EP1371711A2 - Long life, white light emitting electroluminescent phosphor - Google Patents

Long life, white light emitting electroluminescent phosphor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1371711A2
EP1371711A2 EP03013280A EP03013280A EP1371711A2 EP 1371711 A2 EP1371711 A2 EP 1371711A2 EP 03013280 A EP03013280 A EP 03013280A EP 03013280 A EP03013280 A EP 03013280A EP 1371711 A2 EP1371711 A2 EP 1371711A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
phosphor
color coordinate
blend
phosphors
electroluminescent phosphor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP03013280A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1371711A3 (en
Inventor
Chen-Wen Fan
Richard G.W. Gingerich
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Global Tungsten and Powders LLC
Original Assignee
Osram Sylvania Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Osram Sylvania Inc filed Critical Osram Sylvania Inc
Publication of EP1371711A2 publication Critical patent/EP1371711A2/en
Publication of EP1371711A3 publication Critical patent/EP1371711A3/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent
    • C09K11/08—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent containing inorganic luminescent materials
    • C09K11/58—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent containing inorganic luminescent materials containing copper, silver or gold
    • C09K11/582—Chalcogenides
    • C09K11/584—Chalcogenides with zinc or cadmium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent
    • C09K11/08—Luminescent materials, e.g. electroluminescent or chemiluminescent containing inorganic luminescent materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
    • H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional [2D] radiating surfaces
    • H05B33/14—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional [2D] radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
    • H05B33/145—Arrangements of the electroluminescent material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps

Definitions

  • This invention relates to phosphors and more particularly to electroluminescent phosphors. Still more particularly, it relates to a process for improving the half-life of such phosphors and particularly, such phosphors that emit white light.
  • Phosphors are a known class of materials that emit electromagnetic radiation in response to stimulation by a form of energy. Generally, the emission of the phosphors is in the visible region of the spectrum. These phosphors are delineated by the form of energy to which they are susceptible, thus: cathode ray tube phosphors are stimulated to emission by impingement of electrons; photoluminescent phosphors are stimulated to emission by actinic radiation; x-ray phosphors are stimulated to emission by the impingement of x-rays; and electroluminescent (hereinafter, EL) phosphors are stimulated to emission by placement in an electric field. It is the latter type of material to which this invention is directed, particularly such phosphors based on ZnS and activated with one or more other materials such as Mn, Cu and/or Cl.
  • EL phosphors have many commercial uses such as for LCD backlights, copy machines, automotive dashboard displays, nightlights, control switch illumination, emergency lighting, watch dials, etc. These phosphors individually have emission colors ranging from orangeyellow through green to greenish-blue and blue.
  • a phosphor blend comprising about 75 wt. % of a first electroluminescent phosphor having an x color coordinate of about 0.530 and a y color coordinate of about 0.455; about 10 wt. % of a second electroluminescent phosphor having an x color coordinate of about 0.185 and a y color coordinate of about 0.440, said second electroluminescent phosphor containing about 600 ppm copper; and about 15 wt. % of a third electroluminescent phosphor having an x color coordinate of about 0.160 and a y color coordinate of about 0.175, said third electroluminescent phosphor containing about 300 ppm copper.
  • This phosphor blend when incorporated into an electroluminescent lamp, and energized by a suitable alternating current electric field, emits white light having an x color coordinate of from about 0.325 to about 0.335 and a y color coordinate of from about 0.355 to about 0.360. Further, the half-life of the phosphor is greater than about 750 hours, and more preferably greater than about 1000 hours.
  • the half-life of the phosphor or phosphor blend is defined as that period of time necessary for the light output of the energized phosphor or phosphor blend to decrease to one-half of its initial light output.
  • the initial light output of the phosphor or phosphor blend is measured immediately after the first 24 hours of operation.
  • Emission colors are represented in terms of C.I.E. x,y color coordinates.
  • the TNE600M and the NE600M differ from the other '600' families of phosphors by the process of making them, such process being described in pending U.S. patent application no. 10/110,982, filed April 19,2002, the teachings of which are incorporated by reference.
  • the four compositions are designated in Table II as TH 82, TH82M, TH45 and TH45M.
  • Table II were incorporated into EL test lamps which were operated at 100V and 400 Hz in a 50% R.H, 70°F environment.
  • the EL test lamps were standard thick film devices comprised of a ⁇ 40 ⁇ m-thick phosphor layer and a ⁇ 16 ⁇ m-thick barium titanate dielectric layer.
  • the lamps are constructed by combining the phosphor with a cyanoresin binder (Shin Etsu Co.) which has been dissolved in a mixture acetone and dimethylformamide.
  • the phosphor suspension is blade coated onto a 0.007 in.-thick PET film having a transparent, conductive layer of indium-tin oxide (ITO) (available from Southwall Technologies Corp.). After drying, the barium titanate layer is applied over the phosphor layer in the same way using a suspension of barium titantate dispersed in the cyanoresin binder.
  • ITO indium-tin oxide
  • a rear electrode comprised of a 70 to 95 ⁇ m-thick graphite layer is applied to the dried barium titanate dielectric layer using a graphite suspension (Acheson Colloids). Lead wires are attached and the entire lamp is laminated with a clear, flexible polyester film (Naplam I from General Binding Corp.) which is applied to both sides.
  • the half-life of the white-emitting phosphor blend was enhanced by at least about 10% over the standard type CJ44.
  • the half life of composition no. TH45M was measured as 1475 hours. This is more than two times the half life of the previous standard.
  • the efficacy of TH45M was measured as 3.0 lumens/watt, which is 50% higher than the standard CJ 44.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Luminescent Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

A long-life, white-emitting phosphor blend is provided which comprises about 75 wt. % of a first electroluminescent phosphor having an x color coordinate of about 0.530 and a y color coordinate of about 0.455; about 10 wt. % of a second electroluminescent phosphor having an x color coordinate of about 0.185 and a y color coordinate of about 0.440, said second electroluminescent phosphor containing about 600 ppm copper; and about 15 wt. % of a third electroluminescent phosphor having an x color coordinate of about 0.160 and a y color coordinate of about 0.175, said third electroluminescent phosphor containing about 300 ppm copper.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Serial No. 10/110,982, filed April 19, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to phosphors and more particularly to electroluminescent phosphors. Still more particularly, it relates to a process for improving the half-life of such phosphors and particularly, such phosphors that emit white light.
BACKGROUND ART
Phosphors are a known class of materials that emit electromagnetic radiation in response to stimulation by a form of energy. Generally, the emission of the phosphors is in the visible region of the spectrum. These phosphors are delineated by the form of energy to which they are susceptible, thus: cathode ray tube phosphors are stimulated to emission by impingement of electrons; photoluminescent phosphors are stimulated to emission by actinic radiation; x-ray phosphors are stimulated to emission by the impingement of x-rays; and electroluminescent (hereinafter, EL) phosphors are stimulated to emission by placement in an electric field. It is the latter type of material to which this invention is directed, particularly such phosphors based on ZnS and activated with one or more other materials such as Mn, Cu and/or Cl.
EL phosphors have many commercial uses such as for LCD backlights, copy machines, automotive dashboard displays, nightlights, control switch illumination, emergency lighting, watch dials, etc. These phosphors individually have emission colors ranging from orangeyellow through green to greenish-blue and blue.
It is known to combine at least three such phosphors to make a material that will emit white light; however, the half-life of the white-emitting phosphor blends is not great, only about 700 hours. Since half-life is important in commercial applications of EL phosphors, it would be advantageous to provide a white-emitting phosphor blend having a longer half-life.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is, therefore, an object of the invention to obviate the disadvantages of the prior art.
It is another object of the invention to enhance the half-life of white emitting electroluminescent phosphors.
These objects are accomplished, in one aspect of the invention, by providing a phosphor blend comprising about 75 wt. % of a first electroluminescent phosphor having an x color coordinate of about 0.530 and a y color coordinate of about 0.455; about 10 wt. % of a second electroluminescent phosphor having an x color coordinate of about 0.185 and a y color coordinate of about 0.440, said second electroluminescent phosphor containing about 600 ppm copper; and about 15 wt. % of a third electroluminescent phosphor having an x color coordinate of about 0.160 and a y color coordinate of about 0.175, said third electroluminescent phosphor containing about 300 ppm copper.
This phosphor blend, when incorporated into an electroluminescent lamp, and energized by a suitable alternating current electric field, emits white light having an x color coordinate of from about 0.325 to about 0.335 and a y color coordinate of from about 0.355 to about 0.360. Further, the half-life of the phosphor is greater than about 750 hours, and more preferably greater than about 1000 hours.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims.
To prepare the blends of white-emitting EL phosphors, eight different lots of coated EL phosphors with various emission colors and coating thicknesses were selected and lamps were made and tested. The results are listed in Table I. As used herein, the half-life of the phosphor or phosphor blend is defined as that period of time necessary for the light output of the energized phosphor or phosphor blend to decrease to one-half of its initial light output. The initial light output of the phosphor or phosphor blend is measured immediately after the first 24 hours of operation. Emission colors are represented in terms of C.I.E. x,y color coordinates.
All of the starting phosphor materials employed herein were provided with a moistureinhibiting coating comprising a mixture of aluminum oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminum trihydroxide, Al(OH)3, via chemical vapor deposition by a process using trimethyl aluminum and an oxygen/ozone reactant. Such a process is described in U.S. Patent No. 6,309,700 which is incorporated herein by reference. Those starting materials having the prefix TNE have a thinner coating layer, as evidenced by the lesser aluminum amounts shown in Table III.
Sample No. Type Emission Color Light Output Half Life Efficacy lm/watt
x y 2 HR 24 HR 100 HR
TH77 TNE100 0.531 0.453 7.8 8.0 6.8 900 2.4
TH46 TNE300 0.185 0.438 24.7 22.3 20.4 1200 5.3
TH53 TNE600 0.157 0.177 11.0 9.2 6.9 213 3.3
TH92 TNE600M 0.166 0.225 12.4 12.7 11.8 804 2.6
TH39 NE100 0.529 0.455 7.2 7.2 6.8 900 3.3
TH30 NE300 0.184 0.436 18.5 18.8 18.0 1200 6.3
TH36 NE600 0.157 0.175 8.5 8.0 6.3 288 3.6
TH93 NE600M 0.164 0.211 10.2 10.8 10.2 ∼1295 2.8
Four white-emitting EL samples were prepared by blending about 75 wt.% of a TNE or NE 100 (ZnS:Cu,Mn), about 10 wt.% of a TNE or NE300 (ZnS:Cu containing about 600 ppm Cu) and about 15 wt.% of a TNE or NE600 or 600M (ZnS:Cu containing about 300 ppm Cu). The TNE600M and the NE600M differ from the other '600' families of phosphors by the process of making them, such process being described in pending U.S. patent application no. 10/110,982, filed April 19,2002, the teachings of which are incorporated by reference.
The four compositions are designated in Table II as TH 82, TH82M, TH45 and TH45M.
Sample No. Type Composition
TH82 TH82M TH45 TH45M
TH77 TNE100 7.3 kg 730 g --- ---
TH46 TNE300 1.2 kg 120 g --- ---
TH53 TNE600 1.5 kg --- --- ---
TH92 TNE600M --- 150 g --- ---
TH39 NE100 --- --- 7.3 kg 730 g
TH30 NE300 --- --- 1.2 kg 120 g
TH36 NE600 --- --- 1.5 kg ---
TH93 NE600M --- --- --- 150g
The four compositions shown in Table II were incorporated into EL test lamps which were operated at 100V and 400 Hz in a 50% R.H, 70°F environment. The EL test lamps were standard thick film devices comprised of a ∼40 µm-thick phosphor layer and a ∼16 µm-thick barium titanate dielectric layer. The lamps are constructed by combining the phosphor with a cyanoresin binder (Shin Etsu Co.) which has been dissolved in a mixture acetone and dimethylformamide. The phosphor suspension is blade coated onto a 0.007 in.-thick PET film having a transparent, conductive layer of indium-tin oxide (ITO) (available from Southwall Technologies Corp.). After drying, the barium titanate layer is applied over the phosphor layer in the same way using a suspension of barium titantate dispersed in the cyanoresin binder. A rear electrode comprised of a 70 to 95 µm-thick graphite layer is applied to the dried barium titanate dielectric layer using a graphite suspension (Acheson Colloids). Lead wires are attached and the entire lamp is laminated with a clear, flexible polyester film (Naplam I from General Binding Corp.) which is applied to both sides.
The results of the lamp tests are shown in Table III wherein the control material is labeled CJ44. This latter material was encapsulated with an aluminum oxide hydroxide coating by employing a prior art process using trimethyl aluminum and water vapor.
Composition No. Al Wt.% Emission Color Light Output (Foot Lamberts) Half Life Efficacy Im/watt
x y 2Hr. 24 Hr. 100 Hr.
TH82 2.7 0.329 0.360 11.3 10.8 9.4 760 2.5
TH45 3.9 0.335 0.358 9.6 9.2 8.2 953 2.7
TH82M 2.7 0.330 0.356 11.9 11.8 10.7 879 2.8
TH45M 3.8 0.327 0.357 10.0 10.0 9.7 1475 3.0
CJ44 3.9 0.329 0.363 9.6 9.1 7.8 704 2.0
These data show that a white-emitting blend made with a blue-emitting phosphor having just about 300 ppm copper (i.e., the '600' series materials), together with the yellow-orangeemitting phosphor which includes copper and manganese and the green-emitting phosphor containing copper in an amount of about 600 ppm (i.e., the '300' series materials), provides greatly increased brightness, higher efficacies and longer life than that provided by the standard white-emitting blend, CJ44.
As can be seen from Table III the half-life of the white-emitting phosphor blend was enhanced by at least about 10% over the standard type CJ44. Most importantly, the half life of composition no. TH45M was measured as 1475 hours. This is more than two times the half life of the previous standard. Additionally, the efficacy of TH45M was measured as 3.0 lumens/watt, which is 50% higher than the standard CJ 44.
While there have been shown and described what are at present considered to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modification can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (9)

  1. A phosphor blend comprising:
    about 75 wt. % of a first electroluminescent phosphor having an x color coordinate of about 0.530 and a y color coordinate of about 0.455;
    about 10 wt. % of a second electroluminescent phosphor having an x color coordinate of about 0.185 and a y color coordinate of about 0.440, said second electroluminescent phosphor containing about 600 ppm copper; and
    about 15 wt. % of a third electroluminescent phosphor having an x color coordinate of about 0.160 and a y color coordinate of about 0.175, said third electroluminescent phosphor containing about 300 ppm copper.
  2. The phosphor blend of Claim 1 wherein said blend has an x color coordinate of from about 0.325 to about 0.335 and a y color coordinate of from about 0.355 to about 0.360.
  3. The phosphor blend of Claim 1 wherein said first electroluminescent phosphor is ZnS:Cu, Mn.
  4. The phosphor blend of Claim 1 wherein said second phosphor is ZnS:Cu.
  5. The phosphor blend of Claim 1 wherein said third phosphor is ZnS:Cu.
  6. The phosphor blend of Claim 2 wherein said blend has a half-life of between 760 and 1475 hours.
  7. The phosphor blend of Claim 2 wherein said blend has a half-life of greater than about 750 hours.
  8. The phosphor blend of Claim 2 wherein said blend has a half-life of greater than about 1000 hours.
  9. The phosphor blend of Claim 8 wherein the first phosphor is ZnS:Cu,Mn, the second phosphor is ZnS:Cu, and the third phosphor is ZnS:Cu.
EP03013280A 2002-06-14 2003-06-12 Long life, white light emitting electroluminescent phosphor Withdrawn EP1371711A3 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US171737 1993-12-22
US10/171,737 US6702959B2 (en) 1999-11-19 2002-06-14 Long life, white light emitting electroluminescent phosphor

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1371711A2 true EP1371711A2 (en) 2003-12-17
EP1371711A3 EP1371711A3 (en) 2005-02-09

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EP03013280A Withdrawn EP1371711A3 (en) 2002-06-14 2003-06-12 Long life, white light emitting electroluminescent phosphor

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US (1) US6702959B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1371711A3 (en)
JP (1) JP4316929B2 (en)
KR (1) KR20030096019A (en)
CA (1) CA2424016A1 (en)
MX (1) MXPA03005082A (en)
TW (1) TWI283702B (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1786243A1 (en) * 2005-11-11 2007-05-16 Osram-Sylvania Inc. White-emitting phosphor blend and electroluminescent lamp containing same
EP1788062A1 (en) * 2005-11-17 2007-05-23 IEE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONICS & ENGINEERING S.A. White light emitting electroluminescent phosphor
US8278816B2 (en) 2004-09-30 2012-10-02 Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. High CRI electroluminescent lamp

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KR100457621B1 (en) * 2002-04-19 2004-11-17 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 Yellow phosphor achieved by ZnS-based host material and process for preparing the same
US7499674B2 (en) * 2003-09-12 2009-03-03 Nokia Corporation Method and system for repeat request in hybrid ultra wideband-bluetooth radio
JP4400371B2 (en) * 2004-08-17 2010-01-20 Ｊｓｒ株式会社 Organic EL panel capture agent and organic EL panel
US7452483B2 (en) * 2004-09-30 2008-11-18 Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. Yellow-emitting phosphor blend for electroluminescent lamps
US7261838B2 (en) * 2004-12-28 2007-08-28 Osram Sylvania Inc. Electroluminescent phosphor
US8298666B2 (en) * 2006-01-26 2012-10-30 Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. Moisture resistant electroluminescent phosphor with high initial brightness and method of making
US7833437B2 (en) * 2006-01-26 2010-11-16 Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. Moisture-resistant electroluminescent phosphor with high initial brightness and method of making
JP4876609B2 (en) * 2006-02-13 2012-02-15 Ｊｓｒ株式会社 Scavenger for organic electronic device and organic electronic device
US7616568B2 (en) * 2006-11-06 2009-11-10 Ixia Generic packet generation
US20090062035A1 (en) * 2007-08-30 2009-03-05 Shawn Ricci Golf equipment formed from castable formulations with resiliency comparable to ionomer resins
CN115341262B (en) * 2022-07-29 2023-08-01 中国科学院理化技术研究所 Gadolinium-based borate crystal and preparation method and application thereof

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US4585673A (en) 1984-05-07 1986-04-29 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Method for coating phosphor particles
US4825124A (en) 1984-05-07 1989-04-25 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Phosphor particle, fluorescent lamp, and manufacturing method
US5196234A (en) 1986-08-29 1993-03-23 Gte Products Corporation Method for preparing zinc orthosilicate phosphor particle
US5009808A (en) * 1988-12-27 1991-04-23 Gte Products Corporation Process for producing electroluminescent yellow zinc sulfide phosphors
US5080928A (en) 1990-10-05 1992-01-14 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Method for making moisture insensitive zinc sulfide based luminescent materials
EP0560617A3 (en) 1992-03-13 1993-11-24 Kawasaki Steel Co Method of manufacturing insulating film on semiconductor device and apparatus for carrying out the same
US5602445A (en) 1995-05-12 1997-02-11 Oregon Graduate Institute Of Science And Technology Blue-violet phosphor for use in electroluminescent flat panel displays
US5643496A (en) * 1996-04-04 1997-07-01 Osram Sylvania Inc. Small size electroluminescent phosphor
US5849218A (en) * 1997-07-14 1998-12-15 C-Cure Corporation Fluorescent pool coating
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EP1412098A4 (en) * 1999-11-19 2008-04-30 Osram Sylvania Inc CAPACITATED LONG-LASTING ELECTROLUMINESCENT LUMINOUS

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7749405B2 (en) 2004-09-30 2010-07-06 Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. White-emitting phosphor blend and electroluminescent lamp containing same
US8278816B2 (en) 2004-09-30 2012-10-02 Global Tungsten & Powders Corp. High CRI electroluminescent lamp
EP1786243A1 (en) * 2005-11-11 2007-05-16 Osram-Sylvania Inc. White-emitting phosphor blend and electroluminescent lamp containing same
EP1788062A1 (en) * 2005-11-17 2007-05-23 IEE INTERNATIONAL ELECTRONICS & ENGINEERING S.A. White light emitting electroluminescent phosphor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
MXPA03005082A (en) 2004-02-12
TW200400245A (en) 2004-01-01
KR20030096019A (en) 2003-12-24
US20030230741A1 (en) 2003-12-18
CA2424016A1 (en) 2003-12-14
EP1371711A3 (en) 2005-02-09
TWI283702B (en) 2007-07-11
US6702959B2 (en) 2004-03-09
JP4316929B2 (en) 2009-08-19
JP2004018856A (en) 2004-01-22

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