Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/143—Organic compounds mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
  • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
  • C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
  • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
  • C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
  • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
  • Y02T50/678—Aviation using fuels of non-fossil origin

Definitions

• This invention relates to novel fuel compositions which comprise novel surfactant compositions and to methods of preparation the fuels compositions and surfactants.
• WO '745 especially describes fuel compositions comprising, inter alia, an additive made up of a fatty acid diethanolamide, an .alcohol ethoxylate and an ethoxylate of a fatty acid, the degree of ethoxylation being selected so that a long term stable fuel composition is formed.
• WO '745 teaches the use of lauric acid and lauric diethanolamide.
• Co-pending International Patent Application No WO 99/20715 to Pure Energy Corporation describes similar surfactant compositions in which the fatty acid used has a hydrocarbon chain length of from C 9 to C15.
• US Patent No 6,017,369 describes a diesel fuel composition comprising, inter alia, diesel, ethanol and a fatty acid having a carbon chain length of
• a fuel additive composition comprising an alkanolamide, an alkoxylated alcohol and an alkoxylated C ⁇ g-C 22 fatty acid or a derivative thereof in which the degree of alkoxylation of the fatty acid is from 0.5 to 5 mols of alkoxylate to 1 mol of oleic acid.
• the alkanolamide is preferably an ethanolamide and more preferably a diethanolamide.
• the diethanolamides and particularly the super diethanolamides are especially preferred.
• super diethanolamide we mean a diethanolamide in which the nitrogen is substituted by an alkyl substituent e.g. alkyl C 5 to C 20 , preferably C 8 to C 18 , more preferably Cjo to C 18 .
• the most preferred diethanolamide has a C 18 alkyl substituent i.e. oleic diethanolamide.
• the route via the acid often uses an excess of alkanolamine to produce a product higher in amide than is obtainable from the acid if a stoichiometric ratio is used; these products are sometimes referred to as Kritchevsky amides.
• the products derived from reaction of substantially stoichiometric proportions of an alkanolamide with a fatty acid ester, typically a methyl or glyceryl ester, are referred to as super amides.
• the alkoxylated alcohol is preferably an ethoxylated alcohol. It is essential that the ethoxylated alcohol is an oil soluble alcohol. Therefore, alkanols are preferred and these may be primary, secondary or tertiary alkanols and especially primary alkanols. As the oil solubility of the alcohol may vary with the carbon chain length of the ethoxylated alkanol, the alkanol is preferably a C 5 to C 22 alkanol, more preferably C 5 to Ci5 alkanol.
• the ethoxylated alcohol may comprise a mixture of alkanols. However, it is preferred that in such mixtures one alkanol will predominate.
• the most preferred alkanol is predominantly a C 9 to Cn alkanol.
• the degree of ethoxylation of the alcohol may be varied and the oil solubility will, generally, decrease with the increase in the degree of ethoxylation. It is preferred that the ethoxylate to alcohol ratio is greater than 2. More preferably, the ethoxylate to alcohol ratio is from between 1 and 10, preferably between 1 and 5, more preferably between . 1 and 3 and especially between 2 and 3.
• a commercially available ethoxylated alcohol is especially preferred in which the ethoxylate to alcohol ratio is 2.75. Such an alcohol ethoxylate is available as NEODOL 91/2.5.
• the fatty acid ethoxylate may comprise the free acid, an ester, a mixture of esters or a mixture of the acid and one or more esters.
• the ester is preferably an alkyl oleate, preferably a Ci to Cjo alkyl oleate, such as ethyl oleate and especially methyl oleate.
• the fatty acid derivative is preferentially an ester which may comprise any conventionally known ester moiety, however, preferably the ester is an alkyl ester.
• the alkyl group may be a primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl group. However, the preferred ester group is a straight chain alkyl group, the alkyl chain being from Ci to C ⁇ 0 .
• the methyl ester is especially preferred.
• the fatty acid group may be any known Cig to C 22 fatty acid but oleic acid (C 18 ) is preferred.
• Alkyl ester fatty acid ethoxylate may be manufactured using conventional methods known er se. However, current technology only permits ethoxylation of a fatty acid ester by the PEG/fatty acid route where, in a fatty acid of the general formula RCOOR 1 , R 1 is methyl.
• ethoxylated fatty acid esters may be manufactured by esterification of a fatty acid with a methoxy polyethylene glycol (PEG) or any other alcohol ethoxylate, for example, a C or C ⁇ alcohol ethoxylate.
• PEG methoxy polyethylene glycol
• R is an alkyl C 8 to C 20 group; R 1 is an alkyl, to C ⁇ 0 ; and n is an integer from 1 to 10.
• ethoxylated fatty acids of formula I may be manufactured by esterification of RCOOH with R 1 [OCH 2 CH 2 ] n OH, wherein R, R 1 and n have the meanings defined above.
• the alcohol ethoxylate might be, for example, an alkylphenol ethoxylate.
• the degree of alkoxylation e.g., ethoxylation, propyloxylation or a mixture thereof, is chosen to optimise performance in the blend with the other two selected surfactants and may be from 0.5 to 5 but more preferably from 0.5 to 2.5. It is especially preferred that the alkoxylation comprises ethoxylation.
• a suitable product within this range would be, for example that derived from the addition of 1 mol of ethylene oxide to 1 mol of oleic acid, or a derivative thereof.
• the fatty acid ethoxylate e.g. oleic acid ethoxylate
• oleic acid ethoxylate may be derived from a variety of feedstocks, readily available worldwide.
• the fatty acid ethoxylate may be produced by ethoxylation or esterification of acids derived from animal fats e.g. beef tallow or vegetable oils, such as soya, etc.
• the oleic acid precursor may be predominantly, e.g. from 65-70% v/v, fatty acid, e.g. oleic acid, but may also contain linoleic acid, e.g., 10-12% v/v, and may also include small amounts of stearic, palmitic and/or myristic acids.
• the ratio of the fatty acid alkoxylate, e.g. oleic acid alkoxylate to the alkanolamide may vary slightly, but is preferably 1 :lv/v.
• the additive of the invention may be added to any known hydrocarbon fuel, e.g. diesel, petrol or alcohol, such as ethanol, which may or may not contain water.
• hydrocarbon fuel e.g. diesel, petrol or alcohol, such as ethanol, which may or may not contain water.
• the invention is seen to particularly good effect when added to fuels based on low fraction oils.
• the preferred additive of this invention is a non-ionic surfactant and preferably a blend of surfactants. It is a preferred feature of this invention that the surfactants be selected by their nature and concentration that the additive (as well as any water or other non-fuel liquid present) be solubilised within the fuel. For this purpose it is convenient to have regard to the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the surfactant, the value being calculated according to the expression.
• HLB hydrophilic-lipophilic balance
• HLB mol. wt of hydrophilic chain x 20 total mol. wt
• the values will depend on the length of the hydrophilic chain, typically an ethoxylate chain.
• the length of the chain will increase the extent of solubilisation because of a greater ability to solubilise.
• compositions described in WO98/17745 a blend of surfactants is preferred, preferably by selecting one appropriate to the fuel.
• the invention has the ability to unify the HLB requirements of any liquid fuel which in turn allows for one dose to be used in any fuel from C5 carbon chains up.
• the benefit being the amount of treatment directly related to the co-solvency ability.
• the ethoxylate of the oleic acid makes up about 25% by volume of the additive and further preferably the alcohol ethoxylate comprises 50% by volume of the additive.
• An additive of the invention may be added to a hydrocarbon fuel, eg diesel, petrol or alcohol, such as ethanol which may or may not be contaminated with water.
• a hydrocarbon fuel eg diesel, petrol or alcohol, such as ethanol which may or may not be contaminated with water.
• the hydrocarbon fuel may be a blend of a petroleum based fuel such as diesel or petrol, with an alcohol such as ethanol.
• the invention is seen to particularly good effect when added to synthetic fuels based on low fraction oils.
• the hydrocarbon fuel may comprise any known hydrocarbon fuel or mixtures thereof, therefore such fuels include but shall not be limited to diesel, e.g., petroleum diesel, gasoline, aviation fuel, alcohol, etc.
• the hydrocarbon fuel is a petroleum diesel fuel.
• Such fuels may generally be obtained from the distillation of petroleum and its efficiency can be measured by the cetane number.
• Suitable diesel fuels for use in accordance with the invention generally have a cetane number of from 35 to 60, preferably from 40 to 50.
• the amount of diesel fuel blended to form the fuel composition of the invention may be from 60 % v/v to 95 % v/v, based on the total volume of the fuel consumption.
• the hydrocarbon fuel such a diesel or gasoline may include an amount of an oxygenator, e.g. alcohol, an alkanol, such as ethanol.
• an oxygenator e.g. alcohol, an alkanol, such as ethanol.
• the amount of alcohol may vary depending, inter alia, upon the nature of the fuel, but may in an amount of from 1 to 50% v/v, preferably 5 to 20% v/v.
• ethanol may be produced from fossil fuel feedstocks or by fermentation of sugars derived from grains or other biomass materials. Therefore, ethanol suitable for use in accordance with the fuel compositions of the invention may be fuel grade ethanol derived from yeast or bacterial fermentation of starch-based sugars. Such starch-based sugars may be extracted from corn, sugarcane, tapioca and sugar beet. Alternatively, fuel grade ethanol may be produced via known dilute and/or concentrated acid and/or enzymatic hydrolysis of a particular biomass material, for example, from waste industrial sources including, cellulosic portions of municipal solid waste, waste paper, paper sludge, saw dust. Biomass may also be collected from agricultural residues including, for example, rice husks and paper-mill sludge.
• a suitable fuel grade ethanol for use in accordance with the invention may contain none or only contaminant levels of water.
• a suitable fuel grade ethanol for use in accordance with the invention may contain higher amounts of water, up to 5% w/w (hydrous ethanol).
• ethanol in combination with a diesel fuel has previously posed problems wherein the ethanol/diesel fuel mixture would undesirably separate into two distinct phases, especially when water is present, and render the resultant mixture unsuitable for use as a combustible fuel.
• the use of the fuel additives of the mvention permits hydrous ethanol to be blended satisfactorily with conventional diesel fuel without forming two phases.
• the use of fuel grade ethanol blended in accordance with the invention imparts desirable combustion characteristics to the overall fuel composition; such as improved fuel stability, lower smoke and particulate matter, lower CO and NOx emissions, improved antiknock characteristics, and/or improved anti-freeze characteristics.
• the invention provides a fuel composition comprising a light weight fraction and a surfactant fuel additive as hereinbefore described.
• the presence of the additive of the invention ensures that the fuel composition forms a consistent stable homogenous composition and creates a monolayer simultaneously a result of which leads to a better more complete burn which reduces pollution and increases miles per gallon.
• a blended fuel particularly alcohol based, is able to combust more precisely with a cooler charge to reduce the iron-formates present from the aldehyde peracids and peroxide reactions normally attributable to engine degradation.
• the concentration of the additive in such fuel compositions can be very low, typically of the order of 0.5 - 50:1000 v/v, preferably from about 1 :1000. to 30:1000 v/v and most preferably from 1 to 3:100 v/v.
• concentration of the additive in such fuel compositions can be very low, typically of the order of 0.5 - 50:1000 v/v, preferably from about 1 :1000. to 30:1000 v/v and most preferably from 1 to 3:100 v/v.
• the additive to fuel ratio may vary depending upon, inter alia, the nature of the fuel.
• the additive to fuel ratio may be as much as 5% v/v, e.g. from 0.1 to 5% v/v, more preferably from 1 to 3% v/v.
• the additive to fuel ratio may be as much as 3% v/v, e.g. from 0.1 to 3% v/v.
• the amount of ethanol present in the diesel/ethanol blends of the invention may be from 5 to 25% v/v, preferably from 7 to 10%) v/v and especially 7.7% v/v.
• the amount of water present may be from 4 to 6%v/v based, as a percentage of the ethanol.
• the additive to fuel ratio may be as much as 5% v/v, from 0.1 to 5% v/v, preferably up to 3% v/v, e.g. 0.1 to 3% v/v, more preferably from 1 to 3% v/v.
• the amount of ethanol present in the gasoline/ethanol blends of the invention may be from 1 to 25% v/v, preferably 5 to 25% v/v, more preferably from 7 to 10% v/v and especially 7.7% v/v.
• the additive to fuel ratio may be as much as 5% v/v.
• the additive to. fuel ratio may be as much as 3% v/v.
• the presence of the additive of the invention .ensures that the fuel composition forms a consistent stable homogenous composition and creates a monolayer simultaneously a. result of which leads to a better more complete, burn which reduces pollution and increases miles per gallon.
• a blended fuel particularly alcohol based, is able to combust more precisely with a cooler charge to reduce the iron-formates present from the aldehyde peracids and peroxide reactions normally attributable to engine degradation.
• a fuel additive composition comprising an oleic acid ethoxylate or a derivative thereof is especially advantageous in conjunction with diesel fuel compositions and especially diesel/alcohol compositions.
• a fuel composition comprising a diesel fuel, an alcohol and a surfactant additive as hereinbefore described.
• the alcohol is preferably ethanol.
• the diesel composition of the invention may additionally include the use of an alkyl ester of oleic acid e.g. an alkyl CI to 6 alcohol or a long chain fatty alcohol and, optionally a co-solvent of an alkyl alcohol, e.g. a C 3 to C 6 alcohol.
• AAEOl is a surfactant composition comprising 25% v/v of oleic diethanolamide, 50%) v/v of NEODOL 91/2.5, and 25% v/v of oleic acid with one molar equivalent ethoxylate groups.
• a hydraulic dynamometer by Zollner and a "PUMA Test Assistant" control system by AVL were used for running and controlling the test engine. Regulated gaseous emissions were measured with analysis system by BOO Instrument AB. Particulates were collected using AVL Mini Dilution Tunnel 474. Particulate filters used were Pallflex TXH120WW 0 70 mm filters.
• Test procedure was 13 mode test according to ECE Regulation No. 49/02. The maximum power output obtained with each fuel was used to set dynamometer load setting.
• the tests were carried out at normal test temperature.
• FTIR Fourier Transformation Infra-Red
• the maximum power obtained with Dl fuel wasa 210 kW at 2000 rpm and maximum torque 1200 Nm at 1450 rpm.
• Power loss with fuel D2 was below 1% when compared to Dl fuel.
• Power losses with fuels D3 and D4 when compared to Dl fuel were 5 and 7% respectively.
• NO x emission seemed to be slightly lower with fuels D2, D3 and D4 than with fuel Dl.
• the change lower than 5% cannot be regarded as very significant due to uncertainty of the measurement method.
• Particulate matter emission was about 11% lower witih D2 fuel than with Dl fuel.
• D3 fuel resulted 20% and D4 fuel 27% lower particulate emission than Dl fuel.
• black smoke seemed to- be lower with fuels D2, D3 and D4 when compared to Dl fuel.
• VOLVO DHlOA-285 engine. bd below detection limited
• FTIR absolute emission level obtained with FTIR equipment may vary significantly from the level obtained with traditional measurement technologies. However, FTIR technology can be used for comparison of the results with different fuels. Due to very low level hydrocarbon emissions from diesel engines, the most compounds that can be measured with FTIR equipment are beloe the detection limit. When diesel engines are considered, FTIR is most suitable to monitor the formaldehyde emission. Examples of the compounds that were recorded during these measurements were as follows:
• a DC type chassis dynamometer manufactured by Froude Consine and an emission measaurement system by Pierburg GmbH (FRG) were used.
• Tests were conducted at normal test temperature (+23 °C). The vehicle was preconditioned with running three times the EUDC part of the test, and soaked at the test temperature for 12 to 16 hours before the test.
• chassis dynamaometer settings used for vehicle are presented in Table 5.
• the gaseous regulated emissions were divided into three sub-cycles.
• the first part included the first two individual sub-cycles of urban cycle, ECE 15 (marked as Phase 1), the second phase was the rest of the ECE15 cycle, (marked as Phase 2), and the third part was the extra urban portion (marked as Phase 3) of the current European test cycle (marked as 91/441/EEC).

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• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

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• 2001
  • 2001-02-23 BR BRPI0108704-5A patent/BR0108704B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2001-02-23 CA CA002400946A patent/CA2400946A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2001-02-23 MX MXPA02008273A patent/MXPA02008273A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2001-02-23 AU AU2001237542A patent/AU2001237542A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2001-02-23 CN CNB018084966A patent/CN100350024C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2001-02-23 EP EP01909955A patent/EP1257618A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2001-02-23 WO PCT/GB2001/000777 patent/WO2001062877A1/en active Application Filing
  • 2001-02-23 PL PL01357416A patent/PL357416A1/xx not_active Application Discontinuation

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