EP1369502A1 - Mittel zur Elektrobeschichtung - Google Patents

Mittel zur Elektrobeschichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1369502A1
EP1369502A1 EP03076855A EP03076855A EP1369502A1 EP 1369502 A1 EP1369502 A1 EP 1369502A1 EP 03076855 A EP03076855 A EP 03076855A EP 03076855 A EP03076855 A EP 03076855A EP 1369502 A1 EP1369502 A1 EP 1369502A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
medium
silicate
panel
metal
zinc
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Ceased
Application number
EP03076855A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Robert L. Heimann
William M. Dalton
John Hahn
David L. Price
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Elisha Holding LLC
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Elisha Holding LLC
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Publication date
Application filed by Elisha Holding LLC filed Critical Elisha Holding LLC
Priority to EP06115485A priority Critical patent/EP1785510A1/de
Priority claimed from EP98902738A external-priority patent/EP0958410B1/de
Publication of EP1369502A1 publication Critical patent/EP1369502A1/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D9/00—Electrolytic coating other than with metals
    • C25D9/04—Electrolytic coating other than with metals with inorganic materials

Definitions

  • the instant invention relates to a medium for forming a deposit on the surface of a metallic or conductive surface.
  • the medium deposits a mineral containing coating or film upon a metallic or conductive surface.
  • Silicates have been used in electrocleaning operations to clean steel, tin, among other surfaces. Electrocleaning is typically employed as a cleaning step prior to an electroplating operation. Using "Silicates As Cleaners In The Production of Tinplate” is described by L.J. Brown in February 1966 edition of Plating.
  • the instant invention solves problems associated with conventional practices by providing a medium for a cathodic method for forming a protective layer upon a metallic substrate.
  • the cathodic method is normally conducted by immersing a electrically conductive substrate into a silicate containing bath wherein a current is pased through the bath and the substrate is the cathode.
  • a mineral layer comprising an amorphous matrix surrounding or incorporating metal silicate crystals forms upon the substrate.
  • the mineral layer imparts improved corrosion resistance, among other properties, to the underlying substrate.
  • inventive medium is also a marked improvement as solvents or solvent containing systems are not required to form a corrosion resistant layer, i.e., a mineral layer.
  • inventive medium is substantially solvent free.
  • substantially solvent free it is meant that less than about 5 wt.%, and normally less than about 1 wt.% volatile organic compounds (V.O.C.s) are present in the electrolytic environment.
  • the instant invention relates to a medium according to Claim 1.
  • the medium is employed in a process an electrically enhanced method to obtain a mineral coating or film upon a metallic or conductive surface.
  • mineral containing coating it is meant to refer to a relatively thin coating or film which is formed upon a metal or conductive surface wherein at least a portion of the coating or film includes at least one of metal atom containing mineral, e.g., an amorphous phase or matrix surrounding or incorporating crystals comprising a zinc disilicate.
  • Mineral and Mineral Containing are defined in the previously identified Copending and Commonly Assigned Patents and Patent Applications; incorporated by reference.
  • electrodeposition or “electrodeposition” or “electrically enhanced”, it is meant to refer to an environment created by passing an electrical current through a silicate containing medium while in contact with an electrically conductive substrate wherein the substrate functions as the cathode.
  • the electroyltic environment can be established in any suitable manner including immersing the substrate, applying a silicate containing coating upon the substrate and thereafter applying an electrical current, among others.
  • the preferred method for establishing the environment will be determined by the size of the substrate, electroplating time, among other parameters known in the electrodeposition art.
  • the silicate containing medium can be a fluid bath, gel, spray, among other methods for contacting the substrate with the silicate medium.
  • the silicate medium comprise a bath containing at least one alkali silicate, a gel comprising at least one alkali silicate and a thickener, among others.
  • the medium comprises a bath of sodium silicate.
  • the metal surface refers to a metal article as well as a non-metallic or an electrically conductive member having an adhered metal or conductive layer.
  • suitable metal surfaces comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of galvanized surfaces, zinc, iron, steel, brass, copper, nickel, tin, aluminum, lead, cadmium, magnesium, alloys thereof, among others.
  • the mineral layer can be formed on a nonconductive substrate having at least one surface coated with an electrically conductive material, e.g., a ceramic material encapsulated within a metal.
  • Conductive surfaces can also include carbon or graphite as well as conductive polymers (polyaniline for example).
  • the mineral coating can enhance the surface characteristics of the metal or conductive surface such as resistance to corrosion, protect carbon (fibers for example) from oxidation and improve bonding strength in composite materials, and reduce the conductivity of conductive polymer surfaces including potential application in sandwich type materials.
  • the silicate medium is modified to include one or more dopant materials. While the cost and handling characteristics of sodium silicate are desirable, at least one member selected from the group of water soluble salts and oxides of tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, titanium, zircon, vanadium, phosphorus, aluminum, iron, boron, bismuth, gallium, tellurium, germanium, antimony, niobium (also known as columbium), magnesium and manganese, mixtures thereof, among others, and usually, salts and oxides of aluminum and iron can be employed along with or instead of a silicate.
  • the dopant materials can be introduced to the metal or conductive surface in pretreatment steps prior to electrodeposition, in post treatment steps following electrodeposition, and/or by alternating electrolytic dips in solutions of dopants and solutions of silicates if the silicates will not form a stable solution with the water soluble dopants.
  • sodium silicate is employed as a mineral solution
  • desirable results can be achieved by using N grade sodium silicate supplied by Philadelphia Quartz (PQ) Corporation.
  • PQ Philadelphia Quartz
  • the presence of dopants in the mineral solution can be employed to form tailored mineral containing surfaces upon the metal or conductive surface, e.g, an aqueous sodium silicate solution containing aluminate can be employed to form a layer comprising oxides of silicon and aluminum.
  • the silicate solution can also be modified by adding water soluble polymers, and the elctrodeposition solution itself can be in the form of a flowable gel consistency.
  • a suitable composition can be obtained in an aqueous composition comprising 3 wt% N-grade Sodium Silicate Solution (PQ Corp), 0.5 wt% Carbopol EZ-2 (BF Goodrich), about 5 to 10 wt.% fumed silica, mixtures thereof, among others .
  • the aqueous silicate solution can be filled with a water dispersible polymer such as polyurethane to electro deposit a mineral-polymer composite coating.
  • the characteristics of the electrodeposition solution can be modified or tailored by using an anode material as a source of ions which can be available for codeposition with the mineral anions and/or one or more dopants.
  • the dopants can be useful for building additional thickness of the electrodeposited mineral layer.
  • Items 1, 2, 7, and 8 can be especially effective in tailoring the chemical and physical characteristics of the coating. That is, items 1 and 2 can affect the deposition time and coating thickness whereas items 7 and 8 can be employed for introducing dopants that impart desirable chemical characteristics to the coating.
  • the differing types of anions and cations can comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of Group I metals, Group II metals, transition and rare earth metal oxides, oxyanions such as mineral, molybdate, phosphate, titanate, boron nitride, silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, mixtures thereof, among others.
  • the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) data in the following Examples demonstrate the presence of a unique metal disilicate species within the mineralized layer, e.g., ESCA measures the binding energy of the photoelectrons of the atoms present to determine bonding characteristics.
  • ESCA x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
  • FIG. 1 A schematic of the circuit and apparatus which were employed for practicing the Example are illustrated in Figure 1.
  • the aforementioned test panels were contacted with a solution comprising 10% sodium mineral and deionized water.
  • a current was passed through the circuit and solution in the manner illustrated in Figure 1.
  • the test panels was exposed for 74 hours under ambient environmental conditions.
  • a visual inspection of the panels indicated that a light-grey colored coating or film was deposited upon the test panel.
  • the coated panels were tested in accordance with ASTM Procedure No. B 117. A section of the panels was covered with tape so that only the coated area was exposed and. thereafter, the taped panels were placed into salt spray. For purposes of comparison, the following panels were also tested in accordance with ASTM Procedure No. B117, 1) Bare Electrogalvanized Panel, and 2) Bare Electrogalvanized Panel soaked for 70 hours in a 10% Sodium Mineral Solution. In addition, bare zinc phosphate coated steel panels(ACT B952, no Parcolene) and bare iron phosphate coated steel panels (B1000, no Parcolene) were subjected to salt spray for reference.
  • the silicon photoelectron binding energy was used to characterized the nature of the formed species within the mineralized layer that was formed on the cathode. This species was identified as a zinc disilicate modified by the presence of sodium ion by the binding energy of 102.1 eV for the Si(2p) photoelectron.
  • This Example illustrates performing the electrodeposition process at an increased voltage and current in comparison to Example 1.
  • the cathode panel Prior to the electrodeposition, the cathode panel was subjected to preconditioning process:
  • a power supply was connected to an electrodeposition cell consisting of a plastic cup containing two standard ACT cold roll steel (clean, unpolished) test panels.
  • One end of the test panel was immersed in a solution consisting of 10% N grade sodium mineral (PQ Corp.) in deionized water.
  • the immersed area (1 side) of each panel was approximately 8 cm by 10 cm (80 cm 2 )(3 inches by 4 inches (12 sq. in.)) for a 1:1 anode to cathode ratio.
  • the panels were connected directly to the DC power supply and a voltage of 6 volts was applied for 1 hour.
  • the resulting current ranged from approximately 0.7-1.9 Amperes.
  • the resultant current density ranged from 0.008-0.02 amps/cm (0.05-0.16 amps/in 2 ).
  • the coated panel was allowed to cry at ambient conditions and then evaluated for humidity resistance in accordance with ASTM Test No. D2247 by visually monitoring the corrosion activity until development of red corrosion upon 5% of the panel surface area.
  • the coated test panels lasted 25 hours until the first appearance of red corrosion and 120 hours until 5% red corrosion.
  • conventional iron and zinc phosphated steel panels develop first corrosion and 5% red corrosion after 7 hours in ASTM D2247 humidity exposure. The above Examples, therefore, illustrate that the inventive process offers an improvement in corrosion resistance over iron and zinc phosphated steel panels.
  • Two lead panels were prepared from commercial lead sheathing and cleaned in 6M HCl for 25 minutes. The cleaned lead panels were subsequently placed in a solution comprising 1 wt.% N-grade sodium silicate (supplied by PQ Corporation).
  • One lead panel was connected to a DC power supply as the anode and the other was a cathode.
  • a potentional of 20 volts was applied initially to produce a current ranging from 0.9 to 1.3 Amperes. After approximately 75 minutes the panels were removed from the sodium silicate solution and rinsed with deionized water.
  • ESCA analysis was performed on the lead surface.
  • the silicon photoelectron binding energy was used to characterized the nature of the formed species within the mineralized layer. This species was identified as a lead disilicate modified by the presence of sodium ion by the binding energy of 102.0 eV for the Si(2p) photoelectron.
  • This Example demonstrates forming a mineral surface upon an aluminum substrate.
  • aluminum coupons (3" x 6") were reacted to form the metal silicate surface.
  • Two different alloys of aluminum were used, A1 2024 and A17075.
  • each panel was prepared using the methods outlined below in Table A.
  • Each panel was washed with reagent alcohol to remove any excessive dirt and oils.
  • the panels were either cleaned with Alumiprep 33, subjected to anodic cleaning or both. Both forms of cleaning are designed to remove excess aluminum oxides.
  • Anodic cleaning was accomplished by placing the working panel as an anode into an aqueous solution containing 5% NaOH, 2.4% Na 2 CO 3 , 2% Na 2 SiO 3 , 0.6% Na 3 PO 4 , and applying a potential to maintain a current density of 100mA/cm 2 across the immersed area of the panel for one minute.
  • the panel was placed in a 1 liter beaker filled with 800 mL of solution.
  • the baths were prepared using deionized water and the contents are shown in the table below.
  • the panel was attached to the negative lead of a DC power supply by a wire while another panel was attached to the positive lead.
  • the two panels were spaced 5 cm(2inches) apart from each other.
  • the potential was set to the voltage shown on the table and the cell was run for one hour.
  • ESCA was used to analyze the surface of each of the substrates. Every sample measured showed a mixture of silica and metal silicate. Without wishing to be bound by any theory or explanation, it is believed that the metal silicate is a result of the reaction between the metal cations of the surface and the alkali silicates of the coating. It is also believed that the silica is a result of either excess silicates from the reaction or precipitated silica from the coating removal process.
  • the metal silicate is indicated by a Si (2p) binding energy (BE) in the low 102 eV range, typically between 102.1 to 102.3.
  • the silica can be seen by Si(2p) BE between 103.3 to 103.6 eV.
  • the resulting spectra show overlapping peaks, upon deconvolution reveal binding energies in the ranges representative of metal silicate and silica.
  • This Example illustrates an alternative to immersion for creating the silicate containing medium.
  • aqueous gel made from 5% sodium silicate and 10% fumed silica was used to coat cold rolled steel panels.
  • One panel was washed with reagent alcohol, while the other panel was washed in a phosphoric acid based metal prep, followed by a sodium hydroxide wash and a hydrogen peroxide bath.
  • the apparatus was set up using a DC power supply connecting the positive lead to the steel panel and the negative lead to a platinum wire wrapped with glass wool. This setup was designed to simulate a brush plating operation. The "brush" was immersed in the gel solution to allow for complete saturation. The potential was set for 12V and the gel was painted onto the panel with the brush. As the brush passed over the surface of the panel, hydrogen gas evolution could be seen.
  • the gel was brushed on for five minutes and the panel was then washed with DI water to remove any excess gel and unreacted silicates.
  • ESCA was used to analyze the surface of each steel panel. ESCA detects the reaction products between the metal substrate and the environment created by the electrolytic process. Every sample measured showed a mixture of silica and metal silicate.
  • the metal silicate is a result of the reaction between the metal cations of the surface and the alkali silicates of the coating.
  • the silica is a result of either excess silicates from the reaction or precipitated silica from the coating removal process.
  • the metal silicate is indicated by a Si (2p) binding energy (BE) in the low 102 eV range, typically between 102.1 to 102.3.
  • the silica can be seen by Si(2p) BE between 103.3 to 103.6 eV.
  • the resulting spectra show overlapping peaks, upon deconvolution reveal binding energies in the ranges representative of metal silicate and silica.
  • Example 2 cold rolled steel coupons (ACT laboratories) were reacted to form the metal silicate surface. Prior to the panels being subjected to the electrolytic process, each panel was prepared using the methods outlined below in Table B. Each panel was washed with reagent alcohol to remove any excessive dirt and oils. The panels were either cleaned with Metalprep 79 (Parker Amchem), subjected to anodic cleaning or both. Both forms of cleaning are designed to remove excess metal oxides.
  • Metalprep 79 Parker Amchem
  • Anodic cleaning was accomplished by placing the working panel as an anode into an aqueous solution containing 5% NaOH, 2.4% Na 2 CO 3 , 2% Na 2 SiO 3 , 0.6% Na 3 PO 4 , and applying a potential to maintain a current density of 100mA/cm 2 across the immersed area of the panel for one minute.
  • the panel was placed in a 1 liter beaker filled with 800 mL of solution.
  • the baths were prepared using deionized water and the contents are shown in the table below.
  • the panel was attached to the negative lead of a DC power supply by a wire while another panel was attached to the positive lead.
  • the two panels were spaced inches apart from each other.
  • the potential was set to the voltage shown on the table and the cell was run for one hour.
  • the electrolytic process was either run as a constant current or constant voltage experiment, designated-by the CV or CC symbol in the table.
  • Constant Voltage experiments applied a constant potential to the cell allowing the current to fluctuate while Constant Current experiments held the current by adjusting the potential.
  • Panels were tested for corrosion protection using ASTM B117. Failures were determined at 5% surface coverage of red rust.
  • ESCA was used to analyze the surface of each of the substrates. ESCA detects the reaction products between the metal substrate and the environment created by the electrolytic process. Every sample measured showed a mixture of silica and metal silicate.
  • the metal silicate is a result of the reaction between the metal cations of the surface and the alkali silicates of the coating.
  • the silica is a result of either excess silicates from the reaction or precipitated silica from the coating removal process.
  • the metal silicate is indicated by a Si (2p) binding energy (BE) in the low 102 eV range, typically between 102.1 to 102.3.
  • the silica can be seen by Si(2p) BE between 103.3 to 103.6 eV.
  • the resulting spectra show overlapping peaks, upon deconvolution reveal binding energies in the ranges representative of metal silicate and silica.
  • Example 2 zinc galvanized steel coupons (EZG 60G ACT Laboratories) were reacted to form the metal silicate surface. Prior to the panels being subjected to the electrolytic process, each panel was prepared using the methods outlined below in Table C. Each panel was washed with reagent alcohol to remove any excessive dirt and oils.
  • the panel was placed in a 1 liter beaker filled with 800 mL of solution.
  • the baths were prepared using deionized water and the contents are shown in the table below.
  • the panel was attached to the negative lead of a DC power supply by a wire while another panel was attached to the positive lead.
  • the two panels were spaced approximately 5 cm (2 inches) apart from each other.
  • the potential was set to the voltage shown on the table and the cell was run for one hour.
  • Panels were tested for corrosion protection using ASTM B117. Failures were determined at 5% surface coverage of red rust.
  • ESCA was used to analyze the surface of each of the substrates. ESCA detects the reaction products between the metal substrate and the environment created by the electrolytic process. Every sample measured showed a mixture of silica and metal silicate.
  • the metal silicate is a result of the reaction between the metal cations of the surface and the alkali silicates of the coating.
  • the silica is a result of either excess silicates from the reaction or precipitated silica from the coating removal process.
  • the metal silicate is indicated by a Si (2p) binding energy (BE) in the low 102 eV range, typically between 102.1 to 102.3.
  • the silica can be seen by Si(2p) BE between 103.3 to 103.6 eV.
  • the resulting spectra show overlapping peaks, upon deconvolution reveal binding energies in the ranges representative of metal silicate and silica.
  • Example 2 Using the same apparatus in Example 1, copper coupons (C 110 Hard, Fullerton Metals) were reacted to form the metal silicate surface. Prior to the panels being subjected to the electrolytic process, each panel was prepared using the methods outlined below in Table D. Each panel was washed with reagent alcohol to remove any excessive dirt and oils.
  • the panel was placed in a 1 liter beaker filled with 800 mL of solution.
  • the baths were prepared using deionized water and the contents are shown in the table below.
  • the panel was attached to the negative lead of a DC power supply by a wire while another panel was attached to the positive lead.
  • the two panels were spaced 5 cm (2 inches)apart from each other.
  • the potential was set to the voltage shown on the table and the cell was run for one hour.
  • Example AA1 BB2 CC3 DD4 EE5 Substrate type Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Bath Solution Na 2 SiO 3 10% 10% 1% 1% - Potential (V) 12 (CV) 6 (CV) 6 (CV) 36 (CV) - Current Density (mA/cm 2 ) 40-17 19-9 4-1 36-10 - B117 11 hrs 11hrs 5 hrs 5 hrs 2hrs
  • Panels were tested for corrosion protection using ASTM B117. Failures were determined by the presence of copper oxide which was indicated by the appearance of a dull haze over the surface.
  • ESCA was used to analyze the surface of each of the substrates. ESCA allows us to examine the reaction products between the metal substrate and the environment set up from the electrolytic process. Every sample measured showed a mixture of silica and metal silicate.
  • the metal silicate is a result of the reaction between the metal cations of the surface and the alkali silicates of the coating.
  • the silica is a result of either excess silicates from the reaction or precipitated silica from the coating removal process.
  • the metal silicate is indicated by a Si (2p) binding energy (BE) in the low 102 eV range, typically between 102.1 to 102.3.
  • the silica can be seen by Si(2p) BE between 103.3 to 103.6 eV.
  • the resulting spectra show overlapping peaks, upon deconvolution reveal binding energies in the ranges representative of metal silicate and silica.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
  • Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
EP03076855A 1997-01-31 1998-01-30 Mittel zur Elektrobeschichtung Ceased EP1369502A1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP06115485A EP1785510A1 (de) 1997-01-31 1998-01-30 Mittel zur Elektrobeschichtung

Applications Claiming Priority (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US3602497P 1997-01-31 1997-01-31
US36024P 1997-01-31
US4544697P 1997-05-02 1997-05-02
US45446P 1997-05-02
US16250 1998-01-30
EP98902738A EP0958410B1 (de) 1997-01-31 1998-01-30 Ein elektrolytisch verfahren zur herstellung einer ein mineral enthaltende beschichtung
US09/016,250 US6149794A (en) 1997-01-31 1998-01-30 Method for cathodically treating an electrically conductive zinc surface

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98902738A Division EP0958410B1 (de) 1997-01-31 1998-01-30 Ein elektrolytisch verfahren zur herstellung einer ein mineral enthaltende beschichtung
EP98902738.8 Division 1998-08-06

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EP03076855A Ceased EP1369502A1 (de) 1997-01-31 1998-01-30 Mittel zur Elektrobeschichtung

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003021009A2 (en) * 2001-08-03 2003-03-13 Elisha Holding Llc Process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby
EP2186928A1 (de) * 2008-11-14 2010-05-19 Enthone, Inc. Verfahren zur Nachbehandlung von Metallschichten

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3658662A (en) * 1969-01-21 1972-04-25 Durolith Corp Corrosion resistant metallic plates particularly useful as support members for photo-lithographic plates and the like
GB2027055A (en) * 1978-07-20 1980-02-13 Nippon Steel Corp Manganese coating of steels
JPS5719382A (en) * 1980-07-07 1982-02-01 Showa Alum Corp Formation of heating surface on aluminum material
US4450209A (en) * 1981-12-08 1984-05-22 Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha Multi-layer surface-treated steel plate having zinc-containing layer
US4792358A (en) * 1986-05-26 1988-12-20 Okuno Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Inorganic coating compositions
US5134039A (en) * 1988-04-11 1992-07-28 Leach & Garner Company Metal articles having a plurality of ultrafine particles dispersed therein
EP0608107A2 (de) * 1993-01-21 1994-07-27 Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. Dispersion von kolloidalen Teilchen und wässrige Überzugsmasse
US5352277A (en) * 1988-12-12 1994-10-04 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company Final polishing composition

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3658662A (en) * 1969-01-21 1972-04-25 Durolith Corp Corrosion resistant metallic plates particularly useful as support members for photo-lithographic plates and the like
GB2027055A (en) * 1978-07-20 1980-02-13 Nippon Steel Corp Manganese coating of steels
JPS5719382A (en) * 1980-07-07 1982-02-01 Showa Alum Corp Formation of heating surface on aluminum material
US4450209A (en) * 1981-12-08 1984-05-22 Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha Multi-layer surface-treated steel plate having zinc-containing layer
US4792358A (en) * 1986-05-26 1988-12-20 Okuno Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Inorganic coating compositions
US5134039A (en) * 1988-04-11 1992-07-28 Leach & Garner Company Metal articles having a plurality of ultrafine particles dispersed therein
US5352277A (en) * 1988-12-12 1994-10-04 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Company Final polishing composition
EP0608107A2 (de) * 1993-01-21 1994-07-27 Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. Dispersion von kolloidalen Teilchen und wässrige Überzugsmasse

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 006, no. 090 (C - 104) 27 May 1982 (1982-05-27) *

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003021009A2 (en) * 2001-08-03 2003-03-13 Elisha Holding Llc Process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby
WO2003021009A3 (en) * 2001-08-03 2004-09-02 Elisha Holding Llc Process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby
US6911139B2 (en) 2001-08-03 2005-06-28 Elisha Holding Llc Process for treating a conductive surface and products formed thereby
EP2186928A1 (de) * 2008-11-14 2010-05-19 Enthone, Inc. Verfahren zur Nachbehandlung von Metallschichten
US9222189B2 (en) 2008-11-14 2015-12-29 Enthone Inc. Method for the post-treatment of metal layers

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