EP1330879A2 - Appareil, et procede associe, destines a la formation d'un signal exhibant une redondance spatio-temporelle - Google Patents

Appareil, et procede associe, destines a la formation d'un signal exhibant une redondance spatio-temporelle

Info

Publication number
EP1330879A2
EP1330879A2 EP01976554A EP01976554A EP1330879A2 EP 1330879 A2 EP1330879 A2 EP 1330879A2 EP 01976554 A EP01976554 A EP 01976554A EP 01976554 A EP01976554 A EP 01976554A EP 1330879 A2 EP1330879 A2 EP 1330879A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
output symbols
modulator
sequence
symbols
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP01976554A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Dumitru Mihai Ionescu
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nokia Oyj
Original Assignee
Nokia Oyj
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US09/696,432 external-priority patent/US6922447B1/en
Application filed by Nokia Oyj filed Critical Nokia Oyj
Publication of EP1330879A2 publication Critical patent/EP1330879A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
    • H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
    • H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
    • H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
    • H04L1/0618—Space-time coding

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the communication of data upon a channel susceptible to quasistatic, or other, fading, such as a radio channel upon which data is transmitted during operation of a cellular communication system. More particularly, the present invention relates to apparatus, and an associated method, by which to increase the time diversity of the data communicated upon the channel, thereby to facilitate recovery of the data once received at a receiving station. Increased space-time redundancy, without a corresponding increase in channel bandwidth requirements, is provided through operation of an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a communication system is formed, at a minimum, of a sending station and a receiving station interconnected by way of a communication channel.
  • the communication channel formed between the sending and receiving stations is formed of a radio channel defined upon a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because a radio channel is utilized to form a communication link between the sending and receiving stations, a wired connection conventionally required in a wireline communication system is obviated.
  • a cellular communication system is exemplary of a wireless, multi-user radio communication system.
  • Cellular communication systems have been installed throughout wide geographical areas and have achieved wide levels of usage.
  • a cellular communication system generally includes a fixed network ' infrastructure installed throughout the geographical area which is to be encompassed by the communication system.
  • a plurality of fixed-site base stations are installed at selected positions throughout the geographical area.
  • the fixed-site base stations are coupled, by way of additional portions of the network infrastructure to a public network, such as a PSTN (Public-Switched, Telephonic Network) .
  • PSTN Public-Switched, Telephonic Network
  • Portable transceivers referred to as mobile stations, communicate with the base stations by way of radio links.
  • a cellular communication system typically efficiently utilizes the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum allocated thereto upon which radio channels are defined. That is to say, because only low-power signals are required to be generated, the same radio channels can be reused at different locations throughout the geographical area encompassed by the communication system.
  • a communication signal when received at a receiving station, is substantially identical to the corresponding communication signal when transmitted by a sending station.
  • the signal in a non-ideal communication system in which the communication signal must be transmitted upon a non-ideal communication channel, the signal, •when received at the receiving station, is dissimilar to the corresponding communication signal when sent by the sending station. Distortion of the communication signal caused during propagation of the communication signal causes such dissimilarities to result. If the distortion is significant, the informational content is the signal cannot accurately be recovered at the receiving station. Fading caused by multi-path transmission, for instance Raleigh fading, might alter the values of the information bearing ' bits of the communication signal during its transmission upon the communication channel. Quasistatic flat fading, for example, models the situation when the fading is flat in frequency and is constant during the duration of a relevant block of transmitted symbols, usually referred to as a frame.
  • fast flat fading models the situation when the fading i-s flat in frequency but changes as fast as from a transmitted symbol epoch to the next. If the propagation distortion is not properly corrected, the communication quality levels of the communications are, at a minimum, reduced.
  • the redundancy of the transmitted signal through time encoding of the signal, prior to its transmission, is sometimes utilized to counteract the distortion introduced upon the signal during its transmission upon the communication channel.
  • By increasing the time redundancy of the signal the likelihood that the informational content of the signal can be recovered, once received at the receiving station, is increased.
  • Introducing time redundancy into the signal is sometimes referred to as creating time diversity.
  • space diversity refers to the utilization of more than one transmit antenna transducer from which a communication signal is transmitted, thereby to provide spatial redundancy.
  • the antenna transducers must be separated by a distance great enough to ensure that the signals communicated from the respective antenna transducers fade in an uncorrelated manner.
  • Space and time diversity are sometimes utilized together, thereby further to enhance transmission diversity * to combat signal fading caused, e.g., by multi-path transmission.
  • Combinations of both space and time coding further enhance transmission diversity to combat signal fading caused by multi-path transmission.
  • exactly one symbol is transmitted from each transmit antenna.
  • Each transmitted symbol is selected from the constellation of signal points that characterizes the modulator associated with a particular antenna.
  • the constellations pertaining to the different transmit antennas can be in general different, but in practice it may be preferable to have identical signal constellations for all transmit antennas.
  • the particular constellation points selected to be sent over the different transmit antennas during an arbitrary (multiple) transmission are appropriately determined from the encoder' s output symbols.
  • Trellis encoding is sometimes used to effectuate space time coding. But, block coding is valid too.
  • the selection of the constellation points, starting from the encoder's output symbols is decided by a construction, referred to as a trellis, which describes all possible transitions between a given, finite number of states.
  • the states are tuples of certain most recent symbols, e.g., bits, applied to the input of the trellis encoder. For example, if the input sequence consists of raw information bits, then the tuples reflect the most recent past history of the information bit sequence which is provided to the trellis encoder, and the trellis describes a transformation of an input sequence of bits, into an output sequence of symbols, referred to as a coded symbol sequence. Note that the coded symbols can be nonbinary, too.
  • the trellis is represented by successive columns, comprised of all the valid states, and evolutions in time between states (in successive columns) are referred to as transitions. Each branch corresponds to a particular combination of new input symbols while in a given state.
  • a mapper is utilized to map each coded symbol to a signal constellation point, thus determining the modulation parameters for a carrier signal.
  • a significant goal is to optimize the manner by which labels to trellis branches are assigned and to optimize the manner by which constellation points are assigned to the symbols used in the trellis branch labels.
  • the optimality of the assignation is characterized in terms of a measure, referred to as a distance between two different codewords. The distance, ultimately, is determinative of the physically-meaningf l, probability of a receiving station mistaking one codeword for another. The smaller the probability of a mistake, the better shall be the performance of a space-time code that is utilized in the effectuation of the communication.
  • the space-time code is implemented as an encoder at a sending station and as a decoder at a receiving station.
  • a significant problem is to determine a manner by which to efficiently select points from a given signal constellation, in such a manner as to optimize an overall performance of the transmission scheme. Performance is defined, for instance, in terms of a Frame Error Probability (FEP).
  • FEP Frame Error Probability
  • the present invention accordingly, advantageously provides apparatus, and an associated method, by which to increase the transmission diversity of information communicated upon a communication channel susceptible to quasistatic, or fast, fading.
  • By increasing the transmission diversity of the data recovery of the data, once received at a receiving station, is facilitated.
  • increased space-time redundancy is introduced upon the data to be communicated upon the communication channel without a corresponding increase in the channel bandwidth requirements to communicate the data between a sending and a receiving station.
  • apparatus for a sending station operable to send a communication signal representative of the information to be communicated.
  • time diversity is imparted to the transmitted signal by channel-encoding the symbols forming the data in order to increase their redundancy.
  • apparatus by which to modulate the channel-encoded symbols and to provide the modulated symbols to two or more antenna transducers positioned in a manner by which to provide spatial diversity of the signal transmitted by the sending station.
  • Symbols formed by the modulator are of the same size as symbols which could have been generated using merely a single antenna transducer coupled to the modulator. That is to say, the transmission rate is a rate of a value of one.
  • a space-time code design is provided for linear modulation in a manner by which to achieve diversity in fading channels by implementing both space and time redundancy upon the data to be communicated at a sending station. Encoding is provided both across time and across the antenna transducers of a sending station.
  • apparatus for a sending station operable in a cellular communication system, such as the transmit portion of a mobile station or the transmit portion of a base station.
  • Time redundancy is imparted upon the symbols to be communicated by applying the symbols to a channel encoder.
  • Channel-encoded symbols in a number greater than the number of symbols applied to the channel encoder are mapped to constellation of modulator points which determine the transmitted signals after a mapping operation to the antenna transducers of the sending station.
  • Improved communication quality is facilitated thereby without increasing the bandwidth required to communicate the symbols forming the data to be communicated by the sending station to the receiving station.
  • apparatus, and an associated method is provided to a sending station operable in a radio communication system to send data upon a communication channel susceptible to distortion.
  • the sending station has an antenna transducer set formed of at least one antenna transducer at which the data to be sent is transduced into electromagnetic form.
  • the data is placed in a form to facilitate communication thereof upon the communication channel.
  • a modulator is coupled to receive a group of encoder output symbols.
  • the encoder output symbols are encoded representations of the data to be communicated upon the communication channel.
  • the modulator forms a modulated sequence comprised of modulator output symbols.
  • the modulator output symbols are of a number corresponding to a number of encoder output symbols of which the group of the encoder output symbols are formed together with a number of antenna transducers of which the antenna transducer set is formed.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a functional block diagram of a communication system in which an embodiment of the present invention is operable.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a graphical representation of a trellis diagram representative of operation of a portion of the sending station of the communication system shown in Figure 1.
  • a communication system shown generally at 10, is operable to communicate data between a sending station 12 and a receiving station 14 by way of a communication channel 16.
  • the sending station uses at least one transmit antenna, in such a manner as to insure that the signals from all transmit antennas are mutually uncorrelated.
  • the receiving station uses at least one receive antenna.
  • the communication channel is susceptible to fading, or somehow requires channel encoding across all transmit antennas.
  • a wireless channel with multi-path propagation is sometimes referred to as a fading channel.
  • the channel can exhibit quasistatic fading.
  • the communication system 10 is representative of a cellular communication system in which, for example, the sending station 12 forms the transmit portion of a mobile station and the receiving station 14 forms the receive portion of a base station system. While the following description of the exemplary implementation shall be carried out with respect to an implementation in which the sending station 12 forms the transmit portion of a mobile station and the receiving station 14 forms the receive portion of a base station system, the sending and receiving stations 12 and 14 are analogously also representative of the transmit and receive portions, respectively, of the base station system and mobile stations operable in a cellular communication system. The following description, therefore, could similarly instead be carried out with respect to such operation.
  • the sending and receiving stations are also representative of the sending and receiving stations operable in other types of communication systems, both wireline and non- wireline in which communication is realized over one or more parallel uncorrelated channels .
  • An embodiment of the present invention is analogously also operable in such other types of communication systems.
  • the sending station 12 is here shown to include a data source 22 which sources the data which is to be communicated by the sending station to the receiving station.
  • the data source for instance, comprises voice data generated by a user of the mobile station of which the sending station is a part.
  • the data source 22 is also representative of nonvoice data, such as that generated by a processing device.
  • a voice signal forms the data generated by the data source
  • appropriate processing circuitry e.g., for source encoding, is utilized to convert the voice signal into digital form.
  • Data generated by the data source 22 is applied to a channel coder 24.
  • the channel coder is operable to encode the data applied thereto according to a selected encoding scheme.
  • the encoding scheme encodes the data applied thereto in order to increase the information's redundancy in time (time diversity) .
  • the channel coder generates encoder output symbols on the line 26. Each encoder output symbol formed by the channel coder occupies a time period, herein referred to as the (channel) encoder output symbol epoch.
  • the encoder output symbols are applied to a modulator 28 which forms, in part, a symbol assignor.
  • the modulator is coupled to a mapper/router 34.
  • exactly one constellation point is selected, for simultaneous transmission, from each of the signal constellations pertaining to all of the transmit antennas in each symbol epoch.
  • the selection is indicated via indices that point to the appropriate modulation parameter values, according to the corresponding modulation schemes used by all of the transmit antennas.
  • a QPSK (Quaternary Phase Shift Keying) modulation scheme is utilized, and the correct number of encoder output symbols are assigned, per transmission, to one of four constellation points defined in the QPSK constellation.
  • the modulator symbols to which the encoder output symbols are assigned are applied to- the mapper/router 34.
  • the mapper 34 is operable, pursuant to an embodiment of the present invention, to map the symbols applied thereto to a set of one or more antenna transducers 36.
  • the set of antenna transducers includes L t antenna transducers 36-1 through 36-L t .
  • the mapper consists of a serial-to-parallel converter which converts a serial symbol stream applied thereto into parallel output symbols for application to the antenna transducers.
  • the mapper 34 is operable to map selected ones of the symbols applied thereto through corresponding selected ones of the antenna transducers 36-1 through 36-n.
  • Conventional sending-station circuitry positioned between the modulator 28 and the antenna transducers, such as amplification elements and up-conversion elements, are not shown in the figure, for purposes of simplicity.
  • Each antenna transducer 36-1 through 36-L t is operable to transduce, into electromagnetic form, the symbols provided thereto, thereby to transmit the symbols upon the communication channel to the receiving station 14.
  • Paths 42 and 43 are illustrated in the figure, pertaining to the antenna transducer 36-1. Such paths are representative of multiple paths conveying the electromagnetic signals transmitted to the receiving station. Because of the multiple, distinct, transmission paths that convey the communication signals, the signal from each antenna transducer is susceptible to fading. The fading experienced by the signals from different antenna transducers lacks mutual correlation; that is to say, the fading processes affecting the signals from different antenna transducers are uncorrelated with one another.
  • the signals transmitted upon the paths 42 and 44 are sensed by an antenna transducer 46 which forms a portion of the receiving station 14.
  • the receiving station in an alternate implementation, includes more than one antenna transducer.
  • the antenna transducer is operable to convert the electromagnetic signals received thereat into electrical form and to provide the electrical signals to receiver circuitry of the receive portion of the receiving station.
  • the receive circuitry includes a demodulator 50 operable to perform demodulation operations, in a manner operable generally reverse to that of the channel coder 24. Demodulated symbols are applied to a decoder 48 which is operable to decode symbols applied thereto, in a manner operable generally reverse to that of the channel coder 24. In one implementation, the decoder and demodulator are combined and joint demodulation and decoding operations are performed.
  • the receiving station 14 forms the receive portion of a base station system
  • representative signals are provided to a destination station 52, here by way of a PSTN (Public- Switched, Telephonic Network) 54.
  • PSTN Public- Switched, Telephonic Network
  • the encoder output symbols are applied by way of the line 33 to the mapper 34.
  • the assignor generates a codeword which can be considered to be a concatenation of all symbols to be sent by all of the antenna transducers during 1 symbol epochs .
  • the codeword, c is defined to be formed of symbols applied to the mapper 34 and is represented mathematically as follows:
  • L t is the number of transmit antenna transducers 36-1 through 36-L t , i.e., the number of antenna transducers of which the set of antenna transducers 36 is formed;
  • c ⁇ is the complex symbol from the complex signal constellation pertaining to the i-th antenna transducer, assigned by the symbol assignor 32 to be transmitted at time instant k over antenna transducer 36-i.
  • the codeword c is also represented in matrix form as a code-matrix D c , k as follows:
  • Each column of the matrix indicates complex symbols applied to a separate antenna. That is to say, the first column indicates complex symbols applied to a first antenna, the second column indicates complex symbols applied to a second antenna, and the L t th column indicates symbols applied to the L t th antenna. And, as indicated by the matrix k + 1-1 symbols are applied to each antenna during a jointly encoded block of modulation symbols.
  • the matrix shown above is the code-matrix representation of a codeword c.
  • a corresponding code-matrix can be found to represent another codeword, such as codeword e.
  • a codeword difference matrix D ec is formed by taking a component-wise difference between the codematrices D e and D c in which the difference matrix is also represented by columns and rows of complex symbol, also one column per antenna transducer.
  • each transmitted symbol on any transmit antenna is assumed to have energy E s , then the energy transmitted by all L t transmit antennas in one symbol epoch is L t E s . If one compares the L t -transmit antenna system with a system using only one transmit antenna, then the transmitted energies per symbol epoch should be the same for the single and multiple transmit antenna systems. In that case, each antenna in a multiple antenna system should transmit energy E s /L t per (modulator) constellation symbol, and in all equations that follow E s should be replaced by E s /L t .
  • Block fading means that C ⁇ (t) is constant over the duration of one codeword, or over one symbol epoch, but changes from one codeword to another.
  • rank criterion is relevant in quasistatic fading in the sense that it determines the diversity level.
  • rapid fading the important parameter when it comes to diversity is the symbol Hamming distance. If the fading is assumed quasistatic def
  • Pr ⁇ D c D e - D c is the code difference matrix for codewords e and c.
  • the L t -transmit-antenna Rayleigh fading with perfect CSI, Pri ( D c l-> D e ) is made as small as possible presuming certain conditions.
  • Suboptimal codes should be characterized by matrices D c D ec whose main diagonal elements are as close as possible both to each other and to tr(D c D ec )/E, , and for which the row-wise sum of the absolute values of the elements of the main diagonal is as small as possible for each row.
  • D c , D e , D ec be viewed as block vectors, i.e. (1/L)xl matrices whose entries are LxL submatrices with elements from the modulator constellations ( s ) .
  • any code matrix can be regarded as a sequence of 1/L, block LxL sub- matrices, formed via a trellis whose branches span L modulator symbol epochs and are, each, labeled by a valid LxL sub-matrix.
  • a path through the trellis is selected as a function of the current state and a block of new input symbols.
  • difference code matrices pertaining to an Error Event Path (EEP) of length k ⁇ k' transitions ( kL modulator symbols) should be optimal, in the sense of Proposition 1, for k' as large as possible, and as close to optimal as feasible for k>k' .
  • space-time block codes conform with the above proposition by construction.
  • An improved space-time modulator is provided pursuant to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the modulator is operable in an environment which exhibits quasistatic fading. Quasistatic fading is particularly relevant because of its association with the fundamental concept of outage probability.
  • the design of the proposed space-time code follows the criterion formulated above.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a trellis diagram 70 with the branch labels listed on the left hand side (as shown), designated at 72.
  • the matrices are each 2 X 2 matrices.
  • MTCM Multiple Trellis-Coded Modulation
  • the Euclidean distance squared between two arbitrary matrices selected from the 32 matrices Ci is not, in general, proportional to the Euclidean distance squared between their respective first columns. Using this fact, it is easy to see that the space-time trellis depicted in Figure 1 is not a MTCM trellis code .
  • Figure 2 compares the average frame error probability curve for this trellis space-time code, against those of
  • D ⁇ D ec nas equal eigenvalues for all difference code matrices D ec corresponding to EEPs of length k ⁇ 2 (i.e., up to 4 4PSK symbols).
  • the symbol Hamming distance between any two parallel transitions is 2, thereby guaranteeing a diversity of 2 in rapid fading.
  • symbols generated by the symbol assignor form a serial symbol stream of symbols which are coded in manners to overcome fading when transmitted upon the communication channel.
  • the bandwidth required to communicate the symbols from a plurality of antenna transducers is no greater than the bandwidth required to communicate the non-space-time-coded symbols from a single antenna transducer .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Radio Transmission System (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Detection And Prevention Of Errors In Transmission (AREA)
  • Error Detection And Correction (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un appareil (28) et un procédé associé destinés à une station d'émission (12) fonctionnant dans un système de communications (10) et possédant un canal de communication susceptible d'affaiblissement, tel qu'un affaiblissement quasi statique. On augmente la diversité d'émission de symboles à envoyer à la station d'émission (12) sans que cela nécessite une augmentation correspondante de la largeur de bande requise pour communiquer les symboles.
EP01976554A 2000-10-25 2001-10-17 Appareil, et procede associe, destines a la formation d'un signal exhibant une redondance spatio-temporelle Withdrawn EP1330879A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US696432 2000-10-25
US09/696,432 US6922447B1 (en) 2000-05-17 2000-10-25 Apparatus, and associated method, for forming a signal exhibiting space-time redundancy
PCT/IB2001/001812 WO2002035709A2 (fr) 2000-10-25 2001-10-17 Appareil, et procede associe, destines a la formation d'un signal exhibant une redondance spatio-temporelle

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1330879A2 true EP1330879A2 (fr) 2003-07-30

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EP01976554A Withdrawn EP1330879A2 (fr) 2000-10-25 2001-10-17 Appareil, et procede associe, destines a la formation d'un signal exhibant une redondance spatio-temporelle

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EP (1) EP1330879A2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2004512757A (fr)
KR (1) KR20030044009A (fr)
CN (1) CN1473394A (fr)
AU (1) AU2001295822A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2002035709A2 (fr)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100860660B1 (ko) * 2002-01-09 2008-09-26 삼성전자주식회사 통신시스템의 인터리빙 장치 및 방법
CN1829138B (zh) * 2006-04-07 2010-04-07 清华大学 自适应多输入多输出发送接收系统及其方法

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6678263B1 (en) * 1998-09-18 2004-01-13 Hughes Electronics Corporation Method and constructions for space-time codes for PSK constellations for spatial diversity in multiple-element antenna systems

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO0235709A2 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1473394A (zh) 2004-02-04
AU2001295822A1 (en) 2002-05-06
WO2002035709A3 (fr) 2002-11-07
WO2002035709A2 (fr) 2002-05-02
JP2004512757A (ja) 2004-04-22
KR20030044009A (ko) 2003-06-02

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