EP1250131A2 - Modulation de transporteur de leptine a travers la barriere hemato-encephalique - Google Patents

Modulation de transporteur de leptine a travers la barriere hemato-encephalique

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Publication number
EP1250131A2
EP1250131A2 EP00959325A EP00959325A EP1250131A2 EP 1250131 A2 EP1250131 A2 EP 1250131A2 EP 00959325 A EP00959325 A EP 00959325A EP 00959325 A EP00959325 A EP 00959325A EP 1250131 A2 EP1250131 A2 EP 1250131A2
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Prior art keywords
leptin
seq
modulating
group
mammal
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German (de)
English (en)
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William A. Banks
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Tulane University
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Tulane University
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A61K31/137—Arylalkylamines, e.g. amphetamine, epinephrine, salbutamol, ephedrine or methadone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
    • A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
    • A61K31/198—Alpha-amino acids, e.g. alanine or edetic acid [EDTA]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/39—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom having oxygen in the same ring
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
    • A61K31/417—Imidazole-alkylamines, e.g. histamine, phentolamine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/475—Quinolines; Isoquinolines having an indole ring, e.g. yohimbine, reserpine, strychnine, vinblastine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/517—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. quinazoline, perimidine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
    • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
    • A61K31/7076—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines containing purines, e.g. adenosine, adenylic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • A61K38/191—Tumor necrosis factors [TNF], e.g. lymphotoxin [LT], i.e. TNF-beta
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/2264—Obesity-gene products, e.g. leptin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to modulating the body weight and/or appetite of mammals, including humans. More particularly this invention relates to compositions and methods which modulate the transport of weight- controlling molecules, such as leptin, across the blood-brain barrier.
  • weight- controlling molecules such as leptin
  • Obesity is defined as an excess of body fat relative to lean body mass and is associated with important psychological and medical morbidities, including hypertension, elevated blood lipids, and diabetes.
  • Body weight and energy balance are thought to be regulated by a feedback mechanism in which the regions of the brain, for example, the hypothalamus, senses the amount of energy stored in the body then adjusts food intake and activity level accordingly [Brobeck, J.R., Yale J. Biol.
  • leptin the OB gene product known as leptin is the blood-borne factor which works to maintain body weight and energy balance [Zhang et al.. Nature., 372:425-432 (1994); and Freidman et al, PCT Application No. PCT US95/ 10479]. Further, it has also been shown that the administration of leptin results in a decreased amount of body fat [Pelleymounter, M.A. et al. Science, 269:540-543 (1995); Halaas, et al. Science, 269:543-546 (1995); Campfield, et al. Science, 269:546-549 (1995)]. It is believed that leptin acts on the brain to inhibit food intake, regulate energy expenditure, and control body weight.
  • leptin In order for leptin to play this type of role, leptin must cross over the blood-brain barrier to enter the brain.
  • the amount of leptin sensed by the brain results from a combination of the permeability of the blood brain barrier and the amount of leptin in the bloodstream which in turn depends on the level of stored energy or body fat of an individual [Considine, R. V. et al, N. Eng. J. Med. 334:292-295 (1986)].
  • Obesity can occur when the brain incorrectly senses a low level of leptin and so initiates mechanisms to raise that level by increasing the amount of body fat. This cycle usually continues until the brain senses an appropriate amount of leptin at which time the body weight ceases to increase. As described herein, it is believed that increasing the efficiency of leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier would be an effective treatment for obesity, in most cases.
  • Blood-borne leptin is able to enter the brain because of the presence of a specific saturable transporter located at the blood-brain barrier [Banks et al, Peptides 17(2):305-31 1 (1996)]. Because leptin is a large protein, leptin in the blood would be largely excluded from the brain in the absence of such a transporter. It is believed that the transporter is close to or contains within its structure some sites which, when activated, modify the transport rate of leptin. Such sites, conceptually analogous to cofactors binding sites for enzymes or allosteric regulatory sites for receptors, provide therapeutic targets which can be manipulated to alter the rate of leptin transport from the blood into the brain so as to control body weight.
  • the present invention is directed to methods and compositions for modulating feeding behavior and/or appetite in mammals as well as for modulating body weight in mammals More particularly, the present invention is directed to the methods and compositions for modulating (enhancing or inhibiting) the transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier and across other blood/tissue barriers The invention is also directed to methods and compositions for modulating (increasing or decreasing) body weight and/or metabolism by alte ⁇ ng the transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier According to the invention, leptin transport across the blood- brain bamer may be increased, thereby resulting in a reduction in body weight, and/or a decrease in appetite Conversely, leptin transport across the blood-brain bamer may be decreased (or inhibited) resulting in an increase in appetite and/or body weight in patients in need thereof (e g , anorexia, cachexia of aging, tumor-mduced cachexia)
  • compositions may act on either side of the blood-bram barrier (or other blood- tissue barriers) to result in altered transport of leptin, although preferred compositions and methods act on the blood side of the barrier
  • a preferred method of the invention comp ⁇ ses administering to a subject in need thereof a composition which comp ⁇ ses an adrenergic agonist in an amount effective to increase the transport of leptin or leptin va ⁇ ants, analogs, fragments, consensus leptin, or de ⁇ vatives (including but not limited to a fusion protein) or chemically modified de ⁇ vatives of leptin across the blood-bram bamer
  • a fusion protein refers to a protein comp ⁇ sing a leptin polypeptide and a different protein
  • the methods of the invention allow the enhancement of the transport of either endogenous leptin or exogenous leptin (including analogs, fragments, consensus leptin, chemical de ⁇ vatives thereof or fusion protein) across the blood- brain bamer
  • an adrenergic antagonist may be used to inhibit leptin transport across the blood-bram bamer
  • An exemplary adrenergic antagonist which acts to inhibit leptin transport into the brain
  • compositions useful in the practice of the invention include but are not limited to intravenous, lntraarte ⁇ al, intrape ⁇ toneal, intramuscular, mtradermal, topical, intraocular, subcutaneous, intranasal, oral, intracisternal, intracerebrovent ⁇ cular, intrathecal, topical, mtradermal, or pulmonary
  • an adrenergic antagonist may be used to inhibit leptin transport across the blood-brain bar ⁇ er
  • the composition comp ⁇ ses one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of adrenergic agonists such as, but not limited to, epineph ⁇ ne, isoproterenol, arterenol, cirazohne, phenylethylamine, epineph ⁇ ne, norepineph ⁇ ne, dopamme, nordef ⁇ n, protokylol, metaproterenol, metarammol, phenylehp ⁇ ne.
  • adrenergic agonists such as, but not limited to, epineph ⁇ ne, isoproterenol, arterenol, cirazohne, phenylethylamine, epineph ⁇ ne, norepineph ⁇ ne, dopamme, nordef ⁇ n, protokylol, metaproterenol, metarammol, phenylehp ⁇ ne.
  • adrenergic antagonists includes, but are not limited to, phentolamme, prazosm, benoxathian, phenotybenzamme, and related laloallyl-aminos
  • the compositions of the invention compnse punnergic and glutammergic agonists or combinations thereof and their use in the methods of the invention
  • Adenosine activates the adenosine, or pun
  • Glutamate is the endogenous hgand for glutamate (glutammergic) receptors
  • Glutamate receptors include lonotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N- methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems
  • AMPA lonotropic receptors
  • Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system They are implicated in the mechanisms of memory and feeding
  • Other compounds that affect feeding, suppress appetite, induce anorexia, stimulate appetite, affect weight, or alter metabolism and which may ultimately affect leptin transport across the blood-brain bar ⁇ er and which are useful in the practice of the present invention include free fatty acids, sugars such as glucose, cytokmes, drugs such as amphetamines, calcium channel blockers, monoamines, amino acids, hormones including steroid hormones, dietary supplements, ketones.
  • cytokines useful in the practice of the present invention include, but are not limited to, interleukin l ⁇ , mterleukm l ⁇ , interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, interleukin 2, mterleukm 6, mterleukm 12, macrophage colony stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory peptides such as MIP-l ⁇ , MlP-l ⁇ , and tumor necrosis factor ⁇ (TNF ⁇ )
  • peptides and proteins useful in the practice of the present invention either alone or in combination with other compounds descnbed herein include, but are not limited to, adrenocorticotropm hormone (ACTH), amylm, atnal natnuretic peptide (ANP), bombesin, calcitonm, calcitonm gene related peptide
  • CGRP caerulem
  • cocaine and amphetamine regulated transc ⁇ pt peptide CART
  • cholecystkinms CCK
  • corticotropin releasing hormone CH
  • Cyclo-His-Pro enterostatm
  • FMRF-amide galanin, glucagon, glucagon-hke peptide
  • GLP growth hormone, growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH), gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH or LHRH)
  • insulin msuhn-hke growth factors, macrophage migration inhibiting factor, melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), motilin, MSH-inhibitory peptide (MIF-1), nerve growth factor (NGF), neuromedms, neuropeptide Y (NPY), neurotensm, neurotrophms (NT-3, NT-4), opiate peptides (endorphins, enkephalms, endomorphins, dynoorphins, kyotor
  • compositions used in the practice of the present invention comprise any of the foregoing compositions in combination with one another and/or in combination with one or more of the leptins described herein
  • This invention is also directed to a method for treating obesity which comp ⁇ ses enhancing the transport of leptin, leptin variants, analogs, consensus leptins, fragments, or leptin derivatives thereof across the blood-brain barner according to any of the preceding aspects or embodiments
  • methods and compositions for treating metabolic disorders including obesity, diabetes melhtus, including type I and type II diabetes and insulin-resistant pathologies which compnse enhancing the transport of leptin, leptin vanants, analogs, consensus leptins, fragments, or derivatives thereof across the blood-brain barner according to any of the preceding aspects or embodiments are provided
  • compositions useful for modulating body weight the composition compnsing leptin comp ⁇ smg the ammo acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO 2 or 4, SEQ ID NO 5 and SEQ ID NO 6, consensus leptins, vanants, analogs, leptin fusion proteins, chemically modified de ⁇ vatives of leptin, and fragments thereof, and one or more agents selected from the group consisting of adrenergic agonists, adrenergic antagonists, neurotransmitters, peptide hormones, cytokines, ammo acids, opiate peptides, pu ⁇ nergic agonists, pu ⁇ nergic antagonists, glutammergic agonists and glutammergic antagonists, and metabolites thereof
  • the invention also includes compositions and methods for modulating body weight and/or treating metabolic disorders by modulating the regulatory pathways which control appetite and/or metabolism Because leptin appears to play a controlling role in appetite regulation, the methods and compositions of the invention are
  • the invention also compnses the use of adrenergic agonists, adrenergic antagonists, neurotransmitters, peptide hormones, cytokines, ammo acids, opiate peptides, punnergic agonists or antagonists, glutammergic agonists or antagonists, or metabolites thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for modulating leptin transport into the brain and/or for modulating body weight and/or for modulating appetite in a mammal
  • the uses may further compnse the use of any of the leptms within the scope of the invention for the manufacture of the medicament for modulating the transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier and/or for modulating the body weight of a mammal
  • Preferred mammals for the practice of the present invention are humans
  • the mammalian bram plays a central role in regulating the amount of fat in a mammal in part by regulating food intake, food selection, and thermogenesis
  • the brain senses the fat level (adiposity) of the organism by sensing the amount of leptin in the blood of the organism which is transported into the bram via a specific saturable leptin transporter located at the blood brain barner Obesity can occur when the brain incorrectly senses less than the approp ⁇ ate amount of leptin in the organism which thereby t ⁇ ggers mechanisms to increase adiposity (e g , increasing feeding, decreasing metabolic rate) Adiposity then increases until the bram senses an approp ⁇ ate level of leptin It, therefore, follows that increasing the efficiency of transporting leptin across the blood brain bar ⁇ er would be an effective way to reduce adiposity by increasing the amount of leptin effectively sensed by the brain
  • the present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating body weight by modulating the signaling pathways involved in weight regulation and/or appetite regulation
  • the invention also provides compositions and methods for modulating the transport of leptin across the blood-brain bar ⁇ er and mate ⁇ als and methods for modulating appetite
  • the present invention is directed to compositions including pharmaceutical compositions and methods for enhancing or inhibiting the transport of leptin (OB) polypeptides across the blood-brain bamer
  • OB leptin
  • Such methods and compositions are useful in controlling the body weight of mammals, including humans
  • the methods and compositions are also useful in the treatment of metabolic disorders including diabetes melhtus (type I and type II)
  • the compositions and methods of the present invention exploit the central role of leptin in the regulation of appetite and metabolism by modulating the transport of leptin across the blood-brain bar ⁇ er to a site of action in the bram
  • leptin and OB are used interchangeably and refer to a polypeptide having as a mature form about 146 ammo acids
  • leptin molecule including leptin vanants, analogs, fragments, consensus leptins, or denvatives, which have the ability to modulate weight, or to alter metabolism m a host mammal, is useful in the practice of the present invention.
  • Preferred leptm proteins useful in the practice of the present invention may be native munne leptin set out as SEQ ID NO 2 which includes its signal sequence, or its mature form beginning at ammo acid 21 (as numbered in SEQ ID NO 2) of native leptin and set out as SEQ ED NO 5 or protein as set forth in Zhang et al (Nature, supra, herein incorporated by reference) or the native human OB protein (SEQ ID NO 4) or its mature sequence beginning ammo acids 21 through 166 set out as SEQ ID NO 6 (See Zhang et al , Nature supra, at page 428 )
  • Vanants or analogs of the leptin proteins useful in the practice of the present invention include those having a substitution of one or more of its ammo acids with another while still maintaining a biological activity of leptin Natural vanants of either leptin which lack a glutamme residue at position 28 of the mature sequence or other natural vanants are also useful in the practice of the invention
  • Rat OB protein differs from human OB protein at the following positions (using the numbenng of SEQ ED NO 6) 4, 32, 33, 35, 50, 68, 71, 74, 77, 78, 89, 97, 100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, HI, H8, 136, 138, and 145
  • One may substitute with another amino acid one or more of the ammo acids at these divergent positions
  • the positions underlined and in bold p ⁇ nt are those in which the munne leptm protein as well as the rat OB protein are divergent from the human OB protein, and thus, are particularly suitable for alteration At one or more of these positions, one may substitute an
  • analogs may be prepared by deleting a part of the protein amino acid sequence which results in a fragment of a leptin polypeptide
  • the mature protein lacks a leader sequence which corresponds to amino acids 1-21 of SEQ ID NO 4
  • the truncated forms (fragments) may also have altered one or more of the amino acids which are divergent (in the rhesus, rat or munne OB protein) from human OB protein
  • any alterations may be in the form of altered ammo acids, such as peptidomimetics or D-amino acids
  • leptin molecules having 83% or more amino acid identity with leptins having the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NOs 2, 4 5 or 6 may also be used in the practice of the invention
  • leptm molecules may optionally have an N- termmal methionme
  • the present protein (herein the term "protein” is used to include “peptide” and OB analogs, such as those recited above, unless otherwise indicated) may also be denvatized by the attachment of one or more chemical moieties to the protein moiety
  • the chemically modified de ⁇ vatives may be further formulated for lntraartal, intrapentoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, oral, nasal, pulmonary, topical, ocular, intracisternal, intrathecal, transdermal, lntracerebroventncular, or other routes of administration
  • Chemical modification of biologically active proteins has been found to provide additional advantages under certain circumstances, such as increasing the stability and circulation time of the therapeutic protein and decreasing lmmunogemcity See U S Patent No 4,179,337, Davis et al , issued December 18, 1979 For a review, see Abuchowski et al , Enzvmes as Drugs (J S Holcenberg and J Roberts, eds pp 367-383 (1981
  • the chemical moieties suitable for denvatization may be selected from among various water soluble polymers
  • the polymer selected should be water soluble so that the protein to which it is attached does not precipitate in an aqueous environment, such as a physiological environment
  • the polymer will be pharmaceutically acceptable
  • the desired polymer based on such considerations as whether the polymer/prote conjugate will be used therapeutically, and if so, the desired dosage, circulation time, resistance to proteolysis, and other considerations
  • the effectiveness of the de ⁇ vatization may be ascertained by admimste ⁇ ng the de ⁇ vative, in the desired form (1 e , by osmotic pump, or, more preferably, by injection or infusion, or, further formulated for oral, pulmonary or nasal delivery, for example), and observing biological effects as descnbed herein
  • the water soluble polymer may be selected from the group consisting of, for example, polyethylene glycol, copolymers of ethylene glycol/propylene glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrohdone, poly-1, 3- dioxolane, poly-1, 3, 6-t ⁇ oxane, ethylene/maleic anhydride copolymer, polyaminoacids (either homopolymers or random or non-random copolymers), and dextran or poly (n-vmyl pyrohdone) polyethylene oxide/ethylene oxide co-polymers, polyoxyethylated polyols, polystyrenemaleate and polyvinyl alcohol
  • Polyethylene glycol propionaldenhyde may have advantages in manufactunng due to its stability in water Fusion proteins may be prepared by attaching polyaminoacids to the
  • the polyammoacid may be a earner protein which serves to increase the circulatory half-life of the protein
  • such polyammoacid should be those which do not create neutralizing antibody response, or other adverse response
  • Such polyammoacid may be selected from the group consisting of serum albumin (such as human serum albumin), an antibody or portion thereof (such as an antibody constant region, sometimes called "F c ”) or other polyaminoacids
  • F c antibody constant region
  • the location of attachment of the polyammo acid may be at the N-terminus of the OB protein moiety, or other place, and also may be connected by a chemical "linker" moiety to the OB protein
  • the OB is typically fused at its C- termmus with the N-terminus
  • OB may be fused at its N-termmus with the C-termmus of the Fc molecule
  • the fused protein will retain at least functionally active hinge CH2 and CH3 domains of the constant region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain Fusions may also be made to the C-terminus of the Fc portion of a constant domain or immediately N-terminal to the CHI domain of the heavy chain 01 the corresponding region of the light chain
  • the exact site at which the fusion is made is not cntical
  • the fusion proteins may compnse multimers of the Fc-OB fusion
  • the polymer may be of any molecular weight, and may be branched or unbranched
  • the preferred molecular weight is between about 2 kDa and about 100 kDa (the term "about” indicating that in preparations of polyethylene glycol, some molecules will weigh more, some less, than the stated molecular weight) for ease in handling and manufactunng
  • Other sizes may be used, depending on the desired therapeutic profile (e g , the duration of sustained release desired, the effects, if any on biological activity, the ease in handling, the degree or lack of antigemcity and other known effects of the polyethylene glycol to a therapeutic protein or analog)
  • the number of polymer molecules so attached may vary, and one skilled in the art will be able to ascertain the effect on function
  • One may mono- denvatize, or may provide for a di-, t ⁇ -, tetra- or some combination of de ⁇ vatization, with the same or different chemical moieties (e g , polymers, such as different weights of polyethylene glycols)
  • the proportion of polymer molecules to protein (or peptide) molecules will vary, as will their concentrations in the reaction mixture In general, the optimum ratio (in terms of efficiency of reaction in that there is no excess unreacted protein or polymer) will be determined by factors such as the desired degree of denvatization (e g , mono, di-, t ⁇ -, etc ), the molecular weight of the polymer selected, whether the polymer is branched or unbranched, and the reaction conditions
  • the chemical moieties should be attached to the protein with consideration of effects on functional or antigemc domains of the protein There are a number of attachment methods available to those skilled in the art E g . EP 0 401
  • polyethylene glycol may be covalently bound through ammo acid residues via a reactive group, such as, a free amino or carboxyl group Reactive groups are those to which an activated polyethylene glycol molecule may be bound
  • ammo acid residues having a free amino group may include lysine residues and the N-terminal amino acid residue Those having a free carboxyl group may include aspartic acid residues, glutamic acid residues, and the C-terminal amino acid residue Sulfhydryl groups may also be used as reactive groups for attaching the polyethylene glycol molecule(s) Preferred for therapeutic pu ⁇ oses is attachment at an ammo group, such as attachment at the N-terminus or lysine group Attachment at residues important for receptor binding should be avoided if receptor binding is desired
  • N-terminally chemically modified OB protein or polypeptides Using polyethylene glycol as an illustration of the compositions useful in the practice of the present invention, one may select from a va ⁇ ety of polyethylene glycol molecules (by molecular weight, branching, etc ), the proportion of polyethylene glycol molecules to protein molecules in the reaction mix, the type of pegylation reaction to be performed, and the method of obtaining the selected N-termmally pegylated protein
  • the method of obtaining the N-terminally pegylated preparation (I e , separating this moiety from other monopegylated moieties if necessary) may be by punfication of the N-terminally pegylated mate ⁇ al from a population of pegylated protein molecules
  • Selective N-terminal chemical modification may be accomplished by reductive alkylation which exploits differential reactivity of different types of pnmary ammo groups (lysine versus the N-termmal) available for denvatization m a particular
  • compositions which interact with an adrenoreceptor preferably adrenergic agonists
  • an adrenoreceptor preferably adrenergic agonists
  • the compositions and methods of the invention are also useful for increasing the transport of endogenous leptin across the blood-bram barner
  • radiolabelled leptm was administered then measured m mice who were given compositions which interact with an adrenoreceptor Compositions containing epineph ⁇ ne (which reacts with an adrenoreceptor) were the most effective in enhancing leptin transport
  • Other compositions including those containing ammo acids or hormones were tested as well and in some cases were shown to be effective in enhancing leptin transport across the blood-bram bamer
  • Example 1 descnbes the effects of epineph ⁇ ne on leptm transport across the blood-brain barner
  • Example 2 descnbes the effect of vanous dosages of epineph ⁇ ne on the transport of leptin across the blood-bram bar ⁇ er
  • Example 3 the effect of epmephrme on the integnty of the blood- brain barrier was examined
  • Example 4 the effect of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanme on transport of leptin across the blood-bram barner was studied
  • Example 5 the effect of arginme, phenylalanme, tryptophan, and tyrosine on the transport of leptin across the blood-brain barner was studied.
  • Example 6 the effects of neurotransmitters including dopamine, histamine, serotonin, and epmephnne on leptin transport are described.
  • Example 7 descnbes the effect of co-admimstration of the adrenoreceptor agonists/antagonists cirazohne hydrochlonde, UK14304, albuterol, CGP- 12177 A, and benoxathian hydrochlonde on transport of leptin across the blood- brain barner was examined
  • Example 8 the effect of co-administration of certain adrenoreceptor agonists such as isoproterenol, clomdine, arterenol, and phenylephnne on transport of leptin across the blood-brain barner was examined.
  • Example 9 the effect of the adrenoreceptor antagonists phentolamine, D,L-propanolol, yohimbine, and prasozin on transport of leptin across the blood-brain barner was tested.
  • Example 10 descnbes the effect of tumor necrosis factor on leptm transport across the blood-bram barner.
  • Example 1 descnbes the effect of punnergic and glutammergic agonists on the transport of leptm across the blood-brain barner.
  • mice were then given an intraperitoneal (i.p ) injection of epmephnne (33 ⁇ g/200 ⁇ l) in lactated Ringer's solution with 1 % bovine serum albumin The time of these injections was considered time zero After time intervals of 10 minutes (nun.), 30 mm., 45 mm , 1 hour (h), and 2 h post epmephnne injection, radiolabelled leptin ( l25 I, 1.65 x 10 6 cpm) in lactated Ringer's solution with 1% bovine serum albumin was administered to the mice via intravenous (I v.) injection in the jugular vein.
  • I v. intravenous
  • mice were not given epmephnne, only lactated Ringer's solution with 1% bovme serum albumin and were injected with l2 T- leptin only after the time interval of 10 minutes All mice were decapitated and their blood collected after 10 minutes following the leptin injection
  • the bram (except pituitary and pineals) was removed and counted m a gamma counter (Micromedic 4/200, Horsham, PA) for 3 minutes Blood was collected from a cut in the nght carotid artery, cent ⁇ fuged at 2000 g for 10 mm at 4°C, then 0 1 ml was counted in a gamma counter
  • Bram blood ratios were expressed as counts algebraically to ⁇ l/g of brain over counts/min / ⁇ l of arte ⁇ al blood
  • mice were anaesthetized with ethyl carbamate. The mice were then given an i.v. injection of a solution containing radiolabelled leptin (i2 T, 2.1 x 10 6 cpm) in lactated Ringer's solution with 1% bovine serum albumin and various amounts of epinephrine (133.33 ⁇ g, 400 nM; 66.6 ⁇ g, 200 nM; 33.3 ⁇ g, 100 nM; 13.3 ⁇ g, 40 nM; 0.667 ⁇ g, 2 nM) in 200 ⁇ l. Blood and brain samples were collected as described in the previous Examples at 10 min post leptin injection.
  • a solution containing radiolabelled leptin i2 T, 2.1 x 10 6 cpm
  • lactated Ringer's solution with 1% bovine serum albumin
  • epinephrine 133.33 ⁇ g, 400 nM; 66.6 ⁇ g, 200 nM; 33.3 ⁇ g
  • Radiolabelled albumin is the traditional standard to be administered and monitored in order to test the mtegnty of the blood-brain barrier (Davson H (1967) Physiology of the Cerebrospinal Fluid, pp 82-103, J & A Churchill, London)
  • mice were anaesthetized with ethyl carbamate then given an I v injection of either a solution containing radiolabelled leptin ( 125 I, 1 54 x 10 6 cpm) and albumin ("Tc, 3 4 x 10 6 cpm) (labeled solution) m lactated Ringer's solution with 1% bovme serum albumin in 200 ⁇ l or the labeled solution plus epineph ⁇ ne (33 ⁇ g) All mice were decapitated with their blood and testis collected after 10 minutes following the leptin injection The bram (except pituitary and pmeals) was removed and counted in a gamma counter (Micromedic 4/200, Horsham, PA) for 3 minutes.
  • a gamma counter Meromedic 4/200, Horsham, PA
  • Blood was also collected from a cut in the ⁇ ght carotid artery, cent ⁇ fuged at 2000 g for 10 min. at 4°C, then 50 ⁇ l was counted in a gamma counter. Bram/blood and testis/blood ratios were expressed as counts/min./g of brain or testis over counts/min./ ⁇ l of arte ⁇ al blood.
  • the results of this experiment indicate that the co-administration of epinephrine with leptin induced an enhanced uptake of leptin by the brain in mice.
  • the data from the time points of 1 min., 2 min., 3 min., 4 min., 5 min., 7.5 min., 10 min., and 12 min. illustrate that the effects of epinephrine on leptin uptake by the brain increase with time as shown in this 12 minute experiment.
  • the co- administration of epinephrine did not enhance the uptake of albumin in the brain of mice.
  • mice were anaesthetized with ethyl carbamate. The mice were then given an i.v. injection of either a labeled solution containing radiolabelled human leptin ( l25 L 1.58 x 10 6 cpm) in lactated Ringer's solution with 1% bovine serum albumin in 200 ⁇ l or the labeled solution plus one of the following amino acids (tyrosine or phenylalanme, 10 ⁇ g). Blood and brain samples were collected as described in the previous Examples at the following time points post leptin injection (1 min., 2 min., 3 min., 4 min., 5 min., 7.5 min., 10 min., 12.5 min. and 15 min.).
  • mice were anaesthetized with ethyl carbamate. The mice were then given an i.v. injection of either a solution containing radiolabelled leptin ( ,35 I, 1.68 x 10 6 cpm) in lactated Ringer's solution with 1% bovine serum albumin in 200 ⁇ l or the solution plus one of the following amino acids (arginine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, or tyrosine, 1 mg). Blood and brain samples were collected as described in the previous Examples at 10 min post leptin injection.
  • mice were anaesthetized with ethyl carbamate. The mice were then given by intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of a solution containing a neurotransmitter such as: acetylcholine, 98 ⁇ g; dopamine, 103 ⁇ g; epinephrine, 55 ⁇ g; histamine, 1 17 ⁇ g; or serotonin, 130 ⁇ g. Ten minutes later the mice were given an i.v.
  • a neurotransmitter such as: acetylcholine, 98 ⁇ g; dopamine, 103 ⁇ g; epinephrine, 55 ⁇ g; histamine, 1 17 ⁇ g; or serotonin, 130 ⁇ g.
  • mice were anaesthetized with ethyl carbamate The mice were then given an I v injection of either a labeled solution containing radiolabelled leptin ( l25 I, 1 98 x 10 6 cpm) in lactated Ringer's solution with 1% bovine serum albumin in 100 ⁇ l or the labeled solution plus one of the following agonists isoproterenol, 25 30 ⁇ g, clomdine, 18 66 ⁇ g, epinephrine, 14 26 ⁇ g, L- phenylephnne, 14 26 ⁇ g, or arterenol, 22 35 ⁇ g) Blood and brain samples were collected as desc ⁇ bed above at 10 min post leptin injection
  • mice were anaesthetized with ethyl carbamate
  • the mice w ere then given an I v injection of either a labeled solution containing radiolabelled leptin ( l2 l, 1 48 x 10 6 cpm) in lactated Rmger's solution with 1% bovme serum albumin and epmephnne (3 33 ⁇ g) in 100 ⁇ l, or labeled leptin and epmephnne plus one of the following antagonists (phentolamine, 528 4 ⁇ g, D,L-propanolol, 4 41 ⁇ g, yohimbine, 547 3 ⁇ g, or prazosin, saturated solution of 587 8 ⁇ g)
  • Blood and brain samples were collected as described above at 10 mm post leptin injection Table 8 Co-administration of Adrenoreceptor Antagonists and Epmephnne with Leptin
  • mice were anaesthetized with ethyl carbamate. The mice were then given an 1 v.
  • TNF- ⁇ (cachexin) is a cytokine about the same size as leptin that is transported across the blood-brain barrier and also has effects on feeding. This suggests the possibility that TNF may modulate the transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier. Similarly, leptin may play a role in the transport of TNF across the blood-brain barrier. This hypothesis was tested using two experimental paradigms, an acute model, and a chronic model. Acute
  • the entry rate of 0 477 ⁇ l/g-min for labeled leptin is similar to that typically found in normal mice However, the entry of I-leptin into the brain was not inhibited by 0 1 or 0 3 ⁇ g/mouse of unlabeled leptin and 1 0 ⁇ g/mouse inhibited the entry rate by only 40% In normal mice, 0 3 ⁇ g inhibits entry by 50% and 1 ⁇ g/mouse inhibits entry by 95%
  • TNF receptor knockout mice have an altered transporter for leptin across the blood-brain barner Chronic TNF exposure, perhaps especially during development, is likely needed for the normal functioning of the leptm transporter
  • This therefore, represents another class of compounds (cytokines), in addition to the adrenergic agonist, ammo acids, and other compositions desc ⁇ bed above that can modulate the transport of leptin across the BBB EXAMPLE 11 Modulation of Leptin Uptake b ⁇ Adenosine and Glutamate
  • mice were tested One group received labeled leptin (as descnbed in examples set out above) alone, a second group received labeled leptin plus adenosine (0 4 mmol/kg), a third group received labeled leptin plus arginine (10 mg/mouse), and a fourth group received labeled leptin plus glutamate at the dosage of 10 mg/mouse
  • L-Argmine is an essential ammo acid included below as a control
  • brain and blood samples were obtained at 10 mm post leptm injection as desc ⁇ bed
  • the brain/serum ratios have been corrected for vascular space by subtracting 10 ⁇ l/g
  • punnergic agonists such as adenosine are useful in decreasing uptake of leptin into the brain and thus may act as therapeutic agents in pathological conditions or under other circumstances wherein a decrease in leptin uptake in the brain is desired.
  • agonists e.g , glutamate
  • glutamate receptors including the lonotropic receptors (e g AMP A, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors) and metabotropic receptors
  • metabotropic receptors may also be useful in the same context as the punnergic agonists descnbed above.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des matériaux et des procédés servant à moduler le transport de la leptine à travers la barrière hémato-encéphalique.
EP00959325A 1999-08-23 2000-08-23 Modulation de transporteur de leptine a travers la barriere hemato-encephalique Withdrawn EP1250131A2 (fr)

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WO2007080404A2 (fr) * 2006-01-12 2007-07-19 Asterion Limited Ligands de leptines
WO2009114533A2 (fr) * 2008-03-10 2009-09-17 Cornell University Modulation de la perméabilité d'une barrière hématoencéphalique
AU2009248914A1 (en) 2008-05-21 2009-11-26 Neurotez, Inc. Methods for Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders Related to Neurofibrillary Tangles
AU2009313562B2 (en) 2008-11-04 2012-11-15 Neurotez, Inc. Leptin compositions and methods for treating progressive cognitive function disorders resulting from accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and amlyoid beta
WO2012037457A1 (fr) * 2010-09-16 2012-03-22 Cornell University Utilisation de la signalisation des récepteurs de l'adénosine pour moduler la perméabilité de la barrière hémato-encéphalique
EP2601946A1 (fr) * 2011-12-06 2013-06-12 Pécsi Tudomànyegyetem Traitement et prévention des maladies liées au stress oxydatif
GB2571696B (en) 2017-10-09 2020-05-27 Compass Pathways Ltd Large scale method for the preparation of Psilocybin and formulations of Psilocybin so produced
WO2019098811A2 (fr) 2017-11-20 2019-05-23 주식회사 노브메타파마 Composition pour prévenir, soulager ou traiter des maladies de perte osseuse, comprenant cyclo(his-pro) (chp)
JP2022529781A (ja) 2019-04-17 2022-06-24 コンパス パスファインダー リミテッド サイロシビンによるうつ病及び他の様々な障害の治療
KR102115353B1 (ko) * 2019-05-17 2020-05-26 주식회사 노브메타파마 Chp(사이클로-히스프로) 및 부갑상선 호르몬을 포함하는 골 손실 질환의 예방, 개선 또는 치료용 조성물

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