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  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures of undefined composition from oxides of carbon
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Definitions

• This invention is generally in the area of combinatorial chemistry, in particular the use of combinatorial chemistry to optimize multi-step synthesis.
• Combinatorial chemistry is in widespread use in the pharmaceutical industry, where it is used to synthesize, purify and evaluate new drugs at a tremendously fast pace.
• the reactions are typically performed at a relatively small scale, since only a small amount of each drug is required for testing. Typically, only those drugs that are active in relevant bioassays are produced in larger quantities.
• the type of chemistry used to generate commercial quantities of the drugs is rarely the same as that used in small scale synthesis.
• the syntheses typically involve taking a core molecule with one or two sites for covalent attachment of various moieties, and attaching a plurality of different moieties to these sites, often in a single step.
• the chemistry is typically not optimized because the goal is to find an optimum compound rather than an optimum method for making the compound.
• Combinatorial chemistry is also being used in petroleum chemistry. Unlike pharmaceutical chemistry, a major goal in petroleum chemistry is to optimize the reaction conditions and catalysts used for particular reactions rather than to synthesize, purify and evaluate a plurality of products. Many petroleum products are prepared in multi-step syntheses. There is a need to develop combinatorial methods that are directed to multi-step syntheses. The present invention provides such methods.
• the present invention is directed to devices and methods for optimizing multi-step syntheses using combinatorial chemistry.
• Many of the multi-step reactions require the use of elevated temperatures and/or pressures, and the devices typically must be able to handle these conditions and also be useful for conducting a plurality of simultaneous or substantially simultaneous reactions.
• the plurality of reactions can use individual catalysts or combinations thereof, such that all or part of a combinatorial library of catalysts can be evaluated.
• the multi-step syntheses are those in which a single catalyst or combination of catalysts performs two or more substantially simultaneous steps in a single reaction vessel.
• Examples of such syntheses include Fischer-Tropsch synthesis where the product is isomerized in-situ, and isosynthesis (defined herein as the conversion of syngas to methanol and the subsequent conversion of methanol to higher molecular weight products).
• Another example is the molecular rearrangement of paraffins, where a dehydrogenation/hydrogenation catalyst converts the paraffins to olefins, a metathesis catalyst metathesizes the olefins, and the dehydrogenation/hydrogenation catalyst then hydrogenates the metathesized olefins.
• Yet another example involves the in-situ dehydrogenation of paraffins to form olefins, and the subsequent alkylation of aromatics with the olefins. Additional examples include catalytic reforming, paraffin isomerization, hydrocracking, hydroisomerization of lube oils, and the like.
• the reactor includes a plurality of voids, and at least a substantial number of the voids include a combination of catalysts, where the catalysts are selected from libraries of catalysts capable of catalyzing the individual steps of the multi- step synthesis. Using the device, a plurality of catalyst combinations can be evaluated simultaneously.
• the multi-step syntheses are those in which a single step is carried out in one reaction vessel and a second step is carried out in a separate reaction vessel, optionally with a purification step between the reaction steps.
• One such synthesis involves the hydrocracking of wax to form low molecular weight olefins, and the subsequent oligomerization of those olefins.
• Another example involves the oligomerization of olefins and subsequent isomerization of the olefins to form a desired product stream.
• a multi-step reaction can be performed in a single reactor, and the product stream subjected to one or more additional steps in a second reactor.
• the catalyst libraries can be prepared by taking a single catalyst and subjecting it to a number of systematic additions or modifications to the catalyst to form a second library.
• a zeolite could be modified by impregnating or exchanging different metals or levels of metals to form a second library.
• the zeolite function and the metal function can each be used to satisfy different catalyst requirements for different steps in the multi-step synthesis, and a single library with catalysts exhibiting both activities can be generated.
• the methods are generally applicable to multi-step synthesis, they are particularly applicable to petroleum chemistry. Virtually all petroleum products are prepared via multi-step synthesis, and the combinatorial methods described herein permit optimization of virtually all of these syntheses by selecting appropriate catalysts, reactants and reaction conditions.
• the products can include olefins such as ethylene, normal and iso- paraffins, aromatics and combinations thereof, and preferably include iso-paraffins in the distillate fuel and/or lube base stock ranges, and more preferably, iso-paraffins in the jet or diesel range.
• the methods use a combinatorial approach to identify optimum reaction conditions and catalysts or catalyst combinations for performing the desired multi-step syntheses. The methods involve obtaining an appropriate device that includes a plurality of voids for conducting the reactions, which device is capable of handling elevated temperatures and pressures, placing an effective amount of a catalyst (or a catalyst combination) from one or more catalyst libraries in a void, repeating this step as necessary with different voids and different catalysts, and performing the desired reactions.
• the preparation of the catalyst libraries and/or the transfer of the catalysts to the reaction vessels is automated.
• the product streams are preferably analyzed, for example by GC, HPLC and/or GC/MS.
• the analytical techniques are set up to handle a plurality of simultaneous analyses or otherwise optimized to handle the plurality of samples.
• the reaction conditions, catalysts and analytical information regarding the product streams are preferably stored in a database.
• the methods can advantageously be used to generate a database of catalysts and, optionally, reaction conditions, which provide various product streams. As market conditions vary and/or product requirements change, conditions suitable for forming desired products can be identified with little or no downtime using the methods described herein.
• the present invention is directed to devices and methods for optimizing multi-step syntheses using combinatorial chemistry.
• the multi-step syntheses are those in which a single catalyst or combination of catalysts performs two or more substantially simultaneous steps in a single reaction vessel.
• the multi-step syntheses are those in which a single step is carried out in one reaction vessel, and a second step is carried out in a separate reaction vessel, optionally with a purification step between the reaction steps.
• a multi-step reaction can be carried out in a single reaction vessel, and the product stream sent to a second reaction vessel for one or more additional process steps.
• Virtually all petroleum chemistry involves multi-step synthesis, and the combinatorial methods described herein permit optimization of virtually all of these syntheses using appropriate catalysts, reactants and reaction conditions.
• the methods use a combinatorial approach to identify optimum reaction conditions and catalysts or catalyst combinations for performing the desired multi-step syntheses.
• the methods involve obtaining an appropriate device that includes a plurality of voids for conducting the reactions, which device is capable of handling elevated temperatures and pressures, placing an effective amount of a catalyst (or a catalyst combination) from one or more catalyst libraries in a void, repeating this step as necessary with different voids" and different catalysts, and performing the desired reactions.
• the product streams are preferably analyzed, for example by GC, HPLC and/or GC/MS.
• reaction conditions, catalysts, and analytical information regarding the product streams are preferably stored in a database.
• the methods can advantageously be used to generate a database of catalysts and, optionally, reaction conditions, which provide various product streams. As market conditions vary and/or product requirements change, conditions suitable for forming desired products can be identified with little or no downtime using the methods described herein.
• the devices and methods can be used to evaluate and optimize- virtually any type of multi-step reaction.
• Preferred reactions are catalytic reactions. These types of reactions are well known to those of skill in the art.
• the multi-step syntheses are those in which a single catalyst or combination of catalysts performs two or more substantially simultaneous steps in a single reaction vessel.
• syntheses include gas-to-liquid reactions, for example Fischer- Tropsch synthesis where an olefmic product is isomerized in-situ, and isosynthesis (defined herein as the conversion of syngas to methanol and the subsequent conversion of methanol to higher molecular weight products).
• gas-to-liquid reactions for example Fischer- Tropsch synthesis where an olefmic product is isomerized in-situ
• isosynthesis defined herein as the conversion of syngas to methanol and the subsequent conversion of methanol to higher molecular weight products.
• Another example is the molecular rearrangement of paraffins, where a dehydrogenation/hydrogenation catalyst converts the paraffins to olefins, a metathesis catalyst metathesizes the olefins, and the dehydrogenation/hydrogenation then hydrogenates the metathesized olefins.
• Yet another example involves the in-situ dehydrogenation of paraffins to form olefins, and the subsequent alkylation of aromatics with the olefins. Additional examples include catalytic reforming, paraffin isomerization, hydrocracking, hydroisomerization of lube oils, and the like.
• the multi-step syntheses are those in which a single step is carried out in one reaction vessel, and a second step is carried out in a separate reaction vessel, optionally with a purification step between the reaction steps.
• One such synthesis involves the hydrocracking of wax to form low molecular weight olefins, and the subsequent oligomerization of those olefins.
• Another synthesis involves the oligomerization of olefins and subsequent isomerization of the olefins to form a desired product stream.
• the methods can be applied to other synthetic chemistry as well.
• Such chemistry can be performed using solid phase or solution phase chemistry.
• Examples of reactions that can be done in either solid or solution phase include, for example, condensation reactions for preparing amides, esters, ureas, imines, and phosphorous compounds.
• Various carbon-carbon bond forming reactions can be performed using solid and solution phase chemistry.
• Examples include Suzuki reactions, organozinc reactions, Stille coupling reactions, Heck reactions, enolate alkylations, Wittig reactions, Horner- Wadsworth-Emmons reactions, metathesis reactions such as ruthenium-catalyzed metathesis of polymer-bound olefins, Mitsunobu reactions, nucleophilic displacement of support-bound a-bromoamides in the submonomer preparation of peptoids, thiol alkylation, anilide alkylation with primary alkyl halides, one pot cyclization and anilide alkylation in the solid-phase synthesis of l,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones, successive amide alkylations (generating new combinatorial peptide libraries from existing combinatorial peptide libraries), benzophenone imine a-carbon alkylation, alkylation or sulfonylation of a support- bound phenol, enolate monoalkylation, alkylation of support-bound 1,
• the reactants are typically paraffins, olefins, oxygenates and aromatics.
• Suitable reactants may be low molecular weight gases, liquids at room temperature, or solids or viscous liquids at room temperature.
• gases at room temperature include hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas).
• reactants that are gases or liquids at room temperature include low molecular weight olefins and/or paraffins (typically including less than 6 carbon atoms), low molecular weight oxygenates such as methanol, ethanol, and dimethyl ether.
• other reactants are typically used, optionally without using catalysts.
• Those of skill in the art can readily identify appropriate reactants for performing a desired synthesis.
• the reactants can be reacted in any suitable ratio and amount, given the size of the voids in the reaction vessels and the desired conversions.
• the reactants preferably come from a common source, to ensure consistency between reactions.
• a splitter can be used, for example to direct the reactants to the plurality of voids.
• the products are typically hydrocarbons useful as naphtha, distillate fuels, lube oils, waxes, or as components in such products.
• the products generally are olefins such as ethylene, normal and iso- paraffins, aromatics and combinations thereof, and preferably include iso-paraffins in the distillate fuel and/or lube base stock ranges, and, more preferably, iso-paraffins in the jet or diesel range.
• the methods can be virtually any type of organic chemical.
• Catalyst libraries including such catalysts, and combinations thereof, can be readily prepared. Libraries include a plurality of catalysts, preferably at least 10 catalysts, more preferably at least 50 catalysts and most preferably at least 100 catalysts. Large numbers of catalysts can be evaluated, for example by using a plurality of voids in single reactor and/or by performing parallel runs with a plurality of reactors .
• the amount of the catalyst(s) used in the reaction depends on the size of the void and the size of the reaction. Those of skill in the art can readily determine an appropriate amount of catalyst for a particular reaction.
• the catalysts are zeolites, other molecular sieves such as borosilicates, ELAPOs such as SAPOs, Fischer-Tropsch catalysts, or noble metals. Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts
• Fischer-Tropsch catalysts contain a Group VIII transition metal on a metal oxide support.
• the catalysts may also contain a noble metal promoter(s) and/or crystalline molecular sieves.
• Certain catalysts are known to provide chain growth probabilities that are relatively low to moderate, and the product of the reaction includes a relatively high proportion of low molecular (C 2-8 ) weight olefins and a relatively low proportion of high molecular weight (C 30 +) waxes.
• Certain other catalysts are known to provide relatively high chain growth probabilities. Such catalysts are well known to those of skill in the art and can be readily obtained and/or prepared.
• Catalysts useful in catalytic multi-step reactions typically include one or more zeolites and/or non-zeolitic molecular sieves.
• the acidity of the zeolites varies greatly. Depending on the particular type of reaction and desired product composition, the acidity may have a strong effect on the product distribution. Accordingly, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to evaluate a plurality of zeolites with a range of acidities. The same holds true for the other types of catalysts described herein.
• Useful zeolites and/or molecular sieves can be small, large and/or intermediate pore size zeolites, all of which can be included in the catalyst libraries. However, in many cases, the art has a reasonable amount of knowledge about which types of zeolites are preferred, and the catalyst libraries can advantageously be limited to such catalysts.
• any and all of which can be included in the catalyst libraries are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,546,102; 3,574,092; 3,679,575; 4,018,711; 4,104,320; 4,347,394; 4,370,224; 4,417,083; 4,434,311; 4,447,316 and 5,559,068.
• Zeolite-containing catalysts for example the zeolite mordenite, ZSM-type zeolites, zeolite L, Faujasites X and Y, and the zeolite omega, are preferably included into the catalyst libraries.
• L-zeolites and zeolites having an L-zeolite-type channel structure and size are also preferably included in the libraries.
• composition of type L -zeolite expressed in terms of mole ratios of oxides may be represented by the following formula:
• formula M represents a cation
• n represents the valence of M
• y may be any value from 0 to about 9.
• Zeolite L, its X-ray diffraction pattern, its properties, and method for its preparation are described in detail in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 3,216,789, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• the actual formula may vary without changing the crystalline structure.
• the mole ratio of silicon to aluminum (Si/Al) may vary from 1.0 to 3.5.
• Examples of useful large pore zeolites include ZSM-3, ZSM-4, ZSM-10, ZSM-12, ZSM-20, zeolite beta, zeolite omega, zeolite L, zeolite X, zeolite Y, REY, USY, RE-USY, mordenite, LZ-210, LZ-210-M, LZ-210-T, LZ-210-A, SSZ-24, SSZ-26, SSZ-31, SSZ-33, SSZ-35, SSZ-37, SSZ-41, SSZ-42, SSZ-44 and MCM-58, any and all of which are preferably incorporated into the libraries.
• ZSM-3 is described in U.S. Patent No.
• ZSM-4 is described in UK Application No. 1,117,568.
• ZSM-10 is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,692,470.
• ZSM-12 is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,832,449.
• ZSM-20 is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,972,983.
• Zeolite beta is described in U.S. Patent No. Re. 28,341 (of original U.S. Patent No. 3,308,069).
• Zeolite omega is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,241,036.
• Zeolite L is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,216,789.
• Zeolite X is described in U.S. Patent No. 2,882,244.
• Zeolite Y is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,130,007.
• LZ-210, LZ-210M, LZ-210-T, LZ-210-A and mixtures thereof are described in U. S . Patent No.
• SSZ-24 is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,834,977.
• SSZ-26 is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,910,006.
• SSZ-31 is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,106,801.
• SSZ-33 is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,963,337.
• SSZ-35 is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,316,753.
• SSZ-37 is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,254,514.
• SSZ-41 is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,591,421.
• SSZ-42 is described in U.S. Serial No. 08/199,040.
• SSZ-44 is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,580,540.
• MCM-58 is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,437,855.
• Examples of useful intermediate pore size zeolites include ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM- 22, ZSM-23, ZSM-35; ZSM-48, ZSM-57, SSZ-4, SSZ-23; SSZ-25; SSZ-28, SSZ-32, and SSZ-36.
• ZSM-5 is described in U.S. Patent No. Re. 29,948 (of original U.S. Patent No. 3,702,886).
• ZSM-11 is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,709,979.
• ZSM-22 is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,556,477.
• ZSM-23 is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,076,842.
• ZSM-35 is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,016,245.
• ZSM-48 is described in U.S. Patent No. 4,585,747.
• SUZ-4 is described in EP Application No. 353,915.
• SSZ-23 is described in U.S. PatentNo. 4,859,422.
• SSZ-25 is described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,827,667 and 5,202,014.
• SSZ-28 is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,200,377.
• SSZ-32 is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,053,373. The entire contents of all these patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference, and any and all of the catalysts described therein can be incorporated into the catalyst libraries.
• the catalysts may perform substantially differently if subjected to different pre- treatments.
• catalyst pre-treatment conditions that can be varied include the time and temperature of catalyst washing, heating rate, hold time, hold temperature, relative humidity during drying or calcining; hydrogen content and total pressure during catalyst reduction, CO partial pressure during activation in CO; treatment with citrate, alcohols, or metal hydrides, modification of catalyst acidity, vapor deposition of Si or Al species, and steaming. Any or all of these can be performed and modified to increase the size of the catalyst library.
• the pre-treatment can be one that is conventionally used in the art. This may be preferred to minimize the size of the catalyst library being evaluated.
• Catalyst libraries can be prepared by taking a single catalyst and subjecting it to a number of systematic additions or modifications to the catalyst to form a second library.
• a zeolite could be modified by impregnating or exchanging different metals or levels of metals to form a second library.
• the zeolite function and the metal function can each be used to satisfy different catalyst requirements for different steps in the multi-step synthesis, and a single library with catalysts exhibiting both activities can be generated. Accordingly, this approach may be preferred where both steps are performed in a single reactor.
• Catalysts used in these reactions may be present on a support.
• Suitable metal oxide supports or matrices that can be used to minimize methane production include alumina, titania, silica, aluminum phosphate, magnesium oxide, alkaline earth titanates, alkali titanates, rare earth titanates and mixtures thereof.
• the catalysts can include any or all of these supports, in varying ratios of weight of support to weight of catalyst.
• fluid catalysts have a particle size of between 10 and 110 microns, preferably between 20 and 80 microns, more preferably between 25 and 65 microns, and have a density of between 0.25 and 0.9 g/cc, preferably between 0.3 and 0.75 g/cc. Extrudates or pellets are fine for some reactions and their sizes are typically between 1 and 10 mm.
• мем ⁇ ран ⁇ can be prepared and evaluated using the methods described herein.
• the identity of the catalyst or combination thereof in each position in the voids in the reactors can be stored in a computerized device, or identified via other identifying means.
• the products of the reaction can be readily identified, for example by gas chromatography (GC), a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS), infrared heat emissions, infrared species analysis, or UV spectral analysis.
• GC gas chromatography
• MS gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
• infrared heat emissions infrared species analysis
• UV spectral analysis UV spectral analysis.
• SPE solid phase extraction
• the properties of the reaction products generated during the evaluation of the libraries for a particular chemical reaction can be measured and correlated to specific catalysts, combinations of catalysts, and/or reaction conditions. By screening numerous combinations of catalysts and/or reaction conditions, the selection of the optimal combinations is more a function of the data collection method than the "rational" basis for selecting a useful catalyst and/or set of reaction conditions. There are several types of reactions in which two or more types of catalysts are used.
• catalyst combinations may be used simultaneously or in series, for example in multi- step syntheses.
• Combinations of catalysts may be used, for example, in multi-step reactions, where one catalyst performs one step, and a second catalyst performs a second step.
• Examples of such reactions include isosynthesis and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis where an acidic catalyst is used to isomerize the olefins as they are formed.
• the optimum overall catalyst combination for producing a desired product may not be the one that includes the optimum catalyst for both steps, since both steps may require totally different reaction conditions to be optimized.
• the overall optimum combination may be one that is the optimum for the first step or for the second step or a compromise between the two steps.
• the optimum conditions for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis may involve temperatures at a first temperature range, but the optimum olefin isomerization catalysts may operate best at temperatures at a different temperature range.
• these "optimum" olefin isomerization catalysts are operated at temperatures in the first temperature range, they may be inefficient.
• the catalyst combinations include a combination that is optimum for all steps in the multi-step reaction. It is therefore important to test both catalyst components together. However, leads for this screening of optimum catalyst combinations can come from searching the individual catalysts.
• the catalysts are preferably combined in a logical manner, for example in an A x B array, where each position in the A column includes one or more catalysts for performing the first step of the reaction, and each position in the B row includes one or more catalysts for performing the second step of the reaction.
• a logical manner for example in an A x B array, where each position in the A column includes one or more catalysts for performing the first step of the reaction, and each position in the B row includes one or more catalysts for performing the second step of the reaction.
• the combinations of catalysts can be evaluated using varied reaction conditions, which can provide a) a combinatorial library of product streams and a database including the combination of catalysts and reaction conditions to provide each product stream and/or b) the optimum combination of catalysts and reaction conditions for obtaining a desired product stream.
• the reaction conditions typically involve increased temperature and pressure.
• Typical pressure ranges are from 0.1 to 500 ATM, preferably from 1 to 50 ATM, more preferably from 1 to 25 ATM.
• Typical temperature ranges are from 20 to 1300°F, preferably from 100 to 1000°F, more preferably from 200 to 750°F.
• Flow rates through the reactor would be expected to vary depending on the size of the voids in the reactor and the type of chemistry being performed. Those of skill in the art can readily optimize the flow rates through the reaction vessels. These conditions may be but need not be the same as those used in large scale commercial reactors. Additional reaction conditions that can be modified are those in which the catalysts are pre-treated. Pre-treatment steps for various catalysts are well known to those of skill in the art and are described elsewhere herein.
• the absolute pressure is not more than 50%, more preferably 35%, most preferably, 20% higher or lower than would be used in a commercial plant.
• the temperature is preferably not more than 200°F, more preferably not more than 100°F, and most preferably, not more than 50°F higher or lower than would be used commercially.
• the flow of reagents follows the same path (i.e., downflow, upflow, mixed reactor) as they would in a commercial plant.
• the reagents are in the same phases as would be used commercially. Reactors
• a reaction vessel is any suitable container that can hold a plurality of combinations of catalyst systems, that can preferably contain from about 200 mg to about 100 g, more preferably from about 1 mg to about 10 g of each catalyst combination, and that can handle the reaction conditions necessary for converting syngas to product streams including hydrocarbons in the distillate fuel and/or lube base oil ranges, for example conditions of increased pressure and temperature.
• reaction vessel that is capable of being used to conduct a plurality of simultaneous reactions using gas phase reactants and solid catalysts under conditions of elevated temperature and pressure can be used.
• reaction vessels are well known to those of skill in the art.
• suitable devices include those described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,980,839 to Bier et al., U.S. Patent No. 6,036,923 to Laugharn, Jr. et al., U.S. Patent No. 6,030,917 to Weinberg et al., U.S. Patent No. 6,001,311 to Brennan, the contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• the reaction vessel can contain multiple sample vessels, in parallel or in series, to perform combinatorial or sequential operations, respectively.
• the reactor can include a reaction region that includes a plurality of individual reaction cavities or voids, each of which can have a port adapted to supply or remove reagents, solvents, gases and/or vacuum suction to the void.
• the reactors include ten or more voids, more preferably greater than 25 voids, most preferably greater than 50 voids.
• the size of the voids is typically between about 0.1 and 10 ml, preferably between about 1 and 2 ml, and more.
• the voids are an appropriate size for receiving the catalysts used for the reactions and for permitting the entry and exit of reactants and products.
• the reactors can be prepared from any suitable material, including metals and alloys, polymers, plastics, glass, ceramics, semi-conductors, and the like. They can be formed from a solid material, or can be in the form of laminates. The materials must be able to withstand the reaction conditions and also be inert to the catalysts and reactants employed.
• the individual voids include individual catalysts or combinations thereof, such that all or part of a combinatorial library of catalysts can be evaluated.
• the devices can also include channels that are used to provide heating and cooling, or heating and cooling can be provided using other means.
• the reactor can be heated and/or cooled externally and thus heat and/or cool the reactions occurring in the various voids.
• the reactants are fed to the voids from a single source, for example using a splitter or other suitable means to pass the reactants at approximately the same flow rate to the voids in which the reactions are to occur.
• a mixing region disposed adjacent to the reaction region, such that the reaction voids open into the mixing region.
• the scale of the synthetic reactions is preferably in the range of greater than about 200 mg, more preferably between one mg and 100 g, although the scale can be modified depending on the amount of compound necessary for the particular application.
• the reactions may be performed under conditions of relatively high temperature and/or pressure.
• the products can be characterized using a variety of means, for example GC, GC/MS, HPLC and the like.
• Robotic arms and multi-pipet devices can be used to add appropriate catalysts to the appropriate locations in the reaction vessel.
• the chemistry can be performed under varying conditions of temperature, pressure, flow rate and the like.
• elevated temperatures and pressures are required, devices capable of handling elevated temperatures and pressures, particularly for use in combinatorial chemistry, are used.
• the reactions are carried out via computer " control.
• the identity of each of the catalysts can be stored in a computer in a "memory map" or other means for correlating the data regarding the chemical reactions to the catalyst combinations in the reaction vessels.
• the chemistry can be performed manually and the information stored, for example on a computer.
• the products from the reactions are preferably analyzed after the reactions are complete.
• Suitable analytical equipment for analyzing the products of chemical reactions, particularly reactions common to petroleum chemistry, are well known to those of skill in the art.
• reaction products can be individually transferred from the individual voids to an analytical device. Any device that can take samples from the individual voids in the reactors and analyze the resulting compounds can be used.
• the analytical device is a preferably chromatographic device, such as an analytical or preparative scale HPLC, GC or GC/MS, although other devices can be envisioned, depending on the chemistry performed.
• the devices are preferably optimized for high-speed analysis, for example, by using short, directly heated separation columns, to more effectively handle the large number of samples.
• the analytical equipment preferably includes an ELSD detector or other detector that is not dependent on UV absorption to detect a compound eluting from the column. Particularly when iso-paraffin concentration is evaluated using the library, a combination of GC and MS is used. Isomers tend to have the same MS peaks, but elute at different times from the columns, and this technique allows rapid determination of the product stream.
• the products can be assayed for various properties, including octane and/or cetane values, degree of isomerization, olefin concentration, and the like.
• the products are analyzed in a high-throughput manner.
• Conditions are known in the art for determining the octane or cetane values based on known GC data, when a GC is performed on a representative sample of the product stream. These techniques may be particularly useful in evaluating the libraries for useful catalyst combinations for preparing products with desirable properties.
• Data regarding the catalysts or combinations thereof, reaction conditions and product streams can be stored in a relational database.
• the database can be used to find optimum catalyst combinations for producing a desired product stream, and can be particularly useful when the desired product stream varies depending on market factors. When the product requirements change, appropriate catalysts and/or reaction conditions can be selected to prepare the desired product.
• the data is preferably stored in a computer system capable of storing information regarding the identity of the catalysts and the product streams obtained, particularly when a plurality of different reaction conditions are used.
• Software for managing the data is stored on the computer. Relational database software can be used to correlate the identity of the ionic liquids, the reaction conditions (for example reagent composition, temperature and pressure) and the analytical data from each product stream.
• Relational database software is a preferred type of software for managing the data obtained during the processes described herein. However, any software that is able to create a "memory map" of the catalysts in the reaction vessels and correlate that information with the information obtained from the chemical reactions can be used. This type of software is well known to those of skill in the art.
• Software for the design of test libraries can be used to design the original catalyst test libraries based on input from literature and previous experimental programs. This software can be used to efficiently design test libraries that cover the desired experimental space and utilize statistical experimental design methods.
• QSAR software Quantitative Structure Activity Relations
• Such QSAR can then be used by the software to design subsequent catalyst test libraries for further screening.
• the use of such QSAR programs can add to the efficiency of screening. As more data is collected, these QSAR programs can become more efficient at developing catalyst libraries with increased probability for finding desirable catalysts.
• Methods use a combinatorial approach to identify optimum reaction conditions and catalysts or catalyst combinations for performing the desired reactions and/or for providing a desired product.
• reaction conditions (reactant composition, temperature and pressure) are kept reasonably constant while evaluating the entire library, and then the reaction conditions are modified and the library is re-evaluated with the modified reaction conditions.
• all of the significant variables are varied at once. In either embodiment it may be easier and faster experimentally to give all catalysts a common pre-treatment, modifying the pre-treatments as desired to increase the size of the catalyst library.
• the steps involve obtaining a suitable reactor that includes a plurality of voids, placing an effective amount of a catalyst (or a catalyst combination) from one or more catalyst libraries in a void, repeating this step as necessary with different voids and different catalysts so that a plurality of catalysts can be simultaneously evaluated, and performing the desired reactions.
• the product streams are then preferably analyzed, more preferably by GC, HPLC or GC/MS.
• the reaction conditions, catalysts, and analytical information regarding the product streams are preferably stored in a database.
• the steps involve obtaining a suitable reactor that includes a plurality of voids, placing an effective amount of a catalyst (or a catalyst combination) from one or more catalyst libraries in a void, repeating this step as necessary with different voids and different catalysts so that a plurality of catalysts can be simultaneously evaluated, and performing the first step of the multi-step synthesis.
• the product streams can be and preferably are evaluated and optimized at this point.
• An optimized product stream can then be sent to a separate reactor and the second step of the multi-step synthesis performed in substantially the same manner as in the first step, albeit with different catalysts, reactants and reaction conditions. This step is also optimized.
• the steps can be repeated as desired if the multi- step synthesis includes more than two steps.
• the first step is preferably optimized using a lead generation approach to identify suitable catalysts and reaction conditions. These leads can be scaled up in a lead optimization step to identify the best conditions from a given set of leads. Once these conditions are optimized and the ideal product stream is identified, this product stream can be used in the second step.
• This provides an advantage over conventional chemistry where a hypothetical reactant is used to approximate what would be used commercially.
• An advantage of using the actual product stream from the previous step is that impurities that might affect the chemistry, but which would not be observed with a hypothetical reactant, are present in the actual product stream. This can provide more reliable results than when hypothetical reactants are used.
• the product from the first step can alternatively be purified, for example via distillation, and the purified product used to evaluate the second step in the multi-step synthesis.
• the choice of whether to use the product from the first step directly in the second step is largely dependent on how the chemistry would be performed commercially.
• the product streams can be analyzed in a similar manner to how the product streams are analyzed in the embodiment where the plurality of steps in the multi-step synthesis are conducted in the same reactor.
• the methods can advantageously be used to generate a database of catalysts and, optionally, reaction conditions, which provide various product streams. As market conditions vary and/or product requirements change, conditions suitable for forming desired products can be identified with little or no downtime using the methods described herein.

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