EP1274844A2 - Nouvelles proteines et acides nucleiques codant pour celles-ci - Google Patents

Nouvelles proteines et acides nucleiques codant pour celles-ci

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Publication number
EP1274844A2
EP1274844A2 EP01930432A EP01930432A EP1274844A2 EP 1274844 A2 EP1274844 A2 EP 1274844A2 EP 01930432 A EP01930432 A EP 01930432A EP 01930432 A EP01930432 A EP 01930432A EP 1274844 A2 EP1274844 A2 EP 1274844A2
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nucleic acid
amino acid
polypeptide
seq
protein
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP01930432A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Kumud Majumder
Corine A. M. Vernet
Stacie J. Casman
Adam R. Wolenc
Steven K. Spaderna
Muralidhara Padigaru
Vishnu S. Mishnu
Velizar T. Tchernev
Kimberly A. Spytek
Li Li
Jason C. Baumgartner
Vladimir Y. Gusev
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CuraGen Corp
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CuraGen Corp
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Publication of EP1274844A2 publication Critical patent/EP1274844A2/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the invention generally relates to nucleic acids and polypeptides. More particularly, the invention relates to nucleic acids encoding novel G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) polypeptides, as well as vectors, host cells, antibodies, and recombinant methods for producing these nucleic acids and polypeptides.
  • GPCR G-protein coupled receptor
  • the invention is based in part upon the discovery of nucleic acid sequences encoding novel polypeptides.
  • novel nucleic acids and polypeptides are referred to herein as GPCRX, or GPCR1, GPCR2, GPCR3, GPCR4, GPCR5, GPCR6, GPCR7, GPCR8, and GPCR9 nucleic acids and polypeptides.
  • GPCRX GPCRX nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences.
  • the invention provides an isolated GPCRX nucleic acid molecule encoding a GPCRX polypeptide that includes a nucleic acid sequence that has identity to the nucleic acids disclosed in SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82.
  • the GPCRX nucleic acid molecule will hybridize under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid sequence complementary to a nucleic acid molecule that includes a protein-coding sequence of a GPCRX nucleic acid sequence.
  • the invention also includes an isolated nucleic acid that encodes a GPCRX polypeptide, or a fragment, homolog, analog or derivative thereof.
  • the nucleic acid can encode a polypeptide at least 80% identical to a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83.
  • the nucleic acid can be, for example, a genomic DNA fragment or a cDNA molecule that includes the nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOS : 1 , 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82.
  • an oligonucleotide e.g., an oligonucleotide which includes at least 6 contiguous nucleotides of a GPCRX nucleic acid ⁇ e.g., SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82) or a complement of said oligonucleotide.
  • substantially purified GPCRX polypeptides SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83).
  • the GPCRX polypeptides include an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to the amino acid sequence of a human GPCRX polypeptide.
  • the invention also features antibodies that immunoselectively bind to GPCRX polypeptides, or fragments, homologs, analogs or derivatives thereof.
  • the invention includes pharmaceutical compositions that include therapeutically- or prophylactically-effective amounts of a therapeutic and a pharmaceutically- acceptable carrier.
  • the therapeutic can be, e.g., a GPCRX nucleic acid, a GPCRX polypeptide, or an antibody specific for a GPCRX polypeptide.
  • the invention includes, in one or more containers, a therapeutically- or prophylactically-effective amount of this pharmaceutical composition.
  • the invention includes a method of producing a polypeptide by culturing a cell that includes a GPCRX nucleic acid, under conditions allowing for expression of the GPCRX polypeptide encoded by the DNA. If desired, the GPCRX polypeptide can then be recovered.
  • the invention includes a method of detecting the presence of a GPCRX polypeptide in a sample.
  • a sample is contacted with a compound that selectively binds to the polypeptide under conditions allowing for formation of a complex between the polypeptide and the compound.
  • the complex is detected, if present, thereby identifying the GPCRX polypeptide within the sample.
  • the invention also includes methods to identify specific cell or tissue types based on their expression of a GPCRX.
  • Also included in the invention is a method of detecting the presence of a GPCRX nucleic acid molecule in a sample by contacting the sample with a GPCRX nucleic acid probe or primer, and detecting whether the nucleic acid probe or primer bound to a GPCRX nucleic acid molecule in the sample.
  • the invention provides a method for modulating the activity of a GPCRX polypeptide by contacting a cell sample that includes the GPCRX polypeptide with a compound that binds to the GPCRX polypeptide in an amount sufficient to modulate the activity of said polypeptide.
  • the compound can be, e.g., a small molecule, such as a nucleic acid, peptide, polypeptide, peptidomimetic, carbohydrate, lipid or other organic (carbon containing) or inorganic molecule, as further described herein.
  • a therapeutic in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing disorders or syndromes including, e.g., diabetes, metabolic disturbances associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome X, anorexia, wasting disorders associated with chronic diseases, metabolic disorders, diabetes, obesity, infectious disease, anorexia, cancer-associated cachexia, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders,
  • disorders or syndromes including, e.g., diabetes, metabolic disturbances associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome X, anorexia, wasting disorders associated with chronic diseases, metabolic disorders, diabetes, obesity, infectious disease, anorexia, cancer-associated cachexia, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders,
  • the therapeutic can be, e.g., a GPCRX nucleic acid, a GPCRX polypeptide, or a GPCRX-specific antibody, or biologically-active derivatives or fragments thereof.
  • compositions of the present mvention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from: developmental diseases, MHCII and III diseases (immune diseases), taste and scent detectability Disorders, Burkitt's lymphoma, corticoneurogenic disease, signal transduction pathway disorders, Retinal diseases including those involving photoreception, Cell growth rate disorders; cell shape disorders, feeding disorders; control of feeding; potential obesity due to over-eating; potential disorders due to starvation (lack of appetite), noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NDDDMl), bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; Albright Hereditary Ostoeody
  • DPLA Dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy
  • polypeptides can be used as immunogens to produce antibodies specific for the invention, and as vaccines. They can also be used to screen for potential agonist and antagonist compounds.
  • a cDNA encoding GPCRX may be useful in gene therapy, and GPCRX may be useful when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HTV-1 or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; and Treatment of Albright Hereditary Ostoeodystrophy, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or GiUes de la Tourette syndrome and/or other pathologies and disorders.
  • cancer including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma;
  • the invention further includes a method for screening for a modulator of disorders or syndromes including, e.g., diabetes, metabolic disturbances associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome X, anorexia, wasting disorders associated with chronic diseases, metabolic disorders, diabetes, obesity, infectious disease, anorexia, cancer-associated cachexia, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disorder, immune disorders, and hematopoietic disorders or other disorders related to cell signal processing and metabolic pathway modulation.
  • the method includes contacting a test compound with a GPCRX polypeptide and determining if the test compound binds to said GPCRX polypeptide. Binding of the test compound to the GPCRX polypeptide indicates the test compound is a modulator of activity, or of latency or predisposition to the aforementioned disorders or syndromes.
  • Also within the scope of the invention is a method for screening for a modulator of activity, or of latency or predisposition to an disorders or syndromes including, e.g., diabetes, metabolic disturbances associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome X, anorexia, wasting disorders associated with chronic diseases, metabolic disorders, diabetes, obesity, infectious disease, anorexia, cancer-associated cachexia, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disorder, immune disorders, and hematopoietic disorders or other disorders related to cell signal processing and metabolic pathway modulation by administering a test compound to a test animal at increased risk for the aforementioned disorders or syndromes.
  • the test animal expresses a recombinant polypeptide encoded by a GPCRX nucleic acid.
  • the invention includes a method for determining the presence of or predisposition to a disease associated with altered levels of a GPCRX polypeptide, a GPCRX nucleic acid, or both, in a subject ⁇ e.g., a human subject).
  • the method includes measuring the amount of the GPCRX polypeptide in a test sample from the subject and comparing the amount of the polypeptide in the test sample to the amount of the GPCRX polypeptide present in a control sample.
  • An alteration in the level of the GPCRX polypeptide in the test sample as compared to the control sample indicates the presence of or predisposition to a disease in the subject.
  • the predisposition includes, e.g., diabetes, metabolic disturbances associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome X, anorexia, wasting disorders associated with chronic diseases, metabolic disorders, diabetes, obesity, infectious disease, anorexia, cancer-associated cachexia, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disorder, immune disorders, and hematopoietic disorders.
  • the expression levels of the new polypeptides of the invention can be used in a method to screen for various cancers as well as to determine the stage of cancers.
  • the invention includes a method of treating or preventing a pathological condition associated with a disorder in a mammal by administering to the subject a GPCRX polypeptide, a GPCRX nucleic acid, or a GPCRX-specific antibody to a subject ⁇ e.g., a human subject), in an amount sufficient to alleviate or prevent the pathological condition.
  • the disorder includes, e.g., diabetes, metabolic disturbances associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome X, anorexia, wasting disorders associated with chronic diseases, metabolic disorders, diabetes, obesity, infectious disease, anorexia, cancer-associated cachexia, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disorder, immune disorders, and hematopoietic disorders.
  • the invention can be used in a method to identity the cellular receptors and downstream effectors of the invention by any one of a number of techniques commonly employed in the art. These include but are not limited to the two-hybrid system, affinity purification, co-precipitation with antibodies or other specific-interacting molecules. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
  • the invention is based, in part, upon the discovery of novel nucleic acid sequences that encode novel polypeptides.
  • novel nucleic acids and their encoded polypeptides are referred to individually as GPCR1, GPCR2, GPCR3, GPCR4, GPCR5, GPCR6, GPCR7, GPCR8, and GPCR9,
  • the nucleic acids, and their encoded polypeptides are collectively
  • GPCRX GPCRX
  • novel GPCRX nucleic acids of the invention include the nucleic acids whose sequences are provided in Tables 1 A, ID, IE, 2A, 3A, 4A, 4F, 4J, 5A, 5D, 5F, 6A, 6D, 7A, 7F, 71, 8A, 8D, 8F, 8H, 8J, 9A, 9D, and 9F, inclusive ("Tables 1 A - 9F"), or a fragment, derivative, analog or homolog thereof.
  • novel GPCRX proteins of the invention include
  • GPCRs iO G-Protein Coupled Receptor proteins
  • GPCRs have been identified as a large family of G protein-coupled receptors in a number of species. These receptors share a seven transmembrane domain structure with many neurotransmitter and hormone receptors, and are likely to underlie the recognition and G-protein-mediated transduction of various signals.
  • Human GPCR generally do not contain introns and belong to four different gene subfamilies,
  • the olfactory receptor (OR) gene family constitutes one of the largest GPCR
  • Olfactory receptors constitute the largest family among G protein-coupled receptors, with up to 1000 members expected. See Vanderhaeghen et al., Genomics 39(3):239-46 (1997); Xie et al., Mamm. Genome 11 (12): 1070-78 (2000); Issel-Tarver et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93(20): 10897-902 (1996).
  • chemoreceptors Other examples of seven membrane spanning proteins that are related to GPCRs are chemoreceptors. See Thomas et al., Gene 178(l-2):l-5 (1996). Chemoreceptors have been identified in taste, olfactory, and male reproductive tissues. See id.; Walensky et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273(16):9378-87 (1998); Parmentier et al., Nature 355(6359):453-55 (1992); Asai et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 221(2):240-47 (1996).
  • GPCR1 includes a family of three novel G-protein coupled receptor (“GPCR”) proteins disclosed below.
  • GPCRla novel G-protein coupled receptor
  • GPCRlb novel G-protein coupled receptor
  • GPCRlc novel G-protein coupled receptors
  • a disclosed GPCRla nucleic acid of 1050 nucleotides is shown in Table 1 A.
  • the disclosed GPCRla open reading frame (“ORF") begins at the ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 6-8, shown in bold in Table 1 A.
  • the encoded polypeptide is alternatively referred to herein as GPCRla or as rpl l-507n20_A.
  • the disclosed GPCRla ORF terminates at a TGA codon at nucleotides 1044-1046. As shown in Table IA, putative untranslated regions 5' to the start codon and 3' to the stop codon are underlined, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • Table IB Encoded GPCRla protein sequence (SEQ ID NO:2).
  • GPCRla was initially identified on chromosome 12 with a TblastN analysis of a proprietary sequence file for a G-protein coupled receptor probe or homolog, which was run against the Genomic Daily Files made available by GenBank.
  • a proprietary software program (GenScanTM) was used to further predict the nucleic acid sequence and the selection of exons.
  • the resulting sequences were further modified by means of similarities using BLAST searches. The sequences were then manually corrected for apparent inconsistencies, thereby obtaining the sequences encoding the full-length protein.
  • a region of the GPCRla nucleic acid sequence has 517 of 746 bases (69%) identical to a Homo sapiens GPCR mRNA (GENBANK-ID: HUMHM74
  • the "E-value” or “Expect” value is a numeric indication of the probability that the aligned sequences could have achieved their similarity to the BLAST query sequence by chance alone, within the database that was searched.
  • the probability that the subject (“Sbjct”) retrieved from the GPCRla BLAST analysis, e.g., the Homo sapiens GPCR, matched the Query GPCRla sequence purely by chance is 1.9x10 "71 .
  • the target sequence identified previously, Accession Number rpl l-507n20_A was subjected to the exon linking process to confirm the sequence.
  • PCR primers were designed by starting at the most upstream sequence available, for the forward primer, and at the most downstream sequence available for the reverse primer. In each case, the sequence was examined, walking inward from the respective termini toward the coding sequence, until a suitable sequence that is either unique or highly selective was encountered, or, in the case of the reverse primer, until the stop codon was reached.
  • Such primers were designed based on in silico predictions for the full length cDNA, part (one or more exons) of the DNA or protein sequence of the target sequence, or by translated homology of the predicted exons to closely related human sequences sequences from other species.
  • primers were then employed in PCR amplification based on the following pool of human cDNAs: adrenal gland, bone marrow, brain - amygdala, brain - cerebellum, brain - hippocampus, brain - substantia nigra, brain - thalamus, brain -whole, fetal brain, fetal kidney, fetal liver, fetal lung, heart, kidney, lymphoma - Raji, mammary gland, pancreas, pituitary gland, placenta, prostate, salivary gland, skeletal muscle, small intestine, spinal cord, spleen, stomach, testis, thyroid, trachea, uterus.
  • a disclosed GPCRlb (also referred to as rpll-507n20_A_dal) nucleic acid of 1050 nucleotides is shown in Table ID.
  • An open reading frame was identified beginning with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 6-8 and ending with a TGA codon at nucleotides 1044- 1046.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon is underlined in Table ID, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • the encoded protein is the same as for GPCRla and is disclosed above in Table IB.
  • a disclosed GPCRlc (also referred to as AC01171 l_dal) nucleic acid of 1104 nucleotides found by exon linking is shown in Table IE.
  • An open reading frame was identified beginning with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 60-62 and ending with a TGA codon at nucleotides 1098-1100.
  • Putative untranslated regions 5' to the start codon and 3' to the stop codon are underlined in Table IE and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • nucleic acid sequence has 530 of 770 bases (68%) identical to a gb:GENBANK- ID:HUMHM74
  • the disclosed GPCRlc protein having 346 amino acid residues is presented using the one-letter code in Table IF.
  • the amino acids differences between the three GPCRl proteins are shown in Table IH. Deletions are marked by a delta ( ⁇ ). The differences between the three proteins appear to be localized to a few distinct regions. Thus, these proteins may have similar functions, such as serving as olfactory or chemokine receptors (see below).
  • the "strong” group of conserved amino acid residues may be any one of the following groups of amino acids: STA, NEQK, NHQK, NDEQ, QHRK, MILN, MILF, HY, FYW.
  • Table 1J lists the domain description from DOMAIN analysis results against GPCRl. This indicates that the GPCRl sequence has properties similar to those of other proteins known to contain this domain as well as to the 377 amino acid 7tm domain itself.
  • GPCRl (SEQ ID NO:2) jGte fCGFCFHMffl ⁇ W- ⁇ S ⁇ ⁇ BF FB [JLitre FRTD iRRRH 'IP Mv Consensus 7tm 1 domain
  • Consensus 7tm 1 domain aiWR— — VpP ⁇ SlL The 7 transmembrane receptor family includes a number of different proteins, including, for example, serotonin receptors, dopamine receptors, histamine receptors, andrenergic receptors, cannabinoid receptors, angiotensin II receptors, chemokine receptors, opioid receptors, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) proteins, olfactory receptors (OR), and the like.
  • Some proteins and the Protein Data Base Ids/gene indexes include, for example: rhodopsin (129209); 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors; (112821, 8488960, 112805, 231454, 1168221, 398971, 112806); G protein-coupled receptors (119130, 543823, 1730143, 132206, 137159, 6136153, 416926, 1169881, 136882, 134079); gustatory receptors (544463, 462208); c-x-c chemokine receptors (416718, 128999, 416802, 548703, 1352335); opsins (129193, 129197, 129203); and olfactory receptor-like proteins (129091, 1171893, 400672, 548417); GPCRl is expressed in at least the following tissues: Apical micro villi of the retinal pigment epithelium, arterial (aortic), basal forebrain, brain, Burkitt lymphom
  • the nucleic acids and proteins of GPCRl are useful in potential therapeutic applications implicated in various GPCR- or olfactory receptor (OR)-related pathologies and/or disorders.
  • OR olfactory receptor
  • a cDNA encoding the G-protein coupled receptor-like protein may be useful in gene therapy, and the G-protein coupled receptor-like protein may be useful when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • the novel nucleic acid encoding GPCRl protein, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed.
  • GPCRX nucleic acids and proteins are useful in potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications implicated in various diseases and disorders described below and/or other pathologies.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from: developmental diseases, MHCII and III diseases (immune diseases), Taste and scent detectability Disorders, Burkitt's lymphoma, Corticoneurogenic disease, Signal Transduction pathway disorders, Retinal diseases including those involving photoreception, Cell Growth rate disorders; Cell Shape disorders, Feeding disorders;control of feeding; potential obesity due to over-eating; potential disorders due to starvation (lack of apetite), noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NTDDM1), bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; and Treatment of Albright Hereditary Ost
  • Dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy Hypophosphatemic rickets, autosomal dominant (2) Acrocallosal syndrome and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and/or other pathologies and disorders of the like.
  • the compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from neoplasm, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, prostate cancer, uterus cancer, immune response, AIDS, asthma, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Albright Hereditary Ostoeodystrophy. Additional GPCR-related diseases and disorders are mentioned throughout the Specification.
  • the protein similarity information, expression pattern, and map location for GPCRl suggests that GPCRl may have important structural and/or physiological functions characteristic of the GPCR family.
  • the polypeptides can be used as immunogens to produce antibodies specific for the invention, and as vaccines. They can also be used to screen for potential agonist and antagonist compounds.
  • a cDNA encoding GPCRl may be useful in gene therapy, and GPCRl may be useful when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; and Treatment of Albright Hereditary Ostoeodystrophy, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and/or other pathologies and disorders.
  • cancer including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer;
  • novel nucleic acid encoding OR-like protein, and the OR-like protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed. These materials are further useful in the generation of antibodies that bind immunospecifically to the novel substances of the invention for use in therapeutic or diagnostic methods.
  • GPCRl protein has multiple hydrophilic regions, each of which can be used as an immunogen.
  • a contemplated GPCRl epitope is from about amino acids 1 to 10.
  • a GPCRl epitope is from about amino acids 75 to 100.
  • GPCRl epitopes are from amino acids 130 to 140, 210-230, and from amino acids 270 to 330.
  • GPCR2 An additional GPCR-like protein of the invention, referred to herein as GPCR2, is an Olfactory Receptor ("OR")-like protein.
  • OR Olfactory Receptor
  • the novel nucleic acid of 1149 nucleotides, mapped to chromosome 5, (80250319_EXT, SEQ ID NO:6) encoding a novel G-protein coupled receptor-like protein is shown in Table 2A.
  • GPCR2 An open reading frame (ORF) for GPCR2 was identified from nucleotides 1 to 1146.
  • the disclosed GPCR2 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO:7) encoded by SEQ ID NO:6 is 382 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 41669.7 Daltons and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 2B.
  • the GPCR2 protein was analyzed for signal peptide prediction and cellular localization. Psort and Hydropathy profiles predict that GPCR2 contains a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane (certainty of 0.6000).
  • the GPCR2 nucleic acid sequence has 405 of 648 nucleotides (62%) identical to Sequence 9 from patent US 5436155 (GENBANK-ID:113406)
  • the full amino acid sequence of the protein of the invention was found to have 62 of 170 amino acid residues (36%) identical to, and 96 of 170 amino acid residues (56%)positive with, the 359 amino acid residue protein from Rattus norvegicus (SWISSPROT- ACC:P29089).
  • the protein encoded by GPCR2 (SEQ ID NO:6) has significant homology to olfactory, odorant, and taste chemoreceptors and belongs to the family of G-Protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). This family of genes has been used as a target for small molecule drugs and GPCRs are expressed on the plasma membrane and are also a suitable target for protein drugs like therapeutic antibodies, cytotoxic antibodies and diagnostic antibodies.
  • Table 2C Alignment of GPCR2 with gi
  • GPCR2 iNlFSGTSLffl ⁇
  • CD-Length 254 residues, only 50.0% aligned
  • GPCR2 (SEQ ID NO:7) :Y&KSM ⁇ G K- ⁇ S ifelf T iTglFQg Consensus 7tm 1 domain rL ⁇ LRT
  • GPCR2 includes the nucleic acid whose sequence is provided in Table 2A, or a fragment thereof.
  • the invention also includes a mutant or variant nucleic acid any of whose bases may be changed from the corresponding base shown in Table 2 A while still encoding a protein that maintains its G-Protein Coupled Receptor-like activities and physiological functions, or a fragment of such a nucleic acid.
  • GPCR2 further includes nucleic acids whose sequences are complementary to those just described, including nucleic acid fragments that are complementary to any of the nucleic acids just described.
  • GPCR2 additionally includes nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments, or complements thereto, whose structures include chemical modifications.
  • modifications include, by way of nonlimiting example, modified bases, and nucleic acids whose sugar phosphate backbones are modified or derivatized. These modifications are carried out at least in part to enhance the chemical stability of the modified nucleic acid, such that they may be used, for example, as antisense binding nucleic acids in therapeutic applications in a subject. In the mutant or variant nucleic acids, and their complements, up to about 38 percent of the bases may be so changed.
  • nucleic acids and proteins of the invention are useful in potential therapeutic applications implicated in various GPCR-related pathological disorders and/or OR-related pathological disorders, described further below.
  • a cDNA encoding the olfactory receptor -like protein may be useful in gene therapy, and the olfactory receptor -like protein may be useful when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from Cardiovascular disorders, Hypertension, Diabetes, Autoimmune disease, Renal artery stenosis, Interstitial nephritis, Glomerulonephritis, Polycystic kidney disease, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Renal tubular acidosis, IgA nephropathy, Hypercalceimia, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Cardiomyopathy, Atherosclerosis,Hypertension, Congenital heart defects, Aortic stenosis ,Atrial septal defect (ASD),Atrioventricular (A-V) canal defect, Ductus arteriosus , Pulmonary stenosis, Subaortic stenosis, Ventricular septal defect (VSD), valve diseases, Tuberous sclerosis, Scleroderma, Obesity, Cell signalling disorders, Cancer, Muscular degeneration, Metabolic and Endocrine disorders,
  • novel nucleic acid encoding the GPCR-like protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed. These materials are further useful in the generation of antibodies that bind immunospecifically to the novel substances of the invention for use in therapeutic or diagnostic methods. These antibodies may be generated according to methods known in the art, using prediction from hydrophobicity charts, as described in the "Anti-GPCRX Antibodies" section below.
  • the disclosed GPCR2 protein has multiple hydrophilic regions, each of which can be used as an immunogen.
  • a contemplated GPCR2 epitope is from about amino acids 50 to 90.
  • a GPCR2 epitope is from about amino acids 180 to 230.
  • GPCR2 epitopes are from amino acids 310 to 360.
  • GPCR3 An additional GPCR-like protein of the invention, referred to herein as GPCR3, is an Olfactory Receptor ("OR")-like protein.
  • OR Olfactory Receptor
  • Table 3 A LO encoding a novel olfactory receptor-like protein is shown in Table 3 A.
  • An open reading frame (ORF) was identified beginning with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 27-29 and ending with a TAA codon at nucleotides 947-949.
  • Putative untranslated regions upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 3 A, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • nucleic acid sequence of GPCR3 has 627 of 904 bases (69%) identical to a Mus musculus odorant receptor S46 gene (GENBANK-ID: AF121979).
  • the disclosed GPCR3 polypeptide (SEQ ED NO:9) encoded by SEQ ID NO:9 is 308
  • GPCR3 protein were analyzed for signal peptide prediction and cellular localization. SignalP results predict that GPCR3 is cleaved between position 40 and 41 of SEQ ID NO: 10, i.e., at the slash in the amino acid sequence VLG-NI. Psort and Hydropathy profiles also predict that GPCR3 contains a signal peptide and is likely to be
  • the full amino acid sequence of the protein of the invention was found to have 178 of 307 amino acid residues (57%) identical to, and 231 of 307 residues (75%) positive with, the 318 amino acid residue protein ODORANT RECEPTOR S46 from - Mus musculus (Mouse) (ptnr:SPTREMBL-ACC: Q9WU93), and 146 of 306 amino acid residues (47%) identical to, and 208 of 306 residues (67%) positive with, the 312 amino acid residue protein Olfactory Receptor HPFH1OR from Homo sapiens (TREMBLNEW-ACC:AAD51279).
  • the disclosed GPCR3 protein (SEQ ID NO:9) also has good identity with a number of olfactory receptor proteins, as shown in Table 3C and 3D.
  • Patp:W01730 Human G-protein receptor HPRAJ70 - Homo sa +3 721 1.8e-70
  • Patp:W56641 G-protein coupled prostate tissue receptor +3 721 1.8e-70
  • Patp:R27875 Odorant receptor clone 114 - Rattus rattus +3 486 1.5e-45 This information is presented graphically in the multiple sequence alignment given in Table 3E (with GPCR3 being shown on line 1) as a ClustalW analysis comparing GPCR3 with related protein sequences.
  • nucleic acids and proteins of the invention are useful in potential therapeutic applications implicated in various GPCR-related pathological disorders and/or OR-related pathological disorders, described further below.
  • a cDNA encoding the olfactory receptor -like protein may be useful in gene therapy, and the olfactory receptor -like protein may be useful when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from nfections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; and Treatment of Albright Hereditary Ostoeodystrophy, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and/or other pathologies and disorders. Other GPCR-related diseases and disorders are contemplated.
  • nfections such as
  • novel nucleic acid encoding the GPCR-like protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed. These materials are further useful in the generation of antibodies that bind immunospecifically to the novel substances of the invention for use in therapeutic or diagnostic methods. These antibodies may be generated according to methods known in the art, using prediction from hydrophobicity charts, as described in the "Anti-GPCRX Antibodies" section below.
  • the disclosed GPCR3 protein has multiple hydrophilic regions, each of which can be used as an immunogen.
  • a contemplated GPCR3 epitope is from about amino acids 160 to 190.
  • a GPCR3 epitope is from about amino acids 260 to 270.
  • GPCR3 epitopes are from amino acids 280 to 300.
  • GPCR4 includes a family of three nucleic acids disclosed below. The disclosed nucleic acids encode a GPCR-like protein. GPCR4a
  • the disclosed GPCR4a (also referred to herein as AC020597_B) is encoded by a nucleic acid, 994 nucleotides long (SEQ ID NO: 10).
  • An open reading frame was identified beginning with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 23-25 and ending with a TAA codon at nucleotides 968-970.
  • Putative untranslated regions upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 4A, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • the encoded protein having 315 amino acid residues is presented using the one-letter code in Table 4B (SEQ ID NO:l 1). Table 4A.
  • GPCR4a Nucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO:10).
  • the disclosed nucleic acid GPCR4a sequence has 571 of 868 bases (65%) identical to a Rattus norvegicus GPCR mRNA (GENBANK-ID: AF079864).
  • the GPCR4a polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 11) encoded by SEQ ID NO: 10 is presented using the one-letter amino acid code in Table 4B.
  • the Psort profile for GPCR4a predicts that this sequence has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6000.
  • the most likely cleavage site for a GPCR4a peptide is between amino acids 40 and 41, at: LVA-FM., based on the SignalP result.
  • GPCR4a has a molecular weight of35368.7.
  • the disclosed GPCR4b (also referred to herein as AC020597B1) is encoded by a nucleic acid, 994 nucleotides long (SEQ ID NO: 12).
  • An open reading frame was identified beginning with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 23-25 and ending with a TAA codon at nucleotides 968-970.
  • Putative untranslated regions upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 4F, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • the encoded protein having 312 amino acid residues is presented using the one-letter code in Table 4G (SEQ ED NO: 13).
  • the SignalP, Psort and/or Hydropathy profile for the disclosed GPCR4b Olfactory Receptor-like protein predicts that this sequence has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6000.
  • the SignalP shows a signal sequence is coded for in the first 36 amino acids with a cleavage site at between amino acids 40 and 41, between LVA/FM in Table 4G.
  • the molecular weight of GPCR4b is 35386.7 Da. This is typical of this type of membrane protein.
  • Table 4G. GPCR4b Amino Acid Sequence SEQ ID NO:13
  • the disclosed GPCR4b protein is homologous to a number of olfactory receptor proteins, as shown in Table 41.
  • GPCR4c The disclosed GPCR4c (also referred to herein as AC020597B2) is encoded by a nucleic acid, 994 nucleotides long (SEQ ID NO: 14. An open reading frame was identified beginning with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 23-25 and ending with a TAA codon at nucleotides 968-970. Putative untranslated regions upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 4J, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters. The encoded protein having 312 amino acid residues is presented using the one-letter code in Table 4J (SEQ ID NO: 12).
  • the encoded protein is the same as for GPCR4a and is disclosed above in Table 4B.
  • any reference to GPCR4 is assumed to encompass all variants. Residue differences between any GPCRX variant sequences herein are written to show the residue in the "a” variant and the residue position with respect to the "a” variant. In all following sequence alignments, the GPCR4a protein sequence was used.
  • the disclosed GPCR4 protein (SEQ ID NO: 12) also has good identity with a number of olfactory receptor proteins.
  • the identity information used for ClustalW analysis is presented in Table 4K.
  • Table 4M Domain Alignment between GPCR4 and 7tm_l, 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family) (SEQ ID NO:74).
  • Consensus 7tm 1 domain ILHLmLRTKK ⁇ R-TBTNlliS N LFLBfL Bw HY HVGGDWVFGD
  • GPCR4a 4YYFISI AVNDLGMSLSTLPTMLAVL LDAPEIQASACYAQLFFIHTFTFLESSVL AI
  • GPCR4b «YFISILAVNDLGMSLSTLPTMLAV W DAPEIQASACYAQLFFIHTFTFLESSVLLAI «
  • GPCR4a I MTCVSHICVV IFFVPVIGVSMVHRFGKH SPIVHILMADHYIiLLPPVLNPIVYSVRTKQ GPCR4b ]NTCVSHICVVLIFFVPVIGVSMVHRFGKHLSPIVHI MAD1YLi LPPVLNPIVYSVRTKO
  • the nucleic acids and proteins of GPCR4 are useful in potential therapeutic applications implicated in various GPCR-related pathological disorders and or OR-related pathological disorders, described further below.
  • a cDNA encoding the olfactory receptor-like protein may be useful in gene therapy, and the olfactory receptor-like protein may be useful when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • the protein similarity information, expression pattern, and map location for the Olfactory Receptor-like protein and nucleic acid disclosed herein suggest that this Olfactory Receptor may have important structural and/or physiological functions characteristic of the Olfactory Receptor family. Therefore, the nucleic acids and proteins of the invention are useful in potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications and as a research tool.
  • nucleic acid or protein diagnostic and/or prognostic marker serving as a specific or selective nucleic acid or protein diagnostic and/or prognostic marker, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed, as well as potential therapeutic applications such as the following: (i) a protein therapeutic, (ii) a small molecule drug target, (iii) an antibody target (therapeutic, diagnostic, drug targeting/cytotoxic antibody), (iv) a nucleic acid useful in gene therapy (gene delivery/gene ablation), and (v) a composition promoting tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo (vi) biological defense weapon.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from: bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; and Treatment of Albright Hereditary
  • the polypeptides can be used as immunogens to produce antibodies specific for the invention, and as vaccines. They can also be used to screen for potential agonist and antagonist compounds.
  • a cDNA encoding the OR -like protein may be useful in gene therapy, and the OR-like protein may be useful when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HTV-l or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; and treatment of Albright Hereditary Ostoeodystrophy, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.
  • cancer including but not limited to neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer;
  • GPCR-4 diseases and disorders are contemplated.
  • the novel nucleic acid encoding the GPCR-like protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed. These materials are further useful in the generation of antibodies that bind immunospecifically to the novel substances of the invention for use in therapeutic or diagnostic methods. These antibodies may be generated according to methods known in the art, using prediction from hydrophobicity charts, as described in the "Anti-GPCRX Antibodies" section below.
  • the disclosed GPCR4 protein has multiple hydrophilic regions, each of which can be used as an immunogen.
  • a contemplated GPCR4 epitope is from about amino acids 160 to 200.
  • a GPCR4 epitope is from about amino acids 230 to 250.
  • GPCR4 epitopes are from amino acids 290 to 305.
  • GPCR5 includes a family of three similar nucleic acids and three similar proteins disclosed below.
  • the disclosed nucleic acids encode GPCR, OR-like proteins.
  • the disclosed novel GPCR5a nucleic acid of 985 nucleotides (also referred to as 1 AC020597_C) is shown in Table 5A.
  • An ORF begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 27-29 and ends with a TAA codon at nucleotides 960-962.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon is underlined in Table 5A, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • the GPCR5a protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: 15 has 311 amino acid residues and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 5B.
  • the Psort profile for GPCR5a predicts that this sequence has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.
  • the most likely cleavage site for a peptide is between amino acids 49 and 50: between ILL- VI based on the SignalP result.
  • the molecular weight of GPCR5a is 35059.6 Daltons.
  • GPCR5a also has homology to other proteins as shown in BLAST alignment results in Table 5C. Table 5C. BLASTX results for GPCR5a
  • GPCR5a (AC020597_C) was subjected to an exon linking process to confirm the sequence.
  • PCR primers were designed by starting at the most upstream sequence available, for the forward primer, and at the most downstream sequence available for the reverse primer. In each case, the sequence was examined, walking inward from the respective termini toward the coding sequence, until a suitable sequence that is either unique or highly selective was encountered, or, in the case of the reverse primer, until the stop codon was reached. Such suitable sequences were then employed as the forward and reverse primers in a PCR amplification based on a wide range of cDNA libraries. The resulting amplicon was gel purified, cloned and sequenced to high redundancy to provide GPCR5b, which is also referred to as CG53668-02.
  • the nucleotide sequence for GPCR5b (947 bp, SEQ ID NO: 17) is presented in Table 5D.
  • the encoded GPCR5b protein is presented in Table 5E.
  • the disclosed protein is 311 amino acids long and is denoted by SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • GPCR5b differs from GPCR5a by 3 amino acid changes in positions 77 A->T, 1281->V and 141 L->Q.
  • the Psort profile for GPCR5b predicts that this sequence has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.
  • the most likely cleavage site for a peptide is between amino acids 49 and 50, i.e., at the slash in the amino acid sequence ILL- VI based on the SignalP result.
  • the disclosed nucleic acid sequence for GPCR5b has 598 of 921 (64%) identical to a
  • GPCR5b is expressed in at least the following tissues: Apical micro villi of the retinal pigment epithelium, arterial (aortic), basal forebrain, brain, Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, corpus callosum, cardiac (atria and ventricle), caudate nucleus, CNS and peripheral tissue, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, colon, cortical neurogenic cells, endothelial (coronary artery and umbilical vein) cells, palate epithelia, eye, neonatal eye, frontal cortex, fetal hematopoietic cells, heart, hippocampus, hypothalamus, leukocytes, liver, fetal liver, lung, lung lymphoma cell lines, fetal lymphoid tissue, adult lymphoid tissue, MHC II abnd III expressing cells, nervous, medulla, subthalamic nucleus, ovary, pancreas, pituitary, placenta, pons, prostate, putamen, serum, skeletal
  • GPCR5c Another nucleotide sequence resulted when GPCR5a (AC020597_C) was subjected to an exon linking process to confirm the sequence.
  • PCR primers were designed by starting at the most upstream sequence available, for the forward primer, and at the most downstream sequence available for the reverse primer. In each case, the sequence was examined, walking inward from the respective termini toward the coding sequence, until a suitable sequence that is either unique or highly selective was encountered, or, in the case of the reverse primer, until the stop codon was reached. Such suitable sequences were then employed as the forward and reverse primers in a PCR amplification based on a wide range of cDNA libraries. The resulting amplicon was gel purified, cloned and sequenced to high redundancy to provide the sequence reported below, which is designated as Accession Number AC020597B_dal, or GPCR5c.
  • the coding region of GPCR5c is from nucleotide 6 to 938, giving the encoded GPCR5c protein, as presented in Table 5G.
  • the disclosed protein is 311 amino acids long and is denoted by SEQ ID NO: 20.
  • the Psort profile for GPCR5c predicts that this sequence has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the endoplasmic reticulum with a certainty of 0.6850 or plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.
  • the most likely cleavage site for a peptide is between amino acids 49 and 50, ILL- VI based on the SignalP result.
  • the molecular weight of GPCR5c is 35062.6 Daltons.
  • the disclosed GPCR5 protein (SEQ ID NO: 19) has good identity with a number of olfactory receptor proteins.
  • the identity information used for ClustalW analysis is presented in Table 5J. Unless specifically addressed as GPCR5a GPCR5b, or GPCR5c, any reference to GPCR5 is assumed to encompass all variants. All GPCR5 proteins have significant homology to olfactory receptor (OR) proteins: The homology information from BLASTX alignments for the proteins in the ClustalW is presented in Table 51.
  • DOMAIN results for GPCR5 were collected from the conserveed Domain Database (CDD) with Reverse Position Specific BLAST. This BLAST samples domains found in the Smart and Pfam collections. The results are listed in Table 5K with the statistics and domain description.
  • CD-Length 254 residues, 100.0% aligned
  • GPCR5 (SEQ ID NO: 16) aATK&S 3 ⁇ vEb ⁇ f -EgMFYmAIgaTlTOi S nSV IGIFWFD — AHEINYG Consensus 7tm 1 domain 1LRT -TBTNlfflLNB&V fflL LLnLP YY VGGDWVFGDALC
  • Consensus 7tm 1 domaxn -TpCjBIDFPEEpVK-
  • Consensus 7tm 1 domaxn -RSYVLgSTE j VGl 3T ⁇ ,R ⁇ SARSQRS
  • GPCR5 The nucleic acids and proteins of GPCR5 are useful in potential therapeutic applications implicated in various GPCR-related pathological disorders and/or OR-related pathological disorders, described further below.
  • a cDNA encoding the GPCR (or olfactory-receptor) like protein may be useful in gene therapy, and the receptor -like protein may be useful when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • the nucleic acids and proteins of the invention are also useful in potential therapeutic applications used in the treatment of developmental diseases, MHCII and III diseases (immune diseases), taste and scent detectability disorders, Burkitt's lymphoma, corticoneurogenic disease, signal transduction pathway disorders, retinal diseases including those involving photoreception, cell growth rate disorders, cell shape disorders, feeding disorders, potential obesity due to overeating, potential disorders due to starvation (lack of appetite), noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDMl), bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HTV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, allergies, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, Albright hereditary ostoeodystrophy,
  • the polypeptides can be used as immunogens to produce antibodies specific for the invention, and as vaccines. They can also be used to screen for potential agonist and antagonist compounds.
  • a cDNA encoding the GPCR-like protein may be useful in gene therapy, and the GPCR-like protein may be useful when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from developmental diseases, MHCII and IH diseases (immune diseases), taste and scent detectability disorders, Burkitt's lymphoma, corticoneurogenic disease, signal transduction pathway disorders, retinal diseases including those involving photoreception, cell growth rate disorders, cell shape disorders, feeding disorders, potential obesity due to over-eating, potential disorders due to starvation (lack of appetite), noninsulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDMl), bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HTV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, allergies, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, Albright hereditary ostoeody
  • novel nucleic acid encoding GPCR-like protein, and the GPCR-like protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed.
  • These materials are further useful in the generation of antibodies that bind immunospecifically to the novel substances of the invention for use in therapeutic or diagnostic methods.
  • These antibodies may be generated according to methods known in the art, using prediction from hydrophobicity charts, as described in the "Anti-GPCRX Antibodies" section below.
  • the disclosed GPCR5 protein has multiple hydrophilic regions, each of which can be used as an immunogen.
  • a contemplated GPCR5 epitope is from about amino acids 170 to 200.
  • a GPCR5 epitope is from about amino acids 230 to 250. In additional embodiments, GPCR5 epitopes are from amino acids 270 to 310. This novel protein also has value in development of powerful assay system for functional analysis of various human disorders, which will help in understanding of pathology of the disease and development of new drug targets for various disorders.
  • the disclosed novel GPCR ⁇ a nucleic acid of 1012 nucleotides (also referred to as AC020597_D) is shown in Table 6A.
  • An open reading begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 16-18 and ends with a TGA codon at nucleotides 991-993.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 6A, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • Table 6A GPCR6a Nucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO:21)
  • the GPCR ⁇ a protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:21 has 325 amino acid residues, and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 6B (SEQ ID NO:22).
  • the Psort profile for GPCR6a predicts that this sequence has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the endoplasmic reticulum with a certainty of 0.6850 or plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.
  • the most likely cleavage site for a peptide is between amino acids 55 and 56, TDS- SL based on the SignalP result.
  • the molecular weight of GPCR6a is 36602.5 Daltons.
  • GPCR6a also had homology to the proteins shown in the BLAST alignments in Table 6C.
  • Table 6C BLASTX results for GPCR6a
  • Reading High Prob Sequences producing High-scoring Segment Pairs Frame Score P(N) N patp:Y92365 G protein-coupled receptor protein 5 - Horn..+1 731 1.6e-71 1 patp:W01730 Human G-protein receptor HPRAJ70 - Homo sa..+l 730 2.0e-71 1 patp:W56641 G-protein coupled prostate tissue receptor.. +1 730 2.0e-71 1 patp:R27875 Odorant receptor clone 114 - Rattus rattus.. +1 495 1.6e-46 1 patp:R27868 Odorant receptor clone F5 - Rattus rattus, . +1 494 2.1e-46 1
  • the target sequence identified previously, Accession Number AC020597D was subjected to the exon linking process to confirm the sequence.
  • PCR primers were designed by starting at the most upstream sequence available, for the forward primer, and at the most downstream sequence available for the reverse primer. In each case, the sequence was examined, walking inward from the respective termini toward the coding sequence, until a suitable sequence that is either unique or highly selective was encountered, or, in the case of the reverse primer, until the stop codon was reached. Such suitable sequences were then employed as the forward and reverse primers in a PCR amplification based on a wide range of cDNA libraries.
  • the resulting amplicon was gel purified, cloned and sequenced to high redundancy to provide the sequence reported below, which is designated Accession Number AC020597D1.
  • the resulting nucleotide sequence differs in 5 of 1012 bases given by Accession Number AC020597D, which leads to a difference in the amino acid sequence at residues 234 and 264.
  • the disclosed novel GPCR ⁇ b nucleic acid of 1012 nucleotides (also referred to as AC020597_D1) is shown in Table 6D.
  • An open reading begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 16-18 and ends with a TGA codon at nucleotides 991-993.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 6D, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • Table 6D GPCR ⁇ b Nucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO:23)
  • the GPCR6b protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:21 has 325 amino acid residues, and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 6E (SEQ ID NO:24).
  • the Psort profile for GPCR6b predicts that this sequence has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the endoplasmic reticulum with a certainty of 0.6850 or plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.. It seems to have an uncleavable N-terminal signal sequence.
  • the most likely cleavage site for a peptide, if there was one, is between amino acids 55 and 56, TDS-SL based on the SignalP result.
  • the molecular weight of GPCR6b is 36629.6 Daltons.
  • the disclosed GPCR6 protein has good identity with a number of olfactory receptor proteins.
  • the identity information used for ClustalW analysis is presented in Table 6G.
  • the GPCR6 protein has significant identity to olfactory receptor (OR) proteins:
  • the presence of identifiable domains in GPCR6 was determined by searches using algorithms such as PROSITE, Blocks, Pfam, ProDomain, Prints and then determining the Inte ⁇ ro number by crossing the domain match (or numbers) using the Inte ⁇ ro website (http : www.ebi. ac .uk/inte ⁇ ro/) .
  • DOMAIN results for GPCR6 were collected from the conserveed Domain Database (CDD) with Reverse Position Specific BLAST. This BLAST samples domains found in the Smart and Pfam collections. The results are listed in Table 61 with the statistics and domain description. The results indicate that GPCR6 has homology to the 7tm_l (InterPro) 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family) (as defined by Inte ⁇ ro) This indicates that the sequence of GPCR6 has properties similar to those of other proteins known to contain this/these domain(s) and similar to the properties of these domains.
  • CDD conserveed Domain Database
  • rhodopsin family 7 transmembrane receptor
  • GPCR6 SFT KTDSSfflH-QBMFYOTaMflgTTg?GLSTATlBKMfflGIF IN iRfflll Consensus 7t 1 domaxn SLL ⁇ I LRTKKgR- ⁇ S ⁇ NI ⁇ 3gV gELFI ⁇ T g 3 ⁇ Y VGG DW F@DA
  • Consensus 7tm 1 domaxn 3SlBp ⁇ SwB@TVEEaS ⁇ HVHLIDFP- EEtfvK RSYV HSTB
  • Consensus 7tm 1 domaxn VGFJ&PK i ffl j?cB ⁇ RHj]
  • GPCR6 may have important structural and/or physiological functions characteristic of the Olfactory Receptor family and the GPCR family. Therefore, the nucleic acids and proteins of the invention are useful in potential diagnostic and therapeutic
  • W applications and as a research tool include serving as a specific or selective nucleic acid or protein diagnostic and/or prognostic marker, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed, as well as potential therapeutic applications such as the following: (i) a protein therapeutic, (ii) a small molecule drug target, (iii) an antibody target (therapeutic, diagnostic, drug targeting/cytotoxic antibody), (iv) a nucleic acid useful in 5 gene therapy (gene delivery/gene ablation), and (v) a composition promoting tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo (vi) biological defense weapon.
  • the novel nucleic acid encoding GPCR6, and the GPCR6 protein of the invention, or fragments thereof may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from: bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HLN-1 or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; and Treatment of Albright Hereditary Ostoeodystrophy, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles de
  • polypeptides can be used as immunogens to produce antibodies specific for the invention, and as vaccines. They can also be used to screen for potential agonist and antagonist compounds.
  • a cDNA encoding the OR -like protein may be useful in gene therapy, and the OR-like protein may be useful when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; and Treatment of Albright Hereditary Ostoeodystrophy, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and/or other pathologies and disorders.
  • novel nucleic acid encoding GPCR-like protein, and the GPCR-like protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed.
  • These materials are further useful in the generation of antibodies that bind immunospecifically to the novel substances of the invention for use in therapeutic or diagnostic methods.
  • These antibodies may be generated according to methods known in the art, using prediction from hydrophobicity charts, as described in the "Anti-GPCRX Antibodies" section below.
  • the disclosed GPCR6 protein has multiple hydrophilic regions, each of which can be used as an immunogen.
  • a contemplated GPCR6 epitope is from about amino acids 170 to 180.
  • a GPCR6 epitope is from about amino acids 230 to 240. In additional embodiments, GPCR6 epitopes are from amino acids 250 to 280 and 290-310. This novel protein also has value in development of powerful assay system for functional analysis of various human disorders, which will help in understanding of pathology of the disease and development of new drug targets for various disorders.
  • GPCR7a A novel GPCR nucleic acid was identified by TblastN using CuraGen Co ⁇ oration's sequence file for GPCR probes or homologs, and run against the Genomic Daily Files made available by GenBank. The nucleic acid was further predicted by the program GenScanTM, including selection of exons. These were further modified by means of similarities using BLAST searches. The sequences were then manually corrected for apparent inconsistencies, thereby obtaining the sequences encoding the full-length protein. The disclosed novel GPCR7 nucleic acid of 968 nucleotides (also referred to as AC025249_A) is shown in Table 7A.
  • An open reading frame begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 6-8 and ends with a TAG codon at nucleotides 960-962.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 7A, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • GPCR7a has high homology to several other nucleic acids including those in the BLASTN alignments described in Table 7B.
  • the GPCR7a protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:25 has 318 amino acid residues, and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 7B (SEQ ID NO:26).
  • the SignalP, Psort and/or Hydropathy profile for GPCR7a predict that GPCR7a has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.
  • the SignalP shows a signal sequence is coded for in the first 44 amino acids, i.e., with a cleavage site at VRT-EH, between amino acids 54 and 55. This is typical of this type of membrane protein.
  • the molecular weight of GPCR7b is 35401.9 Daltons.
  • Table 7C Encoded GPCR7 protein sequence (SEQ ID NO:26).
  • the full amino acid sequence of the protein of the invention was found to have high homology to a number of polypeptides including the ones in the BLASTX alignments in Table 7D and 7E.
  • PCR primers were designed by starting at the most upstream sequence available, for the forward primer, and at the most downstream sequence available for the reverse primer. In each case, the sequence was examined, walking inward from the respective termini toward the coding sequence, until a suitable sequence that is either unique or highly selective was encountered, or, in the case of the reverse primer, until the stop codon was reached. Such suitable sequences were then employed as the forward and reverse primers in PCR amplifications based on a library containing a wide range of cDNA species. The resulting two amplicons were gel purified, cloned and sequenced to high redundancy to provide the sequences reported below, which are designated GPCR7b (Accession Numbers AC025249_A1) and GPCR7c
  • GPCR7b contains one amino acid difference from that of GPCR7a at position 247, wherein alanine is replaced by valine.
  • the sequence of GPCR7c has one amino acid different at position 183, wherein leucine is replaced by proline.
  • a novel GPCR nucleic acid was identified by TblastN using CuraGen Co ⁇ oration's sequence file for GPCR probes or homologs, and run against the Genomic Daily Files made available by GenBank.
  • the nucleic acid was further predicted by the program GenScanTM, including selection of exons. These were further modified by means of similarities using BLAST searches. The sequences were then manually corrected for apparent inconsistencies, thereby obtaining the sequences encoding the full-length protein.
  • the disclosed novel GPCR7 nucleic acid of 969 nucleotides also referred to as AC025249_A1 is shown in Table 7F.
  • An open reading frame begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 7-9 and ends with a TAG codon at nucleotides 961-963.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the. initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 7F, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • the GPCR7b protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:27 has 318 amino acid residues, and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 7G (SEQ ID NO:28).
  • the SignalP, Psort and/or Hydropathy profile for GPCR7a predict that GPCR7a has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.
  • the SignalP shows a signal sequence is coded for in the first 44 amino acids, i.e., with a cleavage site at VRT-EH, between amino acids 54 and 55. This is typical of this type of membrane protein.
  • the molecular weight og GPCR7b is 35385.8 Daltons.
  • GPCR7b also has high homology to the following proteins found through BLASTX alignments, shown in Table 7H.
  • the disclosed novel GPCR7c nucleic acid of 968 nucleotides (also referred to as AC025249_Ada3) is shown in Table 71.
  • An open reading frame begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 7-9 and ends with a TAG codon at nucleotides 961-963.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 71, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • the SignalP, Psort and/or Hydropathy profile for GPCR7a predict that GPCR7a has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.
  • the SignalP shows a signal sequence is coded for in the first 44 amino acids, i.e., with a cleavage site at VRT-EH, between amino acids 54 and 55. This is typical of this type of membrane protein.
  • the molecular weight of GPCR7c is 35385.8 Daltons.
  • Homologous proteins to GPCR7c were searched for using BLASTX. Some of the alignments are included in Table 7K.
  • GPCR7c also has high homology to the following proteins found through BLASTX alignments, shown in Table 7L.
  • the disclosed GPCR7 protein has good identity with a number of olfactory receptor proteins.
  • the identity information used for ClustalW analysis is presented in Table 7O.
  • the GPCR7 protein has significant identity to olfactory receptor (OR) proteins (Table 7N):
  • the presence of identifiable domains in GPCR7 was determined by searches using algorithms such as PROSITE, Blocks, Pfam, ProDomain, Prints and then determining the Interpro number by crossing the domain match (or numbers) using the Interpro website (http:www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/).
  • DOMAIN results for GPCR7 were collected from the conserveed Domain Database (CDD) with Reverse Position Specific BLAST. This BLAST samples domains found in the Smart and Pfam collections. The results are listed in Table 7P with the statistics and domain description. The results indicate that this protein contains homology to the following protein domains (as defined by Interpro) at the indicated positions: domain name 7tm_l (InterPro) 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family). This indicates that the sequence of GPCR7 has properties similar to those of other proteins known to contain this/these domain(s) and similar to the properties of these domains.
  • GPCR7 may have important structural and/or physiological functions characteristic of the Olfactory Receptor family and the GPCR family. Therefore, the nucleic acids and proteins of the invention are useful in potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications and as a research tool.
  • nucleic acid or protein diagnostic and/or prognostic marker serving as a specific or selective nucleic acid or protein diagnostic and/or prognostic marker, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed, as well as potential therapeutic applications such as the following: (i) a protein therapeutic, (ii) a small molecule drug target, (iii) an antibody target (therapeutic, diagnostic, drug targeting/cytotoxic antibody), (iv) a nucleic acid useful in gene therapy (gene delivery/gene ablation), and (v) a composition promoting tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo (vi) biological defense weapon.
  • the novel nucleic acid encoding GPCR7, and the GPCR7 protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed.
  • the nucleic acids and proteins of the invention are useful in potential therapeutic applications implicated in used in the treatment of infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HTV-1 or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; and Treatment of Albright Hereditary Ostoeodystrophy, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome syndrome and/or other pathologies and disorders.
  • infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoal and
  • the disclosed GPCR7 polypeptides can be used as immunogens to produce antibodies specific for the invention, and as vaccines. They can also be used to screen for potential agonist and antagonist compounds.
  • a cDNA encoding the GPCR-like protein may be useful in gene therapy, and the GPCR-like protein may be useful when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; and Treatment of Albright Hereditary Ostoeodystrophy, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and/or other pathologies and disorders.
  • cancer including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer;
  • novel nucleic acid encoding GPCR-like protein, and the GPCR-like protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed. These materials are further useful in the generation of antibodies that bind immunospecifically to the novel substances of the invention for use in therapeutic or diagnostic methods.
  • novel nucleic acid encoding GPCR-like protein, and the GPCR-like protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed.
  • These materials are further useful in the generation of antibodies that bind immunospecifically to the novel substances of the invention for use in therapeutic or diagnostic methods.
  • These antibodies may be generated according to methods known in the art, using prediction from hydrophobicity charts, as described in the "Anti-GPCRX Antibodies" section below.
  • the disclosed GPCR7 protein has multiple hydrophilic regions, each of which can be used as an immunogen.
  • a contemplated GPCR7 epitope is from about amino acids 50 to 60.
  • a GPCR7 epitope is from about amino acids 170 to 200. In additional embodiments, GPCR7 epitopes are from amino acids 260 to 280 and 290-310. This novel protein also has value in development of powerful assay system for functional analysis of various human disorders, which will help in understanding of pathology of the disease and development of new drug targets for various disorders.
  • GPCR8a A novel nucleic acid was identified on chromosome 11 by TblastN using CuraGen
  • the disclosed novel GPCR8a nucleic acid of 980 nucleotides (also referred to as AC025249_B) is shown in Table 8C. An open reading frame begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 3-5 and ends with a TGA codon at nucleotides 975-977.
  • the disclosed nucleic acid sequence has 537 of 858 bases (62%) identical to a Mus musculus odorant receptor S19 gene, complete cds:(GENBANK- ID:AF121976
  • acc:AF121976) (E value 3.5e- 41 ).
  • the GPCR ⁇ a protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:31 has 324 amino acid residues, and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 8B (SEQ ID NO:32).
  • the SignalP, Psort and/or Hydropathy profile for GPCR8a predict that GPCR8a has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.
  • the SignalP shows a signal sequence with a cleavage site at the slash in the sequence VTA-IW, between amino acids 52 and 53. This is typical of this type of membrane protein.
  • the molecular weight of GPCR ⁇ a is 35385.6 Daltons.
  • GPCR ⁇ a also has homology to the following proteins shown in the BLAST alignments in Table 8C.
  • Table 8C BLASTX results for GPCR8a
  • a novel nucleic acid was identified on chromosome 11 by TblastN using CuraGen Corporation's sequence file for GPCR probes or homologs and run against the Genomic Daily Files made available by GenBank.
  • the nucleic acid was further predicted by the program GenScanTM, including selection of exons. These were further modified by means of similarities using BLAST searches. The sequences were then manually corrected for apparent inconsistencies, thereby obtaining the sequences encoding the full-length protein.
  • the disclosed novel GPCR8b nucleic acid of 985 nucleotides (also referred to as AC025249_C) is shown in Table 8C.
  • An open reading frame begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 5-7 and ends with a TGA codon at nucleotides 977-979.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 8D, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • the disclosed nucleic acid sequence has 533 of 858 bases (62%) identical to a Mus musculus odorant receptor S19 gene, complete cds:(GENBANK- ID:AF121976
  • acc:AF121976) (E value 3.5e- 41 ).
  • the GPCR8b protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:33 has 324 amino acid residues, and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 8E (SEQ ID NO:34).
  • the SignalP, Psort and/or Hydropathy profile for GPCR8b predict that GPCR8b has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.
  • the SignalP shows a signal sequence with a cleavage site at the slash in the sequence VTA-IW, between amino acids 52 and 53. This is typical of this type of membrane protein.
  • the molecular weight of GPCR8b is 35279.5 Daltons.
  • GPCR8c In the present invention, the target sequence identified previously, Accession Number
  • AC025249_C was subjected to the exon linking process to confirm the sequence.
  • PCR primers were designed by starting at the most upstream sequence available, for the forward primer, and at the most downstream sequence available for the reverse primer. In each case, the sequence was examined, walking inward from the respective termini toward the coding sequence, until a suitable sequence that is either unique or highly selective was encountered, or, in the case of the reverse primer, until the stop codon was reached. Such suitable sequences were then employed as the forward and reverse primers in a PCR amplification based on a library containing a wide range of cDNA species. The resulting amplicon was gel purified, cloned and sequenced to high redundancy to provide the sequence reported below, which is designated Accession Number AC025249_C1. There are 13 bases that are different between the two sequences.
  • the disclosed novel GPCR8c nucleic acid of 985 nucleotides (also referred to as AC025249_C1) is shown in Table 8F.
  • An open reading frame begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 5-7 and ends with a TGA codon at nucleotides 977-979.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 8F, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • Table 8F GPCR8c Nucleotide Sequence (SEQ ID NO:35)
  • the GPCR8c protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:35 has 324 amino acid residues, and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 8G (SEQ ID NO:36).
  • the SignalP, Psort and/or Hydropathy profile for GPCR8c predict that GPCR8c has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.
  • the SignalP shows a signal sequence with a cleavage site at the slash in the sequence VTA-IW, between amino acids 52 and 53. This is typical of this type of membrane protein.
  • the molecular weight of theGPCR ⁇ c protein is 35273.4 Daltons.
  • a novel nucleic acid was identified vy exon linking.
  • the disclosed novel GPCR8d nucleic acid of 981 nucleotides (also referred to as CG53845-02) is shown in Table 8H.
  • An open reading frame begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 3-5 and ends with a TGA codon at nucleotides 954-956.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 8G, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • the disclosed nucleic acid sequence has 538 of 858 bases (62%) identical to a Mus musculus odorant receptor S19 gene, complete cds:(GENBANK- ID:AF121976
  • acc:AF121976) (E value 3.5e- 41 ).
  • the GPCRSd protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:80 has 317 amino acid residues, and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 81 (SEQ ID NO:81).
  • the SignalP, Psort and/or Hydropathy profile for GPCR8d predict that GPCR ⁇ d has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.
  • the SignalP shows a signal sequence with a cleavage site at the slash in the sequence VTA-IW, between amino acids 52 and 53. This is typical of this type of membrane protein.
  • GPCR ⁇ d is expressed in at least the following tissues: Apical micro villi of the retinal pigment epithelium, arterial (aortic), basal forebrain, brain, Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, corpus callosum, cardiac (atria and ventricle), caudate nucleus, CNS and peripheral tissue, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, colon, cortical neurogenic cells, endothelial (coronary artery and umbilical vein) cells, palate epithelia, eye, neonatal eye, frontal cortex, fetal hematopoietic cells, heart, hippocampus, hypothalamus, leukocytes, liver, fetal liver, lung, lung lymphoma cell lines, fetal lymphoid tissue, adult lymphoid tissue, MHC II abnd III expressing cells, nervous, medulla, subthalamic nucleus, ovary, pancreas, pituitary, placenta, pons, prostate, putamen, serum, skeletal
  • a novel nucleic acid was identified vy exon linking.
  • the disclosed novel GPCR ⁇ e nucleic acid of 9 ⁇ 2 nucleotides (also referred to as CG53 ⁇ 45-03) is shown in Table ⁇ J.
  • An open reading frame begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 4-6 and ends with a TGA codon at nucleotides 978-980.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 8 J, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • the disclosed nucleic acid sequence has 538 of 85 ⁇ bases (62%) identical to a Mus musculus odorant receptor S19 gene, complete cds:(GENBANK-
  • the GPCR ⁇ e protein encoded by SEQ ID NO: ⁇ 2 has 324 amino acid residues, and is presented using the one-letter code in Table ⁇ K (SEQ ID NO: ⁇ 3).
  • Hydropathy profile for GPCR ⁇ e predict that GPCR ⁇ e has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6400.
  • the SignalP shows a signal sequence with a cleavage site at the slash in the sequence VTA-IW, between amino acids 52 and 53. This is typical of this type of membrane protein.
  • Table 8K Encoded GPCR8d protein sequence (SEQ ID NO:81).
  • GPCR ⁇ e is expressed in at least the following tissues: Apical microvilli of the retinal pigment epithelium, arterial (aortic), basal forebrain, brain, Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, corpus callosum, cardiac (atria and ventricle), caudate nucleus, CNS and peripheral tissue, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, colon, cortical neurogenic cells, endothelial (coronary artery and umbilical vein) cells, palate epithelia, eye, neonatal eye, frontal cortex, fetal hematopoietic cells, heart, hippocampus, hypothalamus, leukocytes, liver, fetal liver, lung, lung lymphoma cell lines, fetal lymphoid tissue, adult lymphoid tissue, MHC II abnd III expressing cells, nervous, medulla, subthalamic nucleus, ovary, pancreas, pituitary, placenta, pons, prostate, putamen, serum, skeletal
  • DOMAIN results for GPCR ⁇ were collected from the conserveed Domain Database (CDD) with Reverse Position Specific BLAST. This BLAST samples domains found in the Smart and Pfam collections. The results are listed in Table ⁇ N with the statistics and domain description. The results indicate that GPCR8 has homology to the 7tm_l (InterPro) 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family)domain (as defined by Interpro). This indicates that the sequence of GPCR ⁇ has properties similar to those of other proteins known to contain this/these domain(s) and similar to the properties of these domains.
  • CD-Length 254 residues, 100.0% aligned
  • GPCR8 (SEQ ID NO: 32) J ⁇ E ⁇ T ⁇ MDST H-E YcfflcV ⁇ vglWasfew ⁇ iV#SI CS ⁇ SSI ⁇ SAfflFT Consensus 7tm 1 domaxn g g ⁇ rLVg RTKK R-TgTNlfflLNEv ⁇ BtSF LfJ gWAfYYLVGB ⁇ rVFGD BKL
  • GPCR8 may have important structural and/or physiological functions characteristic of the Olfactory Receptor family and the GPCR family. Therefore, the nucleic acids and proteins of the invention are useful in potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications and as a research tool.
  • nucleic acid or protein diagnostic and/or prognostic marker serving as a specific or selective nucleic acid or protein diagnostic and/or prognostic marker, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed, as well as potential therapeutic applications such as the following: (i) a protein therapeutic, (ii) a small molecule drug target, (iii) an antibody target (therapeutic, diagnostic, drug targeting/cytotoxic antibody), (iv) a nucleic acid useful in gene therapy (gene delivery/gene ablation), and (v) a composition promoting tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo (vi) biological defense weapon.
  • the novel nucleic acid encoding GPCR ⁇ , and the GPCR8 protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed.
  • GPCR ⁇ nucleic acids and proteins of the invention are useful in potential therapeutic applications implicated in bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections
  • Neoplasm including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer
  • anorexia bulimia
  • asthma including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer
  • anorexia bulimia
  • asthma Parkinson's disease
  • acute heart failure hypotension
  • hypertension hypertension
  • urinary retention osteoporosis
  • Crohn's disease Crohn's disease
  • multiple sclerosis multiple sclerosis
  • Treatment of Albright Hereditary Ostoeodysfrophy, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and/or other pathologies and disorders.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by H1N-1 or HTV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; and Treatment of Albright Hereditary Ostoeodystrophy, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ulcers, asthma, allergies, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation and dyskinesias
  • novel nucleic acid encoding GPCR-like protein, and the GPCR-like protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed.
  • These materials are further useful in the generation of antibodies that bind immunospecifically to the novel substances of the invention for use in therapeutic or diagnostic methods.
  • These antibodies may be generated according to methods known in the art, using prediction from hydrophobicity charts, as described in the "Anti-GPCRX Antibodies" section below.
  • the disclosed GPCR ⁇ protein has multiple hydrophilic regions, each of which can be used as an immunogen.
  • a contemplated GPCR ⁇ epitope is from about amino acids 50 to 60.
  • a GPCR ⁇ epitope is from about amino acids 130 to 140. In additional embodiments, GPCR ⁇ epitopes are from amino acids 230 to 240, and 2 ⁇ 0-310. This novel protein also has value in development of powerful assay system for functional analysis of various human disorders, which will help in understanding of pathology of the disease and development of new drug targets for various disorders.
  • GPCR9 GPCR9a is from about amino acids 130 to 140. In additional embodiments, GPCR ⁇ epitopes are from amino acids 230 to 240, and 2 ⁇ 0-310.
  • a novel nucleic acid was identified on chromosome 11 by TblasfN using CuraGen Corporation's sequence file for GPCR probe or homolog, run against the Genomic Daily Files made available by GenBank.
  • the nucleic acid was further predicted by the program GenScanTM, including selection of exons. These were further modified by means of similarities using BLAST searches. The sequences were then manually corrected for apparent inconsistencies, thereby obtaining the sequences encoding the full-length protein.
  • the disclosed novel GPCR9a nucleic acid of 960 nucleotides (also referred to as AC025249_D) is shown in Table 9A.
  • An open reading frame begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 4-6 and ends with a TAG codon at nucleotides 951-953.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 9 A, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • the GPCR9a protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:37 has 317 amino acid residues, and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 9B (SEQ ID NO:38).
  • the SignalP, Psort and/or Hydropathy profile for GPCR9a predict that GPCR9a has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6000.
  • the SignalP predicts a cleavage site at the sequence WG-NV between amino acids 43 and 44.
  • the Molecular weight of GPCR9a is 35036. ⁇ Daltons.
  • GPCR9 also has homology to the proteins shown in the BLAST alignments in Table 9C.
  • Table 9C BLASTX results for GPCR9a
  • Reading High Prob Sequences producing High-scoring Segment Pairs Frame Score P(N) N patp:Y92365 G protein-coupled receptor protein 5 - Hom.+l 831 4.0e-82 1 patp: 01730 Human G-protein receptor HPRAJ70 - Homo sa.+l 802 4.7e-79 1 patp:W56641 G-protein coupled prostate tissue receptor. +1 802 4.7e-79 1 patp:R27869 Odorant receptor clone F6 - Rattus rattus, ' . +1 418 2.3e-38 1
  • the target sequence identified previously, Accession Number AC079759_D was subjected to the exon linking process to confirm the sequence.
  • PCR primers were designed by starting at the most upstream sequence available, for the forward primer, and at the most downstream sequence available for the reverse primer. In each case, the sequence was examined, walking inward from the respective termini toward the coding sequence, until a suitable sequence that is either unique or highly selective was encountered, or, in the case of the reverse primer, until the stop codon was reached.
  • Such primers were designed based on in silico predictions for the full length cDNA, part (one or more exons) of the DNA or protein sequence of the target sequence, or by translated homology of the predicted exons to closely related human sequences sequences from other species.
  • primers were then employed in PCR amplification based on the following pool of human cDNAs: adrenal gland, bone marrow, brain - amygdala, brain - cerebellum, brain - hippocampus, brain - substantia nigra, brain - thalamus, brain -whole, fetal brain, fetal kidney, fetal liver, fetal lung, heart, kidney, lymphoma - Raji, mammary gland, pancreas, pituitary gland, placenta, prostate, salivary gland, skeletal muscle, small intestine, spinal cord, spleen, stomach, testis, thyroid, trachea, uterus.
  • the disclosed novel GPCR9b nucleic acid of 997 nucleotides (also referred to as AC025249_dal) is shown in Table 9D.
  • An open reading frame begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 5-7 and ends with a TGA codon at nucleotides 956-958.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downstream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 9D, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • the GPCR9b protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:39 has 317 amino acid residues, and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 9E (SEQ ID NO:40).
  • the SignalP, Psort and/or Hydropathy profile for GPCR9 predict that GPCR9 has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6000.
  • the SignalP predicts a cleavage site at the sequence WG-NV between amino acids 43 and 44.
  • the Olfactory Receptor disclosed in this invention is expressed in at least the following tissues: Apical microvilli of the retinal pigment epithelium, arterial (aortic), basal forebrain, brain, Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, co ⁇ us callosum, cardiac (atria and ventricle), caudate nucleus, CNS and peripheral tissue, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, colon, cortical neurogenic cells, endothelial (coronary artery and umbilical vein) cells, palate epithelia, eye, neonatal eye, frontal cortex, fetal hematopoietic cells, heart, hippocampus, hypothalamus, leukocytes, liver, fetal liver, lung, lung lymphoma cell lines, fetal lymphoid tissue, adult lymphoid tissue, MHC II abnd III expressing cells, nervous, medulla, subthalamic nucleus, ovary, pancreas, pituitary, placenta, pons, prostate,
  • the target sequence identified previously, Accession Number AC079759_D was subjected to the exon linking process to confirm the sequence.
  • PCR primers were designed by starting at the most upstream sequence available, for the forward primer, and at the most downstream sequence available for the reverse primer. In each case, the sequence was examined, walking inward from the respective termini toward the coding sequence, until a suitable sequence that is either unique or highly selective was encountered, or, in the case of the reverse primer, until the stop codon was reached.
  • Such primers were designed based on in silico predictions for the full length cDNA, part (one or more exons) of the DNA or protein sequence of the target sequence, or by translated homology of the predicted exons to closely related human sequences sequences from other species.
  • primers were then employed in PCR amplification based on the following pool of human cDNAs: adrenal gland, bone marrow, brain - amygdala, brain - cerebellum, brain - hippocampus, brain - substantia nigra, brain - thalamus, brain -whole, fetal brain, fetal kidney, fetal liver, fetal lung, heart, kidney, lymphoma - Raji, mammary gland, pancreas, pituitary gland, placenta, prostate, salivary gland, skeletal muscle, small intestine, spinal cord, spleen, stomach, testis, thyroid, trachea, uterus.
  • the disclosed novel GPCR9c nucleic acid of 997 nucleotides (also referred to as CG50223-01) is shown in Table 9F
  • An open reading frame begins with an ATG initiation codon at nucleotides 5-7 and ends with a TGA codon at nucleotides 958-960.
  • a putative untranslated region upstream from the initiation codon and downsfream from the termination codon are underlined in Table 9F, and the start and stop codons are in bold letters.
  • the GPCR9c protein encoded by SEQ ID NO:41 has 317 amino acid residues, and is presented using the one-letter code in Table 9G (SEQ ID NO:42).
  • the SignalP, Psort and/or Hydropathy profile for GPCR9 predict that GPCR9 has a signal peptide and is likely to be localized at the plasma membrane with a certainty of 0.6000.
  • the SignalP predicts a cleavage site at the sequence WG-NV between amino acids 43 and 44.
  • GPCR9c is expressed in at least the following tissues: Apical micro villi of the retinal pigment epithelium, arterial (aortic), basal forebrain, brain, Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, co ⁇ us callosum, cardiac (atria and ventricle), caudate nucleus, CNS and peripheral tissue, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, colon, cortical neurogenic cells, endothelial (coronary artery and umbilical vein) cells, palate epithelia, eye, neonatal eye, frontal cortex, fetal hematopoietic cells, heart, hippocampus, hypothalamus, leukocytes, liver, fetal liver, lung, lung lymphoma cell lines, fetal lymphoid tissue, adult lymphoid tissue, MHC II abnd III expressing cells, nervous, medulla, subthalamic nucleus, ovary, pancreas, pituitary, placenta, pons, prostate, putamen, serum,
  • the presence of identifiable domains in GPCR9 was determined by searches using algorithms such as PROSITE, Blocks, Pfam, ProDomain, Prints and then determining the Inte ⁇ ro number by crossing the domain match (or numbers) using the Inte ⁇ ro website (http:www.ebi.ac.uk/inte ⁇ ro/).
  • DOMAIN results for GPCR9 were collected from the conserveed Domain Database (CDD) with Reverse Position Specific BLAST. This BLAST samples domains found in the Smart and Pfam collections. The results are listed in Table 9K with the statistics and domain description. The results indicate that GPCR9 has homology to the 7tm_l (InterPro) 7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family)domain (as defined by Inte ⁇ ro). This indicates that the sequence of GPCR9 has properties similar to those of other proteins known to contain this/these domain(s) and similar to the properties of these domains.
  • Consensus 7tm 1 domain PLHFSWH ⁇ slTVEEGNT *VBLIDFP EEfMK RS ⁇ v LB
  • GPCR9 may have important structural and/or physiological functions characteristic of the Olfactory Receptor family and the GPCR family. Therefore, the nucleic acids and proteins of the invention are useful in potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications and as a research tool.
  • nucleic acid or protein diagnostic and/or prognostic marker serving as a specific or selective nucleic acid or protein diagnostic and/or prognostic marker, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed, as well as potential therapeutic applications such as the following: (i) a protein therapeutic, (ii) a small molecule drug target, (iii) an antibody target (therapeutic, diagnostic, drug targeting/cytotoxic antibody), (iv) a nucleic acid useful in gene therapy (gene delivery/gene ablation), and (v) a composition promoting tissue regeneration in vitro and in vivo (vi) biological defense weapon.
  • the novel nucleic acid encoding GPCR9, and the GPCR9 protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed.
  • the nucleic acids and proteins of the invention are useful in potential therapeutic applications implicated in used in the treatment of developmental diseases, MHCII and III diseases (immune diseases), Taste and scent detectability Disorders, Burkitt's lymphoma, Corticoneurogenic disease, Signal Transduction pathway disorders, Retinal diseases including those involving photoreception, Cell Growth rate disorders; Cell Shape disorders, Feeding disorders;control of feeding; potential obesity due to over-eating; potential disorders due to starvation (lack of apetite), noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NTDDMl), bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer;
  • DRL Hereditary Ostoeodysfrophy
  • angina pectoris myocardial infarction
  • ulcers ulcers
  • asthma allergies
  • benign prostatic hypertrophy and psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, delirium, dementia, severe mental retardation.
  • Dentatorubro-pallidoluysian afrophy(DRPLA) Hypophosphatemic rickets, ⁇ 4 autosomal dominant (2) Acrocallosal syndrome and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and/or other pathologies and disorders.
  • the polypeptides can be used as immunogens to produce antibodies specific for the invention, and as vaccines. They can also be used to screen for potential agonist and antagonist compounds.
  • a cDNA encoding the GPCR-like protein may be useful in gene therapy, and the GPCR-like protein may be useful when administered to a subject in need thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention will have efficacy for treatment of patients suffering from developmental diseases, MHCII and III diseases (immune diseases), Taste and scent detectability Disorders, Burkitt's lymphoma, Corticoneurogenic disease, Signal Transduction pathway disorders, Retinal diseases including those involving photoreception, Cell Growth rate disorders; Cell Shape disorders, Feeding disorders;control of feeding; potential obesity due to over-eating; potential disorders due to starvation (lack of apetite), noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NTDDMl), bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral infections (particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2), pain, cancer (including but not limited to Neoplasm; adenocarcinoma; lymphoma; prostate cancer; uterus cancer), anorexia, bulimia, asthma, Parkinson's disease, acute heart failure, hypotension, hypertension, urinary retention, osteoporosis, Crohn's disease; multiple sclerosis; and Treatment of Albright Her
  • DRLA Dentatorubro-pallidoluysian atrophy
  • the novel nucleic acid encoding GPCR-like protein, and the GPCR-like protein of the invention, or fragments thereof, may further be useful in diagnostic applications, wherein the presence or amount of the nucleic acid or the protein are to be assessed.
  • GPCR9 proteins are further useful in the generation of antibodies that bind immunospecifically to the novel GPCR9 substances for use in therapeutic or diagnostic methods.
  • These antibodies may be generated according to methods known in the art, using prediction from hydrophobicity charts, as described in the "Anti-GPCRX Antibodies" section below.
  • the disclosed GPCR9 protein has multiple hydrophilic regions, each of which can be used as an immunogen.
  • a contemplated GPCR9 epitope is from about amino acids 130 to l ⁇ O.
  • a GPCR9 epitope is from about amino acids 2 ⁇ 0 to 320.
  • One aspect of the invention pertains to isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode GPCRX polypeptides or biologically active portions thereof. Also included in the invention are nucleic acid fragments sufficient for use as hybridization probes to identify GPCRX-
  • nucleic acid molecule is intended to include DNA molecules ⁇ e.g., cDNA or genomic DNA), RNA molecules ⁇ e.g., mRNA), analogs of the DNA or RNA generated using nucleotide analogs, and derivatives, fragments and homologs thereof.
  • the nucleic acid molecule may be single-stranded or double-stranded, but preferably is comprised double- stranded DNA.
  • GPCRX nucleic acid can encode a mature GPCRX polypeptide.
  • a "mature" form of a polypeptide or protein disclosed in the present invention is the product of a naturally occurring polypeptide or precursor form or proprotein.
  • the naturally occurring polypeptide, precursor or proprotein includes, by way of nonlimiting example, the full-length gene product, encoded by the corresponding gene. Alternatively, it may be defined as the polypeptide, precursor or proprotein encoded by an ORF described herein.
  • the product "mature" form arises, again by way of nonlimiting example, as a result of one or more naturally occurring processing steps as they may take place within the cell, or host cell, in which the gene product arises.
  • Examples of such processing steps leading to a "mature" form of a polypeptide or protein include the cleavage of the N-terminal methionine residue encoded by the initiation codon of an ORF, or the proteolytic cleavage of a signal peptide or leader sequence.
  • a mature form arising from a precursor polypeptide or protein that has residues 1 to N, where residue 1 is the N-terminal methionine would have residues 2 through N remaining after removal of the N-terminal methionine.
  • a mature form arising from a precursor polypeptide or protein having residues 1 to N, in which an N-terminal signal sequence from residue 1 to residue M is cleaved, would have the residues from residue M+l to residue N remaining.
  • a "mature" form of a polypeptide or protein may arise from a step of post-franslational modification other than a proteolytic cleavage event. Such additional processes include, by way of non-limiting example, glycosylation, myristoylation or phosphorylation.
  • a mature polypeptide or protein may result from the operation of only one of these processes, or a combination of any of them.
  • probes refers to nucleic acid sequences of variable length, preferably between at least about 10 nucleotides (nt), 100 nt, or as many as approximately, e.g., 6,000 nt, depending upon the specific use. Probes are used in the detection of identical, similar, or complementary nucleic acid sequences. Longer length probes are generally obtained from a natural or recombinant source, are highly specific, and much slower to hybridize than shorter-length oligomer probes. Probes may be single- or
  • ⁇ 7 double-stranded and designed to have specificity in PCR, membrane-based hybridization technologies, or ELISA-like technologies.
  • isolated nucleic acid molecule is one, which is separated from other nucleic acid molecules which are present in the natural source of the nucleic acid.
  • an “isolated” nucleic acid is free of sequences which naturally flank the nucleic acid ⁇ i.e., sequences located at the 5'- and 3'-termini of the nucleic acid) in the genomic DNA of the organism from which the nucleic acid is derived.
  • the isolated GPCRX nucleic acid molecules can contain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb or 0.1 kb of nucleotide sequences which naturally flank the nucleic acid molecule in genomic DNA of the cell/tissue from which the nucleic acid is derived ⁇ e.g., brain, heart, liver, spleen, etc.).
  • an "isolated" nucleic acid molecule such as a cDNA molecule, can be substantially free of other cellular material or culture medium when produced by recombinant techniques, or of chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.
  • a nucleic acid molecule of the invention e.g. , a nucleic acid molecule having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82, or a complement of this aforementioned nucleotide sequence, can be isolated using standard molecular biology techniques and the sequence information provided herein.
  • GPCRX molecules can be isolated using standard hybridization and cloning techniques ⁇ e.g., as described in Sambrook, et ⁇ l, (eds.), MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL 2 nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1989; and Ausubel, et ⁇ l, (eds.), CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1993.)
  • a nucleic acid of the invention can be amplified using cDNA, mRNA or alternatively, genomic DNA, as a template and appropriate oligonucleotide primers according to standard PCR amplification techniques.
  • the nucleic acid so amplified can be cloned into an appropriate vector and characterized by DNA sequence analysis.
  • oligonucleotides corresponding to GPCRX nucleotide sequences can be prepared by standard synthetic techniques, e.g., using an automated DNA synthesizer.
  • oligonucleotide refers to a series of linked nucleotide residues, which oligonucleotide has a sufficient number of nucleotide bases to be used in a PCR reaction.
  • a short oligonucleotide sequence may be based on, or designed from, a genomic or cDNA sequence and is used to amplify, confirm, or reveal the presence of an identical, similar or complementary DNA or RNA in a particular cell or tissue.
  • Oligonucleotides comprise portions of a nucleic acid sequence having about 10 nt, 50 nt, or 100 nt in length, preferably about 15 nt to 30 nt in length.
  • an oligonucleotide comprising a nucleic acid molecule less than 100 nt in length would further comprise at least 6 contiguous nucleotides of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82, or a complement thereof. Oligonucleotides may be chemically synthesized and may also be used as probes.
  • an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention comprises a nucleic acid molecule that is a complement of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1
  • nucleotide sequence ⁇ e.g., a fragment that can be used as a probe or primer or a fragment encoding a biologically-active portion of an GPCRX polypeptide).
  • a nucleic acid molecule that is complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, ⁇ , 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, ⁇ 0, and ⁇ 2 is one that is sufficiently complementary to the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, ⁇ 0, and 82 that it can hydrogen bond with little or no mismatches to the nucleotide sequence shown SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82, thereby forming a stable duplex.
  • binding means the physical or chemical interaction between two polypeptides or compounds or associated polypeptides or compounds or combinations thereof. Binding includes ionic, non-ionic, van der Waals, hydrophobic interactions, and the like.
  • a physical interaction can be either direct or indirect. Indirect interactions may be through or due to the effects of another polypeptide or compound. Direct binding refers to interactions that do not take place through, or due to, the effect of another polypeptide or compound, but instead are without other substantial chemical intermediates.
  • Fragments provided herein are defined as sequences of at least 6 (contiguous) nucleic acids or at least 4 (contiguous) amino acids, a length sufficient to allow for specific hybridization in the case of nucleic acids or for specific recognition of an epitope in the case of amino acids, respectively, and are at most some portion less than a full length sequence. Fragments may be derived from any contiguous portion of a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence of choice. Derivatives are nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences formed from the native compounds either directly or by modification or partial substitution. Analogs are nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences that have a structure similar to, but not identical to, the native compound but differs from it in respect to certain components or side chains.
  • Analogs may be synthetic or from a different evolutionary origin and may have a similar or opposite metabolic activity compared to wild type.
  • Homologs are nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences of a particular gene that are derived from different species.
  • Derivatives and analogs may be full length or other than full length, if the derivative or analog contains a modified nucleic acid or amino acid, as described below.
  • nucleic acids or proteins of the invention include, but are not limited to, molecules comprising regions that are substantially homologous to the nucleic acids or proteins of the invention, in various embodiments, by at least about 70%, 80%, or 95% identity (with a preferred identity of 80-95%) over a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence of identical size or when compared to an aligned sequence in which the alignment is done by a computer homology program known in the art, or whose encoding nucleic acid is capable of hybridizing to the complement of a sequence encoding the aforementioned proteins under stringent, moderately stringent, or low stringent conditions. See e.g.
  • a "homologous nucleic acid sequence” or “homologous amino acid sequence,” or variations thereof, refer to sequences characterized by a homology at the nucleotide level or amino acid level as discussed above. Homologous nucleotide sequences encode those sequences coding for isoforms of GPCRX polypeptides. Isoforms can be expressed in different tissues of the same organism as a result of, for example, alternative splicing of RNA. Alternatively, isoforms can be encoded by different genes.
  • homologous nucleotide sequences include nucleotide sequences encoding for an GPCRX polypeptide of species other than humans, including, but not limited to: vertebrates, and thus can include, e.g., frog, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, cat cow, horse, and other organisms.
  • homologous nucleotide sequences also include, but are not limited to, naturally occurring allelic variations and mutations of the nucleotide sequences set forth herein.
  • a homologous nucleotide sequence does not, however, include the exact nucleotide sequence encoding human GPCRX protein.
  • Homologous nucleic acid sequences include those nucleic acid sequences that encode conservative amino acid substitutions (see below) in SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82, as well as a polypeptide possessing GPCRX biological activity. Various biological activities of the GPCRX proteins are described below.
  • An GPCRX polypeptide is encoded by the open reading frame ("ORF") of an GPCRX nucleic acid.
  • An ORF corresponds to a nucleotide sequence that could potentially be translated into a polypeptide.
  • a stretch of nucleic acids comprising an ORF is uninterrupted by a stop codon.
  • An ORF that represents the coding sequence for a full protein begins with an ATG "start” codon and terminates with one of the three “stop” codons, namely, TAA, TAG, or TGA.
  • an ORF may be any part of a coding sequence, with or without a start codon, a stop codon, or both.
  • a minimum size requirement is often set, e.g., a stretch of DNA that would encode a protein of 50 amino acids or more.
  • the nucleotide sequences determined from the cloning of the human GPCRX genes allows for the generation of probes and primers designed for use in identifying and/or cloning GPCRX homologues in other cell types, e.g. from other tissues, as well as GPCRX homologues from other vertebrates.
  • the probe/primer typically comprises substantially purified oligonucleotide.
  • the oligonucleotide typically comprises a region of nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under stringent conditions to at least about 12, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 or 400 consecutive sense sfrand nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82; or an anti-sense strand nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82; or of a naturally occurring mutant of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, ⁇ , 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82.
  • Probes based on the human GPCRX nucleotide sequences can be used to detect transcripts or genomic sequences encoding the same or homologous proteins.
  • the probe further comprises a label group attached thereto, e.g. the label group can be a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme co-factor.
  • the label group can be a radioisotope, a fluorescent compound, an enzyme, or an enzyme co-factor.
  • Such probes can be used as a part of a diagnostic test kit for identifying cells or tissues which mis- express an GPCRX protein, such as by measuring a level of an GPCRX-encoding nucleic acid in a sample of cells from a subject e.g., detecting GPCRX mRNA levels or determining whether a genomic GPCRX gene has been mutated or deleted.
  • a polypeptide having a biologically-active portion of an GPCRX polypeptide refers to polypeptides exhibiting activity similar, but not necessarily identical to, an activity of a polypeptide of the invention, including mature forms, as measured in a particular biological assay, with or without dose dependency.
  • a nucleic acid fragment encoding a "biologically- active portion of GPCRX” can be prepared by isolating a portion SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8,
  • the invention further encompasses nucleic acid molecules that differ from the nucleotide sequences shown SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82 due to degeneracy of the genetic code and thus encode the same GPCRX proteins as that encoded by the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82 due to degeneracy of the genetic code and thus encode the same GPCRX proteins as that encoded by the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82 due to degeneracy of the genetic code and thus encode the same GPCRX proteins as that encoded by the nucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8,
  • an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention has a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein having an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9,
  • DNA sequence polymo ⁇ hisms that lead to changes in the amino acid sequences of the GPCRX polypeptides may exist within a population ⁇ e.g., the human population).
  • Such genetic polymo ⁇ hism in the GPCRX genes may exist among individuals within a population due to natural allelic variation.
  • the terms "gene” and "recombinant gene” refer to nucleic acid molecules comprising an open reading frame (ORF) encoding an GPCRX protein, preferably a vertebrate GPCRX protein.
  • Such natural allelic variations can typically result in 1-5% variance in the nucleotide sequence of the GPCRX genes. Any and all such nucleotide variations and resulting amino acid polymo ⁇ hisms in the GPCRX polypeptides, which are the result of natural allelic variation and that do not alter the functional activity of the GPCRX polypeptides, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding GPCRX proteins from other species and thus that have a nucleotide sequence that differs from the human sequence SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82 are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
  • Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to natural allelic variants and homologues of the GPCRX cDNAs of the invention can be isolated based on their homology to the human GPCRX nucleic acids disclosed herein using the human cDNAs, or a portion thereof, as a hybridization probe according to standard hybridization techniques under stringent hybridization conditions.
  • an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention is at least 6 nucleotides in length and hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82.
  • the nucleic acid is at least 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, or 2000 or more nucleotides in length.
  • an isolated nucleic acid molecule of the invention hybridizes to the coding region.
  • the term "hybridizes under stringent conditions" is intended to describe conditions for hybridization and washing under which nucleotide sequences at least 60% homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other.
  • Homologs ⁇ i.e., nucleic acids encoding GPCRX proteins derived from species other than human) or other related sequences ⁇ e.g., paralogs
  • nucleic acid hybridization and cloning can be obtained by low, moderate or high stringency hybridization with all or a portion of the particular human sequence as a probe using methods well known in the art for nucleic acid hybridization and cloning.
  • stringent hybridization conditions refers to conditions under which a probe, primer or oligonucleotide will hybridize to its target sequence, but to no other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Longer sequences hybridize specifically at higher temperatures than shorter sequences. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5 °C lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength, pH and nucleic acid concentration) at which 50% of the probes complementary to the target sequence hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium. Since the target sequences are generally present at excess, at Tm,
  • stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.0 M sodium ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M sodium ion (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30°C for short probes, primers or oligonucleotides ⁇ e.g., 10 nt to 50 nt) and at least about 60°C for longer probes, primers and oligonucleotides.
  • Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents, such as formamide.
  • Stringent conditions are known to those skilled in the art and can be found in Ausubel, et al., (eds.), CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. (1989), 6.3.1-6.3.6.
  • the conditions are such that sequences at least about 65%, 70%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% homologous to each other typically remain hybridized to each other.
  • a non-limiting example of stringent hybridization conditions are hybridization in a high salt buffer comprising 6X SSC, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 0.02% PVP, 0.02% FicoU, 0.02% BSA, and 500 mg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA at 65°C, followed by one or more washes in 0.2X SSC, 0.01% BSA at 50°C.
  • nucleic acid molecule of the invention that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the sequences of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and ⁇ 2 corresponds to a naturally-occurring nucleic acid molecule.
  • a "naturally-occurring" nucleic acid molecule refers to an RNA or DNA molecule having a nucleotide sequence that occurs in nature ⁇ e.g., encodes a natural protein).
  • a nucleic acid sequence that is hybridizable to the nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, ⁇ O, and ⁇ 2 or fragments, analogs or derivatives thereof, under conditions of moderate stringency is provided.
  • moderate stringency hybridization conditions are hybridization in 6X SSC, 5X Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS and 100 mg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA at 55°C, followed by one or more washes in IX SSC, 0.1% SDS at 37°C.
  • a nucleic acid that is hybridizable to the nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, ⁇ , 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82 or fragments, analogs or derivatives thereof, under conditions of low stringency, is provided.
  • low stringency hybridization conditions are hybridization in 35% formamide, 5X SSC, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA, 0.02% PVP, 0.02% Ficoll, 0.2% BSA, 100 mg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA, 10% (wt/vol) dextran sulfate at 40°C, followed by one or more washes in 2X SSC, 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 5 mM EDTA, and 0.1% SDS at 50°C.
  • Other conditions of low stringency that may be used are well known in the art ⁇ e.g., as employed for cross-species hybridizations).
  • allelic variants of GPCRX sequences that may exist in the population, the skilled artisan will further appreciate that changes can be introduced by mutation into the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, ⁇ , 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, ⁇ O, and ⁇ 2 thereby leading to changes in the amino acid sequences of the encoded GPCRX proteins, without altering the functional ability of said GPCRX proteins.
  • nucleotide substitutions leading to amino acid substitutions at "non-essential" amino acid residues can be made in the sequence of SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, l ⁇ , 20, 22, 24, 26, 2 ⁇ , 30, 32, 34, 36, 3 ⁇ , 40, 42, 81, and ⁇ 3.
  • a "non-essential" amino acid residue is a residue that can be altered from the wild-type sequences of the GPCRX proteins without altering their biological activity, whereas an "essential" amino acid residue is required for such biological activity.
  • amino acid residues that are conserved among the GPCRX proteins of the invention are predicted to be particularly non- amenable to alteration. Amino acids for which conservative substitutions can be made are well-known within the art.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding GPCRX proteins that contain changes in amino acid residues that are not essential for activity.
  • GPCRX proteins differ in amino acid sequence from SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, l ⁇ , 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83 yet retain biological activity.
  • the isolated nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein, wherein the protein comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 45% homologous to the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83.
  • the protein encoded by the nucleic acid molecule is at least about 60% homologous to SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, l ⁇ , 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83; more preferably at least about 70% homologous to SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83; still more preferably at least about 80% homologous to SEQ JD NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 3 ⁇ , 40, 42, 81, and 83; even more preferably at least about 90% homologous to SEQ JJD NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40,' 42, 81, and 83; and most preferably at least about 95% homologous to SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30,
  • An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an GPCRX protein homologous to the protein of SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, l ⁇ , 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83 can be created by introducing one or more nucleotide substitutions, additions or deletions into the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82 such that one or more amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions are introduced into the encoded protein.
  • Mutations can be introduced into SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83 by standard techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR-mediated mutagenesis. Preferably, conservative amino acid substitutions are made at one or more predicted, non-essential amino acid residues.
  • “conservative amino acid substitution” is one in which the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain.
  • Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined within the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains ⁇ e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine), acidic side chains ⁇ e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid), uncharged polar side chains ⁇ e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine), nonpolar side chains ⁇ e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan), beta-branched side chains ⁇ e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains ⁇ e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, his
  • a predicted non-essential amino acid residue in the GPCRX protein is replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family.
  • mutations can be introduced randomly along all or part of an GPCRX coding sequence, such as by saturation mutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened for GPCRX biological activity to identify mutants that retain activity.
  • SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, ⁇ O, and ⁇ 2 the encoded protein can be expressed by any recombinant technology known in the art and the activity of the protein can be determined.
  • amino acid families may also be determined based on side chain interactions.
  • Substituted amino acids may be fully conserved "strong” residues or fully conserved “weak” residues.
  • the "strong” group of conserved amino acid residues may be any one of the following groups: STA, NEQK, NHQK, NDEQ, QHRK, MEN, MILF, HY, FYW, wherein the single letter amino acid codes are grouped by those amino acids that may be substituted for each other.
  • the "weak" group of conserved residues may be any one of the following: CSA, ATV, SAG, ST ⁇ K, STPA, SG ⁇ D, S ⁇ DEQK, ⁇ DEQHK, ⁇ EQHRK, VLDVI, HFY, wherein the letters within each group represent the single letter amino acid code.
  • a mutant GPCRX protein can be assayed for ⁇ i) the ability to form proteimprotein interactions with other GPCRX proteins, other cell-surface proteins, or biologically-active portions thereof, ⁇ ii) complex formation between a mutant GPCRX protein and an GPCRX ligand; or ⁇ Hi) the ability of a mutant GPCRX protein to bind to an intracellular target protein or biologically-active portion thereof; ⁇ e.g. avidin proteins).
  • a mutant GPCRX protein can be assayed for the ability to regulate a specific biological function ⁇ e.g., regulation of insulin release).
  • Another aspect of the invention pertains to isolated antisense nucleic acid molecules that are hybridizable to or complementary to the nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82, or fragments, analogs or derivatives thereof.
  • An "antisense" nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a "sense" nucleic acid encoding a protein ⁇ e.g., complementary to the coding strand of a double-stranded cDNA molecule or complementary to an mRNA sequence).
  • antisense nucleic acid molecules comprise a sequence complementary to at least about 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 or 500 nucleotides or an entire GPCRX coding strand, or to only a portion thereof.
  • an antisense nucleic acid molecule is antisense to a "coding region" of the coding strand of a nucleotide sequence encoding an GPCRX protein.
  • coding region refers to the region of the nucleotide sequence comprising codons which are translated into amino acid residues.
  • the antisense nucleic acid molecule is antisense to a "noncoding region" of the coding strand of a nucleotide sequence encoding the GPCRX protein.
  • noncoding region refers to 5' and 3' sequences which flank the coding region that are not translated into amino acids ⁇ i.e., also referred to as 5' and 3' untranslated regions).
  • antisense nucleic acids of the invention can be designed according to the rules of Watson and Crick or Hoogsteen base pairing.
  • the antisense nucleic acid molecule can be complementary to the entire coding region of GPCRX mRNA, but more preferably is an oligonucleotide that is antisense to only a portion of the coding or noncoding region of GPCRX mRNA.
  • the antisense oligonucleotide can be complementary to the region surrounding the translation start site of GPCRX mRNA.
  • An antisense oligonucleotide can be, for example, about 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 nucleotides in length.
  • an antisense nucleic acid of the invention can be constructed using chemical synthesis or enzymatic ligation reactions using procedures known in the art.
  • an antisense nucleic acid ⁇ e.g., an antisense oligonucleotide
  • an antisense nucleic acid can be chemically synthesized using naturally-occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotides designed to increase the biological stability of the molecules or to increase the physical stability of the duplex formed between the antisense and sense nucleic acids ⁇ e.g., phosphorothioate derivatives and acridine substituted nucleotides can be used).
  • modified nucleotides that can be used to generate the antisense nucleic acid include: 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl- 2-thiouridine, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine, 7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil, 5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine, 5'-methoxy
  • the antisense nucleic acid can be produced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleic acid has been subcloned in an antisense orientation ⁇ i.e., RNA transcribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisense orientation to a target nucleic acid of interest, described further in the following subsection).
  • the antisense nucleic acid molecules of the invention are typically administered to a subject or generated in situ such that they hybridize with or bind to cellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA encoding an GPCRX protein to thereby inhibit expression of the protein ⁇ e.g., by inhibiting transcription and/or translation).
  • the hybridization can be by conventional nucleotide complementarity to form a stable duplex, or, for example, in the case of an antisense nucleic acid molecule that binds to DNA duplexes, through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix.
  • An example of a route of administration of antisense nucleic acid molecules of the invention includes direct injection at a tissue site.
  • antisense nucleic acid molecules can be modified to target selected cells and then administered systemically.
  • antisense molecules can be modified such that they specifically bind to receptors or antigens expressed on a selected cell surface ⁇ e.g., by linking the antisense nucleic acid molecules to peptides or antibodies that bind to cell surface receptors or antigens).
  • the antisense nucleic acid molecules can also be delivered to cells using the vectors described herein.
  • vector constructs in which the antisense nucleic acid molecule is placed under the control of a strong pol ⁇ or pol III promoter are preferred.
  • the antisense nucleic acid molecule of the invention is an ⁇ -anomeric nucleic acid molecule.
  • An ⁇ -anomeric nucleic acid molecule forms specific double-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to the usual ⁇ -units, the strands run parallel to each other. See, e.g., Gaultier, et al., 1987. Nucl. Acids Res. 15: 6625-6641.
  • the antisense nucleic acid molecule can also comprise a 2'-o-methylribonucleotide (see, e.g., Inoue, et al. 1987. Nucl. Acids Res. 15: 6131-6148) or a chimeric RNA-DNA analogue (see, e.g., Inoue, et al., 1987. FEBSLett. 215: 327-330.
  • Nucleic acid modifications include, by way of non-limiting example, modified bases, and nucleic acids whose sugar phosphate backbones are modified or derivatized. These modifications are carried out at least in part to enhance the chemical stability of the modified nucleic acid, such that they may be used, for example, as antisense binding nucleic acids in therapeutic applications in a subject.
  • an antisense nucleic acid of the invention is a ribozyme.
  • Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules with ribonuclease activity that are capable of cleaving a single-stranded nucleic acid, such as an mRNA, to which they have a complementary region.
  • ribozymes ⁇ e.g., hammerhead ribozymes as described in Haselhoff and Gerlach 1988. Nature 334: 585-591) can be used to catalytically cleave GPCRX mRNA transcripts to thereby inhibit translation of GPCRX mRNA.
  • a ribozyme having specificity for an GPCRX-encoding nucleic acid can be designed based upon the nucleotide sequence of an GPCRX cDNA disclosed herein (t.e., SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82).
  • a derivative of a Tetrahymena L-19 JNS R A can be constructed in which the nucleotide sequence of the active site is complementary to the nucleotide sequence to be cleaved in an GPCRX-encoding mRNA. See, e.g., U.S. Patent 4,987,071 to Cech, et al. and U.S.
  • GPCRX mRNA can also be used to select a catalytic RNA having a specific ribonuclease activity from apool of RNA molecules. See, e.g., Barrel et ah, (1993) Science 261:1411-1418.
  • GPCRX gene expression can be inhibited by targeting nucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region of the GPCRX nucleic acid ⁇ e.g., the
  • GPCRX promoter and/or enhancers to form triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the GPCRX gene in target cells. See, e.g., Helene, 1991. Anticancer Drug Des. 6; 569-84; Helene, et al. 1992. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 660: 27-36; Maher, 1992. Bioassays 14: 807-15.
  • the GPCRX nucleic acids can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety or phosphate backbone to improve, e.g., the stability, hybridization, or solubility of the molecule.
  • the deoxyribose phosphate backbone of the nucleic acids can be modified to generate peptide nucleic acids. See, e.g., Hyrup, et al., 1996. BioorgMed Chem 4: 5-23.
  • peptide nucleic acids refer to nucleic acid mimics (e.g., DNA mimics) in which the deoxyribose phosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone and only the four natural nucleobases are retained.
  • the neutral backbone of PNAs has been shown to allow for specific hybridization to DNA and RNA under conditions of low ionic strength.
  • the synthesis of PNA oligomers can be performed using standard solid phase peptide synthesis protocols as described in Hyrup, et ah, 1996. supra; Perry-O'Keefe, et al, 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 14670-14675.
  • PNAs of GPCRX can be used in therapeutic and diagnostic applications. For example,
  • PNAs can be used as antisense or antigene agents for sequence-specific modulation of gene expression by, e.g., inducing transcription or translation arrest or inhibiting replication.
  • PNAs of GPCRX can also be used, for example, in the analysis of single base pair mutations in a gene (e.g., PNA directed PCR clamping; as artificial restriction enzymes when used in combination with other enzymes, e.g., S 1 nucleases (see, Hyrup, et al, 1996. supra); or as probes or primers for DNA sequence and hybridization (see, Hyrup, et al., 1996, supra; Perry-O'Keefe, et al, 1996. supra).
  • PNAs of GPCRX can be modified, e.g., to enhance their stability or cellular uptake, by attaching lipophilic or other helper groups to PNA, by the formation of PNA-DNA chimeras, or by the use of liposomes or other techniques of drug delivery known in the art.
  • PNA-DNA chimeras of GPCRX can be generated that may combine the advantageous properties of PNA and DNA.
  • Such chimeras allow DNA recognition enzymes (e.g., RNase H and DNA polymerases) to interact with the DNA portion while the PNA portion would provide high binding affinity and specificity.
  • PNA-DNA chimeras can be linked using linkers of appropriate lengths selected in terms of base stacking, number of bonds between the nucleobases, and orientation ⁇ see, Hyrup, et al., 1996. supra).
  • the synthesis of PNA-DNA chimeras can be performed as described in Hyrup, et al, 1996. supra and Finn, et al., 1996. Nucl Acids Res 24: 3357-3363.
  • a DNA chain can be synthesized on a solid support using standard phosphoramidite coupling chemistry, and modified nucleoside analogs, e.g., 5'-(4-methoxytrityl)amino-5'-deoxy-thymidine phosphoramidite, can be used between the PNA and the 5' end of DNA. See, e.g., Mag, et al., 19 ⁇ 9. Nucl Acid Res 17: 5973-59 ⁇ . PNA monomers are then coupled in a stepwise manner to produce a chimeric molecule with a 5' PNA segment and a 3' DNA segment. See, e.g., Finn, et al., 1996. supra.
  • chimeric molecules can be synthesized with a 5' DNA segment and a 3' PNA segment. See, e.g., Petersen, et al., 1975. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 5: 1119-11124.
  • the oligonucleotide may include other appended groups such as peptides (e.g., for targeting host cell receptors in vivo), or agents facilitating transport across the cell membrane ⁇ see, e.g., Letsinger, et al., 1989. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:
  • oligonucleotides can be modified with hybridization triggered cleavage agents (see, e.g., Krol, et al, 1988. BioTechniques 6:958-976) or intercalating agents ⁇ see, e.g., Zon, 1988. Pharm. Res. 5: 539-549).
  • the oligonucleotide may be conjugated to another molecule, e.g., a peptide, a hybridization triggered cross-linking agent, a transport agent, a hybridization-triggered cleavage agent, and the like.
  • a polypeptide according to the invention includes a polypeptide including the amino acid sequence of GPCRX polypeptides whose sequences are provided in SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83.
  • the invention also includes a mutant or variant protein any of whose residues may be changed from the corresponding residues shown in SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83 while still encoding a protein that maintains its GPCRX activities and physiological functions, or a functional fragment thereof.
  • an GPCRX variant that preserves GPCRX-like function includes any variant in which residues at a particular position in the sequence have been substituted by other amino acids, and further include the possibility of inserting an additional residue or residues between two residues of the parent protein as well as the possibility of deleting one or more residues from the parent sequence. Any amino acid substitution, insertion, or deletion is encompassed by the invention. In favorable circumstances, the substitution is a conservative substitution as defined above.
  • One aspect of the invention pertains to isolated GPCRX proteins, and biologically- active portions thereof, or derivatives, fragments, analogs or homologs thereof. Also provided are polypeptide fragments suitable for use as immunogens to raise anti-GPCRX antibodies.
  • native GPCRX proteins can be isolated from cells or tissue sources by an appropriate purification scheme using standard protein purification techniques.
  • GPCRX proteins are produced by recombinant DNA techniques.
  • Alternative to recombinant expression, an GPCRX protein or polypeptide can be synthesized chemically using standard peptide synthesis techniques.
  • an “isolated” or “purified” polypeptide or protein or biologically-active portion thereof is substantially free of cellular material or other contaminating proteins from the cell or tissue source from which the GPCRX protein is derived, or substantially free from chemical precursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized.
  • the language “substantially free of cellular material” includes preparations of GPCRX proteins in which the protein is separated from cellular components of the cells from which it is isolated or recombinantly- produced.
  • the language "substantially free of cellular material” includes preparations of GPCRX proteins having less than about 30% (by dry weight) of non-GPCRX proteins (also referred to herein as a "contaminating protein”), more preferably less than about 20% of non-GPCRX proteins, still more preferably less than about 10% of non-GPCRX proteins, and most preferably less than about 5% of non-GPCRX proteins.
  • non-GPCRX proteins also referred to herein as a "contaminating protein”
  • the GPCRX protein or biologically-active portion thereof is recombinantly-produced, it is also preferably substantially free of culture medium, i.e., culture medium represents less than about 20%, more preferably less than about 10%, and most preferably less than about 5% of the volume of the GPCRX protein preparation.
  • the language “substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals” includes preparations of GPCRX proteins in which the protein is separated from chemical precursors or other chemicals that are involved in the synthesis of the protein.
  • the language “substantially free of chemical precursors or other chemicals” includes preparations of GPCRX proteins having less than about 30% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors or non-GPCRX chemicals, more preferably less than about 20% chemical precursors or non-GPCRX chemicals, still more preferably less than about 10% chemical precursors or non-GPCRX chemicals, and most preferably less than about 5% chemical precursors or non-GPCRX chemicals.
  • Biologically-active portions of GPCRX proteins include peptides comprising amino acid sequences sufficiently homologous to or derived from the amino acid sequences of the GPCRX proteins (e.g., the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83) that include fewer amino acids than the full-length GPCRX proteins, and exhibit at least one activity of an GPCRX protein.
  • biologically-active portions comprise a domain or motif with at least one activity of the GPCRX protein.
  • a biologically-active portion of an GPCRX protein can be a polypeptide which is, for example, 10, 25, 50, 100 or more amino acid residues in length.
  • biologically-active portions in which other regions of the protein are deleted, can be prepared by recombinant techniques and evaluated for one or more of the functional activities of a native GPCRX protein.
  • the GPCRX protein has an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83.
  • the GPCRX protein is substantially homologous to SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83, and retains the functional activity of the protein of SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83, yet differs in amino acid sequence due to natural allelic variation or mutagenesis, as described in detail, below.
  • the GPCRX protein is a protein that comprises an amino acid sequence at least about 45% homologous to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83, and retains the functional activity of the GPCRX proteins of SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83.
  • the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison pu ⁇ oses (e.g., gaps can be introduced in the sequence of a first amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment with a second amino or nucleic acid sequence).
  • the amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared.
  • amino acid or nucleic acid "homology” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid "identity").
  • the nucleic acid sequence homology may be determined as the degree of identity between two sequences.
  • the homology may be determined using computer programs known in the art, such as GAP software provided in the GCG program package. See, Needleman and Wunsch, 1970. J Mol Biol 48: 443-453.
  • the coding region of the analogous nucleic acid sequences referred to above exhibits a degree of identity preferably of at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%, with the CDS (encoding) part of the DNA sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82.
  • sequence identity refers to the degree to which two polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences are identical on a residue-by-residue basis over a particular region of comparison.
  • percentage of sequence identity is calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over that region of comparison, determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base (e.g., A, T, C, G, U, or I, in the case of nucleic acids) occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the region of comparison ⁇ i.e., the window size), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.
  • substantially identical denotes a characteristic of a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has at least 80 percent sequence identity, preferably at least 85 percent identity and often 90 to 95 percent sequence identity, more usually at least 99 percent sequence identity as compared to a reference sequence over a comparison region.
  • an GPCRX "chimeric protein” or “fusion protein” comprises an GPCRX polypeptide operatively- linked to a non-GPCRX polypeptide.
  • GPCRX polypeptide refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to an GPCRX protein (SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83), whereas a "non-GPCRX polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence corresponding to a protein that is not substantially homologous to the GPCRX protein, e.g., a protein that is different from the GPCRX protein and that is derived from the same or a different organism.
  • an GPCRX fusion protein can correspond to all or a portion of an GPCRX protein.
  • an GPCRX fusion protein comprises at least one biologically-active portion of an GPCRX protein.
  • an GPCRX fusion protein comprises at least two biologically-active portions of an GPCRX protein.
  • an GPCRX fusion protein comprises at least three biologically-active portions of an GPCRX protein.
  • the term "operatively-linked" is intended to indicate that the GPCRX polypeptide and the non-GPCRX polypeptide are fused in-frame with one another.
  • the non-GPCRX polypeptide can be fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the GPCRX polypeptide.
  • the fusion protein is a GST-GPCRX fusion protein in which the
  • GPCRX sequences are fused to the C-terminus of the GST (glutathione S-transferase) sequences. Such fusion proteins can facilitate the purification of recombinant GPCRX polypeptides.
  • the fusion protein is an GPCRX protein containing a heterologous signal sequence at its N-terminus.
  • GPCRX protein containing a heterologous signal sequence at its N-terminus.
  • expression and/or secretion of GPCRX can be increased through use of a heterologous signal sequence.
  • the fusion protein is an GPCRX-immunoglobulin fusion protein in which the GPCRX sequences are fused to sequences derived from a member of the immunoglobulin protein family.
  • the GPCRX-immunoglobulin fusion proteins of the invention can be inco ⁇ orated into pharmaceutical compositions and administered to a subject to inhibit an interaction between an GPCRX ligand and an GPCRX protein on the surface of a cell, to thereby suppress GPCRX-mediated signal transduction in vivo.
  • the GPCRX- immunoglobulin fusion proteins can be used to affect the bioavailability of an GPCRX cognate ligand.
  • GPCRX-immunoglobulin fusion proteins of the invention can be used as immunogens to produce anti-GPCRX antibodies in a subject, to purify GPCRX ligands, and in screening assays to identify molecules that inhibit the interaction of GPCRX with an GPCRX ligand.
  • An GPCRX chimeric or fusion protein of the invention can be produced by standard recombinant DNA techniques.
  • DNA fragments coding for the different polypeptide sequences are ligated together in-frame in accordance with conventional techniques, e.g., by employing blunt-ended or stagger-ended termini for ligation, restriction enzyme digestion to provide for appropriate termini, filling-in of cohesive ends as appropriate, alkaline phosphatase treatment to avoid undesirable joining, and enzymatic ligation.
  • the fusion gene can be synthesized by conventional techniques including automated DNA synthesizers.
  • PCR amplification of gene fragments can be carried out using anchor primers that give rise to complementary overhangs between two consecutive gene fragments that can subsequently be annealed and reamplified to generate a chimeric gene sequence ⁇ see, e.g., Ausubel, et al. (eds.) CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley & Sons, 1992).
  • many expression vectors are commercially available that aheady encode a fusion moiety (e.g., a GST polypeptide).
  • An GPCRX-encoding nucleic acid can be cloned into such an expression vector such that the fusion moiety is linked in-frame to the GPCRX protein.
  • the invention also pertains to variants of the GPCRX proteins that function as either GPCRX agonists ⁇ i.e., mimetics) or as GPCRX antagonists.
  • Variants of the GPCRX protein can be generated by mutagenesis (e.g., discrete point mutation or truncation of the GPCRX protein).
  • An agonist of the GPCRX protein can retain substantially the same, or a subset of, the biological activities of the naturally occurring form of the GPCRX protein.
  • An antagonist of the GPCRX protein can inhibit one or more of the activities of the naturally occurring form of the GPCRX protein by, for example, competitively binding to a downstream or upstream member of a cellular signaling cascade which includes the GPCRX protein.
  • treatment of a subject with a variant having a subset of the biological activities of the naturally occurring form of the protein has fewer side effects in a subject relative to treatment with the naturally occurring form of the GPCRX proteins.
  • Variants of the GPCRX proteins that function as either GPCRX agonists ⁇ i.e., mimetics) or as GPCRX antagonists can be identified by screening combinatorial libraries of mutants (e.g., truncation mutants) of the GPCRX proteins for GPCRX protein agonist or antagonist activity.
  • a variegated library of GPCRX variants is generated by combinatorial mutagenesis at the nucleic acid level and is encoded by a variegated gene library.
  • a variegated library of GPCRX variants can be produced by, for example, enzymatically ligating a mixture of synthetic oligonucleotides into gene sequences such that a degenerate set of potential GPCRX sequences is expressible as individual polypeptides, or alternatively, as a set of larger fusion proteins (e.g., for phage display) containing the set of GPCRX sequences therein.
  • a degenerate set of potential GPCRX sequences is expressible as individual polypeptides, or alternatively, as a set of larger fusion proteins (e.g., for phage display) containing the set of GPCRX sequences therein.
  • methods which can be used to produce libraries of potential GPCRX variants from a degenerate oligonucleotide sequence. Chemical synthesis of a degenerate gene sequence can be performed in an automatic DNA synthesizer, and the synthetic gene then ligated into an appropriate expression vector.
  • degenerate set of genes allows for the provision, in one mixture, of all of the sequences encoding the desired set of potential GPCRX sequences.
  • Methods for synthesizing degenerate oligonucleotides are well-known within the art. See, e.g., Narang, 1983. Tetrahedron 39: 3; Itakura, et al, 1984. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53: 323; Itakura, et al, 1984. Science 198: 1056; Ike, et al, 1983. Nucl Acids Res. 11: 477.
  • libraries of fragments of the GPCRX protein coding sequences can be used to generate a variegated population of GPCRX fragments for screening and subsequent selection of variants of an GPCRX protein.
  • a library of coding sequence fragments can be generated by treating a double stranded PCR fragment of an GPCRX coding sequence with a nuclease under conditions wherein nicking occurs only about once per molecule, denaturing the double stranded DNA, renatnring the DNA to form double-stranded DNA that can include sense/antisense pairs from different nicked products, removing single stranded portions from reformed duplexes by treatment with S ⁇ nuclease, and ligating the resulting fragment library into an expression vector.
  • expression libraries can be derived which encodes N-terminal and internal fragments of various sizes of the GPCRX proteins.
  • Recursive ensemble mutagenesis (REM), a new technique that enhances the frequency of functional mutants in the libraries, can be used in combination with the screening assays to identify GPCRX variants. See, e.g., Arkin and Yourvan, 1992. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 7811-7815; Delgrave, et al., 1993. Protein Engineering 6:327-331.
  • the invention encompasses antibodies and antibody fragments, such as F a or (F a b) 2 , that bind immunospecifically to any of the GPCRX polypeptides of said invention.
  • GPCRX protein or a portion or fragment thereof, can be used as an immunogen to generate antibodies that bind to GPCRX polypeptides using standard techniques for polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparation.
  • the full-length GPCRX proteins can be used or, alternatively, the invention provides antigenic peptide fragments of GPCRX proteins for use as immunogens.
  • the antigenic GPCRX peptides comprises at least 4 amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83 and encompasses an epitope of GPCRX such that an antibody raised against the peptide forms a specific immune complex with GPCRX.
  • the antigenic peptide comprises at least 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, or 30 amino acid residues. Longer antigenic peptides are sometimes preferable over shorter antigenic peptides, depending on use and according to methods well known to someone skilled in the art.
  • At least one epitope encompassed by the antigenic peptide is a region of GPCRX that is located on the surface of the protein (e.g., a hydrophilic region).
  • hydropathy plots showing regions of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity may be generated by any method well known in the art, including, for example, the Kyte Doolittle or the Hopp Woods methods, either with or without Fourier transformation ( ee, e.g., Hopp and Woods, 1981. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 3 ⁇ 24-3 ⁇ 28; Kyte and Doolittle, 1982. J. Mol. Biol 157: 105-142, each inco ⁇ orated herein by reference in their entirety).
  • GPCRX protein sequences of SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, l ⁇ , 20, 22, 24, 26, 2 ⁇ , 30, 32, 34, 36, 3 ⁇ , 40, 42, 81, and 83, or derivatives, fragments, analogs or homologs thereof, may be utilized as immunogens in the generation of antibodies that immunospecifically-bind these protein components.
  • antibody refers to immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically-active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen binding site that specifically-binds (immunoreacts with) an antigen, such as GPCRX.
  • Such antibodies include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain, F a b and F( a ' )2 fragments, and an F a b expression library.
  • antibodies to human GPCRX proteins are disclosed.
  • Various procedures known within the art may be used for the production of polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to an GPCRX protein sequence of SEQ ID NOS:2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 81, and 83, or a derivative, fragment, analog or homolog thereof.
  • an appropriate immunogenic preparation can contain, for example, recombinantly-expressed GPCRX protein or a chemically-synthesized GPCRX polypeptide.
  • the preparation can further include an adjuvant.
  • adjuvants used to increase the immunological response include, but are not limited to, Freund's (complete and incomplete), mineral gels ⁇ e.g., aluminum hydroxide), surface active substances (e.g., lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, dinifrophenol, etc.), human adjuvants such as Bacille Calmette-Guerin and Corynebacterium parvum, or similar immunostimulatory agents.
  • the antibody molecules directed against GPCRX can be isolated from the mammal (e.g., from the blood) and further purified by well known techniques, such as protein A chromatography to obtain the IgG fraction.
  • monoclonal antibody or “monoclonal antibody composition”, as used herein, refers to a population of antibody molecules that contain only one species of an antigen binding site capable of immunoreacting with a particular epitope of GPCRX.
  • a monoclonal antibody composition thus typically displays a single binding affinity for a particular GPCRX protein with which it immunoreacts.
  • any technique that provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell line culture may be utilized. Such techniques include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique ⁇ see, e.g., Kohler & Milstein, 1975.
  • F a expression libraries see, e.g., Huse, et al, 1989. Science 246: 1275-1281
  • methods can be adapted for the construction of F a expression libraries (see, e.g., Huse, et al, 1989. Science 246: 1275-1281) to allow rapid and effective identification of monoclonal F a fragments with the desired specificity for an GPCRX protein or derivatives, fragments, analogs or homologs thereof.
  • Non-human antibodies can be "humanized" by techniques well known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,225,539.
  • Antibody fragments that contain the idiotypes to an GPCRX protein may be produced by techniques known in the art including, but not limited to: ⁇ ) an F (a ' )2 fragment produced by pepsin digestion of an antibody molecule; ⁇ ii) an F a b fragment generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of an F( ab')2 fragment; (Hi) an F ab fragment generated by the treatment of the antibody molecule with papain and a reducing agent; and (iv) F v fragments.
  • recombinant anti-GPCRX antibodies such as chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies, comprising both human and non-human portions, which can be made using standard recombinant DNA techniques, are within the scope of the invention.
  • Such chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques known in the art, for example using methods described in International Application No. PCT/US86/02269; European Patent Application No. 184,187; European Patent Application No. 171,496; European Patent Application No. 173,494; PCT International Publication No. WO 86/01533; U.S. Patent No. 4, ⁇ l6,567; U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539; European Patent Application No.
  • methods for the screening of antibodies that possess the desired specificity include, but are not limited to, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and other immunologically-mediated techniques known within the art.
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • selection of antibodies that are specific to a particular domain of an GPCRX protein is facilitated by generation of hybridomas that bind to the fragment of an GPCRX protein possessing such a domain.
  • antibodies that are specific for a desired domain within an GPCRX protein, or derivatives, fragments, analogs or homologs thereof, are also provided herein.
  • Anti-GPCRX antibodies may be used in methods known within the art relating to the localization and/or quantitation of an GPCRX protein (e.g., for use in measuring levels of the GPCRX protein within appropriate physiological samples, for use in diagnostic methods, for use in imaging the protein, and the like).
  • antibodies for GPCRX proteins, or derivatives, fragments, analogs or homologs thereof, that contain the antibody derived binding domain are utilized as pharmacologically-active compounds (hereinafter "Therapeutics").
  • An anti-GPCRX antibody e.g., monoclonal antibody
  • GPCRX polypeptide by standard techniques, such as affinity chromatography or immunoprecipitation.
  • An anti-GPCRX antibody can facilitate the purification of natural GPCRX polypeptide from cells and of recombinantly-produced GPCRX polypeptide expressed in host cells.
  • an anti-GPCRX antibody can be used to detect GPCRX protein (e.g., in a cellular lysate or cell supernatant) in order to evaluate the abundance and pattern of expression of the GPCRX protein.
  • Anti-GPCRX antibodies can be used diagnostically to monitor protein levels in tissue as part of a clinical testing procedure, e.g., to, for example, determine the efficacy of a given treatment regimen.
  • Detection can be facilitated by coupling (i.e., physically linking) the antibody to a detectable substance.
  • detectable substances include various enzymes, prosthetic groups, fluorescent materials, luminescent materials, bioluminescent materials, and radioactive materials.
  • suitable enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, ⁇ -galactosidase, or acetylcholinesterase;
  • suitable prosthetic group complexes include streptavidin/biotin and avidin/biotin;
  • suitable fluorescent materials include umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate, rhodamine, dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride or phycoerythrin;
  • an example of a luminescent material includes luminol;
  • bioluminescent materials include luciferase, luciferin, and aequorin, and examples of suitable radioactive material include 125 1,
  • vectors preferably expression vectors, containing a nucleic acid encoding an GPCRX protein, or derivatives, fragments, analogs or homologs thereof.
  • vector refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked.
  • plasmid refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated.
  • viral vector is another type of vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome.
  • vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors).
  • Other vectors e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors
  • certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively-linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as "expression vectors”.
  • expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids.
  • plasmid and “vector” can be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector.
  • the invention is intended to include such other forms of expression vectors, such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.
  • viral vectors e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses
  • the recombinant expression vectors of the invention comprise a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell, which means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory sequences, selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, that is operatively-linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed.
  • operably-linked is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory sequence(s) in a manner that allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g., in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell).
  • regulatory sequence is intended to includes promoters, enhancers and other expression control elements (e.g., polyadenylation signals). Such regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Regulatory sequences include those that direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cell and those that direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design of the expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression of protein desired, etc.
  • the expression vectors of the invention can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce proteins or peptides, including fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein (e.g., GPCRX proteins, mutant forms of GPCRX proteins, fusion proteins, etc.).
  • the recombinant expression vectors of the invention can be designed for expression of GPCRX proteins in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells.
  • GPCRX proteins can be expressed in bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli, insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors) yeast cells or mammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussed further in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS ⁇ N ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990).
  • the recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase.
  • Fusion vectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein, usually to the amino terminus of the recombinant protein.
  • Such fusion vectors typically serve three pvuposes: (i) to increase expression of recombinant protein; (ii) to increase the solubility of the recombinant protein; and (iii) to aid in the purification of the recombinant protein by acting as a ligand in affinity purification.
  • a proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety and the recombinant protein to enable separation of the recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to purification of the fusion protein.
  • enzymes, and their cognate recognition sequences include Factor Xa, thrombin and enterokinase.
  • Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Pharmacia Biotech Inc; Smith and Johnson, 1988. Gene 67: 31-40), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.
  • GST glutathione S-transferase
  • maltose E binding protein or protein A, respectively
  • suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli expression vectors include pTrc
  • One strategy to maximize recombinant protein expression in E. coli is to express the protein in a host bacteria with an impaired capacity to proteolytically cleave the recombinant protein. See, e.g., Gottesman, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 119-128.
  • Another strategy is to alter the nucleic acid sequence of the nucleic acid to be inserted into an expression vector so that the individual codons for each amino acid are those preferentially utilized in E. coli (see, e.g., Wada, et al, 1992. Nucl. Acids Res. 20: 2111-2118). Such alteration of nucleic acid sequences of the invention can be carried out by standard DNA synthesis techniques.
  • the GPCRX expression vector is a yeast expression vector.
  • yeast expression vectors for expression in yeast Saccharomyces cerivisae include pYepSecl (Baldari, et al, 1987. EMBO J. 6: 229-234), pMFa (Kurjan and Herskowitz, 1982. Cell 30: 933-943), pJRY ⁇ (Schultz et al, 19 ⁇ 7. Gene 54: 113-123), pYES2 (Invitrogen Co ⁇ oration, San Diego, Calif), and picZ (InVitrogen Co ⁇ , San Diego, Calif.).
  • GPCRX can be expressed in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors.
  • Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells include the pAc series (Smith, et al, 1983. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3: 2156-2165) and the pVL series (Lucklow and Summers, 1989. Virology 170: 31-39).
  • a nucleic acid of the invention is expressed in mammalian cells using a mammalian expression vector.
  • mammalian expression vectors include pCDM ⁇ (Seed, 19 ⁇ 7. Nature 329: 840) andpMT2PC (Kaufman, et al, 1987. EMBO J. 6: 187-195).
  • the expression vector's confrol functions are often provided by viral regulatory elements.
  • commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, adenovirus 2, cytomegalo virus, and simian virus 40.
  • the recombinant mammalian expression vector is capable of directing expression of the nucleic acid preferentially in a particular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory elements are used to express the nucleic acid).
  • tissue-specific regulatory elements are known in the art.
  • suitable tissue-specific promoters include the albumin promoter (liver-specific; Pinkert, et al, 1987.
  • lymphoid-specific promoters Calame and Eaton, 19 ⁇ . Adv. Immunol. 43: 235-275
  • promoters of T cell receptors Winoto and Baltimore, 19 ⁇ 9.
  • immunoglobulins Bonerji, et al, 1983. Cell 33: 729-740; Queen and Baltimore, 1983. Cell 33: 741-748
  • neuron-specific promoters e.g., the neurofilament promoter; Byrne and Ruddle, 1989. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.
  • pancreas-specific promoters Eslund, et al, 1985. Science 230: 912-916
  • mammary gland-specific promoters e.g., milk whey promoter; U.S. Pat. No. 4, ⁇ 73,316 and European Application Publication No. 264,166
  • Developmentally-regulated promoters are also encompassed, e.g., the murine hox promoters (Kessel and Grass, 1990. Science 249: 374-379) and the ⁇ -fetoprotein promoter (Campes and Tilghman, 19 ⁇ 9. Genes Dev. 3: 537-546).
  • the invention further provides a recombinant expression vector comprising a DNA molecule of the invention cloned into the expression vector in an antisense orientation. That is, the DNA molecule is operatively-linked to a regulatory sequence in a manner that allows for expression (by transcription of the DNA molecule) of an RNA molecule that is antisense to GPCRX mRNA.
  • Regulatory sequences operatively linked to a nucleic acid cloned in the antisense orientation can be chosen that direct the continuous expression of the antisense RNA molecule in a variety of cell types, for instance viral promoters and/or enhancers, or regulatory sequences can be chosen that direct constitutive, tissue specific or cell type specific expression of antisense RNA.
  • the antisense expression vector can be in the form of a recombinant plasmid, phagemid or attenuated virus in which antisense nucleic acids are produced under the control of a high efficiency regulatory region, the activity of which can be determined by the cell type into which the vector is introduced.
  • a high efficiency regulatory region the activity of which can be determined by the cell type into which the vector is introduced.
  • host cell and "recombinant host cell” are used interchangeably herein. It is understood that such terms refer not only to the particular subject cell but also to the progeny or potential progeny of such a cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term as used herein.
  • a host cell can be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.
  • GPCRX protein can be expressed in bacterial cells such as E. coli, insect cells, yeast or mammalian cells (such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or COS cells). Other suitable host cells are known to those skilled in the art.
  • Vector DNA can be introduced into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells via conventional transformation or transfection techniques.
  • transformation and “transfection” are intended to refer to a variety of art-recognized techniques for introducing foreign nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) into a host cell, including calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE-dexfran-mediated transfection, lipofection, or elecfroporation.
  • Suitable methods for transforming or transfecting host cells can be found in Sambrook, et al. (MOLECULAR CLONTNG: A LABORATORY MANUAL. 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 19 ⁇ 9), and other laboratory manuals.
  • a gene that encodes a selectable marker (e.g., resistance to antibiotics) is generally introduced into the host cells along with the gene of interest.
  • selectable markers include those that confer resistance to drugs, such as G418, hygromycin and methotrexate.
  • Nucleic acid encoding a selectable marker can be introduced into a host cell on the same vector as that encoding GPCRX or can be introduced on a separate vector. Cells stably transfected with the introduced nucleic acid can be identified by drug selection (e.g., cells that have inco ⁇ orated the selectable marker gene will survive, while the other cells die).
  • a host cell of the invention such as a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell in culture, can be used to produce (i.e., express) GPCRX protein.
  • the invention further provides methods for producing GPCRX protein using the host cells of the invention.
  • the method comprises culturing the host cell of invention (into which a recombinant expression vector encoding GPCRX protein has been introduced) in a suitable medium such that GPCRX protein is produced.
  • the method further comprises isolating GPCRX protein from the medium or the host cell.
  • the host cells of the invention can also be used to produce non-human transgenic animals.
  • a host cell of the invention is a fertilized oocyte or an embryonic stem cell into which GPCRX protein-coding sequences have been introduced.
  • Such host cells can then be used to create non-human transgenic animals in which exogenous GPCRX sequences have been introduced into their genome or homologous recombinant animals in which endogenous GPCRX sequences have been altered.
  • Such animals are useful for studying the function and/or activity of GPCRX protein and for identifying and/or evaluating modulators of GPCRX protein activity.
  • a "transgenic animal” is a non-human animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a rodent such as a rat or mouse, in which one or more of the cells of the animal includes a transgene.
  • Other examples of transgenic animals include non-human primates, sheep, dogs, cows, goats, chickens, amphibians, etc.
  • a transgene is exogenous DNA that is integrated into the genome of a cell from which a transgenic animal develops and that remains in the genome of the mature animal, thereby directing the expression of an encoded gene product in one or more cell types or tissues of the transgenic animal.
  • a "homologous recombinant animal” is a non-human animal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a mouse, in which an endogenous GPCRX gene has been altered by homologous recombination between the endogenous gene and an exogenous DNA molecule introduced into a cell of the animal, e.g., an embryonic cell of the animal, prior to development of the animal.
  • a transgenic animal of the invention can be created by introducing GPCRX-encoding nucleic acid into the male pronuclei of a fertilized oocyte (e.g., by microinj ection, retroviral infection) and allowing the oocyte to develop in a pseudopregnant female foster animal.
  • the human GPCRX cDNA sequences of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82 can be introduced as a transgene into the genome of a non-human animal.
  • a non-human homologue of the human GPCRX gene such as a mouse GPCRX gene
  • a non-human homologue of the human GPCRX gene can be isolated based on hybridization to the human GPCRX cDNA (described further supra) and used as a transgene.
  • Infronic sequences and polyadenylation signals can also be included in the transgene to increase the efficiency of expression of the transgene.
  • a tissue-specific regulatory sequence(s) can be operably-linked to the GPCRX transgene to direct expression of GPCRX protein to particular cells.
  • transgenic founder animal can be identified based upon the presence of the GPCRX transgene in its genome and/or expression of GPCRX mRNA in tissues or cells of the animals. A transgenic founder animal can then be used to breed additional animals carrying the transgene. Moreover, transgenic animals carrying a fransgene-encoding GPCRX protein can further be bred to other transgenic animals carrying other transgenes.
  • a vector which contains at least a portion of an GPCRX gene into which a deletion, addition or substitution has been introduced to thereby alter, e.g., functionally disrapt, the GPCRX gene.
  • the GPCRX gene can be a human gene (e.g., the cDNA of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82), but more preferably, is a non-human homologue of a human GPCRX gene.
  • a mouse homologue of human GPCRX gene of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82 can be used to construct a homologous recombination vector suitable for altering an endogenous GPCRX gene in the mouse genome.
  • the vector is designed such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous GPCRX gene is functionally disrupted (i.e., no longer encodes a functional protein; also referred to as a "knock out" vector).
  • the vector can be designed such that, upon homologous recombination, the endogenous GPCRX gene is mutated or otherwise altered but still encodes functional protein (e.g., the upstream regulatory region can be altered to thereby alter the expression of the endogenous GPCRX protein).
  • the altered portion of the GPCRX gene is flanked at its 5'- and 3'-termini by additional nucleic acid of the GPCRX gene to allow for homologous recombination to occur between the exogenous GPCRX gene carried by the vector and an endogenous GPCRX gene in an embryonic stem cell.
  • flanking GPCRX nucleic acid is of sufficient length for successful homologous recombination with the endogenous gene.
  • flanking DNA both at the 5'- and 3'-termini
  • the vector is ten introduced into an embryonic stem cell line (e.g., by elecfroporation) and cells in which the introduced GPCRX gene has homologously-recombined with the endogenous GPCRX gene are selected. See, e.g., Li, et al, 1992. Cell 69: 915.
  • the selected cells are then injected into a blastocyst of an animal (e.g., a mouse) to form aggregation chimeras.
  • an animal e.g., a mouse
  • a chimeric embryo can then be implanted into a suitable pseudopregnant female foster animal and the embryo brought to term.
  • Progeny harboring the homologously-recombined DNA in their germ cells can be used to breed animals in which all cells of the animal contain the homologously-recombined DNA by germline transmission of the transgene.
  • transgenic non-humans animals can be produced that contain selected systems that allow for regulated expression of the transgene.
  • a system is the cre/loxP recombinase system of bacteriophage PI.
  • cre/loxP recombinase system See, e.g., Lakso, et al, 1992. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ⁇ 9: 6232-6236.
  • Another example of a recombinase system is the FLP recombinase system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See, O'Gorman, et al, 1991. Science 251:1351-1355. If a cre/loxP recombinase system is used to regulate expression of the transgene, animals containing transgenes encoding both the Cre recombinase and a selected protein are required.
  • Such animals can be provided through the construction of "double" transgenic animals, e.g., by mating two transgenic animals, one containing a transgene encoding a selected protein and the other containing a transgene encoding a recombinase.
  • Clones of the non-human transgenic animals described herein can also be produced according to the methods described in Wihnut, et al, 1997. Nature 3 ⁇ 5: 810-813.
  • a cell e.g., a somatic cell
  • the quiescent cell can then be fused, e.g., through the use of electrical pulses, to an enucleated oocyte from an animal of the same species from which the quiescent cell is isolated.
  • the reconstructed oocyte is then cultured such that it develops to morala or blastocyte and then transferred to pseudopregnant female foster animal.
  • the offspring borne of this female foster animal will be a clone of the animal from which the cell (e.g., the somatic cell) is isolated.
  • compositions suitable for administration can be inco ⁇ orated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration.
  • compositions typically comprise the nucleic acid molecule, protein, or antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is intended to include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and abso ⁇ tion delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration.
  • Suitable carriers are described in the most recent edition of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, a standard reference text in the field, which is inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
  • Preferred examples of such carriers or diluents include, but are not limited to, water, saline, finger's solutions, dextrose solution, and 5% human serum albumin. Liposomes and non-aqueous vehicles such as fixed oils may also be used.
  • the use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible with the active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated. Supplementary active compounds can also be inco ⁇ orated into the compositions.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration.
  • routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), fransdermal (i.e., topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration.
  • parenteral e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), fransdermal (i.e., topical), transmucosal, and rectal administration.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dexfrose.
  • the pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.
  • the parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
  • compositions suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion.
  • suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL " (BASF, Parsippany, NJ.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringeability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition.
  • Prolonged abso ⁇ tion of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays abso ⁇ tion, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by inco ⁇ orating the active compound (e.g., an GPCRX protein or anti-GPCRX antibody) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • the active compound e.g., an GPCRX protein or anti-GPCRX antibody
  • dispersions are prepared by inco ⁇ orating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the pu ⁇ ose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be inco ⁇ orated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, froches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes
  • a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • the compounds are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • a suitable propellant e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.
  • Systemic adminisfration can also be by transmucosal or fransdermal means.
  • peneflops appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.
  • Such peneflops are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal adminisfration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives.
  • Transmucosal adminisfration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories.
  • the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
  • the compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.
  • the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Co ⁇ oration and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
  • Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,522,811.
  • Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the specification for the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directly dependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and the particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and the limitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compound for the treatment of individuals .
  • the nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be inserted into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors.
  • Gene therapy vectors can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, local adminisfration (.see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,328,470) or by stereotactic injection (see, e.g., Chen, et al, 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 3054-3057).
  • the pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy vector can include the gene therapy vector in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells that produce the gene delivery system.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration. Screening and Detection Methods
  • the isolated nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be used to express GPCRX protein (e.g., via a recombinant expression vector in a host cell in gene therapy applications), to detect GPCRX mRNA (e.g., in a biological sample) or a genetic lesion in an GPCRX gene, and to modulate GPCRX activity, as described further, below.
  • the GPCRX proteins can be used to screen drags or compounds that modulate the GPCRX protein activity or expression as well as to treat disorders characterized by insufficient or excessive production of GPCRX protein or production of GPCRX protein forms that have decreased or aberrant activity compared to GPCRX wild-type protein (e.g.; diabetes (regulates insulin release); obesity (binds and transport lipids); metabolic disturbances associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome X as well as anorexia and wasting disorders associated with chronic diseases and various cancers, and infectious disease(possesses anti-microbial activity) and the various dyshpidemias.
  • the anti-GPCRX antibodies of the invention can be used to detect and isolate GPCRX proteins and modulate GPCRX activity.
  • the invention can be used in methods to influence appetite, abso ⁇ tion of nutrients and the disposition of metabolic substrates in both a positive and negative fashion.
  • the invention further pertains to novel agents identified by the screening assays described herein and uses thereof for treatments as described, supra.
  • the invention provides a method (also referred to herein as a "screening assay") for identifying modulators, i.e., candidate or test compounds or agents (e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small molecules or other drags) that bind to GPCRX proteins or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on, e.g., GPCRX protein expression or GPCRX protein activity.
  • modulators i.e., candidate or test compounds or agents (e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small molecules or other drags) that bind to GPCRX proteins or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on, e.g., GPCRX protein expression or GPCRX protein activity.
  • modulators i.e., candidate or test compounds or agents (e.g., peptides, peptidomimetics, small molecules or other drags) that bind to GPCRX proteins or have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on, e.g., GPCRX protein expression
  • the invention provides assays for screening candidate or test compounds which bind to or modulate the activity of the membrane-bound form of an GPCRX protein or polypeptide or biologically-active portion thereof.
  • the test compounds of the invention can be obtained using any of the numerous approaches in combinatorial library methods known in the art, including: biological libraries; spatially addressable parallel solid phase or solution phase libraries; synthetic library methods requiring deconvolution; the "one-bead one-compound” library method; and synthetic library methods using affinity chromatography selection.
  • the biological library approach is limited to peptide libraries, while the other four approaches are applicable to peptide, non-peptide oligomer or small molecule libraries of compounds. See, e.g., Lam, 1991. Anticancer Drug Design 12: 145.
  • a "small molecule” as used herein, is meant to refer to a composition that has a molecular weight of less than about 5 kD and most preferably less than about 4 kD.
  • Small molecules can be, e.g., nucleic acids, peptides, polypeptides, peptidomimetics, carbohydrates, lipids or other organic or inorganic molecules.
  • Libraries of chemical and/or biological mixtures, such as fungal, bacterial, or algal extracts, are known in the art and can be screened with any of the assays of the invention.
  • Biotechniques 13: 412-421 or on beads (Lam, 1991. Nature 354: 82-84), on chips (Fodor, 1993. Nature 364: 555-556), bacteria (Ladner, U.S. Patent No. 5,223,409), spores (Ladner, U.S. Patent 5,233,409), plasmids (Cull, et al, 1992. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 1865-1869) or on phage (Scott and Smith, 1990. Science 249: 386-390; Devlin, 1990. Science 249: 404-406; Cwirla, et al, 1990. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87: 6378-63 ⁇ 2; Felici, 1991. J. Mol. Biol 222: 301-310; Ladner, U.S. Patent No. 5,233,409.).
  • an assay is a cell-based assay in which a cell which expresses a membrane-bound form of GPCRX protein, or a biologically-active portion thereof, on the cell surface is contacted with a test compound and the ability of the test compound to bind to an GPCRX protein determined.
  • the cell for example, can of mammalian origin or a yeast cell. Determining the ability of the test compound to bind to the GPCRX protein can be accomplished, for example, by coupling the test compound with a radioisotope or enzymatic label such that binding of the test compound to the GPCRX protein or biologically-active portion thereof can be determined by detecting the labeled compound in a complex.
  • test compounds can be labeled with 125 1, 35 S, 14 C, or 3 H, either directly or indirectly, and the radioisotope detected by direct counting of radioemission or by scintillation counting.
  • test compounds can be enzymatically-labeled with, for example, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase, and the enzymatic label detected by determination of conversion of an appropriate substrate to product.
  • the assay comprises contacting a cell which expresses a membrane-bound form of GPCRX protein, or a biologically-active portion thereof, on the cell surface with a known compound which binds GPCRX to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability of the test compound to interact with an GPCRX protein, wherein determining the ability of the test compound to interact with an GPCRX protein comprises determining the ability of the test compound to preferentially bind to GPCRX protein or a biologically-active portion thereof as compared to the known compound.
  • an assay is a cell-based assay comprising contacting a cell expressing a membrane-bound form of GPCRX protein, or a biologically-active portion thereof, on the cell surface with a test compound and determining the ability of the test compound to modulate (e.g., stimulate or inhibit) the activity of the GPCRX protein or biologically-active portion thereof. Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate the activity of GPCRX or a biologically-active portion thereof can be accomplished, for example, by determining the ability of the GPCRX protein to bind to or interact with an GPCRX target molecule.
  • a "target molecule” is a molecule with which an GPCRX protein binds or interacts in nature, for example, a molecule on the surface of a cell which expresses an GPCRX interacting protein, a molecule on the surface of a second cell, a molecule in the extracellular milieu, a molecule associated with the internal surface of a cell membrane or a cytoplasmic molecule.
  • An GPCRX target molecule can be a non-GPCRX molecule or an GPCRX protein or polypeptide of the invention.
  • an GPCRX target molecule is a component of a signal transduction pathway that facilitates transduction of an extracellular signal (e.g.
  • the target for example, can be a second intercellular protein that has catalytic activity or a protein that facilitates the association of downsfream signaling molecules with GPCRX.
  • Determining the ability of the GPCRX protein to bind to or interact with an GPCRX target molecule can be accomplished by one of the methods described above for determining direct binding. In one embodiment, determining the ability of the GPCRX protein to bind to or interact with an GPCRX target molecule can be accomplished by determining the activity of the target molecule. For example, the activity of the target molecule can be determined by detecting induction of a cellular second messenger of the target (i.e.
  • a reporter gene comprising an GPCRX-responsive regulatory element operatively linked to a nucleic acid encoding a detectable marker, e.g., luciferase
  • a cellular response for example, cell survival, cellular differentiation, or cell proliferation.
  • an assay of the invention is a cell-free assay comprising contacting an GPCRX protein or biologically-active portion thereof with a test compound and determining the ability of the test compound to bind to the GPCRX protein or biologically- active portion thereof. Binding of the test compound to the GPCRX protein can be determined either directly or indirectly as described above.
  • the assay comprises contacting the GPCRX protein or biologically-active portion thereof with a known compound which binds GPCRX to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability of the test compound to interact with an GPCRX protein, wherein determimng the ability of the test compound to interact with an GPCRX protein comprises determining the ability of the test compound to preferentially bind to GPCRX or biologically-active portion thereof as compared to the known compound.
  • an assay is a cell-free assay comprising contacting GPCRX protein or biologically-active portion thereof with a test compound and determining the ability of the test compound to modulate (e.g.
  • Determining the ability of the test compound to modulate the activity of GPCRX can be accomplished, for example, by determining the ability of the GPCRX protein to bind to an GPCRX target molecule by one of the methods described above for determining direct binding.
  • determimng the ability of the test compound to modulate the activity of GPCRX protein can be accomplished by determining the ability of the GPCRX protein further modulate an GPCRX target molecule.
  • the catalytic/enzymatic activity of the target molecule on an appropriate substrate can be determined as described, supra.
  • the cell-free assay comprises contacting the GPCRX protein or biologically-active portion thereof with a known compound which binds GPCRX protein to form an assay mixture, contacting the assay mixture with a test compound, and determining the ability of the test compound to interact with an GPCRX protein, wherein determining the ability of the test compound to interact with an GPCRX protein comprises determining the ability of the GPCRX protein to preferentially bind to or modulate the activity of an GPCRX target molecule.
  • the cell-free assays of the invention are amenable to use of both the soluble form or the membrane-bound form of GPCRX protein.
  • solubilizing agents include non-ionic detergents such as n-octylglucoside, n-dodecylglucoside, n-dodecyhnaltoside, octanoyl-N-methylglucamide, decanoyl-N-methylglucamide, Triton ® X-100, Triton ® X-114, Thesit ® , Isotridecypoly(ethylene glycol ether) n , N-dodecyl ⁇ N,N-dimethyl-3-ammomo-l-propane sulfonate, 3-(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylamminiol-1 -propane sulfonate (CHAPS), or 3 -(3 -cholamidopropyl)dimethylamminiol-2-hydroxy- 1 -propane sulfonate (CHAPS O) .
  • non-ionic detergents such
  • binding of a test compound to GPCRX protein, or interaction of GPCRX protein with a target molecule in the presence and absence of a candidate compound can be accomplished in any vessel suitable for containing the reactants. Examples of such vessels include microtiter plates, test tubes, and micro-centrifuge tubes.
  • a fusion protein can be provided that adds a domain that allows one or both of the proteins to be bound to a matrix.
  • GST-GPCRX fusion proteins or GST-target fusion proteins can be adsorbed onto glutathione sepharose beads (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) or glutathione derivatized microtiter plates, that are then combined with the test compound or the test compound and either the non-adsorbed target protein or GPCRX protein, and the mixture is incubated under conditions conducive to complex formation (e.g., at physiological conditions for salt and pH). Following incubation, the beads or microtiter plate wells are washed to remove any unbound components, the matrix immobilized in the case of beads, complex determined either directly or indirectly, for example, as described, supra. Alternatively, the complexes can be dissociated from the matrix, and the level of GPCRX protein binding or activity determined using standard techniques.
  • GPCRX protein or its target molecule can be immobilized utilizing conjugation of biotin and streptavidin.
  • Biotinylated GPCRX protein or target molecules can be prepared from biotin-NHS (N-hydroxy-succinimide) using techniques well-known within the art (e.g. , biotinylation kit, Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, 111.), and immobilized in the wells of streptavidin-coated 96 well plates (Pierce Chemical).
  • antibodies reactive with GPCRX protein or target molecules can be derivatized to the wells of the plate, and unbound target or GPCRX protein trapped in the wells by antibody conjugation.
  • Methods for detecting such complexes include immunodetection of complexes using antibodies reactive with the GPCRX protein or target molecule, as well as enzyme-linked assays that rely on detecting an enzymatic activity associated with the GPCRX protein or target molecule.
  • modulators of GPCRX protein expression are identified in a method wherein a cell is contacted with a candidate compound and the expression of GPCRX mRNA or protein in the cell is determined. The level of expression of GPCRX mRNA or protein in the presence of the candidate compound is compared to the level of expression of GPCRX mRNA or protein in the absence of the candidate compound. The candidate compound can then be identified as a modulator of GPCRX mRNA or protein expression based upon this comparison. For example, when expression of GPCRX mRNA or protein is greater (i.e., statistically significantly greater) in the presence of the candidate compound than in its absence, the candidate compound is identified as a stimulator of GPCRX mRNA or protein expression. Alternatively, when expression of GPCRX mRNA or protein is less
  • the candidate compound is identified as an inhibitor of GPCRX mRNA or protein expression.
  • the level of GPCRX mRNA or protein expression in the cells can be determined by methods described herein for detecting GPCRX mRNA or protein.
  • the GPCRX proteins can be used as "bait proteins" in a two-hybrid assay or three hybrid assay ( ee, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,283,317; Zervos, et al, 1993. Cell 72: 223-232; Madura, et al, 1993. J. Biol Chem. 268: 12046-12054; Barrel, et al, 1993.
  • GPCRX-binding proteins proteins that bind to or interact with GPCRX
  • GPCRX-binding proteins proteins that bind to or interact with GPCRX
  • GPCRX-binding proteins proteins that bind to or interact with GPCRX
  • GPCRX-binding proteins are also likely to be involved in the propagation of signals by the GPCRX proteins as, for example, upstream or downstream elements of the GPCRX pathway.
  • the two-hybrid system is based on the modular nature of most transcription factors, which consist of separable DNA-binding and activation domains.
  • the assay utilizes two different DNA constracts.
  • the gene that codes for GPCRX is fused to a gene encoding the DNA binding domain of a known transcription factor (e.g., GAL-4).
  • a DNA sequence, from a library of DNA sequences, that encodes an unidentified protein (“prey" or "sample”) is fused to a gene that codes for the activation domain of the known transcription factor.
  • the DNA-binding and activation domains of the transcription factor are brought into close proximity. This proximity allows franscription of a reporter gene (e.g., LacZ) that is operably linked to a transcriptional regulatory site responsive to the transcription factor. Expression of the reporter gene can be detected and cell colonies containing the functional franscription factor can be isolated and used to obtain the cloned gene that encodes the protein which interacts with GPCRX.
  • a reporter gene e.g., LacZ
  • the invention further pertains to novel agents identified by the aforementioned screening assays and uses thereof for treatments as described herein.
  • Detection Assays Portions or fragments of the cDNA sequences identified herein (and the corresponding complete gene sequences) can be used in numerous ways as polynucleotide reagents. By way of example, and not of limitation, these sequences can be used to: (i) map their respective genes on a chromosome; and, thus, locate gene regions associated with genetic disease; (ii) identify an individual from a minute biological sample (tissue typing); and (iii) aid in forensic identification of a biological sample. Some of these applications are described in the subsections, below.
  • this sequence can be used to map the location of the gene on a chromosome.
  • This process is called chromosome mapping.
  • portions or fragments of the GPCRX sequences SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and 82, or fragments or derivatives thereof, can be used to map the location of the GPCRX genes, respectively, on a chromosome.
  • the mapping of the GPCRX sequences to chromosomes is an important first step in correlating these sequences with genes associated with disease.
  • GPCRX genes can be mapped to chromosomes by preparing PCR primers (preferably 15-25 bp in length) from the GPCRX sequences. Computer analysis of the GPCRX, sequences can be used to rapidly select primers that do not span more than one exon in the genomic DNA, thus complicating the amplification process. These primers can then be used for PCR screening of somatic cell hybrids containing individual human chromosomes. Only those hybrids containing the human gene corresponding to the GPCRX sequences will yield an amplified fragment. Somatic cell hybrids are prepared by fusing somatic cells from different mammals (e.g., human and mouse cells).
  • each cell line in a panel contains either a single human chromosome or a small number of human chromosomes, and a full set of mouse chromosomes, allowing easy mapping of individual genes to specific human chromosomes. See, e.g., D'Eustachio, et al, 1983. Science 220: 919-924. Somatic cell hybrids containing only fragments of human chromosomes can also be produced by using human chromosomes with franslocations and deletions.
  • PCR mapping of somatic cell hybrids is a rapid procedure for assigning a particular sequence to a particular chromosome. Three or more sequences can be assigned per day using a single thermal cycler. Using the GPCRX sequences to design oligonucleotide primers, sub- localization can be achieved with panels of fragments from specific chromosomes.
  • Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of a DNA sequence to a metaphase chromosomal spread can further be used to provide a precise chromosomal location in one step.
  • Chromosome spreads can be made using cells whose division has been blocked in metaphase by a chemical like colcemid that disrupts the mitotic spindle.
  • the chromosomes can be treated briefly with trypsin, and then stained with Giemsa. A pattern of light and dark bands develops on each chromosome, so that the chromosomes can be identified individually.
  • the FISH technique can be used with a DNA sequence as short as 500 or 600 bases.
  • clones larger than 1,000 bases have a higher likelihood of binding to a unique chromosomal location with sufficient signal intensity for simple detection.
  • 1,000 bases, and more preferably 2,000 bases will suffice to get good results at a reasonable amount of time.
  • Reagents for chromosome mapping can be used individually to mark a single chromosome or a single site on that chromosome, or panels of reagents can be used for marking multiple sites and/or multiple chromosomes. Reagents corresponding to noncoding regions of the genes actually are preferred for mapping pu ⁇ oses. Coding sequences are more likely to be conserved within gene families, thus increasing the chance of cross hybridizations during chromosomal mapping. Once a sequence has been mapped to a precise chromosomal location, the physical position of the sequence on the chromosome can be correlated with genetic map data.
  • differences in the DNA sequences between individuals affected and unaffected with a disease associated with the GPCRX gene can be determined. If a mutation is observed in some or all of the affected individuals but not in any unaffected individuals, then the mutation is likely to be the causative agent of the particular disease. Comparison of affected and unaffected individuals generally involves first looking for structural alterations in the chromosomes, such as deletions or translocations that are visible from chromosome spreads or detectable using PCR based on that DNA sequence. Ultimately, complete sequencing of genes from several individuals can be performed to confirm the presence of a mutation and to distinguish mutations from polymo ⁇ hisms.
  • the GPCRX sequences of the invention can also be used to identify individuals from minute biological samples.
  • an individual's genomic DNA is digested with one or more restriction enzymes, and probed on a Southern blot to yield unique bands for identification.
  • the sequences of the invention are useful as additional DNA markers for RFLP ("restriction fragment length polymo ⁇ hisms," described in U.S. Patent No. 5,272,057).
  • the sequences of the invention can be used to provide an alternative technique that determines the actual base-by-base DNA sequence of selected portions of an individual's genome.
  • the GPCRX sequences described herein can be used to prepare two PCR primers from the 5'- and 3'-termini of the sequences. These primers can then be used to amplify an individual's DNA and subsequently sequence it.
  • Panels of corresponding DNA sequences from individuals, prepared in this manner, can provide unique individual identifications, as each individual will have a unique set of such DNA sequences due to allelic differences.
  • the sequences of the invention can be used to obtain such identification sequences from individuals and from tissue.
  • the GPCRX sequences of the invention uniquely represent portions of the human genome. Allelic variation occurs to some degree in the coding regions of these sequences, and to a greater degree in the noncoding regions. It is estimated that allelic variation between individual humans occurs with a frequency of about once per each 500 bases. Much of the allelic variation is due to single nucleotide polymo ⁇ hisms (SNPs), which include restriction fragment length polymo ⁇ hisms (RFLPs).
  • SNPs single nucleotide polymo ⁇ hisms
  • RFLPs restriction fragment length polymo ⁇ hisms
  • each of the sequences described herein can, to some degree, be used as a standard against which DNA from an individual can be compared for identification pu ⁇ oses. Because greater numbers of polymo ⁇ hisms occur in the noncoding regions, fewer sequences are necessary to differentiate individuals.
  • the noncoding sequences can comfortably provide positive individual identification with a panel of perhaps 10 to 1,000 primers that each yield a noncoding amplified sequence of 100 bases. If predicted coding sequences, such as those in SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 80, and ⁇ 2 are used, a more appropriate number of primers for positive individual identification would be 500-2,000.
  • the invention also pertains to the field of predictive medicine in which diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, pharmacogenomics, and monitoring clinical trials are used for prognostic (predictive) pu ⁇ oses to thereby treat an individual prophylactically.
  • diagnostic assays for determining GPCRX protein and/or nucleic acid expression as well as GPCRX activity, in the context of a biological sample (e.g. , blood, serum, cells, tissue) to thereby determine whether an individual is afflicted with a disease or disorder, or is at risk of developing a disorder, associated with aberrant GPCRX expression or activity.
  • the disorders include metabolic disorders, diabetes, obesity, infectious disease, anorexia, cancer-associated cachexia, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disorder, immune disorders, and hematopoietic disorders, and the various dyshpidemias, metabolic disturbances associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome X and wasting disorders associated with chronic diseases and various cancers.
  • the invention also provides for prognostic (or predictive) assays for determining whether an individual is at risk of developing a disorder associated with GPCRX protein, nucleic acid expression or activity. For example, mutations in an GPCRX gene can be assayed in a biological sample.
  • Such assays can be used for prognostic or predictive p pose to thereby prophylactically treat an individual prior to the onset of a disorder characterized by or associated with GPCRX protein, nucleic acid expression, or biological activity.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides methods for determining GPCRX protein, nucleic acid expression or activity in an individual to thereby select appropriate therapeutic or prophylactic agents for that individual (referred to herein as "pharmacogenomics").
  • Pharmacogenomics allows for the selection of agents (e.g., drugs) for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of an individual based on the genotype of the individual (e.g. , the genotype of the individual examined to determine the ability of the individual to respond to a particular agent.)
  • Yet another aspect of the invention pertains to monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drags, compounds) on the expression or activity of GPCRX in clinical trials.
  • agents e.g., drags, compounds
  • An exemplary method for detecting the presence or absence of GPCRX in a biological sample involves obtaining a biological sample from a test subject and contacting the biological sample with a compound or an agent capable of detecting GPCRX protein or nucleic acid
  • GPCRX mRNA or genomic DNA that encodes GPCRX protein such that the presence of GPCRX is detected in the biological sample.
  • An agent for detecting GPCRX mRNA or genomic DNA is a labeled nucleic acid probe capable of hybridizing to GPCRX mRNA or genomic DNA.
  • the nucleic acid probe can be, for example, a full-length GPCRX nucleic acid, such as the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NOS:l, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, ⁇ O, and 82, or a portion thereof, such as an oligonucleotide of at least 15, 30, 50, 100, 250 or 500 nucleotides in length and sufficient to specifically hybridize under stringent conditions to GPCRX mRNA or genomic DNA.
  • An agent for detecting GPCRX protein is an antibody capable of binding to GPCRX protein, preferably an antibody with a detectable label.
  • Antibodies can be polyclonal, or more preferably, monoclonal. An intact antibody, or a fragment thereof (e.g., Fab or F(ab') 2 ) can be used.
  • the term "labeled", with regard to the probe or antibody, is intended to encompass direct labeling of the probe or antibody by coupling (i.e., physically linking) a detectable substance to the probe or antibody, as well as indirect labeling of the probe or antibody by reactivity with another reagent that is directly labeled. Examples of indirect labeling include detection of a primary antibody using a fluorescently-labeled secondary antibody and end-labeling of a DNA probe with biotin such that it can be detected with fluorescently- labeled streptavidin.
  • biological sample is intended to include tissues, cells and biological fluids isolated from a subject, as well as tissues, cells and fluids present within a subject. That is, the detection method of the invention can be used to detect GPCRX mRNA, protein, or genomic DNA in a biological sample in vitro as well as in vivo.
  • in vitro techniques for detection of GPCRX mRNA include Northern hybridizations and in situ hybridizations.
  • in vitro techniques for detection of GPCRX protein include enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), Western blots, immunoprecipitations, and immunofluorescence.
  • In vitro techniques for detection of GPCRX genomic DNA include Southern hybridizations.
  • in vivo techmques for detection of GPCRX protein include introducing into a subject a labeled anti-GPCRX antibody.
  • the antibody can be labeled with a radioactive marker whose presence and location in a subject can be detected by standard imaging techniques.
  • the biological sample contains protein molecules from the test subject.
  • the biological sample can contain mRNA molecules from the test subject or genomic DNA molecules from the test subject.
  • a preferred biological sample is a peripheral blood leukocyte sample isolated by conventional means from a subject.
  • the methods further involve obtaining a control biological sample from a control subject, contacting the control sample with a compound or agent capable of detecting GPCRX protein, mRNA, or genomic DNA, such that the presence of GPCRX protein, mRNA or genomic DNA is detected in the biological sample, and comparing the presence of GPCRX protein, mRNA or genomic DNA in the confrol sample with the presence of GPCRX protein, mRNA or genomic DNA in the test sample.
  • kits for detecting the presence of GPCRX in a biological sample can comprise: a labeled compound or agent capable of detecting GPCRX protein or mRNA in a biological sample; means for determining the amount of GPCRX in the sample; and means for comparing the amount of GPCRX in the sample with a standard.
  • the compound or agent can be packaged in a suitable container.
  • the kit can further comprise instructions for using the kit to detect GPCRX protein or nucleic acid.
  • the diagnostic methods described herein can furthermore be utilized to identify subjects having or at risk of developing a disease or disorder associated with aberrant GPCRX expression or activity.
  • the assays described herein such as the preceding diagnostic assays or the following assays, can be utilized to identify a subject having or at risk of developing a disorder associated with GPCRX protein, nucleic acid expression or activity.
  • the prognostic assays can be utilized to identify a subject having or at risk for developing a disease or disorder.
  • the invention provides a method for identifying a disease or disorder associated with aberrant GPCRX expression or activity in which a test sample is obtained from a subject and GPCRX protein or nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA, genomic DNA) is detected, wherein the presence of GPCRX protein or nucleic acid is diagnostic for a subject having or at risk of developing a disease or disorder associated with aberrant GPCRX expression or activity.
  • a test sample refers to a biological sample obtained from a subject of interest.
  • a test sample can be a biological fluid (e.g., serum), cell sample, or tissue.
  • the prognostic assays described herein can be used to determine whether a subject can be administered an agent (e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide, nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate) to treat a disease or disorder associated with aberrant GPCRX expression or activity.
  • an agent e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide, nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate
  • agents e.g., an agonist, antagonist, peptidomimetic, protein, peptide, nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drug candidate
  • the invention provides methods for determining whether a subject can be effectively treated with an agent for a disorder associated with aberrant GPCRX expression or activity in which a test sample is obtained and GPCRX protein or nucleic acid is detected (e.g., wherein the presence of GPCRX protein or nucleic acid is diagnostic for a subject that can be administered the agent to treat a disorder associated with aberrant GPCRX expression or activity).
  • the methods of the invention can also be used to detect genetic lesions in an GPCRX gene, thereby determining if a subject with the lesioned gene is at risk for a disorder characterized by aberrant cell proliferation and/or differentiation.
  • the methods include detecting, in a sample of cells from the subject, the presence or absence of a genetic lesion characterized by at least one of an alteration affecting the integrity of a gene encoding an GPCRX-protein, or the misexpression of the GPCRX gene.
  • such genetic lesions can be detected by ascertaining the existence of at least one of: (i) a deletion of one or more nucleotides from an GPCRX gene; (ii) an addition of one or more nucleotides to an GPCRX gene; (Hi) a substitution of one or more nucleotides of an GPCRX gene, (iv) a chromosomal rearrangement of an GPCRX gene; (v) an alteration in the level of a messenger RNA transcript of an GPCRX gene, (vi) aberrant modification of an GPCRX gene, such as of the methylation pattern of the genomic DNA, (VK) the presence of a non- wild-type splicing pattern of a messenger RNA transcript of an GPCRX gene, (viii) a non-wild-type level of an GPCRX protein, (ix) allelic loss of an GPCRX gene, and (x) inappropriate post-franslational modification of an GPCRX protein.
  • a preferred biological sample is a peripheral blood leukocyte sample isolated by conventional means from a subject.
  • any biological sample containing nucleated cells may be used, including, for example, buccal mucosal cells.
  • detection of the lesion involves the use of a probe/primer in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (see, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 4,683,195 and 4,683,202), such as anchor PCR or RACE PCR, or, alternatively, in a ligation chain reaction (LCR) (see, e.g., Landegran, et al, 1988. Science 241 : 1077-1080; and Nakazawa, et al, 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 : 360-364), the latter of which can be particularly useful for detecting point mutations in the GPCRX-gene (see, Abravaya, et al, 1995. Nucl.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • LCR ligation chain reaction
  • This method can include the steps of collecting a sample of cells from a patient, isolating nucleic acid (e.g., genomic, mRNA or both) from the cells of the sample, contacting the nucleic acid sample with one or more primers that specifically hybridize to an GPCRX gene under conditions such that hybridization and amplification of the GPCRX gene (if present) occurs, and detecting the presence or absence of an amplification product, or detecting the size of the amplification product and comparing the length to a control sample.
  • nucleic acid e.g., genomic, mRNA or both
  • primers that specifically hybridize to an GPCRX gene under conditions such that hybridization and amplification of the GPCRX gene (if present) occurs
  • detecting the presence or absence of an amplification product or detecting the size of the amplification product and comparing the length to a control sample.
  • PCR and/or LCR may be desirable to use as a preliminary amplification step in conjunction with any of the techniques used for detecting mutations
  • mutations in an GPCRX gene from a sample cell can be identified by alterations in restriction enzyme cleavage patterns.
  • sample and confrol DNA is isolated, amplified (optionally), digested with one or more restriction endonucleases, and fragment length sizes are determined by gel electrophoresis and compared. Differences in fragment length sizes between sample and control DNA indicates mutations in the sample DNA.
  • sequence specific ribozymes see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,493,531 can be used to score for the presence of specific mutations by development or loss of a ribozyme cleavage site.
  • genetic mutations in GPCRX can be identified by hybridizing a sample and control nucleic acids, e.g., DNA or RNA, to high-density arrays containing hundreds or thousands of oligonucleotides probes. See, e.g., Cronin, et al, 1996. Human Mutation 1: 244-255; Kozal, et al, 1996. Nat. Med. 2: 753-759.
  • genetic mutations in GPCRX can be identified in two dimensional arrays containing light-generated DNA probes as described in Cronin, et al, supra.
  • a first hybridization array of probes can be used to scan through long stretches of DNA in a sample and confrol to identify base changes between the sequences by making linear arrays of sequential overlapping probes. This step allows the identification of point mutations. This is followed by a second hybridization array that allows the characterization of specific mutations by using smaller, specialized probe arrays complementary to all variants or mutations detected.
  • Each mutation array is composed of parallel probe sets, one complementary to the wild-type gene and the other complementary to the mutant gene.
  • any of a variety of sequencing reactions known in the art can be used to directly sequence the GPCRX gene and detect mutations by comparing the sequence of the sample GPCRX with the corresponding wild-type (confrol) sequence.
  • sequencing reactions include those based on techniques developed by Maxim and Gilbert, 1977. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 560 or Sanger, 1977. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5463. It is also contemplated that any of a variety of automated sequencing procedures can be utilized when performing the diagnostic assays (see, e.g., Naeve, et al, 1995.
  • Biotechniques 19: 448 including sequencing by mass specfromefry (see, e.g., PCT International Publication No. WO 94/16101; Cohen, et al, 1996. Adv. Chromatography 36: 127-162; and Griffin, et al, 1993. Appl Biochem. Biotechnol. 38: 147-159).
  • RNA/RNA RNA/RNA
  • Other methods for detecting mutations in the GPCRX gene include methods in which protection from cleavage agents is used to detect mismatched bases in RNA/RNA or
  • RNA/DNA heteroduplexes See, e.g., Myers, et al, 1985. Science 230: 1242.
  • the art technique of "mismatch cleavage" starts by providing heteroduplexes of formed by hybridizing (labeled) RNA or DNA containing the wild-type GPCRX sequence with potentially mutant RNA or DNA obtained from a tissue sample.
  • the double-stranded duplexes are treated with an agent that cleaves single-stranded regions of the duplex such as which will exist due to basepair mismatches between the control and sample strands.
  • RNA/DNA duplexes can be freated with RNase and DNA/DNA hybrids treated with Si nuclease to enzymatically digesting the mismatched regions.
  • either DNA/DNA or RNA DNA duplexes can be treated with hydroxylamine or osmium tefroxide and with piperidine in order to digest mismatched regions. After digestion of the mismatched regions, the resulting material is then separated by size on denaturing polyacrylamide gels to determine the site of mutation. See, e.g., Cotton, et al, 1988. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 4397; Saleeba, et al, 1992. Methods Enzymol. 217: 2 ⁇ 6-295.
  • the confrol DNA or RNA can be labeled for detection.
  • the mismatch cleavage reaction employs one or more proteins that recognize mismatched base pairs in double-stranded DNA (so called "DNA mismatch repair" enzymes) in defined systems for detecting and mapping point mutations in GPCRX cDNAs obtained from samples of cells.
  • DNA mismatch repair enzymes
  • the mutY enzyme of E. coli cleaves A at G/A mismatches and the thymidine DNA glycosylase from HeLa cells cleaves T at G/T mismatches. See, e.g., Hsu, et al, 1994. Carcinogenesis 15: 1657-1662.
  • a probe based on an GPCRX sequence e.g., a wild-type GPCRX sequence
  • a cDNA or other DNA product from a test cell(s).
  • the duplex is treated with a DNA mismatch repair enzyme, and the cleavage products, if any, can be detected from electrophoresis protocols or the like. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,459,039.
  • alterations in elecfrophoretic mobility will be used to identify mutations in GPCRX genes.
  • single strand conformation polymo ⁇ hism SSCP
  • Single strand conformation polymo ⁇ hism may be used to detect differences in elecfrophoretic mobility between mutant and wild type nucleic acids. See, e.g., Orita, et al, 19 ⁇ 9. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA: ⁇ 6: 2766; Cotton, 1993. Mutat. Res. 285: 125-144; Hayashi, 1992. Genet. Anal. Tech. Appl. 9: 73-79. Single-stranded DNA fragments of sample and confrol GPCRX nucleic acids will be denatured and allowed to renature.
  • the secondary structure of single-stranded nucleic acids varies according to sequence, the resulting alteration in elecfrophoretic mobility enables the detection of even a single base change.
  • the DNA fragments may be labeled or detected with labeled probes.
  • the sensitivity of the assay may be enhanced by using RNA (rather than DNA), in which the secondary structure is more sensitive to a change in sequence.
  • the subject method utilizes heteroduplex analysis to separate double stranded heteroduplex molecules on the basis of changes in elecfrophoretic mobility. See, e.g., Keen, et al, 1991. Trends Genet. 1: 5.
  • the movement of mutant or wild-type fragments in polyacrylamide gels containing a gradient of denaturant is assayed using denaturing gradient gel elecfrophoresis (DGGE).
  • DGGE denaturing gradient gel elecfrophoresis
  • DNA will be modified to insure that it does not completely denature, for example by adding a GC clamp of approximately 40 bp of high-melting GC-rich DNA by PCR.
  • a temperature gradient is used in place of a denaturing gradient to identify differences in the mobility of control and sample DNA. See, e.g., Rosenbaum and Reissner, 1987 '. Biophys. Chem. 265: 12753.
  • oligonucleotide primers may be prepared in which the known mutation is placed centrally and then hybridized to target DNA under conditions that permit hybridization only if a perfect match is found. See, e.g., Saiki, et al, 1986. Nature 324: 163; Saiki, et al, 1989. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 6230.
  • Such allele specific oligonucleotides are hybridized to PCR amplified target DNA or a number of different mutations when the oligonucleotides are attached to the hybridizing membrane and hybridized with labeled target DNA.
  • Oligonucleotides used as primers for specific amplification may carry the mutation of interest in the center of the molecule (so that amplification depends on differential hybridization; see, e.g., Gibbs, et al, 1989. Nucl. Acids Res. 17: 2437-2448) or at the extreme 3'-terminus of one primer where, under appropriate conditions, mismatch can prevent, or reduce polymerase extension (see, e.g., Prossner, 1993. Tibtech. 11: 238).
  • amplification may also be performed using Taq ligase for amplification. See, e.g., Barany, 1991. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 8 ⁇ : l ⁇ 9. In such cases, ligation will occur only if there is a perfect match at the 3 '-terminus of the 5' sequence, making it possible to detect the presence of a known mutation at a specific site by looking for the presence or absence of amplification.
  • the methods described herein may be performed, for example, by utilizing pre-packaged diagnostic kits comprising at least one probe nucleic acid or antibody reagent described herein, which may be conveniently used, e.g., in clinical settings to diagnose patients exhibiting symptoms or family history of a disease or illness involving an GPCRX gene.
  • any cell type or tissue preferably peripheral blood leukocytes, in which GPCRX is expressed may be utilized in the prognostic assays described herein.
  • any biological sample containing nucleated cells may be used, including, for example, buccal mucosal cells.
  • Agents, or modulators that have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on GPCRX activity can be administered to individuals to treat (prophylactically or therapeutically) disorders
  • disorders include metabolic disorders, diabetes, obesity, infectious disease, anorexia, cancer- associated cachexia, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disorder, immune disorders, and hematopoietic disorders, and the various dyshpidemias, metabolic disturbances associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome X and wasting disorders associated with chronic diseases and various cancers.
  • the pharmacogenomics i.e., the study of the relationship between an individual's genotype and that individual's response to a foreign compound or drag
  • the individual may be considered.
  • the pharmacogenomics of the individual permits the selection of effective agents (e.g., drugs) for prophylactic or therapeutic treatments based on a consideration of the individual's genotype. Such pharmacogenomics can further be used to determine appropriate dosages and therapeutic regimens. Accordingly, the activity of GPCRX protein, expression of GPCRX nucleic acid, or mutation content of GPCRX genes in an individual can be determined to thereby select appropriate agent(s) for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of the individual.
  • Pharmacogenomics deals with clinically significant hereditary variations in the response to drugs due to altered drag disposition and abnormal action in affected persons. See e.g., Eichelbaum, 1996. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol Physiol, 23: 9 ⁇ 3-9 ⁇ 5; Linder, 1997. Clin. Chem., 43: 254-266.
  • two types of pharmacogenetic conditions can be differentiated. Genetic conditions transmitted as a single factor altering the way drugs act on the body (altered drug action) or genetic conditions transmitted as single factors altering the way the body acts on drugs (altered drag metabolism). These pharmacogenetic conditions can occur either as rare defects or as polymo ⁇ hisms.
  • G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
  • the activity of drag metabolizing enzymes is a major determinant of both the intensity and duration of drug action.
  • drug metabolizing enzymes e.g., N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT 2) and cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19
  • NAT 2 N-acetyltransferase 2
  • CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 cytochrome P450 enzymes
  • the gene coding for CYP2D6 is highly polymo ⁇ hic and several mutations have been identified in PM, which all lead to the absence of functional CYP2D6. Poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 quite frequently experience exaggerated drug response and side effects when they receive standard doses. If a metabolite is the active therapeutic moiety, PM show no therapeutic response, as demonstrated for the analgesic effect of codeine mediated by its CYP2D6-formed metabolite mo ⁇ hine. At the other extreme are the so called ultra-rapid metabolizers who do not respond to standard doses.
  • the molecular basis of ultra-rapid metabolism has been identified to be due to CYP2D6 gene amplification.
  • the activity of GPCRX protein, expression of GPCRX nucleic acid, or mutation content of GPCRX genes in an individual can be determined to thereby select appropriate agent(s) for therapeutic or prophylactic treatment of the individual.
  • pharmacogenetic studies can be used to apply genotyping of polymo ⁇ hic alleles encoding drag-metabolizing enzymes to the identification of an individual's drug responsiveness phenotype. This knowledge, when applied to dosing or drug selection, can avoid adverse reactions or therapeutic failure and thus enhance therapeutic or prophylactic efficiency when treating a subject with an GPCRX modulator, such as a modulator identified by one of the exemplary screening assays described herein.
  • GPCRX e.g., the ability to modulate aberrant cell proliferation and/or differentiation
  • agents e.g., drugs, compounds
  • GPCRX e.g., the ability to modulate aberrant cell proliferation and/or differentiation
  • the effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay as described herein to increase GPCRX gene expression, protein levels, or upregulate GPCRX activity can be monitored in clinical trails of subjects exhibiting decreased GPCRX gene expression, protein levels, or downregulated GPCRX activity.
  • the effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay to decrease GPCRX gene expression, protein levels, or downregulate GPCRX activity can be monitored in clinical trails of subjects exhibiting increased GPCRX gene expression, protein levels, or upregulated GPCRX activity.
  • GPCRX and, preferably, other genes that have been implicated in, for example, a cellular proliferation or immune disorder can be used as a "read out" or markers of the immune responsiveness of a particular cell.
  • genes, including GPCRX that are modulated in cells by treatment with an agent (e.g., compound, drag or small molecule) that modulates GPCRX activity (e.g., identified in a screening assay as described herein) can be identified.
  • an agent e.g., compound, drag or small molecule
  • GPCRX activity e.g., identified in a screening assay as described herein
  • cells can be isolated and RNA prepared and analyzed for the levels of expression of GPCRX and other genes implicated in the disorder.
  • the levels of gene expression can be quantified by Northern blot analysis or RT-PCR, as described herein, or alternatively by measuring the amount of protein produced, by one of the methods as described herein, or by measuring the levels of activity of GPCRX or other genes.
  • the gene expression pattern can serve as a marker, indicative of the physiological response of the cells to the agent. Accordingly, this response state may be determined before, and at various points during, treatment of the individual with the agent.
  • the invention provides a method for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment of a subject with an agent (e.g., an agonist, antagonist, protein, peptide, peptidomimetic, nucleic acid, small molecule, or other drag candidate identified by the screening assays described herein) comprising the steps of (i) obtaining a pre-administration sample from a subject prior to administration of the agent; (ii) detecting the level of expression of an GPCRX protein, mRNA, or genomic DNA in the preadministration sample; (iii) obtaining one or more post-administration samples from the subject; (iv) detecting the level of expression or activity of the GPCRX protein, mRNA, or genomic DNA in the post-administration samples; (v) comparing the level of expression or activity of the GPCRX protein, mRNA, or genomic DNA in the pre-administration sample with the GPCRX protein, mRNA, or genomic DNA in the post adminisfration sample or samples; and (vi) altering the administration of the agent to the subject accordingly.
  • an agent e
  • increased adminisfration of the agent may be desirable to increase the expression or activity of GPCRX to higher levels than detected, i.e., to increase the effectiveness of the agent.
  • decreased administration of the agent may be desirable to decrease expression or activity of GPCRX to lower levels than detected, i.e., to decrease the effectiveness of the agent.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des séquences d'acides nucléiques codant pour des polypeptides associés aux récepteurs couplés aux protéines G. L'invention concerne également des polypeptides codés par ces séquences d'acides nucléiques et des anticorps se liant de manière immunospécifique à ce polypeptide, ainsi que des dérivés, variants, mutants ou fragments du polypeptide, du polynucléotide ou de l'anticorps susmentionné. Elle se rapporte en outre à des méthodes de traitement, de diagnostic et de recherche destinées à diagnostiquer, traiter et prévenir les troubles impliquant ces nouveaux acides nucléiques humains ou ces protéines.
EP01930432A 2000-03-31 2001-03-30 Nouvelles proteines et acides nucleiques codant pour celles-ci Withdrawn EP1274844A2 (fr)

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US7208280B2 (en) 1999-10-05 2007-04-24 Agensys, Inc. Nucleic acid and corresponding protein entitled 101P3A41 useful in treatment and detection of cancer
US6790631B1 (en) 1999-10-05 2004-09-14 Agensys, Inc. G protein-coupled receptor up-regulated in prostate cancer and uses thereof
EP1272631A2 (fr) * 2000-04-05 2003-01-08 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Regulation du recepteur couple aux proteines g humain du type hm74
AU2002227445A1 (en) * 2000-12-18 2002-07-01 Curagen Corporation Proteins and nucleic acids encoding same
MXPA03007270A (es) * 2001-02-14 2003-12-04 Amgen Inc Moleculas de receptores acoplados a proteina g y usos de las mismas.
AU2002309873B2 (en) * 2001-05-15 2007-10-18 Agensys, Inc. Nucleic acids and corresponding proteins entitled 101P3A11 or PHOR-1 useful in treatment and detection of cancer
US6902902B2 (en) 2001-11-27 2005-06-07 Arena Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Human G protein-coupled receptors and modulators thereof for the treatment of metabolic-related disorders
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US7893197B2 (en) 2004-08-25 2011-02-22 Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. Relaxin-3 chimeric polypeptides and their preparation and use
GB201513921D0 (en) 2015-08-05 2015-09-23 Immatics Biotechnologies Gmbh Novel peptides and combination of peptides for use in immunotherapy against prostate cancer and other cancers

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EP1278838A2 (fr) * 2000-03-27 2003-01-29 PE Corporation (NY) Recepteurs couples aux proteines g humaines isolees, molecules d'acides nucleiques codant les proteines gpcr humaines, et utilisations correspondantes
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