EP1290313A1 - A tunnel waterproofing construction method - Google Patents
A tunnel waterproofing construction methodInfo
- Publication number
- EP1290313A1 EP1290313A1 EP01952144A EP01952144A EP1290313A1 EP 1290313 A1 EP1290313 A1 EP 1290313A1 EP 01952144 A EP01952144 A EP 01952144A EP 01952144 A EP01952144 A EP 01952144A EP 1290313 A1 EP1290313 A1 EP 1290313A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cement concrete
- tunnel
- rubber
- spraying
- film
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000004078 waterproofing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 32
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 10
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZMRUPTIKESYGQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N propranolol hydrochloride Chemical compound [H+].[Cl-].C1=CC=C2C(OCC(O)CNC(C)C)=CC=CC2=C1 ZMRUPTIKESYGQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000005662 Paraffin oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019645 odor Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010692 aromatic oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutylamine Chemical compound CCCCNCCCC JQVDAXLFBXTEQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SZNCKQHFYDCMLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;propan-2-yloxymethanedithioate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(C)OC([S-])=S.CC(C)OC([S-])=S SZNCKQHFYDCMLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroprene Chemical compound ClC(=C)C=C YACLQRRMGMJLJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SZRLKIKBPASKQH-UHFFFAOYSA-M dibutyldithiocarbamate Chemical compound CCCCN(C([S-])=S)CCCC SZRLKIKBPASKQH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910021485 fumed silica Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035987 intoxication Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000566 intoxication Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920003049 isoprene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006072 paste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005594 polymer fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010059 sulfur vulcanization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002341 toxic gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCXJRWZYDUTGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;n-butylbutan-1-amine;n,n-dibutylcarbamodithioate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCNCCCC.CCCCN(C([S-])=S)CCCC.CCCCN(C([S-])=S)CCCC HCXJRWZYDUTGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/38—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/38—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating
- E21D11/383—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating by applying waterproof flexible sheets; Means for fixing the sheets to the tunnel or cavity wall
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
- E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
- E21D11/105—Transport or application of concrete specially adapted for the lining of tunnels or galleries ; Backfilling the space between main building element and the surrounding rock, e.g. with concrete
Definitions
- This invention relates to a waterproofing construction and method for tunnels
- paste, mortar, and concrete are used as general terms to refer to cement concrete.
- the width of the sheet is narrow (e.g., one to two meters), it is
- waterproofing sheets requires great effort and is sometimes uneconomical. There is the further problem that water infiltrates between the waterproofing sheet and the secondary concrete coating due to damage of the sheet by poorly welded components. Also, the irregularities in the excavated surface of the tunnel often defeats the waterproofing capacity of the sheet.
- the present invention specifically, provides a tunnel waterproofing construction method, wherein a primary spray cement concrete coating is spray
- a rubber emulsion operative to vulcanize at ambient temperature is spray-applied onto the primary spray cement concrete coating
- the tunnel excavation surface is made "nonlanded" by the
- emulsion can be spray-applied onto the primary spray cement concrete and thereafter a secondary cement coating can be established thereon.
- a buffer-water conductive layer is installed on the primary spray cement concrete coating, and the ambient-temperature vulcanizable emulsion is thereafter applied thereon to form a rubber film, whereupon
- the secondary cement concrete coating may subsequently be established on the rubber
- This invention is a construction method in which a film without seams and having good physical properties is formed, preferably by spray-applying a primary
- reaction is obtained at ambient temperature. From the standpoints of facilitating attachment of the primary spray cement concrete and achieving good workability, the
- ambient-temperature vulcanization-type rubber emulsion should comprise a substance
- agent A that contains the rubber emulsion (hereafter referred to as agent A) and an oil-
- Agent A and agent B are sprayed while being mixed at the nozzle tip (used for spraying A and B).
- the rubber emulsion that is used in agent A can be a synthetic rubber, such as styrene butadiene rubber, chloroprene rubber, or isoprene rubber, as well as natural
- styrene butadiene rubber is desirable from the standpoints of vulcanization physical
- chloroprene is desirable from the standpoint of increased flame-retarding properties. From the standpoint of obtaining a good film, the solid component of the
- rubber emulsion should be 15 to 40 parts by mass, and preferably 20-30 parts by
- agent A in 100 parts of total solid components after blending agent A and agent B.
- Paraffin oil is used at a ratio of less
- Asphalt can also be used for the purpose of increasing flame-retarding properties.
- Asphalt can also be used for the purpose of increasing flame-retarding properties.
- agent B also be used in agent B.
- the ratio should be less than 30 parts by mass per 100 parts
- B may be a sulfur vulcanization agent, with sulfur being preferred.
- vulcanization agent should be 0.5 to 20 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of rubber
- a vulcanization accelerator may be used in combination with agent B.
- vulcanization accelerators can include zinc isopropyl xanthate, zinc
- vulcanization accelerator used should be 0J to 5.0 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of rubber solid components when zinc isopropyl xanthate is used, 0J to 5.0
- additives such as fumed silica, polymer fibers, and powdered
- rubber may be used in agent B in amounts of 0.5 to 25 parts by mass per 100 parts by
- coloring agent B various types can also be used in agent B.
- the tunnel waterproofing construction method may be a construction method
- a rubber emulsion operative to vulcanize at ambient temperature is spray applied onto an excavated tunnel surface after a primary spray cement concrete is sprayed thereon, or after a buffer- water conductive layer (i.e. drainage) is established on the primary
- buffer- water conductive layers include layers formed by spraying fibrous substances such as moistened pulp and layers in which nonwoven fabrics such
- nonwoven fabrics or irregularly shaped plates to the primary spray cement concrete surface, adhesive agents and rivets may be used.
- this invention is a type whereby agent A and agent B are introduced under pressure by
- an airless spraying machine may be used, or an air application machine may be used.
- a U-shaped simulation tunnel having openings of 4 m, a height of 3.5 m, and a length of 3 m was made. Irregularities of the tunnel earth mound surface were presumed in the simulation tunnel, and fifteen concrete blocks of 15 cm in width, 20
- PROCOR 75 comprised of agent A of which
- agent B which contained calcium oxide, sulfur, aromatic oil, paraffin oil, zinc oxide, clay and calcium
- a U-shaped simulation tunnel having openings of 4 m, a height of 3.5 m, and
- a U-shaped simulation tunnel having openings of 4m, a height of 3.5 m, and a
- Construction Products United States, under the brand name PROCOR 75
- PROCOR 75 was applied by spraying to the mortar surface by an air spraying machine so that the thickness was 2 mm after mixing agent A and agent B at the nozzle component, with a film being formed.
- the ambient-temperature vulcanization-type emulsion is not toxic. Because the water component in this emulsion does not separate, water
- temperature vulcanization-type emulsion does not cause fogging that can occur during spraying. For these reasons, workability can be greatly
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
Abstract
A tunnel waterproofing construction method characterized in that a primary spray cement concrete is sprayed onto the excavation surface of the tunnel, a normal-temperature vulcanization-type rubber emulsion is sprayed on said primary spray cement concrete surface, a normal-temperature vulcanization-type rubber film is formed and a secondary coating cement concrete is established on that surface. The tunnel excavation surface may also be lined by with a primary spray cement and a buffer-water conductive layer may also be established in the primary spray cement concrete surface.
Description
ATUNNELWATERPROOFING CONSTRUCTIONMETHOD
Field of the Invention This invention relates to a waterproofing construction and method for tunnels,
and more particularly to the constructions and use of a vulcanization-type rubber film on a tunnel waterproofing surface.
Background of the Invention In this invention, paste, mortar, and concrete are used as general terms to refer to cement concrete.
The principle tunnel construction method in Japan currently is the NATM
method. In the NATM construction method, a primary coating is applied by means of
spraying mortar or concrete immediately after excavation of the tunnel to prevent
falling rock and water leakage in the excavation region. After this, a secondary coating of concrete is applied to stabilizing the tunnel by maintaining tunnel strength. At this time, a waterproofing sheet is installed for the waterproofing purposes, and
insulation between the primary coating concrete and the secondary coating concrete,
so that leakage of water into the tunnel can be prevented, and so that cracks due to
binding of the secondary concrete coating to earth mounds, which might move, can be
prevented. Most recently, tunnel excavation has been performed by tunnel boring
machines (TBM construction method), and waterproofing sheets are installed for the same objectives.
Installation of this waterproofing sheet involves installation on the primary
coating concrete surface by human hands. In particular, there is the problem that it is
an operation that is performed on a stand at the ceiling of the tunnel, such that it is
dangerous, and there are limitations on movement during the installation operations. In addition, there is the problem that the application surface is the excavation surface,
which is uneven, making application after the primary coating difficult to accomplish.
Further, because the width of the sheet is narrow (e.g., one to two meters), it is
necessary to superimpose numerous waterproofing sheets. The overlapping of the
waterproofing sheets requires great effort and is sometimes uneconomical. There is the further problem that water infiltrates between the waterproofing sheet and the secondary concrete coating due to damage of the sheet by poorly welded components. Also, the irregularities in the excavated surface of the tunnel often defeats the waterproofing capacity of the sheet.
In order to solve these problems, methods for performing waterproofing by spraying an aqueous solution of a polymerizable monomer and forming a
waterproofing film was disclosed in Japanese Patent Application (Early Disclosure)
No. 61-19683 (1986) and Japanese Patent Application (Early Disclosure) No. 3- 137182 (1991).
However, there are still problems in that moist surfaces cause poor adhesion,
and the film becomes non-uniform due to dripping after spraying. Also, the spraying is foggy, which deteriorates the working environment, and the price is high, making the application uneconomical.
The present inventors conducted various studies of the aforementioned
problems. As a result, they discovered a novel tunnel waterproofing construction
method in which a rubber emulsion vulcanizable at ambient temperatures is applied by blowing it and forming a film without seams. The film has excellent physical properties and waterproofing capacity, and the method is extremely economical
because it avoids dripping and fogging during spray application. It has fewer organic
volatile components in comparison with urethane-based compositions; it has no unpleasant odors; and it has excellent workability and waterproofing properties inside
the tunnel. Cracks do not develop in the secondary cement concrete coating.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention, specifically, provides a tunnel waterproofing construction method, wherein a primary spray cement concrete coating is spray
applied onto a tunnel excavation surface, a rubber emulsion operative to vulcanize at ambient temperature is spray-applied onto the primary spray cement concrete coating,
thereby forming a rubber film thereon, and a secondary cement concrete coating is
applied onto the rubber film surface.
More particularly, the tunnel excavation surface is made "nonlanded" by the
primary spray cement concrete coating (in other words, the irregularities of the
excavated earth surface are evened out) so that the ambient-temperature vulcanizable
emulsion can be spray-applied onto the primary spray cement concrete and thereafter a secondary cement coating can be established thereon.
In further exemplary embodiments, a buffer-water conductive layer is installed on the primary spray cement concrete coating, and the ambient-temperature
vulcanizable emulsion is thereafter applied thereon to form a rubber film, whereupon
the secondary cement concrete coating may subsequently be established on the rubber
film.
Detailed Description of Embodiments of the Invention Exemplary embodiments of the present invention may now be described in
further detail.
This invention is a construction method in which a film without seams and having good physical properties is formed, preferably by spray-applying a primary
spray cement concrete on an excavated tunnel surface, after which an ambient-
temperature vulcanization-type rubber emulsion is sprayed and a vulcanization
reaction is obtained at ambient temperature. From the standpoints of facilitating attachment of the primary spray cement concrete and achieving good workability, the
ambient-temperature vulcanization-type rubber emulsion should comprise a substance
that contains the rubber emulsion (hereafter referred to as agent A) and an oil-
extended oil in which the vulcanization agent is dispersed (hereafter referred to as
agent B). Agent A and agent B are sprayed while being mixed at the nozzle tip (used for spraying A and B).
The rubber emulsion that is used in agent A can be a synthetic rubber, such as styrene butadiene rubber, chloroprene rubber, or isoprene rubber, as well as natural
rubber. In addition, blends of these rubbers may be used. Of these substances,
styrene butadiene rubber is desirable from the standpoints of vulcanization physical
properties and economic factors, and chloroprene is desirable from the standpoint of increased flame-retarding properties.
From the standpoint of obtaining a good film, the solid component of the
rubber emulsion should be 15 to 40 parts by mass, and preferably 20-30 parts by
mass, in 100 parts of total solid components after blending agent A and agent B.
From the standpoint of the stability of the rubber emulsion, a strong alkali
such as KOH or NaOH may be used as a pH regulator in an amount ordinarily of 1.5
parts by mass, and, at a maximum of 2.5 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of
rubber solid components.
From the standpoint of facilitating regulation of the physical properties of the
rubber after vulcanization, an oil in which an aromatic oil and paraffin oil are mixed is
desirable as the oil-extended oil used for agent B. Paraffin oil is used at a ratio of less
than 50 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of rubber solid components for the
purpose of adjusting viscosity when it is blended with agent A. Chlorinated paraffin
can also be used for the purpose of increasing flame-retarding properties. Asphalt can
also be used in agent B. The ratio should be less than 30 parts by mass per 100 parts
by mass of rubber solid components.
The vulcanization agent that is dispersed in the oil-extended oil used in agent
B may be a sulfur vulcanization agent, with sulfur being preferred. The quantity of
vulcanization agent should be 0.5 to 20 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of rubber
solid components.
A vulcanization accelerator may be used in combination with agent B.
Examples of vulcanization accelerators can include zinc isopropyl xanthate, zinc
dibutyldithiocarbamate dibutylamine complex and zinc oxide. The quantity of
vulcanization accelerator used should be 0J to 5.0 parts by mass per 100 parts by
mass of rubber solid components when zinc isopropyl xanthate is used, 0J to 5.0
parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of rubber solid components when zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate dibutylamine complex is used, and 0.5 to 20.0 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of rubber solid components when zinc oxide is used.
In addition, additives such as fumed silica, polymer fibers, and powdered
rubber may be used in agent B in amounts of 0.5 to 25 parts by mass per 100 parts by
mass of the total solid components.
In addition, various types of inorganic substances (metal oxides such as
calcium oxide, Portland cement, high alumina cement and calcium sulfate) and
various types of coloring agent can also be used in agent B.
The tunnel waterproofing construction method may be a construction method
based on the NATM construction method of the TBM construction method, in which a rubber emulsion operative to vulcanize at ambient temperature is spray applied onto an excavated tunnel surface after a primary spray cement concrete is sprayed thereon, or after a buffer- water conductive layer (i.e. drainage) is established on the primary
spray-applied cement concrete, with vulcanization and hardening being effected at ambient temperature.
Moreover, smoothing out the irregularities of the excavation surface (i.e., by
"nonlanded" regulation) by spray-applying the primary spray cement concrete on the
tunnel excavation surface (from an economic standpoint, it is desirable to effect "nonlanded" regulation by further spraying of a general primary spray cement
concrete after ordinary spraying of a fast-drying spray cement concrete), or by applying a buffer- water conducting layer to the primary spray cement concrete surface
after spraying a primary spray cement concrete on the tunnel excavation surface and then further spraying a rubber emulsion operative to vulcanize at ambient temperature
is desirable from the standpoints of further increasing the insulation effect and making
it difficult for cracking to occur in the secondary coating cement structure. Further, better results are obtained when these measured are used in combination.
The establishment of a buffer-water conductive layer (drainage) has the particular advantage that makes it possible to form a film when the ambient
temperature vulcanizable emulsion is formed, even when there is some water leakage
from the primary spray cement concrete.
Examples of buffer- water conductive layers include layers formed by spraying fibrous substances such as moistened pulp and layers in which nonwoven fabrics such
as long polyester fibers and polypropylene, or in which irregularly shaped plates are
affixed.
Although there are no particular limitations on the method for affixing
nonwoven fabrics or irregularly shaped plates to the primary spray cement concrete surface, adhesive agents and rivets may be used.
The spraying machine that is used in the wate roofing construction method of
this invention is a type whereby agent A and agent B are introduced under pressure by
separate pumps, with their ratios being regulated, and they are mixed at the nozzle
component or before the nozzle, after which the mixture is sprayed at ordinary air
pressure. However, an airless spraying machine may be used, or an air application machine may be used.
By spraying and applying the ambient-temperature-hardening rubber emulsion to a thickness on the order of 1 to 3 mm. (which emulsion may also be more thickly
sprayed), a film without seams and of good physical properties is formed at normal temperature.
After the film has been formed in this way, a secondary coating cement
concrete is applied and construction is completed.
The invention may be illustrated by the following examples.
Example 1
A U-shaped simulation tunnel having openings of 4 m, a height of 3.5 m, and a length of 3 m was made. Irregularities of the tunnel earth mound surface were presumed in the simulation tunnel, and fifteen concrete blocks of 15 cm in width, 20
cm in height, and 20 cm in length were installed at suitable intervals to form an
irregular surface.
Fast-drying mortar was sprayed as the primary spray mortar and "nonlanded"
adjustment of the irregular surface was effected (i.e., the sprayed surface irregularities were evened out).
Immediately after spraying, a two-agent rubber emulsion operative to vulcanize at ambient temperature (available from Grace Construction Products,
United States, under the brand name PROCOR 75), comprised of agent A of which
styrene butadiene rubber was the principle component, and agent B which contained calcium oxide, sulfur, aromatic oil, paraffin oil, zinc oxide, clay and calcium
carbonate, was applied by spraying on the mortar surface to a thickness of 2 mm by an
air spraying machine after mixing agent A and agent B at the nozzle component. One
day after spraying, secondary coating concrete was applied to a thickness of 30 cm.
As a result, the following points were found.
1. There was a good film application capacity using the spray operations, and it was possible for two operators to apply film in an amount of more than 100 m2/hour.
2. There was no generation of fog during spraying, no dripping from roof
surfaces, no unpleasant odor, and a spraying of uniform thickness could be
performed.
3. A uniform, good film with no cracks or pinholes could be obtained. In
addition, no differences were observed in the thickness of the film immediately after application and after hardening.
4. Checks were made by visual observation for the occurrence of cracks after
removal of secondary coating cement concrete from the mold frame and
three months thereafter. As a result, cracks were not found.
5. The properties of the film formed by spray application are indicated
below. A good ambient-temperature vulcanization type rubber film was
obtained. Film strength: 0.82 (TNT/mm2 (ambient temperature); 1.1 N/mm2
(-30° C). Elongation: 700% (ambient temperature); greater than 800% (-
30°C). Recovery after 100% elongation: 95%. Tearing strength: 4.55
N/mm2, Resistance to static water pressure: 30m.
The test methods for the various physical properties were as follows.
Film strength, elongation and recovery were tested in accordance with ASTM
D 412-92.
Tearing strength was tested in accordance with ASTM D 642-86.
Resistance to static water pressure was tested in accordance with ASTM D 5385-93 (Determination in cases in which ambient-temperature vulcanization type
rubber emulsions are sprayed onto concrete surfaces).
Example 2
A U-shaped simulation tunnel having openings of 4 m, a height of 3.5 m, and
a length of 3 m was made. Irregularities of the tunnel earth-mound surface were
presumed in the simulation tunnel, and fifteen concrete blocks of 15 cm in width, 20 cm in height, and 20 cm in length were installed at suitable intervals to form an
irregular surface.
Fast-drying mortar was sprayed as the primary spray mortar, and "nonlanded"
adjustment of the irregular surface was effected (i.e. uneven spraying on tunnel wall
was evened out).
Immediately after spraying, a nonwoven fabric made of polyester fibers was
affixed by rivets to the primary spray mortar surface.
A two-agent, ambient-temperature vulcanization-type rubber emulsion
(PROCOR 75 brand from Grace Construction Products, United States) was applied to
the surface of the nonwoven fabric and was applied by spraying to the mortar surface
by an air spraying machine so that the thickness was 2 mm after mixing agent A and
agent B at the nozzle component, with a film being formed. One day after spraying, secondary coating concrete was applied to a thickness of 30 cm.
As a result, the following points were found.
1. There was a good film application capacity using the spraying operations,
and it was possible for two operators to apply film in an amount of more
than 100 m2/hour.
2. There was no dripping from roof surfaces, no unpleasant odor, and
spraying of a uniform thickness could be performed.
3. A uniform, good film with no cracks or pinholes could be obtained. In addition, no differences were observed in the thickness of the film
immediately after application and after hardening. 4. Checks were made by visual observation for the occurrence of cracks after
removal of secondary coating cement concrete from the mold frame and three months thereafter. As a result, no cracks were found.
Example 3
A U-shaped simulation tunnel having openings of 4m, a height of 3.5 m, and a
length of 3 m was made. Irregularities of the tunnel earth mound surface were
presumed in the simulation tunnel, and fifteen concrete blocks of 15 cm in width, 20 cm in height, and 20 cm in length were installed at suitable intervals to form an irregular surface.
Fast-drying mortar was sprayed as the primary spray mortar without making
"nonlanded" adjustment of the irregular surface. Immediately after spraying, a two-
agent, ambient-temperature-type rubber emulsion (manufactured by Grace
Construction Products, United States, under the brand name PROCOR 75) was
applied by spraying to the mortar surface by an air spraying machine so that the thickness was 2 mm after mixing agent A and agent B at the nozzle component, with a film being formed. One day after spraying, secondary coating concrete was applied to
a thickness of 30 cm.
As a result, the following points were found.
1. There was a good film application capacity using the spraying operations,
and it was possible for two operators to apply film in an amount of more than 100 m2/hour.
2. Checks were made by visual observation for the occurrence of cracks after
removal of secondary coating cement concrete from the mold frame and three months thereafter. As a result, it was found that one crack had
developed in the secondary coating concrete surface. However, when the core in that region was removed and checked, there were no abnormalities
in the film and water leakage was not seen.
Comparative Example 1
The same procedure was carried out as in Example 3 except that mixtures
comprised of aqueous acrylate and methacrylate solutions and of redox catalyst
systems were used instead of two-agent, ambient temperature type rubber emulsion
(brand name PROCOR 75, manufactured by Grace Construction Products, USA). As a result, the following points were found.
1. There was marked fogging due to spraying, and the working environment
was poor. In addition, icicle-like dripping occurred on the sprayed surface,
and operating characteristics were poor.
2. Checks were made by visual observations for occurrence of cracks after
removal of the secondary coating concrete from the mold frame and three months thereafter. As a result, it was found that two cracks had developed
in the secondary coating concrete surface.
The following results (and capabilities) were achieved by the tunnel
waterproofing construction method using the ambient-temperature vulcanization type
emulsion of this invention.
1. The ambient-temperature vulcanization-type emulsion is not toxic. Because the water component in this emulsion does not separate, water
infiltration into the working environment does not occur. The ambient-
temperature vulcanization-type emulsion does not cause fogging that can occur during spraying. For these reasons, workability can be greatly
improved, safety during operations can be improved, and the environment
can be protected.
2. By effecting vulcanization at ambient temperature, a film having good
physical properties and not having seams can be formed.
3. A film having superior waterproofing properties can be applied in stable fashion.
4. Because organic solvents are not used, there is little possibility of the
occurrence of fire or intoxication during operations and toxic gases are not
generated during such fires.
5. The tunnel waterproofing construction method of this invention exhibits good application characteristics and wide application can be made to a
large surface by a small number of workers. Therefore, overall costs can be reduced.
6. Cracking of the secondary coating cement concrete can be further decreased as a result of the facts that: (1) the primary spray cement
concrete surface is subjected to "nonlanded" regulation, (2) a buffer material-water conductive layer is established, and (3) that both treatments
(1) and (2) are performed.
Claims
1. A tunnel waterproofing construction method, comprising: spray-applying a primary spray cement concrete onto a tunnel excavation surface; spraying onto
said primary spray cement concrete on said surface a rubber emulsion operative to
vulcanize at ambient temperature to form a rubber film; and coating a secondary cement concrete onto said rubber film.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said tunnel excavation surface is lined with said
primary spray cement concrete.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein, after spray-applying said primary spray cement concrete on the tunnel excavation surface, a buffer-water conductive layer is installed on said primary cement concrete surface, and thereafter the rubber emulsion is applied on the buffer-water conductive layer to provide a rubber film,
and thereafter a secondary cement concrete is coated onto the rubber film surface.
4. A tunnel waterproofing construction made by the method of claim 1.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000175768 | 2000-06-12 | ||
| JP2000175768A JP4459391B2 (en) | 2000-06-12 | 2000-06-12 | Tunnel waterproofing method |
| PCT/US2001/018174 WO2001096710A1 (en) | 2000-06-12 | 2001-06-05 | A tunnel waterproofing construction method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1290313A1 true EP1290313A1 (en) | 2003-03-12 |
| EP1290313A4 EP1290313A4 (en) | 2005-04-27 |
Family
ID=18677596
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01952144A Withdrawn EP1290313A4 (en) | 2000-06-12 | 2001-06-05 | A tunnel waterproofing construction method |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1290313A4 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP4459391B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20030034093A (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1280524C (en) |
| AU (2) | AU2001272936B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2411271A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2001096710A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4459391B2 (en) | 2000-06-12 | 2010-04-28 | 電気化学工業株式会社 | Tunnel waterproofing method |
| JP2002275828A (en) * | 2001-03-16 | 2002-09-25 | Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kk | Waterproof structure and waterproofing method |
| KR100894885B1 (en) * | 2007-04-27 | 2009-04-30 | (주)리뉴시스템 | Shield tunnel waterproof construction method and waterproof construction structure |
| CN101614129B (en) * | 2009-08-10 | 2011-07-27 | 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司 | Construction method of tunnel waterproof and water drainage system |
| KR101068624B1 (en) * | 2011-03-30 | 2011-09-28 | 대지종건(주) | Arc-shaped segmentation for off-site temporary tunnel and pipeline construction |
| CN104373138B (en) * | 2014-10-13 | 2017-03-29 | 中南大学 | The construction method that waterproof layer is reinvented when a kind of tunnel lining structure is repaired |
| JP6534562B2 (en) * | 2015-06-04 | 2019-06-26 | デンカ株式会社 | Structure and construction method |
| KR101790217B1 (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-10-25 | 씨카코리아(주) | Waterproofing system |
| CA3096861A1 (en) * | 2018-05-02 | 2019-11-07 | Relborgn Pty Ltd | Method, apparatus and composition for sealing of surfaces |
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| EP0877720B1 (en) | 1996-12-04 | 2001-02-21 | Mbt Holding Ag | Cement structure containing a waterproofing layer |
| WO2001096710A1 (en) | 2000-06-12 | 2001-12-20 | W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | A tunnel waterproofing construction method |
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| CH499690A (en) * | 1967-03-22 | 1970-11-30 | Seborova Anna | Lining for buildings, in particular mining buildings |
| AT318862B (en) * | 1971-05-28 | 1974-11-25 | Sika Ag | Method for sealing the walls of engineering structures made of concrete |
| DE2819230A1 (en) * | 1978-05-02 | 1979-11-08 | Kalk Chemische Fabrik Gmbh | PROCEDURE FOR FILLING IN CAVITIES BETWEEN MOUNTAINS AND EXTENSION WHEN DRIVING ROADS IN MINING OPERATIONS |
| FI69503C (en) * | 1984-03-13 | 1986-02-10 | Neste Oy | YTBELAGD BERGSBEHAOLLARE ELLER TUNNEL |
| ES537709A0 (en) * | 1984-11-16 | 1985-08-16 | Gordun Burillo Fernando | A SURFACE WATERPROOFING PROCEDURE, OF SPECIAL APPLICATION TO INTERIOR SURFACES OF TUNNELS, CHANNELS AND MINING |
| CH688135A5 (en) * | 1994-12-05 | 1997-05-30 | Pierre Andre Follonier | Sealing for concrete works |
| GB2302153B (en) * | 1995-06-12 | 1999-10-20 | Wrc Plc | Pipeline renovation |
| GB2308848A (en) * | 1996-01-04 | 1997-07-09 | Grace W R & Co | Waterproofing materials |
| EP0725185A1 (en) * | 1996-01-08 | 1996-08-07 | Roland F. Wolfseher | Lining tunnels and method for its attachment |
| TW327667B (en) * | 1997-02-04 | 1998-03-01 | Hu Ming Chiun | Drainage method and its material |
| EP0898052B1 (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 2003-10-29 | Köster Bauchemie Gmbh | Method of sealing a subterranean formation against the penetration of water |
| GB9815685D0 (en) * | 1998-07-20 | 1998-09-16 | Mbt Holding Ag | Waterproofer |
| US6403686B1 (en) * | 2000-04-11 | 2002-06-11 | W.R. Grace & Co. - Conn. | Rheologically-dynamic, liquid-applicable elastomeric compositions |
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2000
- 2000-06-12 JP JP2000175768A patent/JP4459391B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-06-05 KR KR1020027016944A patent/KR20030034093A/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-06-05 EP EP01952144A patent/EP1290313A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-06-05 AU AU2001272936A patent/AU2001272936B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2001-06-05 CA CA002411271A patent/CA2411271A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-06-05 CN CNB018140106A patent/CN1280524C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-06-05 AU AU7293601A patent/AU7293601A/en active Pending
- 2001-06-05 WO PCT/US2001/018174 patent/WO2001096710A1/en not_active Ceased
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| EP0877720B1 (en) | 1996-12-04 | 2001-02-21 | Mbt Holding Ag | Cement structure containing a waterproofing layer |
| WO2001096710A1 (en) | 2000-06-12 | 2001-12-20 | W.R. Grace & Co.-Conn. | A tunnel waterproofing construction method |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2001272936B2 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
| JP2001355397A (en) | 2001-12-26 |
| WO2001096710A1 (en) | 2001-12-20 |
| CN1280524C (en) | 2006-10-18 |
| KR20030034093A (en) | 2003-05-01 |
| EP1290313A4 (en) | 2005-04-27 |
| CN1457383A (en) | 2003-11-19 |
| CA2411271A1 (en) | 2001-12-20 |
| AU7293601A (en) | 2001-12-24 |
| JP4459391B2 (en) | 2010-04-28 |
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