EP1329070A2 - Method for generating soft bit information from gray coded signals - Google Patents

Method for generating soft bit information from gray coded signals

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Publication number
EP1329070A2
EP1329070A2 EP01987987A EP01987987A EP1329070A2 EP 1329070 A2 EP1329070 A2 EP 1329070A2 EP 01987987 A EP01987987 A EP 01987987A EP 01987987 A EP01987987 A EP 01987987A EP 1329070 A2 EP1329070 A2 EP 1329070A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
bit information
phase
soft bit
gray
channel
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
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EP01987987A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Volker Aue
René NUESSGEN
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NXP Semiconductors Germany GmbH
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Systemonic AG
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Publication of EP1329070A2 publication Critical patent/EP1329070A2/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00—Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/06—Dc level restoring means; Bias distortion correction ; Decision circuits providing symbol by symbol detection
    • H04L25/067—Dc level restoring means; Bias distortion correction ; Decision circuits providing symbol by symbol detection providing soft decisions, i.e. decisions together with an estimate of reliability

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for generating soft bit information from gray-coded signals.
  • TCM trellis coded modulation
  • BICM Bit-Interleaved Coded Moulation
  • gray coding plays a crucial role here. Adjacent symbols in the constellation diagram only differ by one different bit.
  • the soft information per bit results from the maximum conditional probability that a data symbol was received under the condition that a specific data symbol was sent.
  • the high computational effort consists on the one hand of calculating several conditional probabilities and on the other hand of an additional division with the channel transmission function. This additional division must be applied if one assumes BICM (Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation) and fading. In practice, the individual bits are also interleaved using different symbols.
  • BICM Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation
  • the invention is based on the object, the soft bit information with at least the same performance in terms of bit or. Calculate symbol error rates with less computing and hardware expenditure in order to be able to implement them in real-time systems with high time requirements.
  • the object in a method for generating soft bit information from Gray-coded signals is achieved on the process side by utilizing the Gray coding used in most cases and generating the soft bit information per bit by simple amount formation and subtraction he follows.
  • the complex receive symbols Y are multiplied by the conjugate complex value of the estimated channel transmission function H * (for transmission in the frequency domain) in order to eliminate a possible phase shift caused by the channel.
  • Time domain contains H * the channel coefficient, which results from the attenuation of the signal and phase shift.
  • Y is the received symbol.
  • S is the transmitted signal
  • H is the transfer function
  • N is the corresponding noise term.
  • the received symbol is corrected in the phase and weighted with the amplitude of the channel
  • a QAM signal can be interpreted as two ASK signals due to the orthogonality of the in-phase and quadrature components.
  • the soft bit information D (R, S) ⁇ for the in-phase or quadrature components for an m -value QAM symbol become after
  • Rt ⁇ R ⁇ denotes the real part of a complex number, Ira ⁇ i. ⁇ Denotes the imaginary part.
  • the shift factor s results from the threshold value for a hard decision for the corresponding bit and the channel transfer function H and is calculated as follows.
  • the threshold v ⁇ . is calculated as follows.
  • M is the number of constellation points in the complex signal level.
  • Id denotes the logarithm of duales.
  • FIG. 1 shows a gray coding in which the following gray code was used for the in-phase component of a 64-QAM symbol. The individual calculation steps for bit 2 and bit 3 are illustrated.
  • the Gray code is documented in the following table.
  • FIG. 2 shows a further gray coding in which a different gray code was used for the in-phase component of a 64-QAM symbol.
  • the Gray code is documented in the following table.
  • the first soft bit D (R, S) 1.4.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
  • Error Detection And Correction (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for generating soft bit information from gray coded signals. The aim of the invention is to calculate the soft bit information while at least maintaining the same performance in terms of bit or symbol error rates, using less costly calculation and hardware systems, in order to enable corresponding implementation in real time systems with considerable time requirements. To this end, the soft bit information is generated per bit using the gray coding by simple absolute-value generation and subtraction. Before the actual soft bit calculation, the complex receiving symbols Y, with Y = S.H+N, are multiplied by the conjugated complex value H<*> of the channel transfer function H, by which means a phase rotation determined by the channel is eliminated. The complex multiplication and adoption of an ideal channel estimate results in the phase-corrected receiving symbol R = S.¦H¦<2> + NH<*>, weighted with the amplitude of the channel. The soft bit information D(R,S)i is then calculated for in-phase or quadrature components for an m-valent QAM symbol according to D(R,S)1 = Re{R} for the in-phase components and according to D(R,S)1 = Im{R} for the quadrature components and D(R,S)i = -abs(D(R,S)i-1)+Si for i>/=2, Si representing shift factors with Si = VTi¦H¦<2> and VTi representing threshold values with Vti = 2<ld(m)/2-(i-1)>.

Description

Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Soft-Bit-Informationen aus Gray-Method for generating soft bit information from Gray
Codierten SignalenCoded signals
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Soft- Bit-Informationen aus Gray-Codierten Signalen.The invention relates to a method for generating soft bit information from gray-coded signals.
Für bandbegrenzte Kanäle kam in der Vergangenheit Trellis- Coded-Modulation (TCM) zum Einsatz. TCM verbindet Kodierung und Modulation, wobei die kodierten Bits entsprechenden Punkten im Konstellationsdiagramm zugewiesen werden. Damit wird die minimale Euklidische Distanz maximiert. Aufgrund wachsenden Interesses an Mobilfunkkanälen (z.B. Rayleigh fading) wurden bestehende Verfahren entsprechend weiterentwickelt. Ziel war es, neue Kodierungsverfahren für frequenzselektive Kanäle zu entwickeln, aber bestehende Standardalgorithmen, wie z.B. einen Viterbi Decoder weiterhin nutzen zu können. Dazu wurde der Ansatz, Kodierung und Modulation zu verbinden verlassen. Durch ein zusätzliches bitweises Interleaving am Encoderausgang und einer angepassten Softmetrikberechnung im Empfänger konnte dies erreicht werden. Das Verfahren wird Bit-Interleaved Coded Moulation (BICM) genannt. Die sogenannte Graykodierung spielt dabei eine entscheidende Rolle. Benachbarte Symbole im Konstellationsdiagramm unterscheiden sich nur durch ein unterschiedliches Bit. Beim Erzeugen von Soft-Bit-Informationen aus Gray-Codierten Signalen ergibt sich die Soft-Information pro Bit aus der maximalen bedingten Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass ein Datensymbol empfangen wurde unter der Bedingung das ein bestimmtes Datensymbol gesendet wurde.In the past, trellis coded modulation (TCM) was used for band-limited channels. TCM combines coding and modulation, whereby the coded bits are assigned to corresponding points in the constellation diagram. This maximizes the minimum Euclidean distance. Due to growing interest in mobile radio channels (eg Rayleigh fading), existing methods have been further developed accordingly. The aim was to develop new coding methods for frequency-selective channels, but to continue to use existing standard algorithms, such as a Viterbi decoder. For this purpose, the approach of combining coding and modulation was abandoned. This could be achieved by an additional bit-wise interleaving at the encoder output and an adapted soft metric calculation in the receiver. The procedure is called Bit-Interleaved Coded Moulation (BICM). The so-called gray coding plays a crucial role here. Adjacent symbols in the constellation diagram only differ by one different bit. When generating soft bit information from gray-coded signals, the soft information per bit results from the maximum conditional probability that a data symbol was received under the condition that a specific data symbol was sent.
Nachteilig bei den bisher angewandten Verfahren zur Soft-Bit- Berechnung ist der hohe Rechenaufwand bei der eigentlichen Berechnung und gegebenenfalls ein zusätzlicher hoher Hardwareaufwand, um z.B. die bedingten Wahrscheinlichkeitsinformationen zu vergleichen. Der hohe Rechenaufwand besteht einerseits aus der Berechnung mehrerer bedingter Wahrscheinlichkeiten und andererseits aus einer zusätzlichen Division mit der Kanalübertragungsfunktion. Diese zusätzliche Division muss dann angewandt werden, wenn man von einer BICM (Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation) und Schwund ausgeht. In der Praxis werden die einzelnen Bits zusätzlich über verschiedene Symbole interleaved.Disadvantages of the previously used methods for soft bit calculation are the high computational effort involved in the actual calculation and possibly an additional high amount of hardware, e.g. compare the conditional probability information. The high computing effort consists on the one hand of calculating several conditional probabilities and on the other hand of an additional division with the channel transmission function. This additional division must be applied if one assumes BICM (Bit Interleaved Coded Modulation) and fading. In practice, the individual bits are also interleaved using different symbols.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, die Soft-Bit- Informationen bei zumindest gleicher Performance bzgl. Bitbzw. Symbolfehlerraten mit geringerem Rechen- und Hardwareaufwand zu berechnen, um eine entsprechende Implementierung in Echtzeitsystemen mit hohen Zeitanforderungen realisieren zu können.The invention is based on the object, the soft bit information with at least the same performance in terms of bit or. Calculate symbol error rates with less computing and hardware expenditure in order to be able to implement them in real-time systems with high time requirements.
Gemäß der Erfindung wird die Aufgabe bei einem Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Soft-Bit-Informationen aus Gray-Codierten Signalen verfahrensseitig dadurch gelöst, dass die in den meisten Fällen angewandte Gray-Codierung ausgenutzt wird und eine Generierung der Softbitinformation pro Bit durch einfache Betragsbildung und Subtraktion erfolgt. Vor der eigentlichen Softbitberechnung werden die komplexen Empfangssymbole Y mit dem konjugiert komplexen Wert der geschätzten Kanalübertragungsfunktion H* (bei Übertragung im Frequenzbereich) multipliziert, um eine eventuelle durch den Kanal bedingte Phasendrehung zu eliminieren. Bei Übertragung imAccording to the invention, the object in a method for generating soft bit information from Gray-coded signals is achieved on the process side by utilizing the Gray coding used in most cases and generating the soft bit information per bit by simple amount formation and subtraction he follows. Before the actual soft bit calculation, the complex receive symbols Y are multiplied by the conjugate complex value of the estimated channel transmission function H * (for transmission in the frequency domain) in order to eliminate a possible phase shift caused by the channel. When transmitting in
Zeitbereich enthält H* den Kanalkoeffizienten, der sich aus Abschwächung des Signals und Phasendrehung ergibt.Time domain contains H * the channel coefficient, which results from the attenuation of the signal and phase shift.
Y ist das empfangene Symbol.Y is the received symbol.
F = S .H +NF = S .H + N
S ist das gesendete Signal, H ist die Übertragungsfunktion und N ist der entsprechende Rauschterm.S is the transmitted signal, H is the transfer function and N is the corresponding noise term.
Nach der komplexen Multiplikation und der Annahme idealer Kanalschätzung ergibt sich das in der Phase korrigierte und mit der Amplitude des Kanals gewichtete EmpfangssymbolAfter the complex multiplication and the assumption of ideal channel estimation, the received symbol is corrected in the phase and weighted with the amplitude of the channel
Ein QAM-Signal kann, aufgrund der Orthogonalität der Inphasen- und Quadraturkomponente als zwei ASK-Signale aufgefasst werden.A QAM signal can be interpreted as two ASK signals due to the orthogonality of the in-phase and quadrature components.
Die Soft-Bit-Information D(R,S){ für die Inphase- bzw. Quadraturkomponten für ein m -wertiges QAM-Symbol werden nachThe soft bit information D (R, S) { for the in-phase or quadrature components for an m -value QAM symbol become after
- t{R} -für die Inphasenkomponenten und nach - t {R} -for the in-phase components and after
- Im{/?} -für die Quadraturkomponenten und D(R,S)l = -abs(D(R,S)i_l) + sl für i > 2 berechnet.- Im {/?} -For the quadrature components and D (R, S) l = -abs (D (R, S) i _ l ) + s l calculated for i> 2.
Rt{R} bezeichnet den Realteil einer komplexen Zahl, Ira{i.} bezeichnet den Imaginärteil. Der Shift-Faktor s; ergibt sich aus dem Schwellwert für eine harten Entscheidung für das entsprechende Bit und der Kanalübertragungsfunktion H und wird wie folgt berechnet.Rt {R} denotes the real part of a complex number, Ira {i.} Denotes the imaginary part. The shift factor s ; results from the threshold value for a hard decision for the corresponding bit and the channel transfer function H and is calculated as follows.
Der Schwellwert vτ. wird wie folgt berechnet.The threshold v τ . is calculated as follows.
Dabei ist m die Anzahl der Konstellationspunkte in der komplexen Signalebene. „ Id " bezeichnet den Logarithmus Duales.M is the number of constellation points in the complex signal level. "Id" denotes the logarithm of duales.
Bei diesem neuen Verfahren ist es unter den oben skizzierten Randbedingungen wie BICM und frequenzselektivem Schwund nicht notwendig eine aufwendige Division mit der Kanal- Übertragungsfunktion durchführen zu müssen. Die Entscheidungsgrenzen lassen sich ebenfalls wie die Shift- Faktoren rekursiv berechnen. Es gilt:With this new method, it is not necessary to perform a complex division with the channel transfer function under the boundary conditions outlined above, such as BICM and frequency-selective fading. Like the shift factors, the decision limits can also be calculated recursively. The following applies:
= vT; /2= v T; / 2
S M = Sι /2 S M = Sι / 2
Damit lassen sich, nachdem der Shift-Faktor für das erste Bit bekannt ist, alle weiteren Softbits auf einfache Weise berechnen. Das neue Verfahren spart Rechen- und ggf. Hardwareaufwand .After the shift factor for the first bit is known, all other soft bits can be easily created to calculate. The new process saves computing and, if necessary, hardware.
Die Erfindung soll nachfolgend an Hand zweier Ausführungsbeispiele näher erläutert werden. Figur 1 zeigt eine Gray-Codierung, bei der der folgende Graycode für die Inphasenkomponente eines 64-QAM-Symbols angewendet wurde. Dabei sind die einzelnen Berechnungsschritte für Bit 2 und Bit 3 veranschaulicht .The invention will be explained in more detail below using two exemplary embodiments. FIG. 1 shows a gray coding in which the following gray code was used for the in-phase component of a 64-QAM symbol. The individual calculation steps for bit 2 and bit 3 are illustrated.
Der Gray-Code ist in folgender Tabelle dokumentiert.The Gray code is documented in the following table.
In diesem Beispiel sei angenommen, dass H =1 sei, vr=8. Der Realteil des mit dem konjugiert komplexen Übertragungsfaktor H * empfangenen Symbols betrage 1,4.In this example, assume that H = 1, v r = 8. The real part of the symbol received with the conjugate complex transmission factor H * is 1.4.
Demnach ist das erste Soft-Bit D R,S)Ϊ =1,4. Für das zweite Soft-Bit ergibt sich mit vr. =4, s2 = 4 gemäss der VorschriftAccordingly, the first soft bit DR, S) Ϊ = 1.4. For the second soft bit, v r results. = 4, s 2 = 4 according to the regulation
D(R,S), = -αb-s(1.4)+4 = 2.6.D (R, S) = -αb-s (1. 4) +4 = 2.6.
Für das dritte Softbit ergibt sich mit ^- = 2 , ->3=2 gemäss der Vorschrift D(R,S = -abs (2,6) + 2 = -0,6. Figur 2 zeigt eine weitere Gray-Codierung, bei der ein anderer Graycode für die Inphasenkomponente eines 64-QAM-Symbols angewendet wurde. Der Gray-Code ist in folgender Tabelle dokumentiert.For the third soft bit, the result is ^ - = 2, -> 3 = 2 according to regulation D (R, S = -abs (2.6) + 2 = -0.6. FIG. 2 shows a further gray coding in which a different gray code was used for the in-phase component of a 64-QAM symbol. The Gray code is documented in the following table.
In diesem Beispiel sei angenommen, dass H =l sei, vr =8. Der Realteil des mit dem konjugiert komplexen Übertragungsfaktor H* empfangenen Symbols betrage 1,4.In this example, assume that H = 1, v r = 8. The real part of the symbol received with the conjugate complex transmission factor H * is 1.4.
Demnach ist das erste Softbit D(R,S) =1,4. Für das zweite Soft-Bit ergibt sich mit vTι = 4 , s2 - 4 gemäss der Vorschrift D(R, S)2 = abs(l,4) -4 = -2,6. Für das dritte Soft-Bit ergibt sich mit vτ = 2 , s3 = 2 gemäss der Vorschrift D(R,S)2 = abs(-2,6) ~ 2 = 0,6. Accordingly, the first soft bit D (R, S) = 1.4. For the second soft bit, v Tι = 4, s 2 - 4 according to the regulation D (R, S) 2 = abs (l, 4) -4 = -2.6. For the third soft bit, v τ = 2, s 3 = 2 according to the rule D (R, S) 2 = abs (-2.6) ~ 2 = 0.6.
Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Soft-Bit-Informationen aus Gray- Codierten SignalenMethod for generating soft bit information from gray-coded signals
FormelzeichenlisteSymbol List
Y EmpfangssymbolY reception symbol
H KanalübertragungsfunktionH Channel transmission function
H konjugiert komplexer Wert derH conjugates complex value of
Kanalübertragungsfunktion S gesendetes Signal N RauschtermChannel transmission function S transmitted signal N noise term
R in Phase korrigiertes und mit der Amplitude des Kanals gewichtetes EmpfangssymbolR receive symbol corrected in phase and weighted with the amplitude of the channel
D(R,S); Soft-Bit-Information st Shift-Faktor VA-. Schwellwert m Anzahl der Konstellatiospunkte in der komplexen Signalebene Bitindex D (R, S) ; Soft bit information s t Shift factor VA-. Threshold m Number of constellation points in the complex signal level bit index

Claims

Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Soft-Bit-Informationen aus Gray- Codierten SignalenPatentansprüche Method for generating soft-bit information from Gray-coded signals
1. Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Soft-Bit-Informationen aus Gray-Codierten Signalen dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass unter Nutzung der Gray-Codierung eine Generierung der Soft-Bit- Information pro Bit durch einfache Betragsbildung und Subtraktion erfolgt, wobei vor der eigentlichen Soft-Bit- Berechnung die komplexen Empfangssymbole Y mit Y - S » H + N , mit dem konjugiert komplexen Wert H* der Kanalübertragungsfunktion H multipliziert werden und damit eine durch den Kanal bedingte Phasendrehung eliminiert wird, das sich nach der komplexen Multiplikation und der Annahme idealer Kanalschätzung das in der Phase korrigierte und mit der Amplitude des Kanals gewichtete Empfangssymbol1. A method for generating soft-bit information from gray-coded signals, characterized in that the gray-coding is used to generate the soft-bit information per bit by simple amount formation and subtraction, in front of the actual soft bit - Calculation of the complex reception symbols Y with Y - S »H + N, by which the conjugate complex value H * of the channel transfer function H is multiplied, thus eliminating a phase shift caused by the channel, which is the result of the complex multiplication and the assumption of ideal channel estimation receive symbol corrected in phase and weighted with the amplitude of the channel
R = S » + NH* ergibt, und das die Soft-Bit-Information D(R,S)t für Inphase- bzw. Quadraturkomponten für ein m-wertiges QAM- Symbol nachR = S »+ NH * results, and that the soft bit information D (R, S) t for in-phase or quadrature components for an m-valued QAM symbol
D(R,S)l = Re(ft} für die Inphasenkomponenten und nachD (R, S) l = Re (ft} for the in-phase components and after
D(R,S){ = Im{R} für die Quadraturkomponenten undD (R, S) { = Im {R} for the quadrature components and
D(R,S)i = -abs(D(R,S)i_l) + si für i ≥ 2D (R, S) i = -abs (D (R, S) i _ l ) + s i for i ≥ 2
wobei Sj Shift-Faktoren mit s,- = vτ. \H\ undwhere S j shift factors with s, - = v τ . \Dog
vτ. Schwellwerte mit v 2 W(Λ,)/2-('-1) v τ . Threshold values with v 2 W (Λ,) / 2 - ( '- 1)
darstellen, berechnet werden.represent, be calculated.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass statt einem QAM-Signal ASK-Signale verwendet werden.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that ASK signals are used instead of a QAM signal.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine aus dem Empfangssignal geschätzte3. The method according to claim 1 and 2, characterized in that an estimated from the received signal
Übertragungsfunktion H eingesetzt wird, und sichTransfer function H is used, and itself
R = SHH* + NH ' ergibt. R = SHH * + NH 'results.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine andere Gray-Codierung verwendet wird und4. The method according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that a different Gray coding is used and
D(R,S) = abs(D(R,S)l_i) -s: für i ≥ 2 berechnet wird.D (R, S) = abs (D (R, S) l _ i ) -s : is calculated for i ≥ 2.
5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass bei anderen Gray-Konstellationen abhängig vom Bitindex entweder5. The method according to claim 1 to 4, characterized in that in other Gray constellations either depending on the bit index
D(R,S) = abs(D(R,S)!_l) -sl für i > 2 oderD (R, S) = abs (D (R, S) ! _ L ) -s l for i> 2 or
D(R,S) = -abs(D(R,S)l_l) + sl für i > 2D (R, S) = -abs (D (R, S) l _ l ) + s l for i> 2
berechnet wird.is calculated.
6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass R und s, mit einer reellen Konstanten skaliert werden und dass diese Skalierung mit einer Zahl kleiner Eins insbesondere für die Werte vorgenommen wird, für die i HP größer als eine obere vom Empfänger festgelegte Grenze ist.6. The method according to claim 1 to 5, characterized in that R and s are scaled with a real constant and that this scaling is carried out with a number less than one, in particular for the values for which i HP is greater than an upper one specified by the receiver Limit is.
7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass R mit einer reellen Zahlen skaliert wird und dass alle s> mit einer weiteren reellen Zahl skaliert werden. 7. The method according to claim 1 to 6, characterized in that R is scaled with a real number and that all s> are scaled with a further real number.
EP01987987A 2000-10-16 2001-10-15 Method for generating soft bit information from gray coded signals Ceased EP1329070A2 (en)

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