Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
  • C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
  • C11D1/62—Quaternary ammonium compounds

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the use of fabric conditioning compositions. More specifically, the invention relates to the use of fabric softening compositions comprising an ester-linked quaternary ammonium compound to provide shape benefits to fabrics.
• compositions comprise less than 7.5% by weight of softening active, in which case the composition is defined as “dilute”, from 7.5% to about 30% by weight of active in which case the compositions are defined as “concentrated” or more than about 30% by weight of active, in which case the composition is defined as "super-concentrated”.
• Concentrated and super-concentrated compositions are desirable since these require less packaging and are therefore environmentally more compatible than dilute or semi-dilute compositions.
• ester-linked quaternary ammonium compounds is particularly desirable due to their inherent biodegradability. Furthermore, the use of substantially fully saturated quaternary ammonium fabric softening compounds is also desirable due to their excellent softening capabilities and because they are more stable to oxidative degradation (which can lead to malodour generation) than partially saturated or fully unsaturated quaternary ammonium softening compounds.
• fabric conditioning compositions are known to provide benefits, such as anti-wrinkle benefits and even improved elasticity, to fabrics.
• rinse conditioner benefits including improved elasticity of knitted cotton which can manifest itself as better “fit” and shape retention during wear.
• WO 00/24851 discloses a fabric care composition comprising an effective amount of a fabric improving active based on oligosaccharide.
• WO 00/42139 discloses a fabric care composition which comprises about 0.01 to 1% by weight of a fabric softening active, a solvent for improving deposition of the fabric softening active onto fabrics and adjunct materials.
• the composition is arranged to be directly applied to fabric, e.g. by pouring or spraying.
• Shape retention is referred to and means a reduction in the likelihood of a fabric treated with the composition wrinkling or losing its ironed shape than a comparable non-treated fabric.
• WO 00/15748 discloses a fabric care composition for use in the rinse cycle comprising an amide-epichlorhydrin resin or derivative thereof and a silicone.
• the textile compatible carrier may comprise a cationic fabric softening compound.
• the document discloses that the combination of the amide-epichlorhydrin resin or derivative thereof and the silicone provide dimensional stability, e.g. shrinkage benefits, shape retention and bagginess reduction.
• GB 2259094 (Chemische Fabrik Kreussler & Co GMBH) discloses aftertreatments for washed textiles which comprise polyvinyl alcohol and/or polyvinyl acetate with at least one cationic protein hydrolysate for improving the feel of textiles and reducing shrinkage thereof.
• WO 99/55953 discloses a fabric wrinkle control compositions comprising shape retention polymers.
• WO 99/57236 discloses the application of saponins in the reduction of shrinkage on fabric.
• WO 00/29969 discloses a fabric care composition containing a high molecular weight polyalkyleneimine in order to protect garments from mechanical damage.
• WO 00/49126 (Procter & Gamble) discloses laundry detergent compositions comprising fabric enhancement polyamines.
• WO 01/07556 discloses compositions comprising XET and a polysaccharide and/or oligosaccharide.
• the adjuncts are present in order to provide a variety of benefits including anti-shrinkage and shape-retention benefits.
• the present invention seeks to address one or more of the above-mentioned problems, and, to give one or more of the above-mentioned benefits desired by consumers.
• an ester-linked quaternary ammonium fabric softening compound in a fabric conditioning composition can also be used to help maintain the proportionality of fabrics.
• an ester-linked fabric softening agent in a fabric conditioning composition to inhibit skew or twisting of a fabric treated with the composition.
• an ester-linked fabric softening agent in a fabric conditioning composition to maintain the proportionality of fabric treated with the composition.
• fabric skew which is also referred to herein as twist, is defined as:
• compositions of the present invention are preferably rinse conditioner compositions, more preferably aqueous rinse conditioner compositions for use in the rinse cycle of a domestic laundry process.
• the fabric softening material of the present invention comprises an ester-linked quaternary ammonium material which inhibits (i.e. prevents, slows or even reduces) twist/skew in a treated fabric and helps maintain proportionality of treated fabrics.
• a particularly preferred fabric softening agent comprises at least one mono-ester linked component and at least one tri-ester linked component, since it has been found that ester-linked fabric softening agents can provide better results in terms of skew/twist inhibition than non ester-linked fabric softening agents, especially when the fabric treated comprises cotton.
• the quaternary ammonium softening material comprises, respectively, a quaternary ammonium compound comprising a single ester-link with a fatty hydrocarbyl chain attached thereto, a quaternary ammonium compound comprising two ester-links each of which has a fatty hydrocarbyl chain attached thereto, and a quaternary ammonium compound comprising three ester-links each of which has a fatty hydrocarbyl chain attached thereto.
• the level of the mono-ester linked component of the quaternary ammonium material used in the compositions of the invention is preferably between 8 and 40% by weight, based on the total weight of the raw material in which the quaternary ammonium material is supplied.
• the level of the tri-ester linked component is preferably between 20 and 50% based on the total weight of the raw material in which the quaternary ammonium material is supplied.
• the average chain length of the alkyl or alkenyl group is at least C 14 , more preferably at least C 16 . Most preferably at least half of the chains have a length of C 18 .
• alkyl or alkenyl chains are predominantly linear.
• the preferred ester-linked quaternary ammonium cationic softening material for use in the invention is represented by formula (I): wherein each R is independently selected from a C 5-35 alkyl or alkenyl group, R 1 represents a C 1-4 alkyl or hydroxyalkyl group or a C 2-4 alkenyl group, T is n is O or an integer selected from 1 to 4, m is 1, 2 or 3 and denotes the number of moieties to which it refers that pend directly from the N atom, and X is an anionic group, such as halides or alkyl sulphates, e.g. chloride, methyl sulphate or ethyl sulphate.
• Especially preferred materials within this class are dialkyl and di-alkenyl esters of triethanol ammonium methyl sulphate.
• Commercial examples of compounds within this formula are Tetranyl® AHT-1 (di-hardened tallowyl ester of triethanol ammonium methyl sulphate 85% active), L1/90 (partially hardened tallow ester of triethanol ammonium methyl sulphate 90% active), and L5/90 (palm ester of triethanol ammonium methyl sulphate 90% active), all ex Kao corporation), Rewoquat WE18 and WE20 (both are partially hardened tallow ester of triethanol ammonium methyl sulphate 90% active), both ex Goldschmidt Corporation and Stepantex VK-90 (partially hardened tallow ester of triethanol ammonium methyl sulphate 90% active), ex Stepan Company).
• the iodine value of the parent fatty acyl compound or acid from which the quaternary ammonium fabric softening material is formed is from 0 to 20, preferably from 0 to 5, more preferably from 0 to 2. Most preferably the iodine value of the parent fatty acid or acyl group from which the quaternary ammonium fabric softening material is formed is from 0 to 1. That is, it is preferred that the alkyl or alkenyl chains are substantially fully saturated.
• the iodine value represents the mean iodine value of the parent fatty acyl compounds or fatty acids of all of the quaternary ammonium materials present.
• iodine value of the parent fatty acyl compound or acid from which the fabric softening material formed is defined as the number of grams of iodine which react with 100 grams of the compound.
• the method for calculating the iodine value of a parent fatty acyl compound/acid comprises dissolving a prescribed amount (from 0.1-3 g) into about 15ml chloroform.
• the dissolved parent fatty acyl compound/fatty acid is then reacted with 25 ml of iodine monochloride in acetic acid solution (0.1 M).
• acetic acid solution 0.1 M
• 20 ml of 10% potassium iodide solution and about 150 ml deionised water is added.
• the excess of iodine monochloride is determined by titration with sodium thiosulphate solution (0.1 M) in the presence of a blue starch indicator powder.
• a blank is determined with the same quantity of reagents and under the same conditions.
• the difference between the volume of sodium thiosulphate used in the blank and that used in the reaction with the parent fatty acyl compound or fatty acid enables the iodine value to be calculated.
• the quaternary ammonium fabric softening material of formula (I) is present in an amount from 2.5 to 80% by weight of quaternary ammonium material (active ingredient) based on the total weight of the composition, more preferably 3 to 60% by weight, most preferably 3 to 40% by weight.
• ester-linked quaternary ammonium fabric softening materials include those having following formula (II): wherein R 1 , R 2 , T, n and X - are as defined above.
• quaternary ammonium materials having no ester linkages present are quaternary ammonium materials having no ester linkages present.
• quaternary ammonium materials having formula (III) are excluded: where R 1 to R 4 are not interrupted by ester-links, R 1 and R 2 are C 8-28 alkyl or alkenyl groups; R 3 and R 4 are C 1-4 alkyl or C 2-4 alkenyl groups and X is as defined above.
• compositions of the present invention preferably comprise a fatty complexing agent.
• suitable fatty complexing agents include fatty alcohols and fatty acids. Of these, fatty alcohols are most preferred.
• a fatty complexing agent is present when the quaternary ammonium compound is of formula (I).
• the mono-ester quaternary ammonium species of the quaternary ammonium compound of formula (I) complexes with the fatty complexing material in preference to any nonionic surfactant present in the composition and frees the nonionic surfactant to fragment the structure of the composition, providing the composition with reduced particle size and thereby contributing to the surprising reduction in the viscosity of the concentrated composition.
• compositions comprising quaternary ammonium materials based on formula (I) may destabilise the composition through depletion flocculation.
• depletion flocculation is significantly reduced.
• the fatty component at the increased levels as required by the present invention, "neutralises" the mono-ester component of the quaternary ammonium material.
• the applicants also believe that that the complexing of the mono-ester linked component (which does not contribute to softening) with the fatty complexing material thereby provides a material which does contribute to softening.
• Preferred fatty acids include hardened tallow fatty acid (available under the tradename Pristerene, ex Uniqema).
• Preferred fatty alcohols include hardened tallow alcohol (available under the tradenames Stenol and Hydrenol, ex Cognis and Laurex CS, ex Albright and Wilson) and behenyl alcohol, a C 22 chain alcohol, available as Lanette 22 (ex Henkel).
• the fatty complexing agent is preferably present in an amount greater than 1.5% to 15% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. More preferably, the fatty component is present in an amount of from 1.6 to 10%, most preferably from 1.7 to 5%, e.g. 1.8 to 4% by weight.
• the weight ratio of the mono-ester component of the quaternary ammonium fabric softening material to the fatty complexing agent is preferably from 5:1 to 1:5, more preferably 4:1 to 1:4, most preferably 3:1 to 1:3, e.g. 2:1 to 1:2.
• the sample of known mass of the quaternary ammonium raw material is first dissolved in a known volume of CDCl 3 along with a known amount of an assay material such as naphthalene.
• a 13 C NMR spectrum of this solution is then recorded using both an inverse gated decoupling scheme and a relaxation agent.
• the inverse gated decoupling scheme is used to ensure that any Overhauser effects are suppressed whilst the relaxation agent is used to ensure that the negative consequences of the long t 1 relaxation times are overcome (i.e. adequate signal-to-noise can be achieved in a reasonable timescale).
• the signal intensities of characteristic peaks of both the carbon atoms in the quaternary ammonium material and the naphthalene are used to calculate the concentration of the mono-ester linked component of the quaternary ammonium material.
• the signal represents the carbon of the nitrogen-methyl group on the quaternary ammonium head group.
• the chemical shift of the nitrogen-methyl group varies slightly due to the different degree of esterification; characteristic chemical shifts for the mono-, di- and tri-ester links are 48.28, 47.97 and 47.76 ppm respectively.
• Mass MQ mass mono-ester linked quaternary ammonium material in mg/ml
• mass Naph mass naphthalene in mg/ml
• I peak intensity
• N number of contributing nuclei
• M relative molecular mass.
• the relative molecular mass of naphthalene used is 128.17 and the relative molecular mass of the mono-ester linked component of the quaternary ammonium material is taken as 526.
• compositions further comprise a nonionic surfactant. Typically these can be included for the purpose of stabilising the compositions.
• Suitable nonionic surfactants include addition products of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide with fatty alcohols, fatty acids and fatty amines.
• any of the alkoxylated materials of the particular type described hereinafter can be used as the nonionic surfactant.
• Suitable surfactants are substantially water soluble surfactants of the general formula: R ⁇ Y ⁇ (C 2 H 4 O) z ⁇ C 2 H 4 OH where R is selected from the group consisting of primary, secondary and branched chain alkyl and/or acyl hydrocarbyl groups; primary, secondary and branched chain alkenyl hydrocarbyl groups; and primary, secondary and branched chain alkenyl-substituted phenolic hydrocarbyl groups; the hydrocarbyl groups having a chain length of from 8 to about 25, preferably 10 to 20, e.g. 14 to 18 carbon atoms.
• Y is typically: --O-- , --C(O)O-- , --C(O)N(R)-- or --C(O)N(R)R-- in which R has the meaning given above or can be hydrogen; and Z is at least about 8, preferably at least about 10 or 11.
• the nonionic surfactant has an HLB of from about 7 to about 20, more preferably from 10 to 18, e.g. 12 to 16.
• nonionic surfactants examples follow.
• the integer defines the number of ethoxy (EO) groups in the molecule.
• the deca-, undeca-, dodeca-, tetradeca-, and pentadecaethoxylates of n-hexadecanol, and n-octadecanol having an HLB within the range recited herein are useful viscosity/dispersibility modifiers in the context of this invention.
• Exemplary ethoxylated primary alcohols useful herein as the viscosity/dispersibility modifiers of the compositions are C 18 EO(10); and C 18 EO(11).
• the ethoxylates of mixed natural or synthetic alcohols in the "tallow" chain length range are also useful herein. Specific examples of such materials include tallow alcohol-EO(11), tallow alcohol-EO(18), and tallow alcohol-EO (25), coco alcohol-EO(10), coco alcohol-EO(15), coco alcohol-EO(20) and coco alcohol-EO(25).
• deca-, undeca-, dodeca-, tetradeca-, pentadeca-, octadeca-, and nonadeca-ethoxylates of 3-hexadecanol, 2-octadecanol, 4-eicosanol, and 5-eicosanol having an HLB within the range recited herein are useful viscosity and/or dispersibility modifiers in the context of this invention.
• Exemplary ethoxylated secondary alcohols useful herein as the viscosity and/or dispersibility modifiers of the compositions are: C 16 EO(11); C 20 EO(11); and C 16 EO(14).
• the hexa- to octadeca-ethoxylates of alkylated phenols, particularly monohydric alkylphenols, having an HLB within the range recited herein are useful as the viscosity and/or dispersibility modifiers of the instant compositions.
• the hexa- to octadeca-ethoxylates of p-tri-decylphenol, m-pentadecylphenol, and the like, are useful herein.
• Exemplary ethoxylated alkylphenols useful as the viscosity and/or dispersibility modifiers of the mixtures herein are: p-tridecylphenol EO(11) and p-pentadecylphenol EO(18).
• a phenylene group in the nonionic formula is the equivalent of an alkylene group containing from 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
• nonionics containing a phenylene group are considered to contain an equivalent number of carbon atoms calculated as the sum of the carbon atoms in the alkyl group plus about 3.3 carbon atoms for each phenylene group.
• alkenyl alcohols both primary and secondary, and alkenyl phenols corresponding to those disclosed immediately hereinabove can be ethoxylated to an HLB within the range recited herein and used as the viscosity and/or dispersibility modifiers of the instant compositions.
• Branched chain primary and secondary alcohols which are available from the well-known "OXO" process can be ethoxylated and employed as the viscosity and/or dispersibility modifiers of compositions herein.
• Suitable polyol based surfactants include sucrose esters, also referred to herein as oily sugar derivatives, such sucrose tetraoleates, alkyl polyglucosides such as stearyl monoglucosides and stearyl triglucoside and alkyl polyglycerols.
• nonionic surfactants are useful in the present compositions alone or in combination, and the term “nonionic surfactant” encompasses mixed nonionic surface active agents.
• the nonionic surfactant is present in an amount from 0.01 to 10%, more preferably 0.1 to 5%, most preferably 0.35 to 3.5%, e.g. 0.5 to 2% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
• compositions further comprise one or more polymeric rheology modifiers.
• polymeric rheology modifiers are as defined in US 6271192 from column 3 line 48 to column 5 line 50, the contents of which are incorporated herein, since it has been surprisingly found that such polymeric materials can improve shape retention characteristics of fabrics.
• compositions of the invention preferably comprise one or more perfumes.
• ClogP The hydrophobicity of the perfume and oily perfume carrier are measured by ClogP.
• ClogP is calculated using the "ClogP" program (calculation of hydrophobicities as logP (oil/water)) version 4.01, available from Daylight Chemical Information Systems Inc of Irvine California, USA.
• perfume is provided as a mixture of various components.
• At least a quarter (by weight) or more, preferably a half or more of the perfume components have a ClogP of 2.0 or more, more preferably 3.0 or more, most preferably 4.5 or more, e.g. 10 or more.
• Suitable perfumes having a ClogP of 3 or more are disclosed in US 5500137.
• the perfume is preferably present in an amount from 0.01 to 10% by weight, more preferably 0.05 to 5% by weight, most preferably 0.5 to 4.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
• the liquid carrier employed in the instant compositions is preferably water due to its low cost relative availability, safety, and environmental compatibility.
• the level of water in the liquid carrier is more than about 50%, preferably more than about 80%, more preferably more than about 85%, by weight of the carrier.
• the level of liquid carrier is greater than about 50%, preferably greater than about 65%, more preferably greater than about 70%.
• Mixtures of water and an organic solvent having a low molecular weight, e.g. less than 100, are particularly desirable.
• Suitable low molecular weight solvents include C 2 -C 5 alcohols, e.g. ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol or pentanol.
• Low molecular weight alcohols including dihydric (glycol, etc.) trihydric (glycerol, etc.), and polyhydric (polyols) alcohols are also suitable carriers for use in the compositions of the present invention.
• Co-active softeners for the cationic surfactant may also be incorporated in an amount from 0.01 to 20% by weight, more preferably 0.05 to 10%, based on the total weight of the composition.
• Preferred co-active softeners include fatty esters, and fatty N-oxides.
• Preferred fatty esters include fatty monoesters, such as glycerol monostearate. If GMS is present, then it is preferred that the level of GMS in the composition, is from 0.01 to 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.
• compositions comprise one or more polymeric viscosity control agents.
• Suitable polymeric polymeric viscosity control agents include nonionic and cationic polymers, such as hydrophobically modified cellulose ethers (e.g. Natrosol Plus, ex Hercules), cationically modified starches (e.g. Softgel BDA and Softgel BD, both ex Avebe).
• a particularly preferred viscosity control agent is a copolymer of methacrylate and cationic acrylamide available under the tradename Flosoft 200 (ex SNF Floerger).
• Nonionic and/or cationic polymers are preferably present in an amount of 0.01 to 5wt%, more preferably 0.02 to 4wt%, based on the total weight of the composition.
• compositions of the invention may also be incorporated in the compositions of the invention.
• compositions may also contain one or more optional ingredients conventionally included in fabric conditioning compositions such as pH buffering agents, perfume carriers, fluorescers, colourants, hydrotropes, antifoaming agents, antiredeposition agents, polyelectrolytes, enzymes, optical brightening agents, anti-shrinking agents, anti-wrinkle agents, anti-spotting agents, antioxidants, shape retention polymers, sunscreens, anti-corrosion agents, drape imparting agents, anti-static agents, ironing aids and dyes.
• optional ingredients conventionally included in fabric conditioning compositions such as pH buffering agents, perfume carriers, fluorescers, colourants, hydrotropes, antifoaming agents, antiredeposition agents, polyelectrolytes, enzymes, optical brightening agents, anti-shrinking agents, anti-wrinkle agents, anti-spotting agents, antioxidants, shape retention polymers, sunscreens, anti-corrosion agents, drape imparting agents, anti-static agents, ironing aids and dyes.
• the product In its undiluted state at 20°C the product comprises an aqueous liquid.
• compositions are preferably aqueous lamellar phase dispersions of the quaternary ammonium softening material.
• the composition is preferably used in the rinse cycle of a home textile laundering operation, where, it may be added directly in an undiluted state to a washing machine, e.g. through a dispenser drawer or, for a top-loading washing machine, directly into the drum. Alternatively, it can be diluted prior to use.
• the compositions may also be used in a domestic hand-washing laundry operation.
• compositions of the present invention can be used in industrial laundry operations, e.g. as a finishing agent for treating new clothes prior to sale to consumers.
• compositions of the invention may be prepared according to any suitable method.
• the quaternary ammonium material, fatty complexing agent, nonionic stabilising agent and perfume are heated together until a co-melt is formed. Water is then heated and the co-melt is added to water with stirring. The mixture is then allowed to cool.
• the perfume can be added to the mixture after the co-melt is formed, e.g. at any time during the cooling stage.
• the fabrics which may be treated include those which comprise cellulosic fibres, preferably from 1% to 100% cellulosic fibres (more preferably 5% to 100% cellulosic fibres, most preferably 40% to 100%).
• the fabric may be in the form of a garment, in which case the method of the invention may represent a method of laundering a garment.
• the balance comprises other fibres or blends of fibres suitable for use in garments such as polyester, for example.
• the cellulosic fibres are of cotton or regenerated cellulose such as viscose.
• ester-linked quaternary ammonium softening compounds provide better skew/twist reduction results than non-ester linked quaternary ammonium softening compounds when the material comprises 40 to 100% cellulosic fibres.
• Samples of the invention are represented by a number. Comparative samples are represented by a letter.
• Sample 1 is an aqueous dispersion of 5% by weight dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (available as Arquad 2HT ex Akzo), the balance being water.
• Sample 2 is an aqueous dispersion of 3.75% by weight of triethanolamine methyl sulphate (available as Tetranyl AHT1 ex. Kao), 1.25% by weight of sucrose tetraerucate (available as Ryoto ER290), and 0.75% by weight of Coco 20EO (available as Genapol C200, ex Clariant), the balance being water.
• Triethanolamine methyl sulphate available as Tetranyl AHT1 ex. Kao
• sucrose tetraerucate available as Ryoto ER290
• Coco 20EO available as Genapol C200, ex Clariant
• Sample 3 is an aqueous dispersion of 5% by weight of triethanolamine methyl sulphate (available as Tetranyl AHT-1, ex Kao), the balance being water.
• Sample 4 is dilute Comfort, purchased in UK, January 2001.
• Samples 1 and 3 were prepared by heating the cationic softening active to above its melting temperature, adding the melt to heated water, stirring the mixture and allowing it to cool.
• Sample 2 was prepared by heating the cationic softening active, the sugar ester softening active and ethoxylated nonionic surfactant to above the melting temperature of the cationic softening material, adding the melt to heated water, stirring the mixture and allowing it to cool.
• a cotton load was composed of cotton interlock monitors and cotton sheeting as ballast to a weight of 2.5 kg.
• the load was washed in a Zanussi Jetstream 1200 on a 40°C cotton cycle using 108 g Persil (trade name) Non-Biological Powder and then rinsed in either a 91 g dose of samples 1 to 3 or just water.
• the wool load was composed of wool monitors and knitted acrylic as ballast to a weight of 1.5 kg.
• the load was washed in a Zanussi Jetstream 1200 on a 40°C wool cycle using 85 g Persil Silk and Wool (trade name) powder and a 91 g dose of 5% active cationic dispersion.
• the garment load was composed of the garment together with wool monitors and knitted acrylic as ballast to a weight of 1.5 kg.
• the load was washed in a Miele 820 on a 40°C wool cycle using 85 g Persil Silk and Wool (trade name) powder and a 91 g dose of 5% active cationic dispersion.
• the monitors/garments were either dried using a Miele Novotronic T436 tumble dryer or were line dried or dried flat as indicated.
• Monitors (approx. 35 x 35 cm) were cut and conditioned at 20°C and 65% R.H. for 24 hours. The cloths were then marked with a 20 x 20 square in indelible marker pen and their dimensions recorded (1,2,3,4, Fig 1).
• the monitors were then washed and conditioned before each one was re-measured (1',2',3',4', Fig 2).
• Proportionality ratio of sides after a specified number of washes minus the original ratio of the sides.
• the ratio of sides (1+2)/(3+4) for the unwashed monitor and (1'+2')/(3'+4') for the washed monitor.
• a result of 0 denotes that proportionality is maintained whereas a higher number denotes that the monitor is more out of shape.
• a pullover comprising 50% wool, 40% acrylic and 10% polyacrylamide purchased from Marks & Spencer (tradename), U.K.) was also evaluated for skew using the method of evaluation described above. Dried Flat, Pullover Rinse Treatment Wash Number Degree of Skew Water Wash 5 12.87 Sample 4 Wash 5 0.39 Water Wash 10 4.40 Sample 4 Wash 10 0.38

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• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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Citations (5)

• 2001
  • 2001-12-19 EP EP01310587A patent/EP1323818A1/de not_active Withdrawn
• 2002
  • 2002-11-12 AU AU2002358500A patent/AU2002358500A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2002-11-12 WO PCT/EP2002/012626 patent/WO2003052035A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation

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