EP1328864A2 - Representation arithmetique minimale d'un nombre n en base relative r pour decomposer des operations de calcul notamment en cryptographie - Google Patents
Representation arithmetique minimale d'un nombre n en base relative r pour decomposer des operations de calcul notamment en cryptographieInfo
- Publication number
- EP1328864A2 EP1328864A2 EP01978522A EP01978522A EP1328864A2 EP 1328864 A2 EP1328864 A2 EP 1328864A2 EP 01978522 A EP01978522 A EP 01978522A EP 01978522 A EP01978522 A EP 01978522A EP 1328864 A2 EP1328864 A2 EP 1328864A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- digits
- multiplet
- elementary
- base
- rank
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
- G06F7/38—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation
- G06F7/48—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation using non-contact-making devices, e.g. tube, solid state device; using unspecified devices
- G06F7/4824—Methods or arrangements for performing computations using exclusively denominational number representation, e.g. using binary, ternary, decimal representation using non-contact-making devices, e.g. tube, solid state device; using unspecified devices using signed-digit representation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
- G06F2207/38—Indexing scheme relating to groups G06F7/38 - G06F7/575
- G06F2207/3804—Details
- G06F2207/3808—Details concerning the type of numbers or the way they are handled
- G06F2207/3852—Calculation with most significant digit first
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of numerical calculation methods, in particular. the data encryption methods implemented by electronic calculation circuits, in which each complex calculation operation as a function of a numerical factor is broken down into elementary calculation operations by calling upon a particular decomposition or arithmetic representation of the factor digital. It is intended in particular that the invention is implemented by implementing an algorithm on a programmable electronic calculation circuit.
- Programmable electronic calculation circuits such as microprocessors, have instructions corresponding to very simple elementary calculation operations, namely addition and subtraction operations.
- the advanced calculation circuits also have macro-instructions corresponding to multiplication and division operations which call upon routines in which these operations are broken down into elementary operations, additions and subtractions, performed on a recurring basis.
- N (t ni, ..., b 2 , b 1 , b 0 ) 2
- N b h .2 11 + ti. '1 + ... + z ⁇ + b ⁇ .2 + bo with bi being 0 or 1, for any integer i;
- z 7 (z 2 .z) 2 . z
- the power factor seven is broken down in the following other way:
- N ( ⁇ - ⁇ Cn-i ... C 2 , C ⁇ , Co) i 2 with Ci e ⁇ -1; 0; 1 ⁇ for any integer i
- a number N can have several different representations.
- numeric factor seven is written at least under the following two representations in signed binary:
- Non Adjacent Form in English “Non Adjacent Form” and abbreviated as NAF.
- NAF representation of a number N is defined as the "signed binary" form written as follows:
- N ( ⁇ n, Cn-l. - .C2, C ⁇ , Co) i2 with c ⁇ e ⁇ -l; 0; l ⁇ for any integer i in which, for all natural integer i,
- Ci + ic-i 0 (non-adjacency)
- the author GW Reitwiesner demonstrated that any number has one and only one non-adjacent representation NAF.
- the numeration in this ternary base ⁇ -1,0,1 ⁇ called "signed binary" can be generalized to higher bases.
- N pn. 311 + Pn-i- * 1 "1 + ... + ps.r 2 + pi.r + po
- N (Pi Pn-lr • • • • .P2, Pl, P ⁇ ) -tr
- each number is represented as a sequence of signed digits, each digit being individually with a sign.
- N (p- ⁇ , Pn-l, • • •, Pi, • • •, P2, Pl, P ⁇ ) ⁇ r denotes the representation of N in the relative base r, in the form of a series of digits pi signed individually, therefore.
- each number can have several representations in a "relative base r".
- N (Pn, R ⁇ -i, • • •, P -., P -., P ⁇ )
- WE Clark and JJ Liang also described a calculation method making it possible to determine the GNAF representation of a number N in relative base r from the representation of number N in non-relative base r and from the representation of the integer (r + l) N in non-relative basis r, as follows:
- N (Pn-l, • - •, p2 / Pl, P ⁇ ) r With, for all integer i, Pi e ⁇ 0,1, ..., r-l ⁇
- N (r n, r n _ ⁇ , ..., r 2, r ⁇ , ro) ⁇ ,:
- N ( ⁇ -l • • • / P2, Pl, P ⁇ ) r
- the pre-calculated exponentiation value tables can only be used for left-right exponentiation. This obliges to provide the figures to be treated starting with the most significant figures (high weight) to finish with the least significant figures (low weight), in order to considerably shorten the calculation time of the exponentiation operation.
- Clark and Liang method provides the digits of the GNAF representation of a number, from right to left, conventionally, while the pre-computed exponentiation value tables process the digits from the left to the right to shorten the calculation time.
- Clark and Liang method The disadvantage of the Clark and Liang method is therefore that it is not compatible with the use of tables of precalculated values to speed up the calculation time.
- Another drawback of the Clark and Liang method is that it requires storing or memorizing all of the signed figures of the GNAF representation of a number before carrying out the elementary operations corresponding to each of the signed figures in order to reconstruct the operation. overall by number.
- the object of the invention is to develop a method for decomposing any integer N in a relative base r and for simply calculating a representation of the number having a weight
- a main objective of the invention is to obtain a decomposition process making it possible to calculate the figures of the representation in relative base r of the number N from left to right, that is to say from the most significant figures to the figures least significant.
- a particular objective of the invention is to obtain a decomposition process making it possible to obtain the figures of the representation one by one, by successively determining a figure at each step, starting from the most significant figure towards the least significant figure without the need to store a complete result or an intermediate result of the decomposition.
- Another objective is to obtain a method for decomposing any integer in a relative base r, whatever the value of the relative base r.
- a number in a relative base r of any value, a number has a single GNAF representation, but can have several representations having the same minimum arithmetic weight as the GNAF representation.
- N (Pn-l, P ⁇ , • • • ⁇ P7, P6, P5 > -P4, P3 " -P2.Pl, P ⁇ ) r (PI)
- M a multiplet, that is to say a substring of at least three whole digits resulting from the division of N:
- the invention is therefore carried out with a method for decomposing and carrying out, by an electronic circuit, a calculation operation according to a numerical factor expressed in an entire base by a series of whole numbers, with the particularity that it comprises stages consisting of:
- each elementary multiplet comprising a portion of the series of integers, wherein each 'pair of consecutive digits is a sum value equal to the reduced basis of a unit
- each elementary multiplet into a modified multiplet comprising a series of signed digits such that the concatenation of the modified multiplets forms a series of signed digits containing a minimum number of non-zero digits and representing the value of the numerical factor in a relative base.
- each elementary byte comprises, to begin with, a first pair of whole numbers forming a first sum of value different from the base decreased by one, then one or more whole numbers such as each pair of whole numbers neighbors has a sum of value equal to the base minus one and, for
- all the digits of odd rank have the same value, except the first digit of the elementary multiplet, as well as the last digit if it has an odd rank, and all the digits of even rank have the same value, except the last digit if it has an even rank. It is expected that the transformation of an elementary byte containing an odd number of digits follows the following conditional steps:
- the digits of odd rank and the digits of even rank are equal respectively to the digits of odd rank and to the digits of even rank of the elementary multiplet, the penultimate digit being determined by one of the following two sub-conditions:
- the penultimate digit of the modified multiplet is equal to the even rank digits of the elementary multiplet, while,.
- the penultimate digit of the modified byte is equal to the value of the even-numbered digits of the elementary byte increased by one, while,
- the penultimate digit of the modified byte is equal to the difference between the even-numbered digits of the elementary multiplet and the base, while,
- the odd-numbered digits and the even-numbered digits / except the first, antepenultimate, penultimate and last digits of the modified • multiplet corresponding are equal respectively to the digits of odd rank and to the digits of even rank of the elementary byte, the last digits being determined by one of the following two sub-conditions:
- the odd-numbered digits and the even-numbered digits, except the first, the ante-last, the penultimate and the last digits of the corresponding modified byte are equal respectively, opposite the even rank digits and opposite the odd rank digits of the elementary multiplet, the last digits being determined by one of the following two sub-conditions:
- the third last and penultimate digit byte 'modified are respectively equal to the difference between the value of even rank digits and the base and to the value of the odd rank digits of the elementary multiplet, while ' that, • if, moreover, the last sum is strictly greater than the base decreased by one, then the ante-penultimate and the, penultimate digits of the modified multiplet are equal, respectively, opposite to the digits of odd rank and l opposite numbers of even rank of the elementary multiplet.
- all the digits of odd rank have the same value, except the first and the penultimate or the last digit
- all the digits of even rank have the same value, except the penultimate or the ante-penultimate and the last digit.
- each changed byte comprises a sequence of digits' signed wherein each pair of consecutive digits is a sum of absolute value equal to unity or decreased based on a unit or base.
- steps of - transformation of elementary byte into modified byte are carried out from the most significant figures to the least significant figures.
- an electronic calculation circuit implements such a method for decomposing and performing a calculation operation.
- FIG. 1 shows an algorithm for recoding a number in GSF representation in relative base r operating from left to right, that is to say from the most significant figure to the least significant figure
- FIG. 2 represents an algorithm for recoding a number in GSF representation into "signed binary" operating from left to right, and
- FIG. 3 shows an exponentiation calculation algorithm using such a GSF representation in relative base r of a number.
- the inventors have determined formulas for transforming each individual byte from the cutting of the expression of the number N in base r whole, respecting the proposal previous in modified byte constituting part of the series of numbers signed arithmetic minimum weight representative the number N in the relative base r.
- the transformation steps and formulas are detailed below.
- the invention is achieved by implementing a method comprising a first step consisting in cutting the series of whole numbers into elementary bytes, each elementary byte comprising a part of the series of whole numbers constituting the expression of the numerical factor N in base not relative r.
- (c, d) k represents a sequence of k pairs of digits in relative base r: c, d, c, d, ..., c, d with k> 0.
- b + d ⁇ r-1, c + d r-1, and d + e ⁇ r-1.
- the last digit (e) is such that the sum of it, with the preceding digit (d) is different from the base minus one (e + d ⁇ r-1).
- the last pair of digits (c, e) is such that the sum of these two digits is different from the base minus one unit (c + e ⁇ r-1) .
- IF [*, ⁇ , c> k , d, *], if bd ⁇ rl and ed ⁇ rl,
- IF [*, (- c, -d> k , dr, *], if b + d> rl and e + d ⁇ rl,
- IF [*, (- c, -d>, - ⁇ , *], if b + d> rl and e + d> rl.
- the value of the first and last digits of a modified byte is determined by the subsequent concatenation of the modified bytes one after the other with an overlap, so that the first and last unspecified digits of a modified byte are replaced by the last determined digit of the previous multiplet and by the first determined digit of the following multiplet.
- the series of digits of the expression of the numerical factor N in base Four is broken down into elementary bytes.
- each byte however includes the pair of initial digits of sum different from three, as well as the pair of final digits of sum other than three.
- Each multiplet therefore has a pair of initial digits identical to the pair of final digits of the previous multiplet, as well as a pair of final digits identical to the pair of initial digits of the next multiplet.
- the decomposition of the number N into elementary bytes in integer base Quatre- is as follows:
- N (0,0,3,0,1,2,1,2,3,0,3,1,1,2,1,2.0) 4
- the elementary bytes M 4 , M 2 and M 1 are type I bytes, with an odd number of digits. While the elementary bytes M 3 and M 0 correspond to type II bytes, with an even number of digits.
- N (0.3,0,1,2,2, -1,0, -3,0, -3,1,2,1,2) +.
- the elementary multiplet (b, d, (c, d) k , e) contains an odd number of digits and if the first sum is strictly less than the base minus one unit (b + d ⁇ r- 1) and, moreover, if the last sum is strictly lower than the base decreased by one unit (e + d ⁇ r-1), then, in the corresponding modified multiplet (*, ⁇ d, c) k , d , *), the digits of odd rank and the digits of even rank, except the first and the last digits, are equal respectively to the digits of odd rank (c) and the digits of even rank (d) of the elementary multiplet (* , ⁇ d, c) k , d, *).
- the penultimate digit (d + 1) being equal to the value of the digits of even rank (d) of the elementary multiplet (*, ⁇ d, c) k , d, *) increased by one.
- first, penultimate and fifth digits are equal respectively opposite (-d) of even rank digits and opposite (-c) of - odd rank digits of elementary multiplet (b, d, (c, d), e), the penultimate digit being equal to the difference (dr) between the even rank digits (d) of the elementary multiplet (*, ⁇ d, c), d, *) and the base (r).
- the elementary multiplet (b, d, (c, d) k , e) contains an odd number of digits and if the first sum is strictly greater than the base minus one unit (b + d> r- 1) and, moreover, if the last sum is strictly greater than the base decreased by one unit (e + d> r-1), then in the corresponding modified multiplet (*, (- c, -d) k , -c, *), odd-numbered digits (-d) and even-numbered digits (-c), except the first and last digits are equal to the opposite of even-numbered digits (d) and opposite the odd-numbered digits (c) of the elementary multiplet (b, d; ⁇ c, d> k , e).
- the elementary multiplet (b, d, (c, d), c, e) contains an even number of digits and if the first sum is strictly less than the base minus one unit (b + d ⁇ r -1) and, moreover, if the last sum is strictly less than the base decreased by one unit (e + c ⁇ r-1), then, in the corresponding modified multiplet (*, ⁇ d, c), d , c, *), the odd rank digits (c) and the even rank digits (d), except the first and the last digits, are equal to the odd rank digits (c) and the even rank digits, respectively (d) of the elementary multiplet (b, d, (c, d) k , c, e).
- the elementary multiplet (b, d, (c, d) k , c, e) contains an even number of digits and if the first sum is strictly less than the base minus one (b + d ⁇ r-1) and, moreover, if the last sum is strictly greater than the base decreased by one unit (e + c> r-1), then, in the corresponding modified multiplet (*, (d, c), d + l, -d, *), the digits of odd rank (c) and the digits of even rank (d), except the first, the ante-penultimate, the penultimate and the uppermost digits, are equal respectively to the odd-ranking digits (c) and the even-ranking digits (d) of the elementary multiplet (b, d, (c, d), c, e) , the ante-penultimate and the penultimate digit of the modified byte (*, (d, c),
- the result of the transformation is thus obtained immediately digit by digit without unoccupied calculation cycle.
- This aspect is essential for cryptography calculation applications using smart cards, that is to say memory cards, logic integrated circuit or simple microprocessor.
- the encryption algorithms implement a large number of complex operations, preferably exponentiations as well as scalar multiplications or multiplications on elliptical curves, which implement large numbers. It is common for example in cryptography, to treat numbers of more than three hundred digits and an exponentiation or a scalar multiplication on an elliptic curve with such numerical factors would mobilize a considerable number of calculation cycles and a significant memory clutter.
- the microprocessors as well as the memory of the smart cards by their reduced dimensions have a limited capacity.
- the primary advantage of the invention is therefore to provide a method for decomposing a numerical factor into a relative base r, making it possible not only to obtain a representation of minimum arithmetic weight, which corresponds to the lowest number of elementary operations of calculation, but also to obtain this representation by operating the most significant figures towards the least significant figures without mobilizing memory and especially by allowing compatibility with the tables of pre-calculated values of exponentiation or multiplication, in particular on the elliptic curves .
- transformation formulas described above can be implemented in the form of an electronic calculation circuit. logic, by assembling logic gates operating on the states of each digit of an elementary byte.
- the transformation steps provided for according to the invention are implemented in the form of transcoding algorithms making it possible, from a number expressed in integer base r, to provide the GSF representation of the number in relative base r of weight minimal arithmetic.
- the first listing extracted from a computer program corresponds to an algorithm for recoding a number (-T m -i, ..., no) r expressed in non-relative basis r, providing the GSF representation of the number (n ' m , nVi / .n ' 0 ) ⁇ r in a relative base r of any value.
- the algorithm operates advantageously according to the invention, from the most significant digit to the least significant digit, therefore from left to right.
- This algorithm can advantageously be simplified in the particular case of binary as can be seen on reading the following algorithm.
- the second listing extracted from computer program thus corresponds to an algorithm of. recoding of a number (r- m -i ...., n 0 ) 2 expressed in binary (base not relative 2), providing the .GSF representation of the number (n, n ⁇ , •. •, n ' 0 ) - 2 in "signed binary" (relative base 2).
- the binary algorithm also operates, advantageously from the most significant bit to the least significant bit, therefore from left to right, conventionally.
- the third listing extracted from computer program corresponds to an exponentiation calculation algorithm operating in relative base r.
- the algorithm is designed to perform elementary calculations for the GSF representation base relative numerical factor r N decomposed according to 'the method of the invention.
- This calculation algorithm performs exponentiation by operating from left to right.
- the applications of the invention are not limited to exponentiation, but also include the multiplication of whole numbers, or scalar multiplication on elliptic curves, by way of example.
- n_ 2 ⁇ - 0, ⁇ ⁇ - 0 for i from m down to 0 do case n ⁇ + ni_ ! ⁇ r - 1: ⁇ i_ ⁇ ⁇ - 0, ⁇ ⁇ - ni-i
- INPUT (r - ⁇ , ..., no) 2 (Binary representation)
- OUTPUT (n ' m , nV ⁇ , ..., n' 0 ) -2 (Binary GSF representation)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0013349 | 2000-10-11 | ||
| FR0013349A FR2815146B1 (fr) | 2000-10-11 | 2000-10-11 | Representation arithmetique minimale d'un nombre n en base relative r pour decomposer des operations de calcul notamment en cryptographie |
| PCT/FR2001/003122 WO2002031646A2 (fr) | 2000-10-11 | 2001-10-10 | Representation arithmetique minimale d'un nombre n en base relative r pour decomposer des operations de calcul notamment en cryptographie |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1328864A2 true EP1328864A2 (fr) | 2003-07-23 |
Family
ID=8855478
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01978522A Withdrawn EP1328864A2 (fr) | 2000-10-11 | 2001-10-10 | Representation arithmetique minimale d'un nombre n en base relative r pour decomposer des operations de calcul notamment en cryptographie |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20040162868A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1328864A2 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2002210629A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2815146B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2002031646A2 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2169535A1 (fr) * | 2008-09-22 | 2010-03-31 | Thomson Licensing | Procédé, appareil et support de programme informatique pour le recodage régulier d'un entier positif |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5430669A (en) * | 1993-12-03 | 1995-07-04 | United Microelectronics Corp. | Apparatus for finding the square root of a number |
| JP3421933B2 (ja) * | 1994-10-31 | 2003-06-30 | 弘之 河▲崎▼ | 演算処理装置及び電子計算機 |
-
2000
- 2000-10-11 FR FR0013349A patent/FR2815146B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-10-10 AU AU2002210629A patent/AU2002210629A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-10-10 WO PCT/FR2001/003122 patent/WO2002031646A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2001-10-10 US US10/398,940 patent/US20040162868A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-10-10 EP EP01978522A patent/EP1328864A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO0231646A3 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2002031646A2 (fr) | 2002-04-18 |
| FR2815146B1 (fr) | 2004-05-28 |
| FR2815146A1 (fr) | 2002-04-12 |
| AU2002210629A1 (en) | 2002-04-22 |
| WO2002031646A3 (fr) | 2002-06-13 |
| US20040162868A1 (en) | 2004-08-19 |
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