EP1219367A1 - Method and device for producing cast and forged parts having at least one hollow cavity - Google Patents

Method and device for producing cast and forged parts having at least one hollow cavity Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1219367A1
EP1219367A1 EP01420234A EP01420234A EP1219367A1 EP 1219367 A1 EP1219367 A1 EP 1219367A1 EP 01420234 A EP01420234 A EP 01420234A EP 01420234 A EP01420234 A EP 01420234A EP 1219367 A1 EP1219367 A1 EP 1219367A1
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Prior art keywords
preform
foundry
recess
forged
forging
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EP01420234A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1219367B1 (en
Inventor
Emile Di Serio
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Saint Jean Industries SAS
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Di Serio Emile
Saint Jean Industries SAS
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K1/00—Making machine elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D31/00—Cutting-off surplus material, e.g. gates; Cleaning and working on castings
    • B22D31/002—Cleaning, working on castings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
    • B21J5/002—Hybrid process, e.g. forging following casting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J5/00—Methods for forging, hammering, or pressing; Special equipment or accessories therefor
    • B21J5/02—Die forging; Trimming by making use of special dies ; Punching during forging

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical sector of the manufacture of parts in light alloy such as aluminum alloy, cast in foundry and then forged. Many parts are made in the foundry and then forged according to the COBAPRESS process, subject of European patent n ° 119 365 for light alloys, especially aluminum. These parts often require additional machining operations to make bores or recesses or blind holes which are directly related to the use and applications of the part itself on more products or less complex. In this case, it is then necessary after the operation of foundry and forging, to transfer the considered parts to other workstations, to perform the necessary shaping operations, such as that machining for the production of recesses and cavities present on the final product.
  • the manufacturing process according to the invention of molded and forged parts applies to all parts of any shape likely to present to the final state of shaping one or more openings or cavities or blind, useful and functional or with a simple lightening function.
  • the parts are made of light alloy such as aluminum alloy.
  • FIG. 1 shows a preformed part (1) cast in a foundry having a sleeve part (1a) and a tab (1b), and this simply as an example for understanding the invention.
  • Said sleeve (1b) internally has a recess (1c) which can be established on all or part of its length.
  • the joint plane (P), the longitudinal axis is shown.
  • This part is intended to be obtained according to the COBAPRESS process defined in European patent n ° 119 365, implementing operations successive casting in foundry then forging for alloy parts lightweight, such as aluminum alloy. Between casting and forging, there is an intermediate operation to introduce the part to the foundry preform state, in a tunnel oven for heating, ensuring its temperature homogenization, then its transfer to the forging. Said foundry preform thus presents one or more recesses or cavities.
  • the forging tool is arranged around the matrix of strikes, with one or more spindle translation mechanisms (2) intended to be temporarily positioned in the foundry preform at through the corresponding recess (s) (1c), during the forging said preform. More specifically, the foundry preform is positioned in the lower striking die (3), the die upper being raised. The positioning of the foundry preform in the lower forging die is such that the one or more recesses are in look at the longitudinal axis (Y-Y) of movement of the spindle (s), the two axes (X-X) (Y-Y) coinciding.
  • the spindle (s) are urged to move by means of actuator type (5) or equivalent. Order on the go spindles are carried out as part of production automation, directly related to the complete parts manufacturing process.
  • the profile of the pin (s) is established to get as close as possible to the profile of the recess made in the finished part.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)

Abstract

The method of making light alloy castings with hollows involves making a raw casting with the hollows, which is then passe to a tunnel furnace for homogenization. The raw casting is then placed in a forging die (3) for forming. Multidirectional broaches (2) are introduced into the hollows prior to forging, the die is then opened and the broaches removed.

Description

L'invention se rattache au secteur technique de la fabrication de pièces en alliage léger tel qu'alliage d'aluminium, coulées en fonderie puis forgées. De nombreuses pièces sont fabriquées en fonderie puis forgées selon le procédé COBAPRESS, objet du brevet européen n° 119 365 pour des alliages léger et notamment d'aluminium. Ces pièces requièrent souvent des opérations complémentaires d'usinage pour réaliser des alésages ou évidements ou trous borgnes qui sont directement en relation avec l'utilisation et les applications de la pièce elle-même sur des produits plus ou moins complexes. Dans ce cas, il est alors nécessaire après l'opération de fonderie et de forgeage, de transférer les pièces considérées vers d'autres postes de travail, pour effectuer les opérations de façonnage nécessaires, tels que usinage pour la réalisation d'évidements et cavités présentes sur le produit final.The invention relates to the technical sector of the manufacture of parts in light alloy such as aluminum alloy, cast in foundry and then forged. Many parts are made in the foundry and then forged according to the COBAPRESS process, subject of European patent n ° 119 365 for light alloys, especially aluminum. These parts often require additional machining operations to make bores or recesses or blind holes which are directly related to the use and applications of the part itself on more products or less complex. In this case, it is then necessary after the operation of foundry and forging, to transfer the considered parts to other workstations, to perform the necessary shaping operations, such as that machining for the production of recesses and cavities present on the final product.

Ces opérations augmentent d'une manière substantielle la chaíne de fabrication et le coût en résultant.These operations substantially increase the chain of manufacturing and the resulting cost.

La démarche du demandeur a donc été de rechercher comment remédier à ces inconvénients et contraintes, tout en maintenant et en garantissant la qualité de fabrication de la pièce finale obtenue. The applicant's approach was therefore to find out how to remedy these disadvantages and constraints, while maintaining and guaranteeing the manufacturing quality of the final part obtained.

On connaít par ailleurs l'utilisation de broches dans des moules de fonderie, ces broches ayant pour fonction de faire des pièces de fonderie avec des évidements.
Le demandeur, en tenant compte de l'ensemble de ces informations, a ainsi développé selon l'invention un nouveau procédé de fabrication de pièces moulées puis forgées, conservant les évidements de la préforme coulée, supprimant toute ou partie des opérations d'usinage ultérieures qui étaient nécessaires comme rappelé précédemment.We also know the use of pins in foundry molds, these pins having the function of making foundry parts with recesses.
The applicant, taking into account all of this information, has thus developed according to the invention a new method of manufacturing molded and then forged parts, retaining the recesses of the preform cast, eliminating all or part of the subsequent machining operations which were necessary as previously recalled.

Selon l'invention, le procédé est remarquable en ce qu'il met en oeuvre les phases suivantes :

  • réalisation d'une préforme de fonderie incluant un ou des évidements ou cavités débouchants ou borgnes, correspondant à des formes utiles ou recherchées de la pièce finie à obtenir ;
  • transfert de la préforme dans un four tunnel assurant l'homogénéisation en température de ladite préforme ;
  • positionnement de la préforme de fonderie dans une matrice de frappe disposée sur la presse ;
  • introduction d'une ou de plusieurs broches multidirectionnelles dans le ou les évidements ou cavités de la préforme de fonderie, selon une commande précédant l'opération de forgeage ;
  • opération de frappe de la préforme réceptrice de la ou des broches pendant la phase de positionnement temporaire de la ou des broches à l'intérieur du ou des évidements formés ;
  • remontée de la matrice supérieure de forgeage pour libérer la préforme forgée ;
  • retrait de la ou des broches placées dans le ou les évidements ;
  • déchargement de la préforme forgée.
According to the invention, the method is remarkable in that it implements the following phases:
  • production of a foundry preform including one or more openings or recesses or blinds, corresponding to useful or desired shapes of the finished part to be obtained;
  • transfer of the preform into a tunnel oven ensuring temperature homogenization of said preform;
  • positioning of the foundry preform in a striking die arranged on the press;
  • introduction of one or more multidirectional spindles into the recess (s) or cavities of the foundry preform, according to a command preceding the forging operation;
  • striking operation of the receiving preform of the pin (s) during the phase of temporary positioning of the pin (s) inside the formed recess (s);
  • raising the upper forging die to release the forged preform;
  • removal of the pin or pins placed in the recess (s);
  • unloading of the forged preform.

Ces caractéristiques et d'autres encore relatives au procédé précité, et aux moyens techniques nécessaires à la mise en oeuvre du procédé, sont décrites dans la suite de la description.These characteristics and others still relating to the aforementioned process, and to the technical means necessary for the implementation of the process, are described in the following description.

L'invention est exposée ci-après plus en détail à l'aide des figures des dessins annexés dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une vue d'une pièce quelconque présentée dans l'état de préforme selon l'invention et destinée à être forgée.
  • les figures 2 et 3 sont des vues à caractère schématique en plan illustrant les phases de positionnement des broches ou de leur retrait dans la préforme pendant l'opération et après l'opération de forgeage.
The invention is set out below in more detail with the aid of the figures of the appended drawings in which:
  • Figure 1 is a view of any part presented in the preform state according to the invention and intended to be forged.
  • Figures 2 and 3 are schematic plan views illustrating the positioning phases of the pins or their withdrawal in the preform during the operation and after the forging operation.

Afin de rendre plus concret l'objet de l'invention, on le décrit maintenant d'une manière non limitative illustrée aux dessins.In order to make the object of the invention more concrete, it is now described in a nonlimiting manner illustrated in the drawings.

Le procédé de fabrication selon l'invention de pièces moulées puis forgées s'applique à toutes pièces de forme quelconque susceptible de présenter à l'état final de façonnage un ou des évidements ou cavités débouchantes ou borgnes, utiles et fonctionnelles ou à simple fonction d'allégement. La ou les pièces sont en alliage léger tel qu'alliage d'aluminium.The manufacturing process according to the invention of molded and forged parts applies to all parts of any shape likely to present to the final state of shaping one or more openings or cavities or blind, useful and functional or with a simple lightening function. There where the parts are made of light alloy such as aluminum alloy.

On a ainsi représenté figure 1 une pièce (1) préformée coulée en fonderie présentant une partie manchon (1a) et une patte (1b), et ce simplement à titre d'exemple pour la compréhension de l'invention. Ledit manchon (1b) présente intérieurement un évidement (1c) pouvant être établi sur toute ou partie de sa longueur. On a représenté le plan de joint (P), l'axe longitudinal (X-X) de l'évidement et par la flèche (F) la direction de frappe. FIG. 1 shows a preformed part (1) cast in a foundry having a sleeve part (1a) and a tab (1b), and this simply as an example for understanding the invention. Said sleeve (1b) internally has a recess (1c) which can be established on all or part of its length. The joint plane (P), the longitudinal axis is shown. (X-X) of the recess and by the arrow (F) the direction of impact.

Cette pièce est destinée à être obtenue selon le procédé du COBAPRESS défini dans le brevet européen n° 119 365, mettant en oeuvre des opérations successives de coulage en fonderie puis forgeage pour des pièces en alliage léger, tel qu'alliage d'aluminium. Entre les opérations de coulée et de forgeage, est prévue une opération intermédiaire d'introduction de la pièce à l'état de préforme de fonderie, dans un four tunnel pour son chauffage, assurant son homogénéisation en température, puis son transfert au poste de forgeage. Ladite préforme de fonderie présente ainsi un ou plusieurs évidements ou cavités.This part is intended to be obtained according to the COBAPRESS process defined in European patent n ° 119 365, implementing operations successive casting in foundry then forging for alloy parts lightweight, such as aluminum alloy. Between casting and forging, there is an intermediate operation to introduce the part to the foundry preform state, in a tunnel oven for heating, ensuring its temperature homogenization, then its transfer to the forging. Said foundry preform thus presents one or more recesses or cavities.

Selon l'invention, l'outil de forgeage est aménagé autour de la matrice de frappe, avec un ou plusieurs mécanismes de translation de broches (2) destinées à être positionnées temporairement dans la préforme de fonderie à travers le ou les évidements (1c) correspondants, durant l'opération de forgeage de ladite préforme. Plus spécifiquement, la préforme de fonderie est positionnée dans la matrice inférieure de frappe (3), la matrice supérieure étant relevée. Le positionnement de la préforme de fonderie dans la matrice inférieure de forgeage est tel que le ou lesdits évidements sont en regard de l'axe longitudinal (Y-Y) de déplacement de la ou des broches, les deux axes (X-X) (Y-Y) coïncidant.According to the invention, the forging tool is arranged around the matrix of strikes, with one or more spindle translation mechanisms (2) intended to be temporarily positioned in the foundry preform at through the corresponding recess (s) (1c), during the forging said preform. More specifically, the foundry preform is positioned in the lower striking die (3), the die upper being raised. The positioning of the foundry preform in the lower forging die is such that the one or more recesses are in look at the longitudinal axis (Y-Y) of movement of the spindle (s), the two axes (X-X) (Y-Y) coinciding.

La ou les broches sont sollicitées en déplacement par des moyens de commande (5) du type vérin ou équivalent. La commande en déplacement des broches s'effectue dans le cadre d'une automatisation de production, directement en relation avec le procédé complet de fabrication des pièces.The spindle (s) are urged to move by means of actuator type (5) or equivalent. Order on the go spindles are carried out as part of production automation, directly related to the complete parts manufacturing process.

Le fonctionnement et mise en oeuvre du procédé est le suivant :

  • réalisation d'une préforme de fonderie incluant un ou des évidements ou cavités débouchants ou borgnes, correspondant à des formes utiles ou recherchées de la pièce finie à obtenir ;
  • transfert de la préforme dans un four tunnel assurant l'homogénéisation en température de la préforme ;
  • positionnement de la préforme de fonderie dans une matrice de frappe disposée sur une presse;
  • introduction d'une ou de plusieurs broches multidirectionnelles dans le ou les évidements ou cavités de la préforme de fonderie, selon une commande précédant l'opération de forgeage, lesdites broches étant translatées temporairement pour être positionnées dans la préforme de fonderie ;
  • opération de frappe de la préforme réceptrice de la ou des broches pendant la phase de positionnement temporaire de la ou des broches à l'intérieur du ou des évidements formés ;
  • remontée de la matrice supérieure de forgeage pour libérer la préforme forgée ;
  • retrait de la ou des broches placées dans le ou les évidements ;
  • déchargement de la préforme forgée.
The operation and implementation of the process is as follows:
  • production of a foundry preform including one or more openings or recesses or blinds, corresponding to useful or desired shapes of the finished part to be obtained;
  • transfer of the preform into a tunnel oven ensuring temperature homogenization of the preform;
  • positioning of the foundry preform in a striking die arranged on a press;
  • introduction of one or more multidirectional spindles into the recess (s) or cavities of the foundry preform, according to a command preceding the forging operation, said pins being temporarily translated to be positioned in the foundry preform;
  • striking operation of the receiving preform of the pin (s) during the phase of temporary positioning of the pin (s) inside the formed recess (s);
  • raising the upper forging die to release the forged preform;
  • removal of the pin or pins placed in the recess (s);
  • unloading of the forged preform.

Le profil de la ou des broches est établi pour se rapprocher au plus près du profil de l'évidement réalisé dans la pièce finie.The profile of the pin (s) is established to get as close as possible to the profile of the recess made in the finished part.

Les avantages sont les suivants :

  • intégration du façonnage du ou des évidements dans l'opération de forge, entraínant ainsi un gain d'usinage et une réduction du coût de fabrication ;
  • gain de matière sur la préforme par la formation du ou des évidements entraínant un gain de poids et un gain sur le coût de fabrication ; notamment sur l'opération d'usinage.
  • obtention d'évidements ou d'avant-trous multidirectionnels et non pas uniquement dans le sens de la frappe.
The advantages are:
  • integration of the shaping of the recess (s) in the forging operation, thus resulting in a gain in machining and a reduction in the manufacturing cost;
  • gain in material on the preform by the formation of the recess (s) resulting in weight gain and a gain in manufacturing cost; especially on the machining operation.
  • obtaining multidirectional recesses or pilot holes and not only in the direction of striking.

Claims (2)

Procédé de fabrication de pièces moulées puis forgées comprenant un ou des évidements, caractérisé en ce qu'il met en oeuvre les phases suivantes : réalisation d'une préforme de fonderie incluant un ou des évidements ou cavités débouchants ou borgnes, correspondant à des formes utiles ou recherchées de la pièce finie à obtenir ; transfert de la préforme dans un four tunnel assurant l'homogénéisation en température de ladite préforme ; positionnement de la préforme de fonderie dans une matrice de frappe disposée sur une presse; introduction d'une ou de plusieurs broches multidirectionnelles dans le ou les évidements ou cavités de la préforme de fonderie, selon une commande précédant l'opération de forgeage ; opération de frappe de la préforme réceptrice de la ou des broches pendant la phase de positionnement temporaire de la ou des broches à l'intérieur du ou des évidements formés ; remontée de la matrice supérieure de forgeage pour libérer la préforme forgée ; retrait de la ou des broches placées dans le ou les évidements ; déchargement de la préforme forgée. Method for manufacturing molded and forged parts comprising one or more recesses, characterized in that it implements the following phases: production of a foundry preform including one or more openings or recesses or blinds, corresponding to useful or desired shapes of the finished part to be obtained; transfer of the preform into a tunnel oven ensuring temperature homogenization of said preform; positioning of the foundry preform in a striking die arranged on a press; introduction of one or more multidirectional spindles into the recess (s) or cavities of the foundry preform, according to a command preceding the forging operation; striking operation of the receiving preform of the pin (s) during the phase of temporary positioning of the pin (s) inside the formed recess (s); raising the upper forging die to release the forged preform; removal of the pin or pins placed in the recess (s); unloading of the forged preform. Installation pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend autour de la matrice de frappe réceptrice de la préforme de fonderie un ou plusieurs mécanismes de translation de broches multidirectionnelles destinées à être positionnées temporairement dans la préforme de fonderie à travers le ou les évidements correspondants de la préforme en vue de subir l'opération de forgeage, et en ce que les translations sont effectuées à l'aide de commande 5 du type vérin.Installation for implementing the method according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises around the striking die receiving the foundry preform one or more translation mechanisms of multidirectional spindles intended to be temporarily positioned in the preform of foundry through the corresponding recess (s) of the preform in order to undergo the forging operation, and in that the translations are carried out using control 5 of the jack type.
EP01420234A 2000-12-27 2001-12-07 Method and device for producing cast and forged parts having at least one hollow cavity Expired - Lifetime EP1219367B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0017337A FR2818565B1 (en) 2000-12-27 2000-12-27 PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF MOLDED PARTS THEN FORGED COMPRISING ONE OR TWO RECESSES AND INSTALLATION FOR IMPLEMENTING SAME
FR0017337 2000-12-27

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EP1219367A1 true EP1219367A1 (en) 2002-07-03
EP1219367B1 EP1219367B1 (en) 2009-08-12

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EP01420234A Expired - Lifetime EP1219367B1 (en) 2000-12-27 2001-12-07 Method and device for producing cast and forged parts having at least one hollow cavity

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US (1) US7596981B2 (en)
EP (1) EP1219367B1 (en)
JP (2) JP2002248540A (en)
KR (1) KR20020053720A (en)
CN (1) CN100381225C (en)
AT (1) ATE439199T1 (en)
AU (1) AU784683B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2366026C (en)
DE (1) DE60139537D1 (en)
DK (1) DK1219367T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2328790T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2818565B1 (en)
PT (1) PT1219367E (en)

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WO2003074209A2 (en) * 2002-03-06 2003-09-12 Adcock Technology Limited A method of manufacture of a metallic component apparatus for use in the method and method of finishing a metallic component
GB2386576A (en) * 2002-03-06 2003-09-24 Adcock Tech Ltd Deforming a component with a die tool
EP2164999A1 (en) * 2007-07-09 2010-03-24 Bharat Forge Aluminiumtechnik GMBH & CO. KG Casting-forging of wrought alloys
WO2011124836A1 (en) 2010-04-06 2011-10-13 Saint Jean Industries Process for manufacturing forgings made of light alloy, incorporating solid or thinned-down sections
WO2013098501A1 (en) * 2011-12-29 2013-07-04 Saint Jean Industries Method of dressing a forge die in the implementation of parts obtained by two successive operations of foundry casting followed by forging

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CN102489644A (en) * 2011-12-13 2012-06-13 天津欧克防爆工具有限公司 Method for forging copper alloy anti-explosion tool
FR3030370B1 (en) * 2014-12-17 2018-04-20 Saint Jean Industries METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A HYBRID WHEEL IN TWO LIGHT ALLOY PARTS ESPECIALLY ALUMINUM INCLUDING EVIDENCE IN ONE OF THE PNEUMATIC HEEL SEATS
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WO2003074209A2 (en) * 2002-03-06 2003-09-12 Adcock Technology Limited A method of manufacture of a metallic component apparatus for use in the method and method of finishing a metallic component
GB2386576A (en) * 2002-03-06 2003-09-24 Adcock Tech Ltd Deforming a component with a die tool
GB2386576B (en) * 2002-03-06 2004-02-25 Adcock Tech Ltd A method of manufacture of a metallic component, apparatus when used in the method and a method of finishing a metallic component
WO2003074209A3 (en) * 2002-03-06 2004-02-26 Adcock Tech Ltd A method of manufacture of a metallic component apparatus for use in the method and method of finishing a metallic component
EP2164999A1 (en) * 2007-07-09 2010-03-24 Bharat Forge Aluminiumtechnik GMBH & CO. KG Casting-forging of wrought alloys
WO2011124836A1 (en) 2010-04-06 2011-10-13 Saint Jean Industries Process for manufacturing forgings made of light alloy, incorporating solid or thinned-down sections
US8701741B2 (en) 2010-04-06 2014-04-22 Saint Jean Industries Process for manufacturing forgings made of light alloy, incorporating solid or thinned-down sections
WO2013098501A1 (en) * 2011-12-29 2013-07-04 Saint Jean Industries Method of dressing a forge die in the implementation of parts obtained by two successive operations of foundry casting followed by forging
FR2985205A1 (en) * 2011-12-29 2013-07-05 Saint Jean Ind METHOD OF POTEYING OF FORGE MATRIX IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PIECES OBTAINED BY TWO SUCCESSIVE FOUNDRY CASTING AND THEN FORGING PROCEDURES
US10369619B2 (en) 2011-12-29 2019-08-06 Saint Jean Industries Method of dressing a forge die in the implementation of parts obtained by two successive operations of foundry casting followed by forging

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DE60139537D1 (en) 2009-09-24
DK1219367T3 (en) 2009-12-07
US20030000278A1 (en) 2003-01-02
AU9728401A (en) 2002-07-04
CA2366026A1 (en) 2002-06-27
AU784683B2 (en) 2006-06-01
EP1219367B1 (en) 2009-08-12
FR2818565A1 (en) 2002-06-28
JP2002248540A (en) 2002-09-03
ES2328790T3 (en) 2009-11-18
CA2366026C (en) 2010-03-02
JP2011140069A (en) 2011-07-21
KR20020053720A (en) 2002-07-05
US7596981B2 (en) 2009-10-06
ATE439199T1 (en) 2009-08-15
CN100381225C (en) 2008-04-16
FR2818565B1 (en) 2003-07-04
PT1219367E (en) 2009-09-30
CN1362300A (en) 2002-08-07

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