EP1342932A2 - Ceramic material for friction linings - Google Patents

Ceramic material for friction linings Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1342932A2
EP1342932A2 EP03004328A EP03004328A EP1342932A2 EP 1342932 A2 EP1342932 A2 EP 1342932A2 EP 03004328 A EP03004328 A EP 03004328A EP 03004328 A EP03004328 A EP 03004328A EP 1342932 A2 EP1342932 A2 EP 1342932A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
friction
ceramic
friction linings
carbon
metal oxides
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP03004328A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1342932A3 (en
EP1342932B1 (en
Inventor
Ronald Dr. Hüner
Moritz Bauer
Peter Winkelmann
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Audi AG
Original Assignee
SGL Carbon SE
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    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/16—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on silicates other than clay
    • C04B35/18—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on silicates other than clay rich in aluminium oxide
    • C04B35/195—Alkaline earth aluminosilicates, e.g. cordierite or anorthite
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    • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/013—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics containing carbon
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    • C04B35/03—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or oxide mixtures derived from dolomite
    • C04B35/04—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or oxide mixtures derived from dolomite based on magnesium oxide
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    • C04B35/71—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents
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    • C04B35/76—Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like
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    • C04B35/80—Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
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    • F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
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    • F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
    • F16D69/02—Compositions of linings; Methods of manufacturing
    • F16D69/025—Compositions based on an organic binder
    • F16D69/026—Compositions based on an organic binder containing fibres
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    • C04B2235/3427—Silicates other than clay, e.g. water glass
    • C04B2235/3436—Alkaline earth metal silicates, e.g. barium silicate
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Definitions

  • the invention relates to ceramic materials for friction linings.
  • C / SiC or C / C-SiC are used as the brake disc material.
  • These materials are a ceramic formed essentially from silicon carbide and secondary phases from silicon and carbon, which are reinforced with carbon fibers, as described, for example, in DE-A 197 10 105. These materials are known to be produced by infiltration of porous C / C preforms (carbon fiber reinforced carbon) with liquid silicon and reaction of at least part of the carbon with it to form silicon carbide. With brake discs of this type, temperatures of 1000 ° C. and more occur on the friction surface during the braking process, and organically bound brake pads can be decomposed.
  • DE-A 197 27 587 solves the problem of high operating temperatures during the braking process in a combination of brake discs made of a short fiber reinforced C / SiC ceramic and a brake pad with an organically bound matrix in that the brake disc is designed so that its thermal conductivity is vertical to the surface of the pane is at least 20 W / m K.
  • This high thermal conductivity means that conventional, organically bonded brake pads can also be used in conjunction with the ceramic brake disc.
  • the service life of the linings achieved here is not satisfactory.
  • DE-A 197 27 586 discloses a combination of a C / SiC brake disc and a corresponding C / SiC brake pad, the C / C pre-body of the brake pad having a higher density (lower porosity) than the areas near the surface of the C / C pre-body of the brake disc. This leads to a C / SiC after the liquid siliconization of the C / C pre-body of the brake pad because of its lower silicon carbide content lower strength is formed. Overall, the friction and wear behavior, in particular the comfort behavior, is not yet satisfactory: no constant friction values are obtained, the noise development when braking is too high, and the wet response behavior is unfavorable.
  • DE-A 197 27 585 describes the combination of a short fiber reinforced C / SiC ceramic brake disc and a brake lining made of a sintered metal material or an inorganically bonded material with a ceramic binder phase, which is preferably obtainable by complete or partial pyrolysis of at least one preceramic polymer, and metal particles known. Although this brake pad can withstand high thermal loads, this system is also not yet satisfactory in terms of braking behavior.
  • DE-A 197 11 830 describes a method for producing friction linings for combination with brake disks made of fiber-reinforced ceramic, in which a pressed body produced from carbon and metal particles is sintered.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to provide friction linings which can be used in combination with friction bodies or friction disks made of ceramic materials, in particular C / SiC ceramics, which do not decompose even at high temperatures and which offer constant friction behavior and good comfort behavior.
  • the present invention therefore relates to friction linings made of a material consisting essentially of metal oxides, the metal oxides being in the form of a sintered ceramic or in the form of ceramic particles which are bound by carbon and / or carbides, characterized in that the mass fraction of Metal oxides in the material is at least 50%.
  • the mass fraction of metal oxides in the materials of these friction linings is preferably at least 60% and in particular at least 70%.
  • the metal oxides can also be mixed oxides and preferably contain at least one oxide from the elements of the group Ti, Zr, Al, B, Si, Ca and Mg. Preference is given to metal oxides which crystallize in layered gratings and have good tribological properties due to this crystalline structure. They are also referred to below as "layered ceramics".
  • Magnesium alumosilicates, in particular talc, which are also referred to here as metal oxides, and particularly preferably magnesium oxide (MgO) are preferably used as layered ceramics.
  • the friction linings contain further additives such as inorganic binders, friction modifiers, friction agents or lubricants, the sum of the mass fractions of these additives in the friction lining preferably being below 50%.
  • Another object of the present invention are thermally highly resilient friction systems, in particular brake systems, comprising friction linings, the materials of which according to the invention essentially consist of metal oxides, and brake disks made of ceramic materials, in particular those made of C / SiC or C / C-SiC materials.
  • the friction linings are preferably used in the form of brake linings for brake disks made of ceramic, in particular made of carbon fiber-reinforced non-oxide ceramic.
  • the ceramic is typically stronger and harder than the covering material.
  • the friction linings according to the invention are particularly preferably used as brake linings for brake disks made of C / SiC or as friction partners for clutch bodies or disks made of C / SiC.
  • the material of the friction linings is particularly advantageous for ceramic counter bodies with a high SiC content and is particularly suitable for those friction bodies which have at least 60% by mass of SiC in the composition of the friction surface, at least in the friction surface.
  • Another object of the present invention is the use of the friction linings according to the invention in clutch systems and brake systems for rail vehicles, aircraft and motor vehicles, preferably in combination with friction disks made of ceramic materials, in particular those made of C / SiC or C / C-SiC materials.
  • the friction lining is built up essentially of sintered ceramic, the cohesion of the material is brought about by the oxide-ceramic bond during sintering. If essentially preformed ceramic particles are used instead, the binding within the friction material takes place according to the invention by carbon or carbides, which are formed in particular during a temperature or carbonization treatment.
  • friction linings based on magnesium oxide bound by carbon or carbides have surprisingly been found to be very effective and thermally stable. Mixtures of carbon, copper or tin are preferred in mass fractions of up to 10% and the inorganic Binding based on carbonized organic precursors ("precursors") for pyrocarbon have a positive effect on the coefficient of friction, wear and mechanical resistance of metal oxide-based materials for friction linings.
  • the mass fractions of carbon and / or carbides in the materials of the friction linings are at least 5%.
  • Magnesium oxide is known as an additive in small amounts up to 20% in combination with reinforcing fibers which are not asbestos, organic fillers and thermosetting resins for brake lining compositions from US Pat. No. 5,866,636.
  • the MgO in the composite material of these brake pads fulfills the task of removing deposits on the brake disc and thereby suppressing low-frequency noise when braking.
  • Higher levels of MgO lead to greater damping of the low-frequency brake noise, lower levels lead to less wear on the friction partner and higher resistance to fading.
  • These contradicting requirements result in a desired volume fraction of 3 to 20% for the MgO. It is not disclosed that such lining compositions can be used together with ceramic brake discs.
  • organically bound covering materials can only be used in special cases, as described in DE-A 197 27 586.
  • metal oxides and ceramics containing them are their comparatively low thermal conductivity. Because the friction layer created in the contact layer when rubbing Heat must be kept away from the brake shoe or caliper, but high temperatures around 1000 ° C and above develop with ceramic brake discs during the braking process, the thermal insulation effect of the metal oxides is favorable.
  • the tribological properties of the friction pairing are significantly influenced by the type of inorganic binder phase of the friction material.
  • the metal oxides and the further additives are bound by an oxide-ceramic bond or by phases of carbon and / or carbides.
  • the binder phase is therefore formed by thermally stable compounds that are not decomposed at the application temperatures.
  • the inorganic binder phase is typically formed during the thermal treatment of the green body of the friction material.
  • Another object of the present invention is an adapted method for producing the materials for the friction linings.
  • a moldable mixture of powdered ceramic or metal oxides, additives and organic binders is produced in a first step. Then the mixture z. B. brought into the desired shape by pressing and cured with the help of the thermosetting organic binder.
  • the green body produced in this way is carbonized, that is to say thermally treated, in order to split off the volatile constituents of the organic components. This is done by the usual methods, generally at temperatures above 650 ° C and in the absence of atmospheric oxygen.
  • the organic binders have the task of solidifying the shaped body and converting it to carbon during carbonization or by further reaction to carbides, which then form the inorganic binder phase.
  • the inorganic binder phase is also to contain carbides, these are preferably formed according to the invention during the thermal treatment of the green body from the decomposition products of the organic binders and additions of carbide-forming metal.
  • the carbide-forming metals preferably comprise at least one of the metals from the group Si, Ti, Fe, Ni and Cr.
  • An inorganic binder phase is particularly preferred during the temperature treatment Silicon carbide formed. The heat treatment is typically carried out at temperatures of at least 1200 ° C.
  • the amount of organic binder and optionally the metal additive used in the mixture is selected so that after carbonization or carbide formation in the friction material the sum of the mass fractions of carbon and carbides is in the range from 5 to 50%.
  • the mass fraction is preferably at least 10% and particularly preferably at least 15%.
  • the use of this binder phase has the advantage that the carbon formed can additionally act as a coefficient of friction modifier (reduction in the coefficient of friction) and the carbides can act as a coefficient of friction modifier or friction means (increase in the coefficient of friction).
  • a ceramic body is produced according to the shaping and sintering processes common in the ceramic industry.
  • the additives of the friction material are usually added before the sintering treatment at up to approx. 1000 to approx. 1500 ° C., depending on the nature of the metal oxides.
  • Typical compositions have mass fractions of metal oxides of at least 50% and preferably at least 70%.
  • oxide ceramic and carbon or carbide bonding it is also possible to realize mixed forms of these two types of bonding in the same material. This is the case, for example, when carbon or carbide-forming substances are added as an additive together with those metal oxides that melt lower than MgO or sinter at temperatures well below the melting temperature of MgO.
  • the mass fraction of carbon and / or carbides in the material according to the invention is advantageously at least 5%. If necessary, carbon and / or carbides, in particular graphite or silicon carbide, can already be added to the starting mixtures as additives.
  • the friction linings according to the invention contain fibers or whiskers as an additive. They can act as a reinforcing component for the material or as modifiers of the friction behavior.
  • fibers or whiskers can act as a reinforcing component for the material or as modifiers of the friction behavior.
  • carbon fibers, temperature-resistant polymer fibers, whiskers made of metals or compounds such as oxides, borides, carbides or nitrides, metal fibers or chips are used in volume fractions of up to 35%.
  • Carbon fibers in mass fractions have proven to be particularly advantageous of 10 to 30%, since they combine good reinforcement and good tribological properties.
  • Aramide fibers, acrylic fibers and cellulose fibers are particularly suitable among the polymer fibers. Fibers made of steel, copper or copper alloys are typically used as metal fibers.
  • friction modifiers such as Cu, Sn, Sb, MnS, Sb 2 O 3 and SnO or lubricants such as MoS 2 , graphite and boron nitride, or friction agents such as Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , ZrSiO 4 , SiC and SiO 2 each in small quantities.
  • friction modifiers such as Cu, Sn, Sb, MnS, Sb 2 O 3 and SnO
  • lubricants such as MoS 2 , graphite and boron nitride
  • friction agents such as Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , ZrSiO 4 , SiC and SiO 2 each in small quantities.

Abstract

Ceramic friction lining comprises a material made from at least 50 % metal oxides in the form of a sintered ceramic or ceramic particles bound using carbon and/or carbides. An Independent claim is also included for a process for the production of friction linings.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft keramische Werkstoffe für Reibbeläge.The invention relates to ceramic materials for friction linings.

Bei der Suche nach geeigneten Bremsbelägen für Hochleistungsbremssysteme mit keramischen Bremsscheiben stoßen die konventionellen organisch gebundenen Bremsbelagszusammensetzungen wegen der auftretenden hohen Temperaturen und hohen Verschleißraten an ihre Grenzen. Dies wird insbesondere deutlich bei solchen Reibpaarungen, bei denen als Bremsscheibenmaterial C/SiC oder C/C-SiC verwendet wird. Bei diesen Werkstoffen handelt es sich um eine im wesentlichen aus Siliciumcarbid sowie Nebenphasen aus Silicium und Kohlenstoff gebildete Keramik, die mit Kohlenstoffasern verstärkt ist, wie beispielsweise in der DE-A 197 10 105 beschrieben. Diese Werkstoffe werden bekanntermaßen durch Infiltration von porösen C/C-Vorkörpern (mit Kohlenstoffasern verstärkter Kohlenstoff) mit flüssigem Silicium und Reaktion mindestens eines Teils des Kohlenstoffs mit diesem zu Siliciumcarbid hergestellt. Mit solchen Bremsscheiben treten an der Reibfläche während des Bremsvorgangs Temperaturen von 1000 °C und mehr auf, dabei können organisch gebundene Bremsbeläge zersetzt werden.When looking for suitable brake pads for high-performance brake systems with ceramic brake discs, the conventional organically bonded brake pad compositions reach their limits due to the high temperatures and high wear rates that occur. This becomes particularly clear in the case of friction pairings in which C / SiC or C / C-SiC is used as the brake disc material. These materials are a ceramic formed essentially from silicon carbide and secondary phases from silicon and carbon, which are reinforced with carbon fibers, as described, for example, in DE-A 197 10 105. These materials are known to be produced by infiltration of porous C / C preforms (carbon fiber reinforced carbon) with liquid silicon and reaction of at least part of the carbon with it to form silicon carbide. With brake discs of this type, temperatures of 1000 ° C. and more occur on the friction surface during the braking process, and organically bound brake pads can be decomposed.

In der DE-A 197 27 587 wird das Problem der hohen Betriebstemperaturen beim Bremsvorgang in einer Kombination von Bremsscheiben aus einer kurzfaserverstärkten C/SiC-Keramik und einem Bremsbelag mit organisch gebundener Matrix dadurch gelöst, daß die Bremsscheibe so ausgelegt wird, daß ihre Wärmeleitfähigkeit senkrecht zur Scheibenoberfläche mindestens 20 W/m K beträgt. Durch diese hohe Wärmeleitfähigkeit können in Verbindung mit der Keramikbremsscheibe auch konventionelle, organisch gebundene Bremsbeläge eingesetzt werden. Die hierbei erzielten Standzeiten der Beläge sind jedoch nicht befriedigend.DE-A 197 27 587 solves the problem of high operating temperatures during the braking process in a combination of brake discs made of a short fiber reinforced C / SiC ceramic and a brake pad with an organically bound matrix in that the brake disc is designed so that its thermal conductivity is vertical to the surface of the pane is at least 20 W / m K. This high thermal conductivity means that conventional, organically bonded brake pads can also be used in conjunction with the ceramic brake disc. However, the service life of the linings achieved here is not satisfactory.

Aus der DE-A 197 27 586 ist eine Kombination bekannt aus einer C/SiC-Bremsscheibe und einem dazu korrespondierenden C/SiC-Bremsbelag, wobei der C/C-Vorkörper des Bremsbelags eine höhere Dichte (niedrigere Porosität) aufweist als die oberflächennahen Bereiche des C/C-Vorkörpers der Bremsscheibe. Dies führt dazu, daß nach der Flüssigsilicierung des C/C-Vorkörpers des Bremsbelags wegen dessen niedrigeren Siliciumcarbid-Gehalts ein C/SiC mit geringerer Festigkeit gebildet wird. Insgesamt ist das Reib- und Verschleißverhalten, insbesondere das Komfortverhalten jedoch noch nicht befriedigend: es werden keine konstanten Reibwerte erhalten, die Geräuschentwicklung beim Bremsen ist zu hoch, und das Naßansprechverhalten ist ungünstig. Aus der DE-A 197 27 585 ist die Kombination aus einer kurzfaserverstärkten C/SiC-Keramikbremsscheibe und einem Bremsbelag aus einem Sintermetallwerkstoff oder einem anorganisch gebundenen Werkstoff mit keramischer Bindephase, die bevorzugt durch vollständige oder teilweise Pyrolyse mindestens eines präkeramischen Polymers erhältlich ist, und Metallpartikeln bekannt. Dieser Bremsbelag ist zwar thermisch hochbelastbar, jedoch ist auch dieses System hinsichtlich des Bremsverhaltens noch nicht zufriedenstellend. In der DE-A 197 11 830 ist ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Reibbelägen zur Kombination mit Bremsscheiben aus faserverstärkter Keramik beschrieben, worin ein aus Kohlenstoff- und Metallpartikeln hergestellter Preßkörper gesintert wird.DE-A 197 27 586 discloses a combination of a C / SiC brake disc and a corresponding C / SiC brake pad, the C / C pre-body of the brake pad having a higher density (lower porosity) than the areas near the surface of the C / C pre-body of the brake disc. This leads to a C / SiC after the liquid siliconization of the C / C pre-body of the brake pad because of its lower silicon carbide content lower strength is formed. Overall, the friction and wear behavior, in particular the comfort behavior, is not yet satisfactory: no constant friction values are obtained, the noise development when braking is too high, and the wet response behavior is unfavorable. DE-A 197 27 585 describes the combination of a short fiber reinforced C / SiC ceramic brake disc and a brake lining made of a sintered metal material or an inorganically bonded material with a ceramic binder phase, which is preferably obtainable by complete or partial pyrolysis of at least one preceramic polymer, and metal particles known. Although this brake pad can withstand high thermal loads, this system is also not yet satisfactory in terms of braking behavior. DE-A 197 11 830 describes a method for producing friction linings for combination with brake disks made of fiber-reinforced ceramic, in which a pressed body produced from carbon and metal particles is sintered.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es daher, Reibbeläge bereitzustellen, die in Kombination mit Reibkörpern oder Reibscheiben aus keramischen Materialien, insbesondere C/SiC-Keramik, eingesetzt werden können, die sich auch bei hohen Temperaturen nicht zersetzen sowie ein konstantes Reibverhalten und ein gutes Komfortverhalten bieten.The object of the invention is therefore to provide friction linings which can be used in combination with friction bodies or friction disks made of ceramic materials, in particular C / SiC ceramics, which do not decompose even at high temperatures and which offer constant friction behavior and good comfort behavior.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung sind daher Reibbeläge aus einem Werkstoff bestehend im wesentlichen aus Metalloxiden, wobei die Metalloxide in Form einer gesinterten Keramik oder in Form von Keramik-Partikeln vorliegen, die durch Kohlenstoff und/oder Carbide gebunden werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Massenanteil an Metalloxiden im Werkstoff mindestens 50 % beträgt.The present invention therefore relates to friction linings made of a material consisting essentially of metal oxides, the metal oxides being in the form of a sintered ceramic or in the form of ceramic particles which are bound by carbon and / or carbides, characterized in that the mass fraction of Metal oxides in the material is at least 50%.

Bevorzugt liegt der Massenanteil an Metalloxiden in den Werkstoffen dieser Reibbeläge bei mindestens 60 % und insbesondere bei mindestens 70 %. Die Metalloxide können auch Mischoxide sein und enthalten bevorzugt mindestens ein Oxid der Elemente der Gruppe Ti, Zr, Al, B, Si, Ca und Mg. Bevorzugt sind Metalloxide, die in Schichtgittern kristallisieren und aufgrund dieses kristallinen Aufbaus gute tribologische Eigenschaften besitzen. Sie werden im folgenden auch als "Schichtkeramik" bezeichnet. Bevorzugt werden als Schichtkeramik Magnesiumalumosilicate, insbesondere Talk, die hier auch als Metalloxide bezeichnet werden, und besonders bevorzugt Magnesiumoxid (MgO) eingesetzt. Auch bei diesen bevorzugten Materialien und dem besonders bevorzugten Magnesiumoxid werden Massenanteile von mindestens 50 % dieser Oxide mit denselben Vorzugsbereichen in dem Werkstoff des Reibbelags eingesetzt. Erfindungsgemäß enthalten die Reibbeläge weitere Zuschlagstoffe wie anorganische Binder, Reibwertmodifikatoren, Reibmittel oder Gleitstoffe, wobei die Summe der Massenanteile dieser Zuschlagstoffe in dem Reibbelag vorzugsweise unterhalb von 50 % liegt.The mass fraction of metal oxides in the materials of these friction linings is preferably at least 60% and in particular at least 70%. The metal oxides can also be mixed oxides and preferably contain at least one oxide from the elements of the group Ti, Zr, Al, B, Si, Ca and Mg. Preference is given to metal oxides which crystallize in layered gratings and have good tribological properties due to this crystalline structure. They are also referred to below as "layered ceramics". Magnesium alumosilicates, in particular talc, which are also referred to here as metal oxides, and particularly preferably magnesium oxide (MgO) are preferably used as layered ceramics. Even with these preferred materials and the particular preferred magnesium oxide, mass fractions of at least 50% of these oxides with the same preferred ranges are used in the material of the friction lining. According to the invention, the friction linings contain further additives such as inorganic binders, friction modifiers, friction agents or lubricants, the sum of the mass fractions of these additives in the friction lining preferably being below 50%.

Ein weiterer Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung sind thermisch hochbelastbare Reibsysteme, insbesondere Bremssysteme, umfassend Reibbeläge, deren Werkstoffe erfindungsgemäß im wesentlichen aus Metalloxiden bestehen, und Bremsscheiben aus keramischen Werkstoffen, insbesondere solchen aus C/SiC- oder C/C-SiC-Werkstoffen. Bevorzugt werden die Reibbeläge in Form von Bremsbelägen für Bremsscheiben aus Keramik, insbesondere aus kohlenstoffaserverstärkter Nichtoxidkeramik, eingesetzt. Dabei ist die Keramik typischerweise fester und härter als das Belagsmaterial. Besonders bevorzugt werden die erfindungsgemäßen Reibbeläge als Bremsbeläge für Bremsscheiben aus C/SiC oder als Reibpartner für Kupplungskörper oder - scheiben aus C/SiC eingesetzt. Das Material der Reibbeläge ist besonders für keramische Gegenkörper mit hohem SiC-Gehalt von Vorteil und eignet sich besonders gut für solche Reibkörper, die zumindest in der Reibfläche einen Massenanteil an SiC von mindestens 60 % an der Zusammensetzung der Reibfläche aufweisen.Another object of the present invention are thermally highly resilient friction systems, in particular brake systems, comprising friction linings, the materials of which according to the invention essentially consist of metal oxides, and brake disks made of ceramic materials, in particular those made of C / SiC or C / C-SiC materials. The friction linings are preferably used in the form of brake linings for brake disks made of ceramic, in particular made of carbon fiber-reinforced non-oxide ceramic. The ceramic is typically stronger and harder than the covering material. The friction linings according to the invention are particularly preferably used as brake linings for brake disks made of C / SiC or as friction partners for clutch bodies or disks made of C / SiC. The material of the friction linings is particularly advantageous for ceramic counter bodies with a high SiC content and is particularly suitable for those friction bodies which have at least 60% by mass of SiC in the composition of the friction surface, at least in the friction surface.

Ein weiterer Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung ist die Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Reibbeläge in Kupplungssystemen und Bremssystemen für Schienenfahrzeuge, Flugzeuge und Kraftfahrzeuge, bevorzugt in Kombination mit Reibscheiben aus keramischen Werkstoffen, insbesondere solchen aus C/SiC- oder C/C-SiC-Werkstoffen.Another object of the present invention is the use of the friction linings according to the invention in clutch systems and brake systems for rail vehicles, aircraft and motor vehicles, preferably in combination with friction disks made of ceramic materials, in particular those made of C / SiC or C / C-SiC materials.

Wird der Reibbelag im wesentlichen aus gesinterter Keramik aufgebaut, so wird der Zusammenhalt des Materials durch die oxidkeramische Bindung beim Sintern bewirkt. Werden statt dessen im wesentlichen vorgeformte keramische Partikel verwendet, so erfolgt die Bindung innerhalb des Reibmaterials erfindungsgemäß durch Kohlenstoff oder Carbide, die insbesondere während einer Temperatur- oder Carbonisierungsbehandlung gebildet werden. Insbesondere durch Kohlenstoff oder Carbide gebundene Reibbeläge auf der Basis von Magnesiumoxid haben sich überraschenderweise als sehr wirksam und thermisch beständig herausgestellt. Beimischungen von Kohlenstoff, Kupfer oder Zinn bevorzugt in Massenanteilen von bis zu 10 % und die anorganische Bindung auf der Basis von carbonisierten organischen Vorläufern ("Präcursoren") für Pyrokohlenstoff wirken sich in positiver Weise auf den Reibwert, den Verschleiß und die mechanische Beständigkeit von Metalloxid-basierenden Werkstoffen für Reibbeläge aus. Dabei betragen die Massenanteile von Kohlenstoff und/oder Carbiden in den Werkstoffen der Reibbeläge mindestens 5 %.If the friction lining is built up essentially of sintered ceramic, the cohesion of the material is brought about by the oxide-ceramic bond during sintering. If essentially preformed ceramic particles are used instead, the binding within the friction material takes place according to the invention by carbon or carbides, which are formed in particular during a temperature or carbonization treatment. In particular, friction linings based on magnesium oxide bound by carbon or carbides have surprisingly been found to be very effective and thermally stable. Mixtures of carbon, copper or tin are preferred in mass fractions of up to 10% and the inorganic Binding based on carbonized organic precursors ("precursors") for pyrocarbon have a positive effect on the coefficient of friction, wear and mechanical resistance of metal oxide-based materials for friction linings. The mass fractions of carbon and / or carbides in the materials of the friction linings are at least 5%.

Zwar ist Magnesiumoxid als Zuschlagstoff in geringer Menge bis zu 20 % in Kombination mit Verstärkungsfasern, die nicht Asbest sind, organischen Füllstoffen und wärmehärtbaren Harzen für Bremsbelagszusammensetzungen aus der US 5,866,636 bekannt. Dabei erfüllt das MgO im Materialverbund dieser Bremsbeläge die Aufgabe, Ablagerungen auf der Bremsscheibe zu entfernen und dadurch niederfrequente Geräusche beim Bremsen zu unterdrücken. Höhere Gehalte an MgO führen zu stärkerer Dämpfung der niederfrequenten Bremsgeräusche, niedrigere Gehalte zu geringerem Verschleiß des Reibpartners und zu höherem Widerstand gegen Fading. Aus diesen gegenläufigen Anforderungen ergibt sich ein gewünschter Volumenanteil von 3 bis 20 % für das MgO. Es ist nicht offenbart, daß man derartige Belagszusammensetzungen mit Keramik-Bremsscheiben zusammen verwenden kann. Aus den in der Einleitung dargelegten Gründen, insbesondere wegen der hohen Betriebstemperaturen, können organisch gebundene Belagsmaterialien ohnehin nur in besonderen Fällen, wie in der DE-A 197 27 586 beschrieben, eingesetzt werden.Magnesium oxide is known as an additive in small amounts up to 20% in combination with reinforcing fibers which are not asbestos, organic fillers and thermosetting resins for brake lining compositions from US Pat. No. 5,866,636. The MgO in the composite material of these brake pads fulfills the task of removing deposits on the brake disc and thereby suppressing low-frequency noise when braking. Higher levels of MgO lead to greater damping of the low-frequency brake noise, lower levels lead to less wear on the friction partner and higher resistance to fading. These contradicting requirements result in a desired volume fraction of 3 to 20% for the MgO. It is not disclosed that such lining compositions can be used together with ceramic brake discs. For the reasons given in the introduction, in particular because of the high operating temperatures, organically bound covering materials can only be used in special cases, as described in DE-A 197 27 586.

Im Zusammenwirken mit Reibscheiben, insbesondere Bremsscheiben aus keramischen Werkstoffen hat sich jedoch überraschenderweise für Bremsbeläge die Verwendung von Werkstoffen mit hohen Massenanteilen, nämlich mindestens 50 %, bevorzugt mindestens 60 %, und besonders bevorzugt mindestens 70 % an Metalloxiden, bevorzugt aus harter gesinterter Schichtkeramik, insbesondere MgO, als besonders vorteilhaft erwiesen. So liegen sowohl die Härte dieser Werkstoffe und die damit verbundene Verschleißbeständigkeit als auch die hervorragenden Gleiteigenschaften der Schichtkeramiken auf einem günstigen Niveau und machen sie geeignet für die Kombination mit Bremsscheiben aus keramischen Werkstoffen.In cooperation with friction disks, in particular brake disks made of ceramic materials, however, surprisingly, the use of materials with high mass fractions, namely at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, and particularly preferably at least 70% of metal oxides, preferably of hard sintered layered ceramics, in particular for brake pads MgO, proven to be particularly advantageous. The hardness of these materials and the associated wear resistance as well as the excellent sliding properties of the layered ceramics are at a favorable level and make them suitable for combination with brake discs made of ceramic materials.

Ein weiterer Vorteil bei der Verwendung von Metalloxiden und diese enthaltenden Keramiken als Hauptkomponente von Reibmaterialien in Bremsbelägen ist deren vergleichsweise geringe thermische Leitfähigkeit. Da die in der Kontaktschicht der Reibpaarung beim Reiben entstehende Wärme vom Bremsschuh oder Bremssattel ferngehalten werden muß, sich aber bei keramischen Bremsscheiben während des Bremsvorgangs hohe Temperaturen um 1000 °C und darüber entwickeln, ist die thermische Isolationswirkung der Metalloxide günstig.Another advantage of using metal oxides and ceramics containing them as the main component of friction materials in brake pads is their comparatively low thermal conductivity. Because the friction layer created in the contact layer when rubbing Heat must be kept away from the brake shoe or caliper, but high temperatures around 1000 ° C and above develop with ceramic brake discs during the braking process, the thermal insulation effect of the metal oxides is favorable.

Die tribologischen Eigenschaften der Reibpaarung werden durch die Art der anorganischen Binderphase des Reibmaterials wesentlich beeinflußt. Im Unterschied zu konventionell organisch gebundenen Reibmaterialien werden die Metalloxide und die weiteren Zuschlagstoffe durch eine oxidkeramische Bindung oder durch Phasen von Kohlenstoff und/oder Carbiden gebunden. Die Binderphase wird also von thermisch stabilen Verbindungen gebildet, die bei den Anwendungstemperaturen nicht zersetzt werden. Die anorganische Binderphase bildet sich typischerweise bei der thermischen Behandlung des Grünkörpers des Reibmaterials.The tribological properties of the friction pairing are significantly influenced by the type of inorganic binder phase of the friction material. In contrast to conventionally organically bound friction materials, the metal oxides and the further additives are bound by an oxide-ceramic bond or by phases of carbon and / or carbides. The binder phase is therefore formed by thermally stable compounds that are not decomposed at the application temperatures. The inorganic binder phase is typically formed during the thermal treatment of the green body of the friction material.

Ein weiterer Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung ist ein angepaßtes Verfahren zur Herstellung der Werkstoffe für die Reibbeläge.Another object of the present invention is an adapted method for producing the materials for the friction linings.

In der Variante mit anorganischer Bindung über Kohlenstoff und/oder Carbide wird in einem ersten Schritt eine formbare Mischung aus pulverförmiger Keramik oder Metalloxiden, Zuschlagstoffen und organischen Bindern hergestellt. Hierauf wird die Mischung z. B. durch Pressen in die gewünschte Form gebracht und mit Hilfe der wärmehärtenden organischen Binder ausgehärtet. Der so erzeugte Grünkörper wird carbonisiert, das heißt thermisch behandelt, um die flüchtigen Bestandteile der organischen Komponenten abzuspalten. Dies geschieht nach den üblichen Verfahren, im allgemeinen bei Temperaturen oberhalb von 650 °C und unter Ausschluß von Luftsauerstoff. Die organischen Binder haben die Aufgabe, den geformten Körper zu verfestigen und sich bei der Carbonisierung in Kohlenstoff oder durch Weiterreaktion in Carbide umzuwandeln, die dann die anorganische Binderphase bilden. Daher sind solche organischen Binder bevorzugt, die bei der Carbonisierung eine hohe Kohlenstoffausbeute ergeben, wie Phenolharze, Melaminharze, Polyimide, Peche, Epoxidharze oder Polyurethane. Soll die anorganische Binderphase neben Kohlenstoff auch Carbide enthalten, dann werden diese erfindungsgemäß bevorzugt während der thermischen Behandlung des Grünkörpers aus den Zersetzungsprodukten der organischen Binder und Zusätzen von carbidbildenden Metall gebildet. Die carbidbildenden Metalle umfassen bevorzugt mindestens eines der Metalle aus der Gruppe Si, Ti, Fe, Ni und Cr. Besonders bevorzugt wird während der Temperaturbehandlung eine anorganische Binderphase aus Siliciumcarbid gebildet. Die Wärmebehandlung wird hierbei typischerweise bei Temperaturen von mindestens 1200 °C durchgeführt. Die in der Mischung eingesetzte Menge an organischem Binder und gegebenenfalls dem Metallzusatz wird so gewählt, daß nach der Carbonisierung beziehungsweise Carbidbildung im Reibmaterial die Summe der Massenanteile von Kohlenstoff und Carbiden im Bereich von 5 bis 50 % ist. Bevorzugt liegt der Massenanteil bei mindestens 10 % und besonders bevorzugt bei mindestens 15 %. Die Verwendung dieser Binderphase hat den Vorteil, daß der gebildete Kohlenstoff zusätzlich als Reibwertmodifikator (Senkung des Reibungskoeffizienten) und die Carbide als Reibwertmodifikator oder Reibmittel (Erhöhung des Reibungskoeffizienten) fungieren können.In the variant with an inorganic bond via carbon and / or carbides, a moldable mixture of powdered ceramic or metal oxides, additives and organic binders is produced in a first step. Then the mixture z. B. brought into the desired shape by pressing and cured with the help of the thermosetting organic binder. The green body produced in this way is carbonized, that is to say thermally treated, in order to split off the volatile constituents of the organic components. This is done by the usual methods, generally at temperatures above 650 ° C and in the absence of atmospheric oxygen. The organic binders have the task of solidifying the shaped body and converting it to carbon during carbonization or by further reaction to carbides, which then form the inorganic binder phase. For this reason, preference is given to those organic binders which give a high carbon yield during carbonization, such as phenolic resins, melamine resins, polyimides, pitches, epoxy resins or polyurethanes. If, in addition to carbon, the inorganic binder phase is also to contain carbides, these are preferably formed according to the invention during the thermal treatment of the green body from the decomposition products of the organic binders and additions of carbide-forming metal. The carbide-forming metals preferably comprise at least one of the metals from the group Si, Ti, Fe, Ni and Cr. An inorganic binder phase is particularly preferred during the temperature treatment Silicon carbide formed. The heat treatment is typically carried out at temperatures of at least 1200 ° C. The amount of organic binder and optionally the metal additive used in the mixture is selected so that after carbonization or carbide formation in the friction material the sum of the mass fractions of carbon and carbides is in the range from 5 to 50%. The mass fraction is preferably at least 10% and particularly preferably at least 15%. The use of this binder phase has the advantage that the carbon formed can additionally act as a coefficient of friction modifier (reduction in the coefficient of friction) and the carbides can act as a coefficient of friction modifier or friction means (increase in the coefficient of friction).

In der Variante mit der oxidkeramischen Bindung wird nach den in der keramischen Industrie gängigen Formgebungs- und Sinterverfahren ein keramischer Körper hergestellt. Die Zuschlagstoffe des Reibmaterials werden dabei üblicherweise vor der Sinterbehandlung bei bis zu ca. 1000 bis ca. 1500 °C, je nach der Natur der Metalloxide, zugegeben. Typische Zusammensetzungen weisen Massenanteile von Metalloxiden von mindestens 50 % und bevorzugt von mindestens 70 % auf.In the variant with the oxide-ceramic bond, a ceramic body is produced according to the shaping and sintering processes common in the ceramic industry. The additives of the friction material are usually added before the sintering treatment at up to approx. 1000 to approx. 1500 ° C., depending on the nature of the metal oxides. Typical compositions have mass fractions of metal oxides of at least 50% and preferably at least 70%.

Obwohl formal zwischen der oxidkeramischen und der Bindung über Kohlenstoff oder Carbide unterschieden wird, ist es auch möglich, Mischformen dieser beiden Bindungsarten in demselben Werkstoff zu realisieren. Dies ist beispielsweise dann der Fall, wenn als Zuschlagstoff Kohlenstoff oder Carbide bildende Substanzen gemeinsam mit solchen Metalloxiden zugegeben werden, die niedriger schmelzen als MgO oder bereits bei Temperaturen deutlich unter der Schmelztemperatur von MgO sintern. Vorteilhafterweise liegt der Massenanteil an Kohlenstoff und/oder an Carbiden in dem erfindungsgemäßen Werkstoff bei mindestens 5 %. Gegebenenfalls können hierzu Kohlenstoff und/oder Carbide, insbesondere Graphit oder Siliciumcarbid bereits als Zuschlagstoffe in die Ausgangsmischungen zugegeben werden.Although a formal distinction is made between oxide ceramic and carbon or carbide bonding, it is also possible to realize mixed forms of these two types of bonding in the same material. This is the case, for example, when carbon or carbide-forming substances are added as an additive together with those metal oxides that melt lower than MgO or sinter at temperatures well below the melting temperature of MgO. The mass fraction of carbon and / or carbides in the material according to the invention is advantageously at least 5%. If necessary, carbon and / or carbides, in particular graphite or silicon carbide, can already be added to the starting mixtures as additives.

In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung enthalten die erfindungsgemäßen Reibbeläge Fasern oder Whisker als Zuschlagstoff. Sie können als Verstärkungskomponente für den Werkstoff oder als Modifikatoren des Reibverhaltens wirken. Typischerweise werden hierbei Kohlenstoffasern, temperaturbeständige Polymerfasern, Whisker aus Metallen oder Verbindungen wie Oxiden, Boriden, Carbiden oder Nitriden, Metallfasern oder -späne in Volumenanteilen bis zu 35 % eingesetzt. Als besonders vorteilhaft haben sich hierbei Kohlenstoffasern in Massenanteilen von 10 bis 30 % erwiesen, da sie gute Verstärkungswirkung und gute tribologische Eigenschaften vereinen. Unter den Polymerfasern eignen sich insbesondere Aramidfasern, Acrylfasern, und Cellulosefasern. Als Metallfasern werden typischerweise Fasern aus Stahl, Kupfer oder Kupferlegierungen verwendet.In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the friction linings according to the invention contain fibers or whiskers as an additive. They can act as a reinforcing component for the material or as modifiers of the friction behavior. Typically, carbon fibers, temperature-resistant polymer fibers, whiskers made of metals or compounds such as oxides, borides, carbides or nitrides, metal fibers or chips are used in volume fractions of up to 35%. Carbon fibers in mass fractions have proven to be particularly advantageous of 10 to 30%, since they combine good reinforcement and good tribological properties. Aramide fibers, acrylic fibers and cellulose fibers are particularly suitable among the polymer fibers. Fibers made of steel, copper or copper alloys are typically used as metal fibers.

In den erfindungsgemäßen Reibbelägen können noch weitere Zuschlagstoffe eingesetzt werden, nämlich Reibwertmodifikatoren wie Cu, Sn, Sb, MnS, Sb2O3 und SnO oder Schmierstoffe wie MoS2, Graphit und Bornitrid, oder Reibmittel wie Al2O3, ZrO2, ZrSiO4, SiC und SiO2 jeweils in geringen Mengen. Darunter werden solche Mengen verstanden, daß der Massenanteil der betreffenden Zuschlagstoffe jeweils maximal 5 % der Masse des Reibbelags beträgt.Further additives can be used in the friction linings according to the invention, namely friction modifiers such as Cu, Sn, Sb, MnS, Sb 2 O 3 and SnO or lubricants such as MoS 2 , graphite and boron nitride, or friction agents such as Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , ZrSiO 4 , SiC and SiO 2 each in small quantities. Such amounts are understood to mean that the mass fraction of the additives concerned is a maximum of 5% of the mass of the friction lining.

Claims (28)

Keramische Reibbeläge aus einem Werkstoff bestehend im wesentlichen aus Metalloxiden, wobei die Metalloxide in Form einer gesinterten Keramik oder in Form von Keramik-Partikeln vorliegen, die durch Kohlenstoff und/oder Carbide gebunden werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Werkstoff einen Massenanteil von mindestens 50 % an Metalloxiden aufweist.Ceramic friction linings made of a material consisting essentially of metal oxides, the metal oxides being in the form of a sintered ceramic or in the form of ceramic particles which are bound by carbon and / or carbides, characterized in that the material has a mass fraction of at least 50%. of metal oxides. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Metalloxide ausgewählt sind aus Oxiden mindestens eines der Metalle der Gruppe Ti, Zr, Al, B, Si, Ca und Mg.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal oxides are selected from oxides of at least one of the metals from the group Ti, Zr, Al, B, Si, Ca and Mg. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Kristallstruktur der Metalloxide ein Schichtgitter ist.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 1, characterized in that the crystal structure of the metal oxides is a layered grid. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Metalloxide ausgewählt sind aus Magnesiumalumosilicaten, Talk und Magnesiumoxid.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal oxides are selected from magnesium aluminosilicates, talc and magnesium oxide. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie einen Massenanteil von mindestens 50 % an Magnesiumoxid aufweisen.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 1, characterized in that they have a mass fraction of at least 50% of magnesium oxide. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Magnesiumoxid durch Kohlenstoff oder Carbide gebunden ist.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 5, characterized in that the magnesium oxide is bound by carbon or carbides. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie Carbide von Metallen der Gruppe Si, Ti, Fe, Ni und Cr einzeln oder in Mischung enthalten.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 1, characterized in that they contain carbides of metals from the group Si, Ti, Fe, Ni and Cr individually or in a mixture. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Siliciumcarbid enthalten ist.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 7, characterized in that silicon carbide is contained. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß weitere Zuschlagstoffe ausgewählt aus anorganischen Bindern, Reibwertmodifikatoren, Reibmitteln und Gleitstoffen enthalten sind, wobei die Summe der Massenanteile der Zuschlagstoffe in den Werkstoffen unterhalb von 50 % liegt.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 1, characterized in that further additives selected from inorganic binders, coefficient of friction modifiers, friction agents and Lubricants are included, the sum of the mass fractions of the aggregates in the materials being below 50%. Keramische. Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Werkstoffe temperaturbeständige Fasern oder Whisker in einem Volumenanteil von bis zu 35 % enthalten.Ceramic. Friction linings according to claim 1, characterized in that the materials contain temperature-resistant fibers or whiskers in a volume fraction of up to 35%. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Fasern ausgewählt sind aus Aramidfasern, Acrylfasern, Cellulosefasern, Kohlenstoffasern und Metallfasern aus Stahl, Kupfer oder dessen Legierungen.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 10, characterized in that the fibers are selected from aramid fibers, acrylic fibers, cellulose fibers, carbon fibers and metal fibers made of steel, copper or their alloys. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Werkstoffe einen Massenanteil von 10 bis 30 % an Kohlenstoffasern aufweisen.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 11, characterized in that the materials have a mass fraction of 10 to 30% of carbon fibers. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Reibwertmodifikatoren ausgewählt sind aus Kupfer, Zinn, Antimon, Mangan(II)sulfid, Antimontrioxid und Zinn(II)oxid.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 9, characterized in that the coefficient of friction modifiers are selected from copper, tin, antimony, manganese (II) sulfide, antimony trioxide and tin (II) oxide. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Reibmittel ausgewählt sind aus Aluminiumoxid, Zirkondioxid, Zirkon (ZrSiO4), Siliciumcarbid und Siliciumdioxid.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 9, characterized in that the friction means are selected from aluminum oxide, zirconium dioxide, zirconium (ZrSiO 4 ), silicon carbide and silicon dioxide. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Gleitstoffe ausgewählt sind aus Molybdändisulfid, Graphit und Bornitrid.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 9, characterized in that the lubricants are selected from molybdenum disulfide, graphite and boron nitride. Keramische Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie Beimischungen von Kohlenstoff, Kupfer oder Zinn enthalten.Ceramic friction linings according to claim 1, characterized in that they contain admixtures of carbon, copper or tin. Thermisch hochbelastbare Reibsysteme umfassend Reibbeläge nach Anspruch 1 und Reibkörper aus keramischen Werkstoffen.Highly resilient friction systems comprising friction linings according to claim 1 and friction bodies made of ceramic materials. Reibsysteme nach Anspruch 17, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Reibkörper C/SiC- oder C/C-SiC-Werkstoffe enthalten.Friction systems according to claim 17, characterized in that the friction bodies contain C / SiC or C / C-SiC materials. Verwendung von Reibsystemen nach Anspruch 17 als Bremssystem.Use of friction systems according to claim 17 as a braking system. Verwendung von Reibsystemen nach Anspruch 18 als Bremssystem.Use of friction systems according to claim 18 as a braking system. Verwendung von Reibsystemen nach Anspruch 17 als Kupplungssystem.Use of friction systems according to claim 17 as a clutch system. Verwendung von Reibsystemen nach Anspruch 18 als Kupplungssystem.Use of friction systems according to claim 18 as a clutch system. Verwendung gemäß Anspruch 19 in Schienenfahrzeugen, Flugzeugen oder Kraftfahrzeugen.Use according to claim 19 in rail vehicles, aircraft or motor vehicles. Verwendung gemäß Anspruch 20 in Kraftfahrzeugen.Use according to claim 20 in motor vehicles. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Reibbelägen nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß - in einem ersten Schritt eine formbare Mischung aus pulverförmigen Metalloxiden, Zuschlagstoffen und wärmehärtenden organischen Bindern hergestellt wird, in einem zweiten Schritt die Mischung durch Pressen in die gewünschte Form gebracht und - in einem dritten Schritt die geformte Mischung mit Hilfe der wärmehärtenden organischen Binder ausgehärtet wird, und - in einem vierten Schritt der so erzeugte Grünkörper bei Temperaturen oberhalb von 650 °C und unter Ausschluß von Luftsauerstoff carbonisiert wird. Process for the production of friction linings according to claim 1, characterized in that - In a first step, a moldable mixture of powdered metal oxides, additives and thermosetting organic binders is produced, in a second step the mixture is pressed into the desired shape and in a third step, the shaped mixture is cured with the aid of the thermosetting organic binder, and - In a fourth step, the green body produced in this way is carbonized at temperatures above 650 ° C. and in the absence of atmospheric oxygen. Verfahren nach Anspruch 25, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der formbaren Mischung Metalle ausgewählt aus der Gruppe Si, Ti, Fe, Ni und Cr zugesetzt werden, wobei diese im vierten Schritt mit dem bei der Carbonisierung erzeugten Kohlenstoff Carbide bilden.Process according to Claim 25, characterized in that metals selected from the group Si, Ti, Fe, Ni and Cr are added to the moldable mixture, these forming carbides in the fourth step with the carbon produced during the carbonization. Verfahren nach Anspruch 26, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Metalle in einer solchen Menge eingesetzt werden, daß die Summe der Massenanteile von Kohlenstoff und Carbiden in dem den Reibbelag bildenden Werkstoff im Bereich von 5 bis 50 % ist.A method according to claim 26, characterized in that the metals are used in such an amount that the sum of the mass fractions of carbon and carbides in the material forming the friction lining is in the range from 5 to 50%. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Reibbelägen nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß - in einem ersten Schritt eine formbare Mischung aus pulverförmigen Metalloxiden, Zuschlagstoffen und gegebenenfalls organischen Plastifizierungsmitteln hergestellt wird, - in einem zweiten Schritt die Mischung durch Pressen in die gewünschte Form gebracht und - in einem dritten Schritt die geformte Mischung bei Temperaturen von ca. 1000 °C bis ca. 1500 °C gegebenenfalls unter Druck gesintert wird. Process for the production of friction linings according to claim 1, characterized in that in a first step, a moldable mixture of powdered metal oxides, additives and optionally organic plasticizers is produced, - in a second step, the mixture is pressed into the desired shape and - In a third step, the shaped mixture is sintered at temperatures of approximately 1000 ° C. to approximately 1500 ° C., if appropriate under pressure.
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