 1 fest verbunden ist ein äußeres metallenes (z. B. ferritisches) Gehäuseteil 14, das als Außenpol bzw. äußeres Leitelement den Magnetkreis schließt und die Magnetspule 1 zumindest in Umfangsrichtung vollständig umgibt. In der Längsöffnung 7 des Kerns 2 ist zulaufseitig ein Brennstofffilter 15 vorgesehen, der für die Herausfiltrierung solcher Brennstoffbestandteile sorgt, die aufgrund ihrer Größe im Einspritzventil Verstopfungen oder Beschädigungen verursachen könnten.In the core 2 is a continuous longitudinal opening. 7 provided, which extends along a valve longitudinal axis. 8 extends. The core 2 of the magnetic circuit also serves as Fuel inlet, wherein the longitudinal opening 7 a Fuel supply channel represents. With the core 2 above the Magnetic coil 1 is firmly connected to an external metal (eg ferritic) housing part 14, which is used as external pole or outer guide element closes the magnetic circuit and the Magnet coil 1 at least in the circumferential direction completely surrounds. In the longitudinal opening 7 of the core 2 is on the inlet side a fuel filter 15 is provided for the Provides filtering out of such fuel components that due to their size in the injector blockages or Could cause damage.

An das obere Gehäuseteil 14 schließt sich dicht und fest ein unteres rohrförmiges Gehäuseteil 18 an, das z. B. ein axial bewegliches Ventilteil bestehend aus einem Anker 19 und einer stangenförmigen Ventilnadel 20 bzw. einen langgestreckten Ventilsitzträger 21 umschließt bzw. aufnimmt. Die beiden Gehäuseteile 14 und 18 sind z. B. mit einer umlaufenden Schweißnaht fest miteinander verbunden. Die Abdichtung zwischen dem Gehäuseteil 18 und dem Ventilsitzträger 21 erfolgt z. B. mittels eines Dichtrings 22.The upper housing part 14 is closed tightly and firmly lower tubular housing part 18, z. B. an axial movable valve member consisting of an armature 19 and a rod-shaped valve needle 20 and a elongated valve seat carrier 21 encloses or receives. The two housing parts 14 and 18 are z. B. with a circumferential weld firmly connected. The seal between the housing part 18 and the Valve seat carrier 21 is z. B. by means of a sealing ring 22nd

Mit seinem unteren Ende 25, das auch zugleich den stromabwärtigen Abschluss des gesamten Brennstoffeinspritzventils darstellt, umgibt der Ventilsitzträger 21 ein in einer Durchgangsöffnung 24 eingepasstes scheibenförmiges Ventilsitzelement 26 mit einer sich z.B. stromabwärts kegelstumpfförmig verjüngenden Ventilsitzfläche 27. In der Durchgangsöffnung 24 ist die Ventilnadel 20 angeordnet, die an ihrem stromabwärtigen Ende einen Ventilschließabschnitt 28 aufweist. Dieser beispielsweise sich keglig verjüngende Ventilschließabschnitt 28 wirkt in bekannter Weise mit der Ventilsitzfläche 27 zusammen. Stromabwärts der Ventilsitzfläche 27 folgt dem Ventilsitzelement 26 eine Zerstäuberscheibe 30, die im folgenden aufgrund ihrer besonderen Funktion als sogenannte Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe bezeichnet wird und die beispielsweise mittels Multilayergalvanik hergestellt ist und zwei aufeinander abgeschiedene metallische Schichten umfasst.With its lower end 25, which also at the same time the downstream completion of the entire Represents fuel injector surrounds the Valve seat carrier 21 a in a through hole 24th fitted disc-shaped valve seat member 26 with a e.g. downstream truncated cone tapered Valve seat surface 27. In the through hole 24 is the Valve needle 20 disposed at its downstream end a valve closing portion 28 has. This For example, conically tapering Valve closing portion 28 acts in a known manner with the Valve seat surface 27 together. Downstream of Valve seat surface 27 follows the valve seat member 26 a Atomizer disk 30, which in the following due to their special function as a so-called fan jet nozzle disc is designated and the example by means of Multilayer electroplating is made and two on each other comprising deposited metallic layers.

Die Betätigung des Einspritzventils erfolgt in bekannter Weise z.B. elektromagnetisch. Zur axialen Bewegung der Ventilnadel 20 und damit zum Öffnen entgegen der Federkraft einer in der Längsöffnung 7 des Kerns 2 angeordneten Rückstellfeder 33 bzw. Schließen des Einspritzventils dient der elektromagnetische Kreis mit der Magnetspule 1, dem Kern 2, den Gehäuseteilen 14 und 18 und dem Anker 19. Zur Führung der Ventilnadel 20 während ihrer Axialbewegung mit dem Anker 19 entlang der Ventillängsachse 8 dient einerseits eine im Ventilsitzträger 21 am dem Anker 19 zugewandten Ende vorgesehene Führungsöffnung 34 und andererseits ein stromaufwärts des Ventilsitzelements 26 angeordnetes scheibenförmiges Führungselement 35 mit einer maßgenauen Führungsöffnung 36.The actuation of the injection valve takes place in known Way e.g. electromagnetically. For the axial movement of Valve needle 20 and thus to open against the spring force one arranged in the longitudinal opening 7 of the core 2 Return spring 33 and closing the injector is used the electromagnetic circuit with the magnetic coil 1, the core 2, the housing parts 14 and 18 and the armature 19. For guidance the valve needle 20 during its axial movement with the armature 19 along the valve longitudinal axis 8 serves on the one hand in the Valve seat carrier 21 on the armature 19 facing the end provided guide opening 34 and on the other hand upstream of the valve seat member 26 arranged disc-shaped guide member 35 with a dimensionally accurate Guide opening 36.

Anstelle des elektromagnetischen Kreises kann auch ein anderer erregbarer Aktuator, wie z.B. ein Piezostack, in einem vergleichbaren Brennstoffeinspritzventil verwendet werden bzw. das Betätigen des axial beweglichen Ventilteils durch einen hydraulischen Druck oder Servodruck erfolgen. Instead of the electromagnetic circuit can also be another excitable actuator, such as a piezostack, in used a comparable fuel injection valve be or actuating the axially movable valve member done by a hydraulic pressure or servo pressure.

Eine in der Längsöffnung 7 des Kerns 2 eingeschobene, eingepresste oder eingeschraubte Einstellhülse 38 dient zur Einstellung der Federvorspannung der über ein Zentrierstück 39 mit ihrer stromaufwärtigen Seite an der Einstellhülse 38 anliegenden Rückstellfeder 33, die sich mit ihrer gegenüberliegenden Seite am Anker 19 abstützt. Im Anker 19 sind ein oder mehrere bohrungsähnliche Strömungskanäle 40 vorgesehen, durch die der Brennstoff von der Längsöffnung 7 im Kern 2 aus über stromabwärts der Strömungskanäle 40 ausgebildete Verbindungskanäle 41 nahe der Führungsöffnung 34 im Ventilsitzträger 21 bis in die Durchgangsöffnung 24 gelangen kann.An inserted in the longitudinal opening 7 of the core 2, Pressed or screwed adjusting sleeve 38 is used for Adjustment of spring preload via a centering piece 39 with its upstream side of the adjusting 38th adjacent return spring 33, which is with her opposite side supported on the armature 19. In the anchor 19 are one or more bore-like flow channels 40 provided by the fuel from the longitudinal opening. 7 in the core 2 from over downstream of the flow channels 40th trained connecting channels 41 near the guide opening 34 in the valve seat carrier 21 into the passage opening 24th can get.

Der Hub der Ventilnadel 20 wird durch die Einbaulage des Ventilsitzelements 26 vorgegeben. Eine Endstellung der Ventilnadel 20 ist bei nicht erregter Magnetspule 1 durch die Anlage des Ventilschließabschnitts 28 an der Ventilsitzfläche 27 festgelegt, während sich die andere Endstellung der Ventilnadel 20 bei erregter Magnetspule 1 durch die Anlage des Ankers 19 an der stromabwärtigen Stirnseite des Kerns 2 ergibt.The stroke of the valve needle 20 is determined by the mounting position of the Valve seat member 26 predetermined. An end position of Valve needle 20 is in non-energized solenoid 1 by the system of the valve closing portion 28 at the Valve seat surface 27 set while the other End position of the valve needle 20 when the solenoid coil 1 by the attachment of the armature 19 at the downstream Front side of the core 2 results.

Die elektrische Kontaktierung der Magnetspule 1 und damit deren Erregung erfolgt über Kontaktelemente 43, die außerhalb des Spulenkörpers 3 mit einer Kunststoffumspritzung 44 versehen sind und weiter als Anschlusskabel 45 verlaufen. Die Kunststoffumspritzung 44 kann sich auch über weitere Bauteile (z. B. Gehäuseteile 14 und 18) des Brennstoffeinspritzventils erstrecken.The electrical contacting of the magnetic coil 1 and thus their excitement via contact elements 43, the outside the bobbin 3 with a Plastic extrusion 44 are provided and continue as Connecting cable 45 run. The plastic extrusion 44 can also be determined by other components (eg housing parts 14 and 18) of the fuel injector.

Ein erster Absatz 49 in der Durchgangsöffnung 24 dient als Anlagefläche für eine z.B. schraubenförmige Druckfeder 50. Mit einer zweiten Stufe 51 wird ein vergrößerter Einbauraum für die drei scheibenförmigen Elemente 35, 26 und 30 geschaffen. Die die Ventilnadel 20 umhüllende Druckfeder 50 verspannt das Führungselement 35 im Ventilsitzträger 21, da sie mit ihrer dem Absatz 49 gegenüberliegenden Seite gegen das Führungselement 35 drückt.. Stromabwärts der Ventilsitzfläche 27 ist im Ventilsitzelement 26 eine zentrale Austrittsöffnung 53 eingebracht, durch die der bei geöffnetem Ventil an der Ventilsitzfläche 27 entlangströmende Brennstoff strömt, um nachfolgend in eine erste Lage 58 der Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30 einzutreten. Die Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30 liegt beispielsweise in einer Vertiefung 54 eines scheibenförmigen Halteelements 55 vor, wobei das Halteelement 55 fest mit dem Ventilsitzträger 21 z.B. mittels Schweißen, Kleben oder durch Verklemmen verbunden ist. In dem Halteelement 55 ist eine zentrale Auslassöffnung 56 ausgebildet, durch die der aufgefächerte Brennstoff das Brennstoffeinspritzventil verlässt.A first paragraph 49 in the through hole 24 serves as Bearing surface for a e.g. helical compression spring 50. With a second stage 51 is an enlarged installation space for the three disk-shaped elements 35, 26 and 30 created. The valve needle 20 enveloping compression spring 50th clamped the guide member 35 in the valve seat carrier 21, there against her with her paragraph 49 opposite side the guide element 35 presses .. Downstream of the Valve seat surface 27 is in the valve seat member 26 a central outlet opening 53 introduced by the at opened valve on the valve seat surface 27th along flowing fuel flows to subsequently in a first layer 58 of the fan jet nozzle disk 30 to enter. The fan jet nozzle disk 30 is located, for example, in FIG a recess 54 of a disc-shaped retaining element 55 before, wherein the holding member 55 fixed to the valve seat carrier 21 e.g. by welding, gluing or by jamming connected is. In the holding element 55 is a central Outlet opening 56 is formed through which the fanned Fuel leaves the fuel injector.

Figur 2 zeigt den Ausschnitt II in Figur 1 zur Verdeutlichung der Geometrie der Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30. Figur 3 ist eine Schnittdarstellung entlang der Linie III-III in Figur 2, um die Konturen der Öffnungsgeometrie innerhalb der Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30 zu verdeutlichen. Um die Anströmung der Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30 näher zu charakterisieren, wurde in Figur 3 noch zusätzlich die Austrittsöffnung 53 des Ventilsitzelements 26 eingezeichnet.FIG. 2 shows the detail II in FIG Clarification of the geometry of the fan jet nozzle disk 30. Figure 3 is a sectional view taken along the line III-III in Figure 2, to the contours of the opening geometry within the fan jet nozzle disk 30. To closer to the flow of the fan jet nozzle disk 30 In addition, in FIG Outlet opening 53 of the valve seat member 26 located.

Gebildet wird die Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30 aus zwei galvanisch aufeinander abgeschiedenen Ebenen, Lagen bzw. Schichten, die somit im eingebauten Zustand axial aufeinander folgen. Die beiden Lagen 58 und 59 der Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30 weisen z.B. den gleichen Außendurchmesser auf. Wie bereits erwähnt, erfolgt die Anströmung der Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30 über die zentrale Austrittsöffnung 53 in die Öffnungskontur der Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30 hinein. Da die untere Lage 59 zumindest im Bereich rund um die Ventillängsachse 8 vollständig massiv ausgeführt ist, wird der einströmende Brennstoff an der der ersten Lage 58 zugewandten Oberfläche 60 der unteren Lage 59 umgelenkt, um radial nach außen zu strömen.The fan jet nozzle disk 30 is formed of two galvanically deposited layers, layers or Layers, thus axially in the installed state follow one another. The two layers 58 and 59 of Fan jet nozzles 30 have e.g. the same Outside diameter on. As already mentioned, the Flow of the fan jet nozzle disk 30 via the central Outlet opening 53 in the opening contour of Fan jet nozzle disk 30 inside. Since the lower layer 59 at least in the area around the valve longitudinal axis 8 is made completely solid, is the inflowing Fuel on the first layer 58 facing surface 60 of the lower layer 59 deflected to radially outward stream.

In der ersten Lage 58 ist wenigstens ein radial verlaufender Öffnungsbereich 61 vorgesehen, der über die gesamte axiale Dicke dieser Lage 58 verläuft und von der unteren Stirnfläche 62 des Ventilsitzelements 26 begrenzt wird. Wie der Figur 3 zu entnehmen ist, ist es vorteilhaft, mehrere radiale Öffnungsbereiche 61 auszubilden. Denkbar sind z.B. zwischen zwei und zehn Öffnungsbereiche 61. Sind vier kanalartige Öffnungsbereiche 61 vorgesehen, so verlaufen diese beispielsweise in der Gesamtkontur strahlförmig und bilden zusammen ein Kreuz, so dass die einzelnen Öffnungsbereiche also jeweils in einem Winkel von 90° zueinander liegen. Jeder kanalartige Öffnungsbereich 61 endet an einer Prallwandung 63, auf die die radial verlaufende Strömung auftrifft.In the first layer 58 is at least one radially extending Opening portion 61 is provided, which over the entire axial Thickness of this layer 58 runs and from the bottom End face 62 of the valve seat member 26 is limited. As can be seen from Figure 3, it is advantageous to more form radial opening portions 61. Conceivably, e.g. between two and ten opening areas 61. Are four channel-like opening portions 61 provided so extend this example, in the overall contour jet-shaped and together form a cross, so that the individual Opening areas so each at an angle of 90 ° lie to each other. Each channel-like opening portion 61 ends at a baffle 63, to which the radial running flow hits.

In der unteren Lage 59 der Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30 ist nur eine schlitzartige Öffnungskontur eingebracht. Im Bereich jeder Prallwandung 63 schließt sich in stromabwärtiger Richtung in der unteren Lage 59 eine schlitzförmige Austrittsöffnung 64 an. Die radial außen liegende Wandung 65 jeder Austrittsöffnung 64 verläuft fluchtend zur jeweiligen Prallwandung 63 und stellt somit letztlich deren stromabwärtige Verlängerung dar. Die schlitzförmigen Austrittsöffnungen 64 weisen eine größere Länge L auf als die Breite 1 des in sie mündenden Öffnungsbereichs 61. Wie in Figur 3 gezeigt ist, gilt L > 1. Da die Austrittsöffnungen 64 in ihrer Längserstreckung weitgehend senkrecht zu den Öffnungsbereichen 61 verlaufen, kann sich die auf die Prallwandung 63 treffende Strömung im rechten Winkel dazu entsprechend der Größe der Austrittsöffnung 64 auffächern, und der Brennstoff wird fein zerstäubt in einer Fächerstrahlgeometrie abgegeben.In the lower layer 59 of the fan jet nozzle disk 30 is only a slot-like opening contour introduced. in the Area of each baffle 63 closes in downstream direction in the lower layer 59 a slit-shaped outlet opening 64 at. The radially outside lying wall 65 of each outlet opening 64 extends aligned with the respective baffle 63 and thus provides ultimately their downstream extension. The slit-shaped outlet openings 64 have a larger Length L on as the width 1 of the opening into it Opening area 61. As shown in Fig. 3, L> 1. Since the outlet openings 64 in their longitudinal extent run largely perpendicular to the opening portions 61, can meet the impact wall 63 striking flow in the right angle to it according to the size of the Fan outlet 64 and the fuel will be fine atomized in a fan beam geometry.

Die Dicke der unteren Lage 59 und damit die axiale Länge der Austrittsöffnungen 64 sind Ausschlag gebend für die Strahlauffächerung und -ablenkung. Über die Querschnittsflächen der Öffnungsbereiche 61 lässt sich die Homogenität des abzuspritzenden Fächerstrahls einstellen. Durch die Anzahl und die Anordnung der Austrittsöffnungen 64 ist die Strahlform veränderbar. Neben den in Figur 3 gezeigten geradlinigen Austrittsöffnungen 64 sind auch geschlitzte bogenförmige Austrittsöffnungen 64 denkbar. Die Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30 kann auch im Gegensatz zur in Figur 1 gezeigten Einbauvariante schräg geneigt zur Ventillängsachse 8 befestigt sein, so dass das Brennstoffspray unter einem Winkel γ zur Ventillängsachse 8 abgespritzt wird.The thickness of the lower layer 59 and thus the axial length of Outlet openings 64 are decisive for the Beam fanning and deflection. About the Cross-sectional areas of the opening portions 61 can be the Adjust the homogeneity of the fan beam to be sprayed. By the number and the arrangement of the outlet openings 64 the beam shape is changeable. In addition to those in Figure 3 also shown rectilinear outlet openings 64 are slotted arcuate outlet openings 64 conceivable. The Fan jet nozzle disk 30 may also be used in contrast to in Figure 1 shown installation variant obliquely inclined to Valve longitudinal axis 8 be attached, so that the Fuel spray at an angle γ to the valve longitudinal axis. 8 is hosed.

Die Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30 wird in zwei metallischen Schichten beispielsweise durch galvanische Abscheidung aufgebaut (Multilayergalvanik). Aufgrund der tiefenlithographischen, galvanotechnischen Herstellung gibt es besondere Merkmale in der Konturgebung, von denen hiermit einige in Kurzform zusammenfassend aufgeführt sind:

  • Schichten mit über die Scheibenfläche konstanter Dicke,
  • durch die tiefenlithographische Strukturierung weitgehend senkrechte Einschnitte in den Schichten, welche die jeweils durchströmten Hohlräume bilden (fertigungstechnisch bedingte Abweichungen von ca. 3° gegenüber optimal senkrechten Wandungen können auftreten),
  • gewünschte Hinterschneidungen und Überdeckungen der Einschnitte durch mehrlagigen Aufbau einzeln strukturierter Metallschichten,
  • Einschnitte mit beliebigen, weitgehend achsparallele Wandungen aufweisenden Querschnittsformen,
  • einteilige Ausführung der Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe, da die einzelnen Metallabscheidungen unmittelbar aufeinander erfolgen.
The fan jet nozzle disk 30 is built up in two metallic layers, for example by electrodeposition (multilayer electroplating). Due to the deep lithographic, electroplating production, there are special features in the contouring, of which hereby some are summarized in short form:
  • Layers with over the disk surface of constant thickness,
  • by the deep lithographic structuring largely vertical incisions in the layers which form the respective cavities through which flow (production-related deviations of about 3 ° with respect to optimally vertical walls can occur),
  • desired undercuts and overlaps of the incisions by multilayer construction of individually structured metal layers,
  • Incisions with any, largely axially parallel walls having cross-sectional shapes,
  • one-piece design of the fan jet nozzle disc, since the individual metal deposits occur directly to each other.

Andererseits ist es jedoch ebenso denkbar, die Fächerstrahldüsenscheibe 30 stanz- und prägetechnisch, erodiertechnisch oder ätztechnisch herzustellen.On the other hand, however, it is equally conceivable that Fan jet nozzle disc 30 stamping and embossing technology, erodiertechnisch or etching technology produce.

Claims (8)

  1. Fuel injection valve for fuel injection systems of internal combustion engines, in particular for the direct injection of fuel into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, having a valve longitudinal axis (8), having an actuator (1, 2, 14, 18, 19), having a movable valve part (20) which interacts with a fixed valve seat (27) in order to open and close the valve, which valve seat is formed on a valve seat element (26), and having an atomizer disc (30) arranged downstream of the valve seat (27), the atomizer disc (30) having a first, upstream layer (58), into which fuel can flow in centrally and in which there is at least one radially running opening region (61) through which the fuel can flow in the radially outwards direction and which ends with a deflector wall (63), a slot-like outlet opening (64) adjoining the deflector wall (63) in the downstream direction in a second, downstream layer (59) of the atomizer disc (30), characterized in that the longitudinal extent of the slot-like outlet opening (64) runs substantially perpendicular to the opening region (61) and the length (L) of the outlet opening (64) is greater than the width (1) of the opening region (61) which opens out into it.
  2. Fuel injection valve according to Claim 1, characterized in that the at least one opening region (61) runs in the form of a channel and is delimited by a lower end face (62) of the valve seat element (26) and by a surface (60) of the second layer (59).
  3. Fuel injection valve according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the radially outer wall (65) of the outlet opening (64), at least in the region of the deflector wall (63), is aligned with the latter and thereby represents a downstream extension thereof.
  4. Fuel injection valve according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the at least one outlet opening (64) runs in a straight line or in the shape of an arc.
  5. Fuel injection valve according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that four opening regions (61) each having an outlet opening (64) are provided in the atomizer disc (30).
  6. Fuel injection valve according to Claim 5, characterized in that the opening regions (61) in the first layer (58) form a cross-shaped opening contour.
  7. Fuel injection valve according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the atomizer disc (30) can be produced by electrodeposition of metal.
  8. Fuel injection valve according to Claim 7, characterized in that the two layers (58, 59) of the atomizer disc (30) are formed as two layers deposited metallically on top of one another.
EP02729866A 2001-04-12 2002-04-10 Fuel injection valve Expired - Lifetime EP1379777B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10118273 2001-04-12
DE10118273A DE10118273A1 (en) 2001-04-12 2001-04-12 Fuel injection valve has atomizer disk with first upstream position for central inflow and radial outward apertures
PCT/DE2002/001333 WO2002084112A1 (en) 2001-04-12 2002-04-10 Fuel injection valve

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1379777A1 EP1379777A1 (en) 2004-01-14
EP1379777B1 true EP1379777B1 (en) 2005-03-30

Family

ID=7681350

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP02729866A Expired - Lifetime EP1379777B1 (en) 2001-04-12 2002-04-10 Fuel injection valve

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1379777B1 (en)
JP (1) JP4083023B2 (en)
DE (2) DE10118273A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2002084112A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102004049281A1 (en) * 2004-10-09 2006-04-20 Robert Bosch Gmbh Fuel injector
DE102004049280A1 (en) * 2004-10-09 2006-04-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh Fuel injector
DE102005023793B4 (en) * 2005-05-19 2012-01-12 Ulrich Schmid Device for generating swirl in a fuel injection valve
JP4618262B2 (en) * 2007-03-16 2011-01-26 三菱電機株式会社 Fuel injection valve

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19607277A1 (en) * 1995-03-29 1996-10-02 Bosch Gmbh Robert Perforated disc, in particular for injection valves
DE19703200A1 (en) * 1997-01-30 1998-08-06 Bosch Gmbh Robert Fuel injector
DE19724075A1 (en) * 1997-06-07 1998-12-10 Bosch Gmbh Robert Method for producing a perforated disk for an injection valve and perforated disk for an injection valve and injection valve
KR100372992B1 (en) * 1998-06-22 2003-02-25 가부시키가이샤 히타치세이사쿠쇼 Cylinder-injection type internal combustion engine, method of controlling the engine, and fuel injection nozzle

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DE50202627D1 (en) 2005-05-04
JP2004518909A (en) 2004-06-24
EP1379777A1 (en) 2004-01-14
JP4083023B2 (en) 2008-04-30
WO2002084112A1 (en) 2002-10-24
DE10118273A1 (en) 2002-10-17

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