EP1200571A1 - Secretory molecules - Google Patents

Secretory molecules

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Publication number
EP1200571A1
EP1200571A1 EP00938080A EP00938080A EP1200571A1 EP 1200571 A1 EP1200571 A1 EP 1200571A1 EP 00938080 A EP00938080 A EP 00938080A EP 00938080 A EP00938080 A EP 00938080A EP 1200571 A1 EP1200571 A1 EP 1200571A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
polynucleotide
sptm
sequence
sequences
sample
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP00938080A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
David M. Hodgson
Stephen E. Lincoln
Frank D. Russo
Peter A. Spiro
Steven C. Banville
Shawn R. Bratcher
Gerard E. Dufour
Howard J. Cohen
Bruce H. Rosen
Michael S. Chalup
Jennifer L. Hillman
Anissa Lee Jones
Jimmy Y. Yu
Lila B. Greenawalt
Scott R. Panzer
Ann M. Roseberry
Rachel J. Wright
Susan E. Daniels
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Incyte Corp
Original Assignee
Incyte Genomics Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Incyte Genomics Inc filed Critical Incyte Genomics Inc
Publication of EP1200571A1 publication Critical patent/EP1200571A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12QMEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12QMEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6813Hybridisation assays
    • C12Q1/6834Enzymatic or biochemical coupling of nucleic acids to a solid phase
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12QMEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2600/00Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/158Expression markers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to secretory molecules and to the use of these sequences in the diagnosis, study, prevention, and treatment of diseases associated with cell signaling.
  • Protein transport and secretion are essential for cellular function. Protein transport is mediated by a signal peptide located at the amino terminus of the protein to be transported or secreted.
  • the signal peptide is comprised of about ten to twenty hydrophobic amino acids which target the nascent protein from the ribosome to a particular membrane bound compartment such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins targeted to the ER may either proceed through the secretory pathway or remain in any of the secretory organelles such as the ER, Golgi apparatus, or lysosomes. Proteins that transit through the secretory pathway are either secreted into the extracellular space or retained in the plasma membrane.
  • Proteins that are retained in the plasma membrane contain one or more transmembrane domains, each comprised of about 20 hydrophobic amino acid residues.
  • Proteins that are secreted from the cell are generally synthesized as inactive precursors that are activated by post-translational processing events during transit through the secretory pathway. Such events include glycosylation, proteolysis, and removal of the signal peptide by a signal peptidase.
  • Other events that may occur during protein transport include chaperone-dependent unfolding and folding of the nascent protein and interaction of the protein with a receptor or pore complex. Examples of secretory proteins with amino terminal signal peptides are discussed below and include proteins with important roles in cell-to-cell signaling.
  • Such proteins include transmembrane receptors and cell surface markers, extracellular matrix molecules, cytokines, hormones, growth and differentiation factors, neuropeptides, vasomediators, ion channels, transporters/pumps, and proteases. (Reviewed in Alberts, B. et al. (1994) Molecular Biology of The Cell, Garland Publishing, New York, NY, pp. 557-560, 582-592.)
  • GPCRs G-protein coupled receptors
  • GPCRs comprise a superfamily of integral membrane proteins which transduce extracellular signals. Not all GPCRs contain N-terminal signal peptides.
  • GPCRs include receptors for biogenic amines such as dopamine, epinephrine, histamine, glutamate (metabotropic-type), acetylcholine (muscarinic-type), and serotonin; for lipid mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins, platelet activating factor, and leukotrienes; for peptide hormones such as calcitonin, C5a anaphylatoxin, follicle stimulating hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone, neurokinin, oxytocin, and thrombin; and for sensory signal mediators such as retinal photopigments and olfactory stimulatory molecules.
  • the structure of these highly conserved receptors consists of seven hydrophobic transmembrane regions, cysteine disulfide bridges between the second and third extracellular loops, an extracellular N-terminus, and a cytoplasmic C-terminus.
  • the N-terminus interacts with ligands
  • the disulfide bridges interact with agonists and antagonists
  • the large third intracellular loop interacts with G proteins to activate second messengers such as cyclic AMP, phospholipase C, inositol triphosphate, or ion channels.
  • receptors include cell surface antigens identified on leukocytic cells of the immune system. These antigens have been identified using systematic, monoclonal antibody (mAb)- based "shot gun” techniques. These techniques have resulted in the production of hundreds of mAbs directed against unknown cell surface leukocytic antigens. These antigens have been grouped into “clusters of differentiation” based on common immunocytochemical localization patterns in various differentiated and undifferentiated leukocytic cell types. Antigens in a given cluster are presumed to identify a single cell surface protein and are assigned a "cluster of differentiation" or "CD” designation.
  • mAb monoclonal antibody
  • CD antigens Some of the genes encoding proteins identified by CD antigens have been cloned and verified by standard molecular biology techniques. CD antigens have been characterized as both transmembrane proteins and cell surface proteins anchored to the plasma membrane via covalent attachment to fatty acid-containing glycolipids such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI . (Reviewed in Barclay, A. N. et al. (1995) The Leucocyte Antigen Facts Book. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 17-20.)
  • GPI glycosylphosphatidylinositol
  • MPs Matrix proteins
  • the expression and balance of MPs may be perturbed by biochemical changes that result from congenital, epigenetic, or infectious diseases.
  • MPs affect leukocyte migration, proliferation, differentiation, and activation in the immune response.
  • MPs are frequently characterized by the presence of one or more domains which may include collagen-like domains, EGF-like domains, immunoglobulin-like domains, and fibronectin-like domains.
  • MPs may be heavily glycosylated and may contain an Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate (RGD) tripeptide motif which may play a role in adhesive interactions.
  • MPs include extracellular proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, galectin, vitronectin and its proteolytic derivative somatomedin B; and cell adhesion receptors such as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), cadherins, and integrins.
  • Cytokines are secreted by hematopoietic cells in response to injury or infection. Interleukins, neurotrophins, growth factors, interferons, and chemokines all define cytokine families that work in conjunction with cellular receptors to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition, cytokines effect activities such as leukocyte migration and function, hematopoietic cell proliferation, temperature regulation, acute response to infection, tissue remodeling, and apoptosis.
  • Chemokines are small chemoattractant cytokines involved in inflammation, leukocyte proliferation and migration, angiogenesis and angiostasis, regulation of hematopoiesis, HIV infectivity, and stimulation of cytokine secretion.
  • Chemokines generally contain 70-100 amino acids and are subdivided into four subfamilies based on the presence of conserved cysteine-based motifs. (Callard, R. and Gearing, A. (1994) The Cytokine Facts Book. Academic Press, New York, NY, pp. 181-190, 210-213, 223-227.)
  • Growth and differentiation factors are secreted proteins which function in intercellular communication. Some factors require oligomerization or association with MPs for activity.
  • the first class includes the large polypeptide growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor.
  • the second class includes the hematopoietic growth factors such as the colony stimulating factors (CSFs).
  • Hematopoietic growth factors stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of blood cells such as B- lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and their stem cell precursors.
  • the third class includes small peptide factors such as bombesin, vasopressin, oxytocin, endothelin, transferrin, angiotensin II, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and bradykinin which function as hormones to regulate cellular functions other than proliferation.
  • Growth and differentiation factors play critical roles in neoplastic transformation of cells in vitro and in tumor progression in vivo.
  • Inappropriate expression of growth factors by tumor cells may contribute to vascularization and metastasis of tumors.
  • growth factor misregulation can result in anemias, leukemias, and lymphomas.
  • Certain growth factors such as interferon are cytotoxic to tumor cells both in vivo and in vitro.
  • some growth factors and growth factor receptors are related both structurally and functionally to oncoproteins.
  • growth factors affect transcriptional regulation of both proto-oncogenes and oncosuppressor genes. (Reviewed in Pimentel, E. (1994) Handbook of Growth Factors. CRC Press, Ann Arbor, MI, pp.
  • Proteolytic enzymes or proteases either activate or deactivate proteins by hydrolyzing peptide bonds.
  • Proteases are found in the cytosol, in membrane-bound compartments, and in the extracellular space. The major families are the zinc, serine, cysteine, thiol, and carboxyl proteases.
  • Ion channels, ion pumps, and transport proteins mediate the transport of molecules across cellular membranes. Transport can occur by a passive, concentration-dependent mechanism or can be linked to an energy source such as ATP hydrolysis.
  • Symporters and antiporters transport ions and small molecules such as amino acids, glucose, and drugs. Symporters transport molecules and ions unidirectionally, and antiporters transport molecules and ions bidirectionally.
  • Transporter superfamilies include facilitative transporters and active ATP-binding cassette transporters which are involved in multiple-drug resistance and the targeting of antigenic peptides to MHC Class I molecules. These transporters bind to a specific ion or other molecule and undergo a conformatio ⁇ al change in order to transfer the ion or molecule across the membrane. (Reviewed in Alberts, B. et al. (1994) Molecular Biology of The Cell. Garland Publishing, New York, NY, pp. 523-546.)
  • Ion channels are formed by transmembrane proteins which create a lined passageway across the membrane through which water and ions, such as Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , and Cl " , enter and exit the cell.
  • chloride channels are involved in the regulation of the membrane electric potential as well as absorption and secretion of ions across the membrane. Chloride channels also regulate the internal pH of membrane-bound organelles.
  • Ion pumps are ATPases which actively maintain membrane gradients. Ion pumps are classified as P, V, or F according to their structure and function. All have one or more binding sites for ATP in their cytosolic domains.
  • the P-class ion pumps include Ca 2+ ATPase and Na7K + ATPase and function in transporting H + , Na + , K + , and Ca 2+ ions.
  • P-class pumps consist of two ⁇ and two ⁇ transmembrane subunits.
  • the V- and F-class ion pumps have similar structures but transport only H + .
  • F class H + pumps mediate transport across the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, while V- class H + pumps regulate acidity inside lysosomes, endosomes, and plant vacuoles.
  • the proteins in this family contain a highly conserved, large transmembrane domain comprised of 12 ⁇ -helices, and several weakly conserved, cytoplasmic and exoplasmic domains. (Pessin, J. E., and Bell, G.I. (1992) Annu. Rev. Physiol. 54:911-930.)
  • Amino acid transport is mediated by Na + dependent amino acid transporters. These transporters are involved in gastrointestinal and renal uptake of dietary and cellular amino acids and in neuronal reuptake of neurotransmitters. Transport of cationic amino acids is mediated by the system y+ family and the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) family. Members of the CAT family share a high degree of sequence homology, and each contains 12-14 putative transmembrane domains. (Ito, K. and Groudine, M. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:26780-26786.)
  • Hormones are secreted molecules that travel through the circulation and bind to specific receptors on the surface of, or within, target cells. Although they have diverse biochemical compositions and mechanisms of action, hormones can be grouped into two categories.
  • One category includes small lipophilic hormones that diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells, bind to cytosolic or nuclear receptors, and form a complex that alters gene expression. Examples of these molecules include retinoic acid, thyroxine, and the cholesterol-derived steroid hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, and aldosterone.
  • the second category includes hydrophilic hormones that function by binding to cell surface receptors that transduce signals across the plasma membrane.
  • hormones include amino acid derivatives such as catecholamines and peptide hormones such as glucagon, insulin, gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and vasopressin.
  • catecholamines amino acid derivatives
  • peptide hormones such as glucagon, insulin, gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and vasopressin.
  • Neuropeptides and vasomediators comprise a large family of endogenous signaling molecules. Included in this family are neuropeptides and neuropeptide hormones such as bombesin, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, neuromedin N, melanocortins, opioids, galanin, somatostatin, tachykinins, urotensin II and related peptides involved in smooth muscle stimulation, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and circulatory system-borne signaling molecules such as angiotensin, complement, calcitonin, endothelins, formyl-methionyl peptides, glucagon, cholecystokinin and gastrin.
  • neuropeptides and neuropeptide hormones such as bombesin, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, neuromedin N, melanocortins, opioids, galanin, somatostatin, tachykinins,
  • NP/VMs can transduce signals directly, modulate the activity or release of other neurotransmitters and hormones, and act as catalytic enzymes in cascades.
  • the effects of NP/VMs range from extremely brief to long-lasting. (Reviewed in Martin, C. R. et al. (1985) Endocrine Physiology. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 57-62.)
  • the present invention relates to nucleic acid sequences comprising human polynucleotides encoding secretory polypeptides that contain signal peptides and/or transmembrane domains.
  • human polynucleotides as presented in the Sequence Listing uniquely identify genes encoding structural, functional, and regulatory polypeptides (SPTM) involved in cell signaling.
  • the invention provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d).
  • the polynucleotide comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 -26. In another alternative, the polynucleotide comprises at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: l- 26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d).
  • the invention further provides a composition for the detection of expression of secretory polynucleotides comprising at least one isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d); and a detectable label.
  • a composition for the detection of expression of secretory polynucleotides comprising at least one isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide
  • the invention also provides a method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d).
  • the method comprises a) hybridizing the sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence complementary to said target polynucleotide in the sample, and which probe specifically hybridizes to said target polynucleotide, under conditions whereby a hybridization complex is formed between said probe and said target polynucleotide, and b) detecting the presence or absence of said hybridization complex, and, optionally, if present, the amount thereof.
  • the probe comprises at least 30 contiguous nucleotides.
  • the probe comprises at least 60 contiguous nucleotides.
  • the invention further provides a recombinant polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to an isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:l- 26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d).
  • the invention provides a cell transformed with the recombinant polynucleotide.
  • the invention provides a transgenic organism comprising the recombinant polynucleotide.
  • the invention provides a method for producing a secretory polypeptide, the method comprising a) culturing a cell under conditions suitable for expression of the secretory polypeptide, wherein said cell is transformed with the recombinant polynucleotide, and b) recovering the secretory polypeptide so expressed.
  • the invention also provides a purified secretory polypeptide (SPTM) encoded by at least one polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26. Additionally, the invention provides an isolated antibody which specifically binds to the secretory polypeptide.
  • the invention further provides a method of identifying a test compound which specifically binds to the secretory polypeptide, the method comprising the steps of a) providing a test compound; b) combining the secretory polypeptide with the test compound for a sufficient time and under suitable conditions for binding; and c) detecting binding of the secretory polypeptide to the test compound, thereby identifying the test compound which specifically binds the secretory polypeptide.
  • the invention further provides a microarray wherein at least one element of the microarray is an isolated polynucleotide comprising at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d).
  • the invention also provides a method for generating a transcript image of a sample which contains polynucleotides.
  • the method comprises a) labeling the polynucleotides of the sample, b) contacting the elements of the microarray with the labeled polynucleotides of the sample under conditions suitable for the formation of a hybridization complex, and c) quantifying the expression of the polynucleotides in the sample.
  • the invention provides a method for screening a compound for effectiveness in altering expression of a target polynucleotide, wherein said target polynucleotide comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d).
  • a target polynucleotide comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucle
  • the method comprises a) exposing a sample comprising the target polynucleotide to a compound, and b) detecting altered expression of the target polynucleotide.
  • the invention further provides a method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample for toxicity testing of a compound, said target polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d).
  • the method comprises a) hybridizing the sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence complementary to said target polynucleotide in the sample, and which probe specifically hybridizes to said target polynucleotide, under conditions whereby a hybridization complex is formed between said probe and said target polynucleotide, b) detecting the presence or absence of said hybridization complex, and, 5 optionally, if present, the amount thereof, and c) comparing the presence, absence or amount of said target polynucleotide in a first biological sample and a second biological sample, wherein said first biological sample has been contacted with said compound, and said second sample is a control, whereby a change in presence, absence or amount of said target polynucleotide in said first sample, as compared with said second sample, is indicative of toxic response to said compound.
  • Table 1 shows the sequence identification numbers (SEQ ID NO:s) and template identification numbers (template IDs) corresponding to the polynucleotides of the present invention, along with their GenBank hits (GI Numbers), probability scores, and functional annotations 5 corresponding to the GenBank hits.
  • Table 2 shows the sequence identification numbers (SEQ ID NO:s) and template identification numbers (template IDs) corresponding to the polynucleotides of the present invention, along with polynucleotide segments of each template sequence as defined by the indicated “start” and “stop” nucleotide positions.
  • the reading frames of the polynucleotide segments are shown, and the o polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotide segments constitute either signal peptide (SP) or transmembrane (TM) domains, as indicated.
  • SP signal peptide
  • TM transmembrane
  • Table 3 shows the sequence identification numbers (SEQ ID NO:s) and template identification numbers (template IDs) corresponding to the polynucleotides of the present invention, along with component sequence identification numbers (component IDs) corresponding to each 5 template.
  • the component sequences, which were used to assemble the template sequences, are defined by the indicated “start” and “stop” nucleotide positions along each template.
  • Table 4 summarizes the bioinformatics tools which are useful for analysis of the polynucleotides of the present invention.
  • the first column of Table 4 lists analytical tools, programs, and algorithms, the second column provides brief descriptions thereof, the third column presents 0 appropriate references, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, and the fourth column presents, where applicable, the scores, probability values, and other parameters used to evaluate the strength of a match between two sequences (the higher the score, the greater the homology between two sequences).
  • sptm refers to a nucleic acid sequence
  • SPTM amino acid sequence encoded by sptm
  • a “full-length” sptm refers to a nucleic acid sequence containing the entire coding region of a gene endogenously expressed in human tissue.
  • adjuvants are materials such as Freund's adjuvant, mineral gels (aluminum hydroxide), and surface active substances (lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides,, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinitrophenol) which may be administered to increase a host's o immunological response.
  • Alleles refers to an alternative form of a nucleic acid sequence. Alleles result from a “mutation,” a change or an alternative reading of the genetic code. Any given gene may have none, one, or many allelic forms. Mutations which give rise to alleles include deletions, additions, or substitutions of nucleotides. Each of these changes may occur alone, or in combination with the 5 others, one or more times in a given nucleic acid sequence.
  • the present invention encompasses allelic sptm.
  • amino acid sequence refers to a peptide, a polypeptide, or a protein of either natural or synthetic origin.
  • the amino acid sequence is not limited to the complete, endogenous amino acid sequence and may be a fragment, epitope, variant, or derivative of a protein expressed by a nucleic 0 acid sequence.
  • Amplification refers to the production of additional copies of a sequence and is carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies well known in the art.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • Antibody refers to intact molecules as well as to fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab') 2 , and Fv fragments, which are capable of binding the epitopic determinant.
  • Antibodies that bind SPTM 5 polypeptides can be prepared using intact polypeptides or using fragments containing small peptides of interest as the immunizing antigen.
  • the polypeptide or peptide used to immunize an animal e.g., a mouse, a rat, or a rabbit
  • an animal e.g., a mouse, a rat, or a rabbit
  • RNA e.g., a mouse, a rat, or a rabbit
  • Antisense sequence refers to a sequence capable of specifically hybridizing to a target sequence.
  • the antisense sequence may include DNA, RNA, or any nucleic acid mimic or analog such as peptide nucleic acid (PNA); oligonucleotides having modified backbone linkages such as phosphorothioates, methylphosphonates, or benzylphosphonates; oligonucleotides having modified sugar groups such as 2'-methoxyethyl sugars or 2'-methoxyethoxy sugars; or oligonucleotides having modified bases such as 5-methyl cytosine, 2'-deoxyuracil, or 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine.
  • PNA peptide nucleic acid
  • Antisense sequence refers to a sequence capable of specifically hybridizing to a target sequence.
  • the antisense sequence can be DNA, RNA, or any nucleic acid mimic or analog.
  • Antisense technology refers to any technology which relies on the specific hybridization of an antisense sequence to a target sequence.
  • a “bin” is a portion of computer memory space used by a computer program for storage of data, and bounded in such a manner that data stored in a bin may be retrieved by the program.
  • Bioly active refers to an amino acid sequence having a structural, regulatory, or biochemical function of a naturally occurring amino acid sequence.
  • “Clone joining” is a process for combining gene bins based upon the bins' containing sequence information from the same clone.
  • the sequences may assemble into a primary gene transcript as well as one or more splice variants.
  • “Complementary” describes the relationship between two single-stranded nucleic acid sequences that anneal by base-pairing (5 -A-G-T-3' pairs with its complement 3'-T-C-A-5').
  • a “component sequence” is a nucleic acid sequence selected by a computer program such as PHRED and used to assemble a consensus or template sequence from one or more component sequences.
  • a "consensus sequence” or “template sequence” is a nucleic acid sequence which has been assembled from overlapping sequences, using a computer program for fragment assembly such as the GEL VIEW fragment assembly system (Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison WI) or using a relational database management system (RDMS).
  • GCG Genetics Computer Group
  • RDMS relational database management system
  • Constant amino acid substitutions are those substitutions that, when made, least interfere with the properties of the original protein, i.e., the structure and especially the function of the protein is conserved and not significantly changed by such substitutions.
  • the table below shows amino acids which may be substituted for an original amino acid in a protein and which are regarded as conservative substitutions.
  • Conservative substitutions generally maintain (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a beta sheet or alpha helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain.
  • “Deletion” refers to a change in either a nucleic or amino acid sequence in which at least one nucleotide or amino acid residue, respectively, is absent.
  • Derivative refers to the chemical modification of a nucleic acid sequence, such as by replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl, acyl, amino, hydroxyl, or other group.
  • element and “array element” refer to a polynucleotide, polypeptide, or other chemical compound having a unique and defined position on a microarray.
  • E-value refers to the statistical probability that a match between two sequences occurred by chance.
  • a “fragment” is a unique portion of sptm or SPTM which is identical in sequence to but shorter in length than the parent sequence.
  • a fragment may comprise up to the entire length of the defined sequence, minus one nucleotide/amino acid residue.
  • a fragment may comprise from 10 to 1000 contiguous amino acid residues or nucleotides.
  • a fragment used as a probe, primer, antigen, therapeutic molecule, or for other purposes, may be at least 5, 10, 15, 16, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 150, 250 or at least 500 contiguous amino acid residues or nucleotides in length. Fragments may be preferentially selected from certain regions of a molecule.
  • a polypeptide fragment may comprise a certain length of contiguous amino acids selected from the first 250 or 500 amino acids (or first 25% or 50%) of a polypeptide as shown in a certain defined sequence.
  • these lengths are exemplary, and any length that is supported by the specification, including the Sequence Listing and the figures, may be encompassed by the present embodiments.
  • a fragment of sptm comprises a region of unique polynucleotide sequence that specifically identifies sptm, for example, as distinct from any other sequence in the same genome.
  • a fragment of 5 sptm is useful, for example, in hybridization and amplification technologies and in analogous methods that distinguish sptm from related polynucleotide sequences.
  • the precise length of a fragment of sptm and the region of sptm to which the fragment corresponds are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the intended purpose for the fragment.
  • a fragment of SPTM is encoded by a fragment of sptm.
  • a fragment of SPTM comprises a 0 region of unique amino acid sequence that specifically identifies SPTM.
  • a fragment of SPTM is useful as an immunogenic peptide for the development of antibodies that specifically recognize SPTM.
  • the precise length of a fragment of SPTM and the region of SPTM to which the fragment corresponds are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the intended purpose for the fragment. 5
  • a "full length" nucleotide sequence is one containing at least a start site for translation to a protein sequence, followed by an open reading frame and a stop site, and encoding a "full length" polypeptide.
  • “Hit” refers to a sequence whose annotation will be used to describe a given template. Criteria for selecting the top hit are as follows: if the template has one or more exact nucleic acid o matches, the top hit is the exact match with highest percent identity. If the template has no exact matches but has significant protein hits, the top hit is the protein hit with the lowest E-value. If the template has no significant protein hits, but does have significant non-exact nucleotide hits, the top hit is the nucleotide hit with the lowest E-value.
  • Homology refers to sequence similarity either between a reference nucleic acid sequence 5 and at least a fragment of an sptm or between a reference amino acid sequence and a fragment of an
  • Hybridization refers to the process by which a strand of nucleotides anneals with a complementary strand through base pairing. Specific hybridization is an indication that two nucleic acid sequences share a high degree of identity. Specific hybridization complexes form under defined o annealing conditions, and remain hybridized after the "washing" step.
  • the defined hybridization conditions include the annealing conditions and the washing step(s), the latter of which is particularly important in determining the stringency of the hybridization process, with more stringent conditions allowing less non-specific binding, i.e., binding between pairs of nucleic acid probes that are not perfectly matched.
  • Permissive conditions for annealing of nucleic acid sequences are routinely 5 determinable and may be consistent among hybridization experiments, whereas wash conditions may be varied among experiments to achieve the desired stringency.
  • stringency of hybridization is expressed with reference to the temperature under which the wash step is carried out.
  • wash temperatures are selected to be about 5°C to 20°C lower than the thermal melting point (T m ) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH.
  • T m is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe.
  • High stringency conditions for hybridization between polynucleotides of the present invention include wash conditions of 68°C in the presence of about 0.2 x SSC and about 0.1% SDS, for 1 hour. Alternatively, temperatures of about 65°C, 60°C, or 55°C may be used. SSC concentration may be varied from about 0.2 to 2 x SSC, with SDS being present at about 0.1%.
  • blocking reagents are used to block non-specific hybridization. Such blocking reagents include, for instance, denatured salmon sperm DNA at about 100-200 ⁇ g/ml. Useful variations on these conditions will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • Hybridization, particularly under high stringency conditions may be suggestive of evolutionary similarity between the nucleotides. Such similarity is strongly indicative of a similar role for the nucleotides and their resultant proteins.
  • RNA:DNA hybridizations may also be used under particular circumstances, such as RNA:DNA hybridizations. Appropriate hybridization conditions are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Immunogenic describes the potential for a natural, recombinant, or synthetic peptide, epitope, polypeptide, or protein to induce antibody production in appropriate animals, cells, or cell lines.
  • “Insertion” or “addition” refers to a change in either a nucleic or amino acid sequence in which at least one nucleotide or residue, respectively, is added to the sequence.
  • Labeling refers to the covalent or noncovalent joining of a polynucleotide, polypeptide, or antibody with a reporter molecule capable of producing a detectable or measurable signal.
  • “Microarray” is any arrangement of nucleic acids, amino acids, antibodies, etc., on a substrate.
  • the substrate may be a solid support such as beads, glass, paper, nitrocellulose, nylon, or an appropriate membrane.
  • Linkers are short stretches of nucleotide sequence which may be added to a vector or an sptm to create restriction endonuclease sites to facilitate cloning.
  • Polylinkers are engineered to incorporate multiple restriction enzyme sites and to provide for the use of enzymes which leave 5' or 3' overhangs (e.g., BamHI, EcoRI, and HindlH) and those which provide blunt ends (e.g., EcoRV, SnaBI, and Stul).
  • Nucleic acid sequence refers to the specific order of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds in a linear, polymeric arrangement. Depending on the number of nucleotides, the nucleic acid sequence can be considered an oligomer, oligonucleotide, or polynucleotide.
  • the nucleic acid can be DNA, RNA, or any nucleic acid analog, such as PNA, may be of genomic or synthetic origin, may be either double-stranded or single-stranded, and can represent either the sense or antisense (complementary) strand.
  • Oligomers refers to a nucleic acid sequence of at least about 6 nucleotides and as many as about 60 nucleotides, preferably about 15 to 40 nucleotides, and most preferably between about 20 and 30 nucleotides, that may be used in hybridization or amplification technologies. Oligomers may be used as, e.g., primers for PCR, and are usually chemically synthesized.
  • "Operably linked” refers to the situation in which a first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter affects the transcription or expression of the coding sequence.
  • PNA protein nucleic acid
  • PNA refers to a DNA mimic in which nucleotide bases are attached to a pseudopeptide backbone to increase stability.
  • PNAs also designated antigene agents, can prevent gene expression by targeting complementary messenger RNA.
  • percent identity and % identity refer to the percentage of residue matches between at least two polynucleotide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm. Such an algorithm may insert, in a standardized and reproducible way, gaps in the sequences being compared in order to optimize alignment between two sequences, and therefore achieve a more meaningful comparison of the two sequences.
  • the "weighted" residue weight table is selected as the default. Percent identity is reported by CLUSTAL V as the "percent similarity" between aligned polynucleotide sequence pairs.
  • NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
  • BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
  • the BLAST software suite includes various sequence analysis programs including "blastn,” that is used to determine alignment between a known polynucleotide sequence and other sequences on a variety of databases. Also available is a tool called “BLAST 2 Sequences” that is used for direct pairwise comparison of two nucleotide sequences. "BLAST 2 Sequences” can be accessed and used interactively at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gorf/bl2/. The "BLAST 2 Sequences” tool can be used for both blastn and blastp (discussed below). BLAST programs are commonly used with gap and other parameters set to default settings. For example, to compare two nucleotide sequences, one may use blastn with the "BLAST 2 Sequences” tool Version 2.0.9 (May-07-1999) set at default parameters. Such default parameters may be, for example: Matrix: BLOSUM62
  • Percent identity may be measured over the length of an entire defined sequence, for example, as defined by a particular SEQ ID number, or may be measured over a shorter length, for example, over the length of a fragment taken from a larger, defined sequence, for instance, a fragment of at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 70, at least 100, or at least 200 contiguous nucleotides.
  • Such lengths are exemplary only, and it is understood that any fragment length supported by the sequences shown herein, in figures or Sequence Listings, may be used to describe a length over which percentage identity may be measured.
  • Nucleic acid sequences that do not show a high degree of identity may nevertheless encode similar amino acid sequences due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. It is understood that changes in nucleic acid sequence can be made using this degeneracy to produce multiple nucleic acid sequences that all encode substantially the same protein.
  • percent identity and % identity refer to the percentage of residue matches between at least two polypeptide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm.
  • Methods of polypeptide sequence alignment are well-known. Some alignment methods take into account conservative amino acid substitutions. Such conservative substitutions, explained in more detail above, generally preserve the hydrophobicity and acidity of the substituted residue, thus preserving the structure (and therefore function) of the folded polypeptide.
  • NCBI BLAST software suite may be used.
  • BLAST 2 Sequences Version 2.0.9 (May-07-1999) with blastp set at default parameters.
  • Such default parameters may be, for example:
  • Percent identity may be measured over the length of an entire defined polypeptide sequence, for example, as defined by a particular SEQ ID number, or may be measured over a shorter length, for example, over the length of a fragment taken from a larger, defined polypeptide sequence, for instance, a fragment of at least 15, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 70 or at least 150 contiguous residues.
  • Such lengths are exemplary only, and it is understood that any fragment 5 length supported by the sequences shown herein, in figures or Sequence Listings, may be used to describe a length over which percentage identity may be measured.
  • Post-translational modification of an SPTM may involve lipidation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, racemization, proteolytic cleavage, and other modifications known in the art. These processes may occur synthetically or biochemically. Biochemical modifications will o vary by cell type depending on the enzymatic milieu and the SPTM.
  • Probe refers to sptm or fragments thereof, which are used to detect identical, allelic or related nucleic acid sequences.
  • Probes are isolated oligonucleotides or polynucleotides attached to a detectable label or reporter molecule. Typical labels include radioactive isotopes, ligands, chemiluminescent agents, and enzymes.
  • Primmers are short nucleic acids, usually DNA 5 oligonucleotides, which may be annealed to a target polynucleotide by complementary base-pairing. The primer may then be extended along the target DNA strand by a DNA polymerase enzyme. Primer pairs can be used for amplification (and identification) of a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • Probes and primers as used in the present invention typically comprise at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of a known sequence. In order to enhance specificity, longer probes and primers may also be employed, such as probes and primers that comprise at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or at least 150 consecutive nucleotides of the disclosed nucleic acid sequences. Probes and primers may be considerably longer than these examples, and it is understood that any length supported by the specification, including the figures and Sequence Listing, may be used.
  • PCR primer pairs can be derived from a known sequence, for example, by using computer programs intended for that purpose such as Primer (Version 0.5, 1991 , Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge MA).
  • Oligonucleotides for use as primers are selected using software known in the art for such purpose. For example, OLIGO 4.06 software is useful for the selection of PCR primer pairs of up to 100 nucleotides each, and for the analysis of oligonucleotides and larger polynucleotides of up to 5,000 nucleotides from an input polynucleotide sequence of up to 32 kilobases. Similar primer selection programs have incorporated additional features for expanded capabilities. For example, the PrimOU primer selection program (available to the public from the Genome Center at University of Texas South West Medical Center, Dallas TX) is capable of choosing specific primers from megabase sequences and is thus useful for designing primers on a genome-wide scope.
  • the Primer3 primer selection program (available to the public from the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research, Cambridge MA) allows the user to input a "mispriming library," in which sequences to avoid as primer binding sites are user-specified. Primer3 is useful, in particular, for the selection of oligonucleotides for microarrays. (The source code for the latter two primer selection programs may also be obtained from their respective sources and modified to meet the user's specific needs.)
  • the P ⁇ meGen program (available to the public from the UK Human Genome Mapping Project Resource Centre, Cambridge UK) designs primers based on multiple sequence alignments, thereby allowing selection of primers that hybridize to either the most conserved or least conserved regions of aligned nucleic acid sequences.
  • this program is useful for identification of both unique and conserved oligonucleotides and polynucleotide fragments.
  • the oligonucleotides and polynucleotide fragments identified by any of the above selection methods are useful in hybridization technologies, for example, as PCR or sequencing primers, microarray elements, or specific probes to identify fully or partially complementary polynucleotides in a sample of nucleic acids. Methods of oligonucleotide selection are not limited to those desc ⁇ bed above
  • “Purified” refers to molecules, either polynucleotides or polypeptides that are isolated or separated from their natural environment and are at least 60% free, preferably at least 75% free, and most preferably at least 90% free from other compounds with which they are naturally associated.
  • a “recombinant nucleic acid” is a sequence that is not naturally occurring or has a sequence that is made by an artificial combination of two or more otherwise separated segments of sequence
  • a recombinant nucleic acid may include a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a promoter sequence
  • a recombinant nucleic acid may be part of a vector that is used, for example, to transform a cell
  • recombinant nucleic acids may be part of a viral vector, e.g , based on a vaccinia virus, that could be use to vaccinate a mammal wherein the recombinant nucleic acid is expressed, inducing a protective immunological response in the mammal
  • regulatory element refers to a nucleic acid sequence from nontranslated regions of a gene, and includes enhancers, promoters, mtrons, and 3' untranslated regions, which interact with host proteins to carry out or regulate transcription or translation
  • RNA equivalent in reference to a DNA sequence, is composed of the same linear sequence of nucleotides as the reference DNA sequence with the exception that all occurrences of the nitrogenous base thymine are replaced with uracil, and the sugar backbone is composed of ⁇ bose instead of deoxy ⁇ bose
  • Samples may contain nucleic or amino acids, antibodies, or other mate ⁇ als, and may be denved from any source (e g , bodily fluids including, but not limited to, saliva, blood, and u ⁇ ne, chromosome(s), organelles, or membranes isolated from a cell, genomic DNA, RNA, or cDNA in solution or bound to a substrate, and cleared cells or tissues or blots or imp ⁇ nts from such cells or tissues)
  • any source e g , bodily fluids including, but not limited to, saliva, blood, and u ⁇ ne, chromosome(s), organelles, or membranes isolated from a cell, genomic DNA, RNA, or cDNA in solution or bound to a substrate, and cleared cells or tissues or blots or imp ⁇ nts from such cells or tissues
  • Specific binding or “specifically binding” refers to the interaction between a protein or peptide and its agonist, antibody, antagonist, or other binding partner. The interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure of the protein, e g , the antigenic determinant or epitope, recognized by the binding molecule. For example, if an antibody is specific for epitope "A,” the presence of a polypeptide containing epitope A, or the presence of free unlabeled A, in a reaction containing free labeled A and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A that binds to the antibody. 5 “Substitution” refers to the replacement of at least one nucleotide or amino acid by a different nucleotide or amino acid.
  • Substrate refers to any suitable rigid or semi-rigid support including, e.g., membranes, filters, chips, slides, wafers, fibers, magnetic or nonmagnetic beads, gels, tubing, plates, polymers, microparticles or capillaries.
  • the substrate can have a variety of surface forms, such as wells, 0 trenches, pins, channels and pores, to which polynucleotides or polypeptides are bound.
  • a “transcript image” refers to the collective pattern of gene expression by a particular tissue or cell type under given conditions at a given time.
  • Transformation refers to a process by which exogenous DNA enters a recipient cell. Transformation may occur under natural or artificial conditions using various methods well known in 5 the art. Transformation may rely on any known method for the insertion of foreign nucleic acid sequences into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell. The method is selected based on the host cell being transformed.
  • Transformants include stably transformed cells in which the inserted DNA is capable of replication either as an autonomously replicating plasmid or as part of the host chromosome, as well 0 as cells which transiently express inserted DNA or RNA.
  • a "transgenic organism,” as used herein, is any organism, including but not limited to animals and plants, in which one or more of the cells of the organism contains heterologous nucleic acid introduced by way of human intervention, such as by transgenic techniques well known in the art.
  • the nucleic acid is introduced into the cell, directly or indirectly by introduction into a precursor of 5 the cell, by way of deliberate genetic manipulation, such as by microinjection or by infection with a recombinant virus.
  • the term genetic manipulation does not include classical cross-breeding, or in vitro fertilization, but rather is directed to the introduction of a recombinant DNA molecule.
  • the transgenic organisms contemplated in accordance with the present invention include bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and plants and animals.
  • the isolated DNA of the present invention can be o introduced into the host by methods known in the art, for example infection, transfection, transformation or transconjugation. Techniques for transferring the DNA of the present invention into such organisms are widely known and provided in references such as Sambrook et al. (1989), supra.
  • a “variant" of a particular nucleic acid sequence is defined as a nucleic acid sequence having 5 at least 25% sequence identity to the particular nucleic acid sequence over a certain length of one of the nucleic acid sequences using blastn with the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.9 (May-07- 1999) set at default parameters.
  • Such a pair of nucleic acids may show, for example, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or even at least 98% or greater sequence identity over a certain defined length.
  • the variant may result in "conservative" amino acid changes which do not affect structural and/or chemical properties.
  • a variant may be described as, for example, an "allelic” (as defined above), “splice,” “species,” or “polymorphic” variant.
  • a splice variant may have significant identity to a reference molecule, but will generally have a greater or lesser number of polynucleotides due to alternate splicing of exons during mRNA processing.
  • the corresponding polypeptide may possess additional functional domains or lack domains that are present in the reference molecule.
  • Species variants are polynucleotide sequences that vary from one species to another. The resulting polypeptides generally will have significant amino acid identity relative to each other.
  • a polymorphic variant is a variation in the polynucleotide sequence of a particular gene between individuals of a given species.
  • Polymorphic variants also may encompass "single nucleotide polymorphisms" (SNPs) in which the polynucleotide sequence varies by one base.
  • SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
  • the presence of SNPs may be indicative of, for example, a certain population, a disease state, or a propensity for a disease state.
  • variants of the polynucleotides of the present invention may be generated through recombinant methods.
  • One possible method is a DNA shuffling technique such as MOLECULARBREEDING (Maxygen Inc., Santa Clara CA; described in U.S. Patent Number 5,837,458; Chang, C.-C. et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:793-797; Christians, F.C. et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:259-264; and Crameri, A. et al. (1996) Nat. Biotechnol.
  • MOLECULARBREEDING Maxygen Inc., Santa Clara CA; described in U.S. Patent Number 5,837,458; Chang, C.-C. et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:793-797; Christians, F.C. et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:259-264; and Cram
  • DNA shuffling is a process by which a library of gene variants is produced using PCR-mediated recombination of gene fragments. The library is then subjected to selection or screening procedures that identify those gene variants with the desired properties. These preferred variants may then be pooled and further subjected to recursive rounds of DNA shuffling and selection/screening.
  • genetic diversity is created through "artificial" breeding and rapid molecular evolution. For example, fragments of a single gene containing random point mutations may be recombined, screened, and then reshuffled until the desired properties are optimized. Alternatively, fragments of a given gene may be recombined with fragments of homologous genes in the same gene family, either from the same or different species, thereby maximizing the genetic diversity of multiple naturally occurring genes in a directed and controllable manner.
  • a "variant" of a particular polypeptide sequence is defined as a polypeptide sequence having at least 40% sequence identity to the particular polypeptide sequence over a certain length of one of the polypeptide sequences using blastp with the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.9 (May-07- 1999) set at default parameters.
  • Such a pair of polypeptides may show, for example, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 98% or greater sequence identity over a certain defined length of one of the polypeptides.
  • cDNA sequences derived from human tissues and cell lines were aligned based on nucleotide sequence identity and assembled into "consensus" or "template” sequences which are designated by the template identification numbers (template IDs) in column 2 of Table 1.
  • the sequence identification numbers (SEQ ID NO s) corresponding to the template IDs are shown in column 1
  • the template sequences have similarity to GenBank sequences, or "hits," as 0 designated by the GI Numbers in column 3.
  • the statistical probability of each GenBank hit is indicated by a probability score in column 4, and the functional annotation corresponding to each GenBank hit is listed in column 5.
  • Segments of each template sequences are defined by the "start” and “stop” nucleotide positions listed in columns 3 and 4 of Table 2. These segments, when translated in the reading frames 5 indicated m column 5, have similarity to signal peptide (SP) or transmembrane (TM) domain consensus sequences, as indicated tn column 6.
  • SP signal peptide
  • TM transmembrane
  • the invention incorporates the nucleic acid sequences of these templates as disclosed in the Sequence Listing and the use of these sequences in the diagnosis and treatment of disease states characterized by defects in cell signaling.
  • the invention further utilizes these sequences in 0 hybridization and amplification technologies, and in particular, in technologies which assess gene expression patterns correlated with specific cells or tissues and their responses in vivo or in vitro to pharmaceutical agents, toxins, and other treatments. In this manner, the sequences of the present invention are used to develop a transcript image for a particular cell or tissue.
  • cDNA was isolated from libraries constructed using RNA derived from normal and diseased human tissues and cell lines.
  • the human tissues and cell lines used for cDNA library construction were selected from a broad range of sources to provide a diverse population of cDNAs representative of gene transcription throughout the human body. Desc ⁇ ptions of the human tissues and cell lines o used for cDNA library construction are provided in the LIFESEQ database (Incyte Genomics, Inc).
  • Human tissues were broadly selected from, for example, cardiovascular, dermatologic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hematopoietic/immune system, musculoskeletal, neural, reproductive, and urologic sources.
  • Cell lines used for cDNA library construction were denved from, for example, leukemic 5 cells, teratocarcinomas, neuroepitheliomas, cervical carcinoma, lung fibroblasts, and endothelial cells.
  • Such cell lines include, for example, THP-1 , Jurkat, HUVEC, hNT2, WI38, HeLa, and other cell lines commonly used and available from public depositories (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas VA).
  • cell lines Prior to mRNA isolation, cell lines were untreated, treated with a pharmaceutical agent such as 5 -aza-2 -deoxycytidine, treated with an activating agent such as lipopolysaccharide in the case of leukocytic cell lines, or, in the case of endothelial cell lines, subjected to shear stress.
  • a pharmaceutical agent such as 5 -aza-2 -deoxycytidine
  • an activating agent such as lipopolysaccharide in the case of leukocytic cell lines, or, in the case of endothelial cell lines, subjected to shear stress.
  • Chain termination reaction products may be electrophoresed on urea- polyacrylamide gels and detected either by autoradiography (for radioisotope-labeled nucleotides) or by fluorescence (for fluorophore-labeled nucleotides).
  • Automated methods for mechanized reaction preparation, sequencing, and analysis using fluorescence detection methods have been developed.
  • Machines used to prepare cDNAs for sequencing can include the MICROLAB 2200 liquid transfer system (Hamilton Company (Hamilton), Reno NV), Peltier thermal cycler (PTC200; MJ Research, Inc.
  • Sequencing can be carried out using, for example, the ABI 373 or 377 (PE Biosystems) or MEGABACE 1000 (Molecular Dynamics, Inc. (Molecular Dynamics), Sunnyvale CA) DNA sequencing systems, or other automated and manual sequencing systems well known in the art.
  • the nucleotide sequences of the Sequence Listing have been prepared by current, state-of- the-art, automated methods and, as such, may contain occasional sequencing errors or unidentified nucleotides. Such unidentified nucleotides are designated by an N. These infrequent unidentified bases do not represent a hindrance to practicing the invention for those skilled in the art.
  • Several methods employing standard recombinant techniques may be used to correct errors and complete the missing sequence information. (See, e.g., those described in Ausubel, F.M. et al. (1997) Short
  • Human polynucleotide sequences may be assembled using programs or algorithms well known in the art. Sequences to be assembled are related, wholly or in part, and may be derived from a single or many different transcripts. Assembly of the sequences can be performed using such programs as PHRAP (Phils Revised Assembly Program) and the GELVIEW fragment assembly system (GCG), or other methods known in the art.
  • PHRAP Phils Revised Assembly Program
  • GCG GELVIEW fragment assembly system
  • cDNA sequences are used as "component" sequences that are assembled into “template” or “consensus” sequences as follows. Sequence chromatograms are processed, verified, and quality scores are obtained using PHRED. Raw sequences are edited using an editing pathway known as Block 1 (See, e.g., the LIFESEQ Assembled User Guide, Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto, CA). A series of BLAST comparisons is performed and low-information segments and repetitive elements (e.g., dinucleotide repeats, Alu repeats, etc.) are replaced by "n's", or masked, to prevent spurious matches. Mitochondrial and ribosomal RNA sequences are also removed.
  • Block 1 See, e.g., the LIFESEQ Assembled User Guide, Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto, CA).
  • a series of BLAST comparisons is performed and low-information segments and repetitive elements (e.g., dinucleotide
  • the processed sequences are then loaded into a relational database management system (RDMS) which assigns edited sequences to existing templates, if available.
  • RDMS relational database management system
  • a process is initiated which modifies existing templates or creates new templates from works in progress (i.e., nonfinal assembled sequences) containing queued sequences or the sequences themselves.
  • the templates can be merged into bins. If multiple templates exist in one bin, the bin can be split and the templates reannotated.
  • bins are "clone joined" based upon clone information. Clone joining occurs when the 5' sequence of one clone is present in one bin and the 3' sequence from the same clone is present in a different bin, indicating that the two bins should be merged into a single bin. Only bins which share at least two different clones are merged.
  • a resultant template sequence may contain either a partial or a full length open reading frame, or all or part of a genetic regulatory element. This variation is due in part to the fact that the full length cDNAs of many genes are several hundred, and sometimes several thousand, bases in length. With current technology, cDNAs comprising the coding regions of large genes cannot be cloned because of vector limitations, incomplete reverse transcription of the mRNA, or incomplete "second strand" synthesis. Template sequences may be extended to include additional contiguous sequences derived from the parent RNA transcript using a variety of methods known to those of skill in the art. Extension may thus be used to achieve the full length coding sequence of a gene.
  • cDNA sequences are analyzed using a variety of programs and algorithms which are well known in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, 1997, supra. Chapter 7.7; Meyers, R.A. (Ed.) (1995) Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Wiley VCH, New York NY, pp. 856-853; and Table 4.) These analyses comprise both reading frame determinations, e.g., based on triplet codon periodicity for particular organisms (Fickett, J.W. (1982) Nucleic Acids Res. 10:5303-5318); analyses of potential start and stop codons; and homology searches.
  • BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
  • BLAST is especially useful in determining exact matches and comparing two sequence fragments of arbitrary but equal lengths, whose alignment is locally maximal and for which the alignment score meets or exceeds a threshold or cutoff score set by the user (Karlin, S. et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:841-845).
  • GenBank e.g., GenBank
  • SwissProt e.g., GenBank
  • BLOCKS e.g., BLOCKS
  • PFAM e.g., PFAM
  • other databases e.g., GenBank, SwissProt, BLOCKS, PFAM and other databases may be searched for sequences containing regions of homology to a query sptm or SPTM of the present invention.
  • Protein hierarchies can be assigned to the putative encoded polypeptide based on, e.g., motif, BLAST, or biological analysis. Methods for assigning these hierarchies are described, for example, in "Database System Employing Protein Function Hierarchies for Viewing Biomolecular Sequence Data," U.S.S.N. 08/812,290, filed March 6, 1997, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the sptm of the present invention may be used for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
  • an sptm may be used to diagnose a particular condition, disease, or disorder associated with cell signaling.
  • Such conditions, diseases, and disorders include, but are not limited to, a cell proliferative disorder such as actinic keratosis, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, bursitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), myelofibrosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, polycythemia vera, psoriasis, primary thrombocythemia, and cancers including adenocarcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, myeloma, sarcoma, teratocarcinoma, and, in particular, a cancer of the adrenal gland, bladder, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, cervix, gall bladder, ganglia, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, ovary, pancreas, parathyroid, penis, prostate, salivary glands, skin, spleen, testis,
  • the sptm can be used to detect the presence of, or to quantify the amount of, an sptm-related polynucleotide in a sample. This information is then compared to information obtained from appropriate reference samples, and a diagnosis is established. Alternatively, a polynucleotide complementary to a given sptm can inhibit or inactivate a therapeutically relevant gene related to the sptm. Analysis of sptm Expression Patterns
  • the expression of sptm may be routinely assessed by hybridization-based methods to determine, for example, the tissue-specificity, disease-specificity, or developmental stage-specificity of sptm expression.
  • the level of expression of sptm may be compared among different 5 cell types or tissues, among diseased and normal cell types or tissues, among cell types or tissues at different developmental stages, or among cell types or tissues undergoing various treatments.
  • This type of analysis is useful, for example, to assess the relative levels of sptm expression in fully or partially differentiated cells or tissues, to determine if changes in sptm expression levels are correlated with the development or progression of specific disease states, and to assess the response 0 of a cell or tissue to a specific therapy, for example, in pharmacological or toxicological studies.
  • Methods for the analysis of sptm expression are based on hybridization and amplification technologies and include membrane-based procedures such as northern blot analysis, high-throughput procedures that utilize, for example, microarrays, and PCR-based procedures.
  • the sptm, their fragments, or complementary sequences may be used to identify the presence of and/or to determine the degree of similarity between two (or more) nucleic acid sequences.
  • the sptm may be hybridized to naturally occurring or recombinant nucleic acid sequences under appropriately selected temperatures and salt concentrations. Hybridization with a probe based on the o nucleic acid sequence of at least one of the sptm allows for the detection of nucleic acid sequences, including genomic sequences, which are identical or related to the sptm of the Sequence Listing.
  • Probes may be selected from non-conserved or unique regions of at least one of the polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1-26 and tested for their ability to identify or amplify the target nucleic acid sequence using standard protocols. 5 Polynucleotide sequences that are capable of hybridizing, in particular, to those shown in
  • SEQ ED NO: 1-26 and fragments thereof can be identified using various conditions of stringency.
  • Hybridization conditions are discussed in "Definitions.”
  • a probe for use in Southern or northern hybridization may be derived from a fragment of an o sptm sequence, or its complement, that is up to several hundred nucleotides in length and is either single-stranded or double-stranded. Such probes may be hybridized in solution to biological materials such as plasmids, bacterial, yeast, or human artificial chromosomes, cleared or sectioned tissues, or to artificial substrates containing sptm. Microarrays are particularly suitable for identifying the presence of and detecting the level of expression for multiple genes of interest by examining gene 5 expression correlated with, e.g., various stages of development, treatment with a drug or compound, or disease progression.
  • An array analogous to a dot or slot blot may be used to arrange and link polynucleotides to the surface of a substrate using one or more of the following: mechanical (vacuum), chemical, thermal, or UV bonding procedures.
  • Such an array may contain any number of sptm and may be produced by hand or by using available devices, materials, and machines.
  • Microarrays may be prepared, used, and analyzed using methods known in the art. (See, e.g., Brennan, T.M. et al. (1995) U.S. Patent No. 5,474,796; Schena, M. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • Probes may be labeled by either PCR or enzymatic techniques using a variety of commercially available reporter molecules.
  • commercial kits are available for radioactive and chemiluminescent labeling (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and for alkaline phosphatase labeling (Life Technologies).
  • sptm may be cloned into commercially available vectors for the production of RNA probes.
  • Such probes may be transcribed in the presence of at least one labeled nucleotide (e.g., 32 P-ATP, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1-26 or suitable fragments thereof can be used to isolate full length cDNA sequences utilizing hybridization and/or amplification procedures well known in the art, e.g., cDNA library screening, PCR amplification, etc.
  • the molecular cloning of such full length cDNA sequences may employ the method of cDNA library screening with probes using the hybridization, stringency, washing, and probing strategies described above and in Ausubel, supra. Chapters 3, 5, and 6.
  • These procedures may also be employed with genomic libraries to isolate genomic sequences of sptm in order to analyze, e.g., regulatory elements.
  • Gene identification and mapping are important in the investigation and treatment of almost all conditions, diseases, and disorders. Cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, diabetes, and mental illnesses are of particular interest. Each of these conditions is more complex than the single gene defects of sickle cell anemia or cystic fibrosis, with select groups of genes being predictive of predisposition for a particular condition, disease, or disorder.
  • cardiovascular disease may result from malfunctioning receptor molecules that fail to clear cholesterol from the bloodstream, and diabetes may result when a particular individual's immune system is activated by an infection and attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas.
  • Alzheimer's disease has been linked to a gene on chromosome 21; other studies predict a different gene and location.
  • Mapping of disease genes is a complex and reiterative process and generally proceeds from genetic linkage analysis to physical mapping.
  • a genetic linkage map traces parts of chromosomes that are inherited in the same pattern as the condition.
  • Statistics link the inheritance of particular conditions to particular regions of chromosomes, as defined by RFLP or other markers.
  • RFLP Radio Resource Linearity
  • markers and their locations are known from previous studies. More often, however, the markers are simply stretches of DNA that differ among individuals. Examples of genetic linkage maps can be found in various scientific journals or at the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMEM) World Wide Web site.
  • sptm sequences may be used to generate hybridization probes useful in chromosomal mapping of naturally occurring genomic sequences. Either coding or noncoding sequences of sptm may be used, and in some instances, noncoding sequences may be preferable over coding sequences. For example, conservation of an sptm coding sequence among members of a multi-gene family may potentially cause undesired cross hybridization during chromosomal mapping.
  • sequences may be mapped to a particular chromosome, to a specific region of a chromosome, or to artificial chromosome constructions, e.g., human artificial chromosomes (HACs), yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), bacterial PI constructions, or single chromosome cDNA libraries.
  • HACs human artificial chromosomes
  • YACs yeast artificial chromosomes
  • BACs bacterial artificial chromosomes
  • PI constructions or single chromosome cDNA libraries.
  • Fluorescent in situ hybridization may be co ⁇ elated with other physical chromosome mapping techniques and genetic map data. (See, e.g., Meyers, supra, pp. 965-968.) Correlation between the location of sptm on a physical chromosomal map and a specific disorder, or a predisposition to a specific disorder, may help define the region of DNA associated with that disorder.
  • the sptm sequences may also be used to detect polymorphisms that are genetically linked to the inheritance of a particular condition, disease, or disorder.
  • In situ hybridization of chromosomal preparations and genetic mapping techniques may be used for extending existing genetic maps. Often the placement of a gene on the chromosome of another mammalian species, such as mouse, may reveal associated markers even if the number or arm of the corresponding human chromosome is not known. These new marker sequences can be mapped to human chromosomes and may provide valuable information to investigators searching for disease genes using positional cloning or other gene discovery techniques.
  • any sequences mapping to that area may represent associated or regulatory genes for further investigation.
  • the nucleotide sequences of the subject invention may also be used to detect differences in chromosomal architecture due to translocation, inversion, etc., among normal, carrier, or affected individuals.
  • a disease-associated gene is mapped to a chromosomal region, the gene must be cloned in order to identify mutations or other alterations (e.g., translocations or inversions) that may be correlated with disease.
  • This process requires a physical map of the chromosomal region containing the disease-gene of interest along with associated markers. A physical map is necessary for 5 determining the nucleotide sequence of and order of marker genes on a particular chromosomal region. Physical mapping techniques are well known in the art and require the generation of overlapping sets of cloned DNA fragments from a particular organelle, chromosome, or genome. These clones are analyzed to reconstruct and catalog their order. Once the position of a marker is determined, the DNA from that region is obtained by consulting the catalog and selecting clones from 0 that region. The gene of interest is located through positional cloning techniques using hybridization or similar methods.
  • the sptm of the present invention may be used to design probes useful in diagnostic assays. 5 Such assays, well known to those skilled in the art, may be used to detect or confirm conditions, disorders, or diseases associated with abnormal levels of sptm expression. Labeled probes developed from sptm sequences are added to a sample under hybridizing conditions of desired stringency. In some instances, sptm, or fragments or oligonucleotides derived from sptm, may be used as primers in amplification steps prior to hybridization. The amount of hybridization complex formed is quantified 0 and compared with standards for that cell or tissue. If sptm expression varies significantly from the standard, the assay indicates the presence of the condition, disorder, or disease.
  • Qualitative or quantitative diagnostic methods may include northern, dot blot, or other membrane or dip-stick based technologies or multiple-sample format technologies such as PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-like, pin, or chip-based assays. 5
  • the probes described above may also be used to monitor the progress of conditions, disorders, or diseases associated with abnormal levels of sptm expression, or to evaluate the efficacy of a particular therapeutic treatment.
  • the candidate probe may be identified from the sptm that are specific to a given human tissue and have not been observed in GenBank or other genome databases. Such a probe may be used in animal studies, preclinical tests, clinical trials, or in monitoring the o treatment of an individual patient.
  • standard expression is established by methods well known in the art for use as a basis of comparison, samples from patients affected by the disorder or disease are combined with the probe to evaluate any deviation from the standard profile, and a therapeutic agent is administered and effects are monitored to generate a treatment profile. Efficacy is evaluated by determining whether the expression progresses toward or returns to the standard 5 normal pattern. Treatment profiles may be generated over a period of several days or several months. Statistical methods well known to those skilled in the art may be use to determine the significance of such therapeutic agents.
  • the polynucleotides are also useful for identifying individuals from minute biological samples, for example, by matching the RFLP pattern of a sample's DNA to that of an individual's DNA.
  • the polynucleotides of the present invention can also be used to determine the actual base-by-base DNA sequence of selected portions of an individual's genome. These sequences can be used to prepare PCR primers for amplifying and isolating such selected DNA, which can then be sequenced. Using this technique, an individual can be identified through a unique set of DNA sequences. Once a unique ID database is established for an individual, positive identification of that individual can be made from extremely small tissue samples.
  • oligonucleotide primers derived from the sptm of the invention may be used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
  • SNPs are substitutions, insertions and deletions that are a frequent cause of inherited or acquired genetic disease in humans.
  • Methods of SNP detection include, but are not limited to, single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and fluorescent SSCP (fSSCP) methods.
  • SSCP single-stranded conformation polymorphism
  • fSSCP fluorescent SSCP
  • oligonucleotide primers derived from sptm are used to amplify DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • the DNA may be derived, for example, from diseased or normal tissue, biopsy samples, bodily fluids, and the like.
  • SNPs in the DNA cause differences in the secondary and tertiary structures of PCR products in single-stranded form, and these differences are detectable using gel electrophoresis in non-denaturing gels.
  • the oligonucleotide primers are fluorescently labeled, which allows detection of the amplimers in high-throughput equipment such as DNA sequencing machines.
  • sequence database analysis methods termed in silico SNP (isSNP) are capable of identifying polymorphisms by comparing the sequences of individual overlapping DNA fragments which assemble into a common consensus sequence. These computer-based methods filter out sequence variations due to laboratory preparation of DNA and sequencing errors using statistical models and automated analyses of DNA sequence chromatograms.
  • SNPs may be detected and characterized by mass spectrometry using, for example, the high throughput MASSARRAY system (Sequenom, Inc., San Diego CA).
  • DNA-based identification techniques are critical in forensic technology.
  • DNA sequences taken from very small biological samples such as tissues, e.g., hair or skin, or body fluids, e.g., blood, saliva, semen, etc.
  • body fluids e.g., blood, saliva, semen, etc.
  • PCR e.g., PCR Technology, Freeman and Co., New York, NY.
  • polynucleotides of the present invention can be used as polymorphic markers.
  • reagents capable of identifying the source of a particular tissue.
  • Appropriate reagents can comprise, for example, DNA probes or primers prepared from the sequences of the present invention that are specific for particular tissues. Panels of such reagents can identify tissue by species and/or by organ type. In a similar fashion, these reagents can be used to screen tissue cultures for contamination.
  • polynucleotides of the present invention can also be used as molecular weight markers on nucleic acid gels or Southern blots, as diagnostic probes for the presence of a specific mRNA in a particular cell type, in the creation of subtracted cDNA libraries which aid in the discovery of novel polynucleotides, in selection and synthesis of oligomers for attachment to an array or other support, and as an antigen to elicit an immune response.
  • the sptm of the invention or their mammalian homologs may be "knocked out” in an animal model system using homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells.
  • ES embryonic stem
  • Such techniques are well known in the art and are useful for the generation of animal models of human disease.
  • mouse ES cells such as the mouse 129/SvJ cell line, are derived from the early mouse embryo and grown in culture.
  • the ES cells are transformed with a vector containing the gene of interest disrupted by a marker gene, e.g., the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo; Capecchi, M.R. (1989) Science 244: 1288-1292).
  • a marker gene e.g., the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo; Capecchi, M.R. (1989) Science 244: 1288-1292).
  • the vector integrates into the corresponding region of the host genome by homologous recombination.
  • homologous recombination takes place using the Cre-loxP system to knockout a gene of interest in a tissue- or developmental stage-specific manner (Marth, J.D. (1996) Clin. Invest. 97:1999-2002; Wagner, K.U. et al (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:4323-4330).
  • Transformed ES cells are identified and microinjected into mouse cell blastocysts such as those from the C57BL/6 mouse strain.
  • the blastocysts are surgically transferred to pseudopregnant dams, and the resulting chime ⁇ c progeny are genotyped and bred to produce heterozygous or homozygous strains.
  • Transgenic animals thus generated may be tested with potential therapeutic or toxic agents.
  • the sptm of the invention may also be manipulated in vitro in ES cells derived from human blastocysts.
  • Human ES cells have the potential to differentiate into at least eight separate cell lineages including endoderm, mesoderm, and ectodermal cell types. These cell lineages differentiate into, for example, neural cells, hematopoietic lineages, and cardiomyocytes (Thomson, J.A. et al. (1998) Science 282:1145-1147).
  • the sptm of the invention can also be used to create "knockin" humanized animals (pigs) or transgenic animals (mice or rats) to model human disease.
  • knockin technology a region of sptm is injected into animal ES cells, and the injected sequence integrates into the animal cell genome.
  • Transformed cells are injected into blastulae, and the blastulae are implanted as described above.
  • Transgenic progeny or inbred lines are studied and treated with potential pharmaceutical agents to obtain information on treatment of a human disease.
  • a mammal inbred to overexpress sptm, resulting, e.g., in the secretion of SPTM in its milk may also serve as a convenient source of that protein (Janne, J. et al. ( 1998) Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. 4:55-74). Screening Assays
  • SPTM encoded by polynucleotides of the present invention may be used to screen for molecules that bind to or are bound by the encoded polypeptides.
  • the binding of the polypeptide and the molecule may activate (agonist), increase, inhibit (antagonist), or decrease activity of the polypeptide or the bound molecule.
  • Examples of such molecules include antibodies, oligonucleotides, proteins (e.g., receptors), or small molecules.
  • the molecule is closely related to the natural ligand of the polypeptide, e.g., a ligand or fragment thereof, a natural substrate, or a structural or functional mimetic.
  • the molecule can be closely related to the natural receptor to which the polypeptide binds, or to at least a fragment of the receptor, e.g., the active site. In either case, the molecule can be rationally designed using known techniques.
  • the screening for these molecules involves producing appropriate cells which express the polypeptide, either as a secreted protein or on the cell membrane.
  • Preferred cells include cells from mammals, yeast, Drosophila. or E. coli. Cells expressing the polypeptide or cell membrane fractions which contain the expressed polypeptide are then contacted with a test compound and binding, stimulation, or inhibition of activity of either the polypeptide or the molecule is analyzed.
  • An assay may simply test binding of a candidate compound to the polypeptide, wherein binding is detected by a fluorophore, radioisotope, enzyme conjugate, or other detectable label.
  • the assay may assess binding in the presence of a labeled competitor.
  • the assay can be carried out using cell-free preparations, polypeptide/molecule affixed to a solid support, chemical libraries, or natural product mixtures.
  • the assay may also simply comprise the steps of mixing a candidate compound with a solution containing a polypeptide, measuring polypeptide/molecule activity or binding, and comparing the polypeptide/molecule activity or binding to a standard.
  • an ELISA assay using, e.g., a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, can measure polypeptide level in a sample.
  • the antibody can measure polypeptide level by either binding, directly or indirectly, to the polypeptide or by competing with the polypeptide for a substrate.
  • All of the above assays can be used in a diagnostic or prognostic context.
  • the molecules discovered using these assays can be used to treat disease or to bring about a particular result in a patient (e.g., blood vessel growth) by activating or inhibiting the polypeptide/molecule.
  • the assays can discover agents which may inhibit or enhance the production of the polypeptide from suitably manipulated cells or tissues.
  • a transcript image is the collective pattern of gene expression by a particular tissue or cell type under given conditions and at a given time. This pattern of gene expression is defined by the number of expressed genes, their abundance, and their function.
  • the sptm of the present invention may be used to develop a transcript image of a tissue or cell type by hybridizing, preferably in a microarray format, the sptm of the present invention to the totality of transcripts or reverse transcripts of a tissue or cell type.
  • the resultant transcript image would provide a profile of gene activity pertaining to cell signaling.
  • Transcript images which profile sptm expression may be generated using transcripts isolated from tissues, cell lines, biopsies, or other biological samples.
  • the transcript image may thus reflect sptm expression in vivo, as in the case of a tissue or biopsy sample, or in vitro, as in the case of a cell line.
  • Transcript images may be used to profile sptm expression in distinct tissue types. This process can be used to determine cell signaling activity in a particular tissue type relative to this activity in a different tissue type.
  • Transcript images may be used to generate a profile of sptm expression characteristic of diseased tissue.
  • Transcript images of tissues before and after treatment may be used for diagnostic purposes, to monitor the progression of disease, and to monitor the efficacy of drug treatments for diseases which affect cell signaling.
  • Transcript images which profile sptm expression may also be used in conjunction with in vitro model systems and preclinical evaluation of pharmaceuticals.
  • Transcript images of cell lines can be used to assess cell signaling activity and or to identify cell lines that lack or misregulate this activity. Such cell lines may then be treated with pharmaceutical agents, and a transcript image following treatment may indicate the efficacy of these agents in restoring desired levels of this activity.
  • a similar approach may be used to assess the toxicity of pharmaceutical agents as reflected by undesirable changes in cell signaling.
  • Candidate pharmaceutical agents may be evaluated by comparing their associated transcript images with those of pharmaceutical agents of known effectiveness.
  • Antisense Molecules The polynucleotides of the present invention are useful in antisense technology.
  • Antisense technology or therapy relies on the modulation of expression of a target protein through the specific binding of an antisense sequence to a target sequence encoding the target protein or directing its expression.
  • Agrawal, S., ed. 1996 Antisense Therapeutics. Humana Press Inc., Totawa NJ; Alama, A. et al. (1997) Pharmacol. Res. 36(3): 171-178; Crooke, S.T. (1997) Adv. Pharmacol. 40: 1-49; Sharma, H.W. and R. Narayanan (1995) Bioessays 17(12): 1055-1063; and Lavrosky, Y. et al. (1997) Biochem. Mol. Med.
  • An antisense sequence is a polynucleotide sequence capable of specifically hybridizing to at least a portion of the target sequence. Antisense sequences bind to cellular mRNA and or genomic DNA, affecting translation and/or transcription. Antisense sequences can be DNA, RNA, or nucleic acid mimics and analogs. (See, e.g., Rossi, J.J. et al. (1991) Antisense Res. Dev. l(3):285-288; Lee, R. et al. (1998) Biochemistry 37(3):900-1010; Pardridge,
  • the binding which results in modulation of expression occurs through hybridization or binding of complementary base pairs.
  • Antisense sequences can also bind to DNA duplexes through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix.
  • the polynucleotides of the present invention and fragments thereof can be used as antisense sequences to modify the expression of the polypeptide encoded by sptm.
  • the antisense sequences can be produced ex vivo, such as by using any of the ABI nucleic acid synthesizer series (PE Biosystems) or other automated systems known in the art.
  • Antisense sequences can also be produced biologically, such as by transforming an appropriate host cell with an expression vector containing the sequence of interest. (See, e.g., Agrawal, supra.) In therapeutic use, any gene delivery system suitable for introduction of the antisense sequences into appropriate target cells can be used.
  • Antisense sequences can be delivered intracellularly in the form of an expression plasmid which, upon transcription, produces a sequence complementary to at least a portion of the cellular sequence encoding the target protein.
  • Antisense sequences can also be introduced intracellularly through the use of viral vectors, such as retrovirus and adeno-associated virus vectors.
  • viral vectors such as retrovirus and adeno-associated virus vectors.
  • the nucleotide sequences encoding SPTM or fragments thereof may be inserted into an appropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector which contains the necessary elements for transcriptional and translational control of the inserted coding sequence in a suitable host.
  • an appropriate expression vector i.e., a vector which contains the necessary elements for transcriptional and translational control of the inserted coding sequence in a suitable host.
  • Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art may be used to construct expression vectors containing sequences encoding SPTM and appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. (See, e.g., Sambrook, supra. Chapters 4, 8, 16, and 17; and Ausubel, supra. Chapters 9, 10, 13, and 16.)
  • a variety of expression vector/host systems may be utilized to contain and express sequences encoding SPTM. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors; insect cell systems infected with viral expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus); plant cell systems transformed with viral expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV, or tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids); or animal (mammalian) cell systems. (See, e.g., Sambrook, supra; Ausubel, 1995, supra.
  • Expression vectors derived from retroviruses, adenoviruses, or herpes or vaccinia viruses, or from various bacterial plasmids, may be used for delivery of nucleotide sequences to the targeted organ, tissue, or cell population.
  • the invention is not limited by the host cell employed. For long term production of recombinant proteins in mammalian systems, stable expression of SPTM in cell lines is preferred.
  • sequences encoding SPTM can be transformed into cell lines using expression vectors which may contain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Any number of selection systems may be used to recover transformed cell lines.
  • the sptm of the invention may be used for somatic or germline gene therapy.
  • Gene therapy may be performed to (i) correct a genetic deficiency (e.g., in the cases of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-Xl disease characterized by X-linked inheritance (Cavazzana-Calvo, M. et al. (2000) Science 288:669-672), severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome associated with an inherited adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency (Blaese, R.M. et al. (1995) Science 270:475-480; Bordignon, C. et al.
  • SCID severe combined immunodeficiency
  • ADA adenosine deaminase
  • hepatitis B or C virus HBV, HCV
  • fungal parasites such as Candida albicans and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
  • protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzi
  • diseases or disorders caused by deficiencies in sptm are treated by constructing mammalian expression vectors comprising sptm and introducing these vectors by mechanical means into sptm-deficient cells.
  • Mechanical transfer technologies for use with cells in vivo or ex vitro include (i) direct DNA microinjection into individual cells, (ii) ballistic gold particle delivery, (iii) liposome-mediated transfection, (iv) receptor-mediated gene transfer, and (v) the use of DNA transposons (Morgan, R.A. and Anderson, W.F. (1993) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62: 191 -217; Ivies, Z. (1997) Cell 91 :501-510; Boulay, J-L. and Recipon, H. (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:445-450).
  • Expression vectors that may be effective for the expression of sptm include, but are not limited to, the PCDNA 3.1 , EPITAG, PRCCMV2, PREP, PVAX vectors (Invitrogen, Carlsbad CA), PCMV-SCRIPT, PCMV-TAG, PEGSH/PERV (Stratagene, La Jolla CA), and PTET-OFF, PTET-ON, PTRE2, PTRE2-LUC, PTK-HYG (Clontech, Palo Alto CA).
  • the sptm of the invention may be expressed using (i) a constitutively active promoter, (e.g., from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), SV40 virus, thymidine kinase (TK), or ⁇ -actin genes), (ii) an inducible promoter (e.g., the tetracycline-regulated promoter (Gossen, M. and Bujard, H. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:5547-5551 ; Gossen, M. et al., (1995) Science 268: 1766-1769; Rossi, F.M.V. and Blau, H.M.
  • a constitutively active promoter e.g., from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), SV40 virus, thymidine kinase (TK), or ⁇ -actin
  • TRANSFECTION KIT available from Invitrogen
  • transformation is performed using the calcium phosphate method (Graham, F.L. and Eb, A.J. (1973) Virology 52:456-467), or by electroporation (Neumann, E. et al. ( 1982) EMBO J. 1 :841-845).
  • the introduction of DNA to primary cells requires modification of these standardized mammalian transfection protocols.
  • diseases or disorders caused by genetic defects with respect to sptm expression are treated by constructing a retrovirus vector consisting of (i) sptm under the control of an independent promoter or the retrovirus long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, (ii) appropriate RNA packaging signals, and (iii) a Rev-responsive element (RRE) along with additional retrovirus -acting RNA sequences and coding sequences required for efficient vector propagation.
  • Retrovirus vectors e.g., PFB and PFBNEO
  • Retrovirus vectors are commercially available (Stratagene) and are based on published data (Riviere, I. et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
  • the vector is propagated in an appropriate vector producing cell line (VPCL) that expresses an envelope gene with a tropism for receptors on the target cells or a promiscuous envelope protein such as VSVg (Armentano, D. et al. (1987) J. Virol. 61 : 1647-1650; Bender, M.A. et al. (1987) J. Virol. 61: 1639-1646; Adam, M.A. and Miller, A.D. (1988) J. Virol. 62:3802-3806; Dull, T. et al. (1998) J. Virol. 72:8463-8471 ; Zufferey, R. et al.
  • VSVg vector producing cell line
  • U.S. Patent Number 5,910,434 to Rigg discloses a method for obtaining retrovirus packaging cell lines and is hereby incorporated by reference. Propagation of retrovirus vectors, transduction of a population of cells (e.g., CD4 + T-cells), and the return of transduced cells to a patient are procedures well known to persons skilled in the art of gene therapy and have been well documented (Ranga, U. et al. (1997) J. Virol. 71 :7020-7029; Bauer, G. et al.
  • an adenovirus-based gene therapy delivery system is used to deliver sptm to cells which have one or more genetic abnormalities with respect to the expression of sptm.
  • the construction and packaging of adenovirus-based vectors are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art. Replication defective adenovirus vectors have proven to be versatile for importing genes encoding immunoregulatory proteins into intact islets in the pancreas (Csete, M.E. et al. (1995) Transplantation 27:263-268). Potentially useful adenoviral vectors are described in U.S. Patent Number 5,707,618 to Armentano ("Adenovirus vectors for gene therapy”), hereby incorporated by reference.
  • a herpes-based, gene therapy delivery system is used to deliver sptm to target cells which have one or more genetic abnormalities with respect to the expression of sptm.
  • the use of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based vectors may be especially valuable for introducing sptm to cells of the central nervous system, for which HSV has a tropism.
  • the construction and packaging of herpes-based vectors are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art.
  • a replication-competent herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 -based vector has been used to deliver a reporter gene to the eyes of primates (Liu, X. et al. (1999) Exp. Eye Res.l69:385-395).
  • HSV-1 virus vector has also been disclosed in detail in U.S. Patent Number 5,804,413 to DeLuca ("Herpes simplex virus strains for gene transfer"), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • U.S. Patent Number 5,804,413 teaches the use of recombinant HSV d92 which consists of a genome containing at least one exogenous gene to be transferred to a cell under the control of the appropriate promoter for purposes including human gene therapy. Also taught by this patent are the construction and use of recombinant HSV strains deleted for ICP4, ICP27 and ICP22.
  • HSV vectors see also Goins, W. F. et al. 1999 J. Virol.
  • herpesvirus sequences The manipulation of cloned herpesvirus sequences, the generation of recombinant virus following the transfection of multiple plasmids containing different segments of the large herpesvirus genomes, the growth and propagation of herpesvirus, and the infection of cells with herpesvirus are techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • an alphavirus (positive, single-stranded RNA virus) vector is used to deliver sptm to target cells.
  • SFV Semliki Forest Virus
  • This subgenomic RNA replicates to higher levels than the full-length genomic RNA, resulting in the overproduction of capsid proteins relative to the viral proteins with enzymatic activity (e.g., protease and polymerase).
  • enzymatic activity e.g., protease and polymerase.
  • inserting sptm into the alphavirus genome in place of the capsid-coding region results in the production of a large number of sptm RNAs and the synthesis of high levels of SPTM in vector transduced cells.
  • alphavirus infection is typically associated with cell lysis within a few days, the ability to establish a persistent infection in hamster normal kidney cells (BHK-21) with a variant of Sindbis virus (SIN) indicates that the lytic replication of alphaviruses can be altered to suit the needs of the gene therapy application (Dryga, S.A. et al. (1997) Virology 228:74-83).
  • the wide host range of alphaviruses will allow the introduction of SPTM into a variety of cell types.
  • the specific transduction of a subset of cells in a population may require the sorting of cells prior to transduction.
  • the methods of manipulating infectious cDNA clones of alphaviruses, performing alphavirus cDNA and RNA transfections, and performing alphavirus infections, are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art.
  • Anti-SPTM antibodies may be used to analyze protein expression levels. Such antibodies include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain, and Fab fragments. For descriptions of and protocols of antibody technologies, see, e.g., Pound J.D. (1998) Immunochemical Protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
  • amino acid sequence encoded by the sptm of the Sequence Listing may be analyzed by appropriate software (e.g., LASERGENE NAVIGATOR software, DNASTAR) to determine regions of high immunogenicity.
  • appropriate software e.g., LASERGENE NAVIGATOR software, DNASTAR
  • the optimal sequences for immunization are selected from the C-terminus, the N-terminus, and those intervening, hydrophilic regions of the polypeptide which are likely to be exposed to the external environment when the polypeptide is in its natural conformation. Analysis used to select appropriate epitopes is also described by Ausubel (1997, supra. Chapter 1 1.7).
  • Peptides used for antibody induction do not need to have biological activity; however, they must be antigenic.
  • Peptides used to induce specific antibodies may have an amino acid sequence consisting of at five amino acids, preferably at least 10 amino acids, and most preferably 15 amino acids.
  • a peptide which mimics an antigenic fragment of the natural polypeptide may be fused with another protein such as keyhole limpet cyanin (KLH; Sigma, St. Louis MO) for antibody production.
  • KLH keyhole limpet cyanin
  • a peptide encompassing an antigenic region may be expressed from an sptm, synthesized as described above, or purified from human cells.
  • mice, goats, and rabbits may be immunized by injection with a peptide.
  • various adjuvants may be used to increase immunological response.
  • peptides about 15 residues in length may be synthesized using an ABI 431 A peptide synthesizer (PE Biosystems) using fmoc-chemistry and coupled to KLH (Sigma) by reaction with M-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Ausubel, 1995, supra).
  • Rabbits are immunized with the peptide-KLH complex in complete Freund's adjuvant.
  • the resulting antisera are tested for antipeptide activity by binding the peptide to plastic, blocking with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), reacting with rabbit antisera, washing, and reacting with radioiodinated goat anti- rabbit IgG.
  • Antisera with antipeptide activity are tested for anti-SPTM activity using protocols well known in the art, including ELISA, radioimmunoassay (RIA), and immunoblotting.
  • isolated and purified peptide may be used to immunize mice (about 100 ⁇ g of peptide) or rabbits (about 1 mg of peptide). Subsequently, the peptide is radioiodinated and used to screen the immunized animals' B-lymphocytes for production of antipeptide antibodies. Positive cells are then used to produce hybridomas using standard techniques. About 20 mg of peptide is sufficient for labeling and screening several thousand clones. Hybridomas of interest are detected by screening with radioiodinated peptide to identify those fusions producing peptide- specific monoclonal antibody.
  • wells of a multi-well plate (FAST, Becton- Dickinson, Palo Alto, CA) are coated with affinity-purified, specific rabbit-anti-mouse (or suitable anti-species IgG) antibodies at 10 mg/ml.
  • the coated wells are blocked with 1 % BSA and washed and exposed to supernatants from hybridomas. After incubation, the wells are exposed to radiolabeled peptide at 1 mg/ml.
  • Clones producing antibodies bind a quantity of labeled peptide that is detectable above background. Such clones are expanded and subjected to 2 cycles of cloning. Cloned hybridomas are injected into pristane-treated mice to produce ascites, and monoclonal antibody is purified from the ascitic fluid by affinity chromatography on protein A (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Several procedures for the production of monoclonal antibodies, including in vitro production, are described in Pound (supra). Monoclonal antibodies with antipeptide activity are tested for anti-SPTM activity using protocols well known in the art, including ELISA, RIA, and immunoblotting. Antibody fragments containing specific binding sites for an epitope may also be generated.
  • such fragments include, but are not limited to, the F(ab')2 fragments produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule, and the Fab fragments generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab')2 fragments.
  • construction of Fab expression libraries in filamentous bacteriophage allows rapid and easy identification of monoclonal fragments with desired specificity (Pound, supra. Chaps. 45-47).
  • Antibodies generated against polypeptide encoded by sptm can be used to purify and characterize full-length SPTM protein and its activity, binding partners, etc. Assays Using Antibodies
  • Anti-SPTM antibodies may be used in assays to quantify the amount of SPTM found in a particular human cell. Such assays include methods utilizing the antibody and a label to detect expression level under normal or disease conditions.
  • the peptides and antibodies of the invention may be used with or without modification or labeled by joining them, either covalently or noncovalently, with a reporter molecule.
  • Protocols for detecting and measuring protein expression using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies are well known in the art. Examples include ELISA, RIA, and fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). Such immunoassays typically involve the formation of complexes between the SPTM and its specific antibody and the measurement of such complexes. These and other assays are described in Pound (supra).
  • RNA was purchased from CLONTECH Laboratories, Inc. (Palo Alto CA) or isolated from various tissues. Some tissues were homogenized and lysed in guanidinium isothiocyanate, while others were homogenized and lysed in phenol or in a suitable mixture of denaturants, such as
  • RNA was isolated directly from tissue lysates using other RNA isolation kits, e.g., the POLY(A)PURE mRNA purification kit (Ambion, Inc., Austin TX).
  • Stratagene was provided with RNA and constructed the corresponding cDNA libraries. Otherwise, cDNA was synthesized and cDNA libraries were constructed with the UNIZAP vector system (Stratagene Cloning Systems, Inc. (Stratagene), La Jolla CA) or SUPERSCRIPT plasmid system (Life Technologies), using the recommended procedures or similar methods known in the art.
  • Reverse transcription was initiated using oligo d(T) or random primers.
  • Synthetic oligonucleotide adapters were ligated to double stranded cDNA, and the cDNA was digested with the appropriate restriction enzyme or enzymes.
  • the cDNA was size-selected (300-1000 bp) using SEPHACRYL SI 000, SEPHAROSE CL2B, or SEPHAROSE CL4B column chromatography (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) or preparative agarose gel electrophoresis.
  • cDNAs were ligated into compatible restriction enzyme sites of the polylinker of a suitable plasmid, e.g., PBLUESCRIPT plasmid (Stratagene), pSPORTl plasmid (Life Technologies), or pINCY (Incyte).
  • a suitable plasmid e.g., PBLUESCRIPT plasmid (Stratagene), pSPORTl plasmid (Life Technologies), or pINCY (Incyte).
  • Recombinant plasmids were transformed into competent E. coli cells including XLl-Blue, XLl-BlueMRF, or SOLR from Stratagene or DH5 ⁇ , DH10B, or ElectroMAX DH10B from Life Technologies.
  • Plasmids were recovered from host cells by in vivo excision using the UNIZAP vector system (Stratagene) or by cell lysis. Plasmids were purified using at least one of the following: the Magic or WIZARD Minipreps DNA purification system (Promega); the AGTC Miniprep purification kit (Edge BioSystems, Gaithersburg MD); and the QIAWELL 8, QIAWELL 8 Plus, and QIAWELL 8 Ultra plasmid purification systems or the R.E.A.L. PREP 96 plasmid purification kit (QIAGEN). Following precipitation, plasmids were resuspended in 0.1 ml of distilled water and stored, with or without lyophilization, at 4°C.
  • the Magic or WIZARD Minipreps DNA purification system Promega
  • AGTC Miniprep purification kit Edge BioSystems, Gaithersburg MD
  • plasmid DNA was amplified from host cell lysates using direct link PCR in a high-throughput format.
  • Host cell lysis and thermal cycling steps were carried out in a single reaction mixture. Samples were processed and stored in 384-well plates, and the concentration of amplified plasmid DNA was quantified fluorometrically using PICOGREEN dye (Molecular Probes, Inc. (Molecular Probes), Eugene OR) and a FLUOROSKAN H fluorescence scanner (Labsystems Oy, Helsinki, Finland).
  • cDNA sequencing reactions were processed using standard methods or high-throughput instrumentation such as the ABI CATALYST 800 thermal cycler (PE Biosystems) or the PTC-200 thermal cycler (MJ Research) in conjunction with the HYDRA microdispenser (Robbins Scientific Corp., Sunnyvale CA) or the MICROLAB 2200 liquid transfer system (Hamilton).
  • cDNA sequencing reactions were prepared using reagents provided by Amersham Pharmacia Biotech or supplied in ABI sequencing kits such as the ABI PRISM BIGDYE Terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit (PE Biosystems).
  • Electrophoretic separation of cDNA sequencing reactions and detection of labeled polynucleotides were carried out using the MEGABACE 1000 DNA sequencing system (Molecular Dynamics); the ABI PRISM 373 or 377 sequencing system (PE Biosystems) in conjunction with standard ABI protocols and base calling software; or other sequence analysis systems known in the art. Reading frames within the cDNA sequences were identified using standard methods (reviewed in Ausubel, 1997, supra. Chapter 7.7). Some of the cDNA sequences were selected for extension using the techniques disclosed in Example Vlfl.
  • Component sequences from chromatograms were subject to PHRED analysis and assigned a quality score.
  • the sequences having at least a required quality score were subject to various preprocessing editing pathways to eliminate, e.g., low quality 3' ends, vector and linker sequences, polyA tails, Alu repeats, mitochondrial and ribosomal sequences, bacterial contamination sequences, and sequences smaller than 50 base pairs.
  • low-information sequences and repetitive elements e.g., dinucleotide repeats, Alu repeats, etc.
  • sequences were then subject to assembly procedures in which the sequences were assigned to gene bins (bins). Each sequence could only belong to one bin. Sequences in each gene bin were assembled to produce consensus sequences (templates). Subsequent new sequences were added to existing bins using BLASTn (v.1.4 WashU) and CROSSMATCH. Candidate pairs were identified as all BLAST hits having a quality score greater than or equal to 150. Alignments of at least 82% local identity were accepted into the bin. The component sequences from each bin were assembled using a version of PHRAP. Bins with several overlapping component sequences were assembled using DEEP PHRAP. The orientation (sense or antisense) of each assembled template 5 was determined based on the number and orientation of its component sequences.
  • Template sequences as disclosed in the sequence listing correspond to sense strand sequences (the "forward" reading frames), to the best determination.
  • the complementary (antisense) strands are inherently disclosed herein.
  • the component sequences which were used to assemble each template consensus sequence are listed in Table 3, along with their positions along the template nucleotide sequences. 0 Bins were compared against each other and those having local similarity of at least 82% were combined and reassembled. Reassembled bins having templates of insufficient overlap (less than 95% local identity) were re-split.
  • Assembled templates were also subject to analysis by STITCHER EXON MAPPER algorithms which analyze the probabilities of the presence of splice variants, alternatively spliced exons, splice junctions, differential expression of alternative spliced 5 genes across tissue types or disease states, etc. These resulting bins were subject to several rounds of the above assembly procedures.
  • bins were clone joined based upon clone information. If the 5' sequence of one clone was present in one bin and the 3' sequence from the same clone was present in a different bin, it was likely that the two bins actually 0 belonged together in a single bin. The resulting combined bins underwent assembly procedures to regenerate the consensus sequences.
  • the template sequences are further analyzed by translating each template in all three forward reading frames and searching each translation against the Pfam database of hidden Markov model- based protein families and domains using the HMMER software package (available to the public from Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO). (See also World Wide Web site http://pfam.wustl.edu/ for detailed descriptions of Pfam protein domains and families.)
  • BLAST analysis as reported in Table 1 may support the results of HMMER analysis as reported in Table 2 or may suggest alternative or additional properties of template- encoded secretory polypeptides not previously uncovered by HMMER or other analyses.
  • Template sequences are further analyzed using the bioinformatics tools listed in Table 4, or using sequence analysis software known in the art such as MACDNASIS PRO software (Hitachi Software Engineering, South San Francisco CA) and LASERGENE software (DNASTAR). Template sequences may be further queried against public databases such as the GenBank rodent, mammalian, vertebrate, prokaryote, and eukaryote databases.
  • Northern analysis is a laboratory technique used to detect the presence of a transcript of a gene and involves the hybridization of a labeled nucleotide sequence to a membrane on which RNAs from a particular cell type or tissue have been bound. (See, e.g., Sambrook, supra, ch. 7; Ausubel, 1995, supra, ch. 4 and 16.)
  • the product score takes into account both the degree of similarity between two sequences and the length of the sequence match.
  • the product score is a normalized value between 0 and 100, and is calculated as follows: the BLAST score is multiplied by the percent nucleotide identity and the product is divided by (5 times the length of the shorter of the two sequences).
  • the BLAST score is calculated by assigning a score of +5 for every base that matches in a high-scoring segment pair (HSP), and -4 for every mismatch. Two sequences may share more than one HSP (separated by gaps). If there is more than one HSP, then the pair with the highest BLAST score is used to calculate the product score.
  • the product score represents a balance between fractional overlap and quality in a BLAST alignment.
  • a product score of 100 is produced only for 100% identity over the entire length of the shorter of the two sequences being compared.
  • a product score of 70 is produced either by 100% identity and 70% overlap at one end, or by 88% identity and 100% overlap at the other.
  • a product score of 50 is produced either by 100% identity and 50% overlap at one end, or 79% identity and 100% overlap.
  • a tissue distribution profile is determined for each template by compiling the cDNA library tissue classifications of its component cDNA sequences.
  • Each component sequence is derived from a cDNA library constructed from a human tissue.
  • Each human tissue is classified into one of the following categories: cardiovascular system; connective tissue; digestive system; embryonic structures; endocrine system; exocrine glands; genitalia, female; genitalia, male; germ cells; hemic and immune system; liver; musculoskeletal system; nervous system; pancreas; respiratory system; sense organs; skin; stomatognathic system; unclassified/mixed; or urinary tract.
  • Template sequences, component sequences, and cDNA library/tissue information are found in the LIFESEQ GOLD database (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto CA).
  • Transcript images are generated as described in Seilhamer et al., "Comparative Gene
  • Oligonucleotide primers designed using an sptm of the Sequence Listing are used to extend the nucleic acid sequence.
  • One primer is synthesized to initiate 5' extension of the template, and the other primer, to initiate 3' extension of the template.
  • the initial primers may be designed using OLIGO 4.06 software (National Biosciences, Inc. (National Biosciences), Plymouth MN), or another appropriate program, to be about 22 to 30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of about 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at temperatures of about 68 °C to about 72°C Any stretch of nucleotides which would result in hairpin structures and primer-primer dimerizations are avoided.
  • Selected human cDNA libraries are used to extend the sequence. If more than one extension is necessary or desired, additional or nested sets of primers are designed.
  • PCR is performed in 96- well plates using the PTC-200 thermal cycler (MJ Research).
  • the reaction mix contains DNA template, 200 nmol of each primer, reaction buffer containing Mg 2 *, (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 , and ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, Taq DNA polymerase (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), ELONGASE enzyme (Life Technologies), and Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene), with the following parameters for primer pair PCI A and PCI B: Step 1 : 94°C, 3 min; Step 2: 94°C, 15 sec; Step 3: 60°C, 1 min; Step 4: 68°C, 2 min; Step 5: Steps 2, 3, and 4 repeated 20 times; Step 6: 68°C, 5 min; Step 7: storage at 4°C
  • the parameters for primer pair T7 and SK+ are as follows: Step 1 : 94°C, 3 min; Step 2: 94°C, 15
  • the concentration of DNA in each well is determined by dispensing 100 ⁇ l PICOGREEN quantitation reagent (0.25% (v/v); Molecular Probes) dissolved in IX Tris-EDTA (TE) and 0.5 ⁇ l of undiluted PCR product into each well of an opaque fluorimeter plate (Corning Incorporated (Corning), Corning NY), allowing the DNA to bind to the reagent. The plate is scanned in a
  • FLUOROSKAN II (Labsystems Oy) to measure the fluorescence of the sample and to quantify the concentration of DNA.
  • a 5 ⁇ l to 10 ⁇ l aliquot of the reaction mixture is analyzed by electrophoresis on a 1 % agarose mini-gel to determine which reactions are successful in extending the sequence.
  • the extended nucleotides are desalted and concentrated, transferred to 384-well plates, digested with CviJI cholera virus endonuc lease (Molecular Biology Research, Madison WI), and sonicated or sheared prior to religation into pUC 18 vector (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • the digested nucleotides are separated on low concentration (0.6 to 0.8%) agarose gels, fragments are excised, and agar digested with AGAR ACE (Promega). Extended clones are religated using T4 ligase (New England Biolabs, Inc., Beverly MA) into pUC 18 vector (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), treated with Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene) to fill-in restriction site overhangs, and transfected into competent E. coli cells. Transformed cells are selected on antibiotic-containing media, individual colonies are picked and cultured overnight at 37 °C in 384- well plates in LB/2x carbenicillin liquid media.
  • Step 1 The cells are lysed, and DNA is amplified by PCR using Taq DNA polymerase (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene) with the following parameters: Step 1 :
  • Step 7 storage at 4°C DNA is quantified by PICOGREEN reagent (Molecular Probes) as described above. Samples with low DNA recoveries are reamplified using the same conditions as described above. Samples are diluted with 20% dimethysulfoxide (1 :2, v/v), and sequenced using DYENAMIC energy transfer sequencing primers and the DYENAMIC DIRECT kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) or the ABI PRISM BIGDYE Terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit (PE Biosystems).
  • the sptm is used to obtain regulatory sequences (promoters, introns, and enhancers) using the procedure above, oligonucleotides designed for such extension, and an appropriate genomic library.
  • Hybridization probes derived from the sptm of the Sequence Listing are employed for screening cDNAs, mRNAs, or genomic DNA.
  • the labeling of probe nucleotides between 100 and 1000 nucleotides in length is specifically described, but essentially the same procedure may be used with larger cDNA fragments.
  • Probe sequences are labeled at room temperature for 30 minutes using a T4 polynucleotide kinase, ⁇ 32 P-ATP, and 0.5X One-Phor-All Plus (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) buffer and purified using a ProbeQuant G-50 Microcolumn (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • the probe mixture is diluted to 10 7 dpm/ ⁇ g/ml hybridization buffer and used in a typical membrane- based hybridization analysis.
  • the DNA is digested with a restriction endonuclease such as Eco RV and is electrophoresed through a 0.7% agarose gel.
  • the DNA fragments are transferred from the agarose to nylon membrane (NYTRAN Plus, Schleicher & Schuell, Inc., Keene NH) using procedures specified by the manufacturer of the membrane.
  • Prehybridization is carried out for three or more hours at 68 °C, and hybridization is carried out overnight at 68 °C
  • blots are sequentially washed at room temperature under increasingly stringent conditions, up to 0.
  • RNA Ix saline sodium citrate (SSC) and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. After the blots are placed in a PHOSPHORIMAGER cassette (Molecular Dynamics) or are exposed to autoradiography film, hybridization patterns of standard and experimental lanes are compared. Essentially the same procedure is employed when screening RNA.
  • the cDNA sequences which were used to assemble SEQ ID NO: 1-26 are compared with sequences from the Incyte LIFESEQ database and public domain databases using BLAST and other implementations of the Smith-Waterman algorithm. Sequences from these databases that match SEQ ID NO: 1-26 are assembled into clusters of contiguous and overlapping sequences using assembly algorithms such as PHRAP (Table 4). Radiation hybrid and genetic mapping data available from public resources such as the Stanford Human Genome Center (SHGC), Whitehead Institute for Genome Research (WIGR), and Genethon are used to determine if any of the clustered sequences have been previously mapped.
  • SHGC Stanford Human Genome Center
  • WIGR Whitehead Institute for Genome Research
  • Genethon Genethon
  • a mapped sequence in a cluster will result in the assignment of all sequences of that cluster, including its particular SEQ ID NO:, to that map location.
  • the genetic map locations of SEQ ED NO: 1-26 are described as ranges, or intervals, of human chromosomes.
  • the map position of an interval, in centiMorgans, is measured relative to the terminus of the chromosome's p-arm.
  • centiMorgan (cM) is a unit of measurement based on recombination frequencies between chromosomal markers.
  • cM is roughly equivalent to 1 megabase (Mb) of DNA in humans, although this can vary widely due to hot and cold spots of recombination.
  • Mb megabase
  • the cM distances are based on genetic markers mapped by Genethon which provide boundaries for radiation hybrid markers whose sequences were included in each of the clusters.
  • RNA is isolated from tissue samples using the guanidinium thiocyanate method and polyA + RNA is purified using the oligo (dT) cellulose method.
  • Each polyA + RNA sample is reverse transcribed using MMLV reverse-transcriptase, 0.05 pg/ ⁇ l oligo-dT primer (21mer), IX first strand buffer, 0.03 units/ ⁇ l RNase inhibitor, 500 ⁇ M dATP, 500 ⁇ M dGTP, 500 ⁇ M dTTP, 40 ⁇ M dCTP, 40 ⁇ M dCTP-Cy3 (BDS) or dCTP-Cy5 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • the reverse transcription reaction is performed in a 25 ml volume containing 200 ng polyA + RNA with GEMBRIGHT kits (Incyte).
  • Specific control polyA + RNAs are synthesized by in vitro transcription from non-coding yeast genomic DNA (W. Lei, unpublished).
  • the control mRNAs at 0.002 ng, 0.02 ng, 0.2 ng, and 2 ng are diluted into reverse transcription reaction at ratios of 1 : 100,000, 1: 10,000, 1:1000, 1 :100 (w/w) to sample mRNA respectively.
  • control mRNAs are diluted into reverse transcription reaction at ratios of 1 :3, 3:1, 1 :10, 10: 1 , 1 :25, 25:1 (w/w) to sample mRNA differential expression patterns. After incubation at 37° C for 2 hr, each reaction sample (one with Cy3 and another with Cy5 labeling) is treated with 2.5 ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide and incubated for 20 minutes at 85° C to the stop the reaction and degrade the RNA. Probes are purified using two successive CHROMA SPEN 30 gel filtration spin columns (CLONTECH Laboratories, Inc.
  • Array elements are amplified in thirty cycles of PCR from an initial quantity of 1-2 ng to a final quantity greater than 5 ⁇ g. Amplified array elements are then purified using SEPHACRYL-400 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Purified array elements are immobilized on polymer-coated glass slides. Glass microscope slides (Corning) are cleaned by ultrasound in 0.1% SDS and acetone, with extensive distilled water washes between and after treatments. Glass slides are etched in 4% hydrofluoric acid (VWR Scientific Products Corporation (VWR), West Chester, PA), washed extensively in distilled water, and coated with 0.05% aminopropyl silane (Sigma) in 95% ethanol. Coated slides are cured in a 110°C oven.
  • Array elements are applied to the coated glass substrate using a procedure described in US Patent No. 5,807,522, incorporated herein by reference. 1 ⁇ l of the array element DNA, at an average concentration of 100 ng/ ⁇ l, is loaded into the open capillary printing element by a high-speed robotic apparatus. The apparatus then deposits about 5 nl of array element sample per slide. Microarrays are UV-crosslinked using a STRATALINKER UV-crosslinker (Stratagene).
  • Microarrays are washed at room temperature once in 0.2% SDS and three times in distilled water. Non-specific binding sites are blocked by incubation of microarrays in 0.2% casein in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Tropix, Inc., Bedford, MA) for 30 minutes at 60° C followed by washes in 0.2% SDS and distilled water as before.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • Hybridization reactions contain 9 ⁇ l of probe mixture consisting of 0.2 ⁇ g each of Cy3 and Cy5 labeled cDNA synthesis products in 5X SSC, 0.2% SDS hybridization buffer.
  • the probe mixture is heated to 65° C for 5 minutes and is aliquoted onto the microarray surface and covered with an 1.8 cm 2 coverslip.
  • the arrays are transferred to a waterproof chamber having a cavity just slightly larger than a microscope slide. The chamber is kept at 100% humidity internally by the addition of 140 ⁇ l of 5x SSC in a corner of the chamber.
  • the chamber containing the arrays is incubated for about 6.5 hours at 60° C
  • the arrays are washed for 10 min at 45° C in a first wash buffer (IX SSC, 0.1% SDS), three times for 10 minutes each at 45°C in a second wash buffer (0.1X SSC), and dried. Detection
  • Reporter-labeled hybridization complexes are detected with a microscope equipped with an Innova 70 mixed gas 10 W laser (Coherent, Inc., Santa Clara CA) capable of generating spectral lines at 488 nm for excitation of Cy3 and at 632 nm for excitation of Cy5.
  • the excitation laser light is focused on the array using a 20X microscope objective (Nikon, Inc., Melville NY).
  • the slide containing the array is placed on a computer-controlled X-Y stage on the microscope and raster- scanned past the objective.
  • the 1.8 cm x 1.8 cm array used in the present example is scanned with a resolution of 20 micrometers.
  • a mixed gas multiline laser excites the two fluorophores sequentially. Emitted light is split, based on wavelength, into two photomultiplier tube detectors (PMT R1477, Hamamatsu Photonics Systems, Bridgewater NJ) corresponding to the two fluorophores.
  • PMT R1477 Hamamatsu Photonics Systems, Bridgewater NJ
  • Appropriate filters positioned between the array and the photomultiplier tubes are used to filter the signals.
  • the emission maxima of the fluorophores used are 565 nm for Cy3 and 650 nm for Cy5.
  • Each array is typically scanned twice, one scan per fluorophore using the appropriate filters at the laser source, although the apparatus is capable of recording the spectra from both fluorophores simultaneously.
  • the sensitivity of the scans is typically calibrated using the signal intensity generated by a cDNA control species added to the probe mix at a known concentration.
  • a specific location on the array contains a complementary DNA sequence, allowing the intensity of the signal at that location to be co ⁇ elated with a weight ratio of hybridizing species of 1 :100,000.
  • the calibration is done by labeling samples of the calibrating cDNA with the two fluorophores and adding identical amounts of each to the hybridization mixture.
  • the output of the photomultiplier tube is digitized using a 12-bit RTI-835H analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion board (Analog Devices, Inc., Norwood, MA) installed in an IBM-compatible PC computer.
  • A/D analog-to-digital
  • the digitized data are displayed as an image where the signal intensity is mapped using a linear 20-color transformation to a pseudocolor scale ranging from blue (low signal) to red (high signal).
  • the data is also analyzed quantitatively. Where two different fluorophores are excited and measured simultaneously, the data are first corrected for optical crosstalk (due to overlapping emission spectra) between the fluorophores using each fluorophore 's emission spectrum.
  • a grid is superimposed over the fluorescence signal image such that the signal from each spot is centered in each element of the grid.
  • the fluorescence signal within each element is then integrated to obtain a numerical value corresponding to the average intensity of the signal.
  • the software used for signal analysis is the GEMTOOLS gene expression analysis program (Incyte).
  • oligonucleotides complementary to the sptm are used to detect, decrease, or inhibit expression of the naturally occurring nucleotide.
  • the use of oligonucleotides comprising from about 15 to 30 base pairs is typical in the art. However, smaller or larger sequence fragments can also be used. Appropriate oligonucleotides are designed from the sptm using OLIGO 4.06 software (National
  • a complementary oligonucleotide is designed from the most unique 5' sequence and used to prevent transcription factor binding to the promoter sequence.
  • a complementary oligonucleotide is designed to prevent ribosomal binding and processing of the transcript.
  • SPTM expression and purification of SPTM is accomplished using bacterial or virus-based expression systems.
  • cDNA is subcloned into an appropriate vector containing an antibiotic resistance gene and an inducible promoter that directs high levels of cDNA transcription.
  • promoters include, but are not limited to, the trp-lac (tac) hybrid promoter and the T5 or T7 bacteriophage promoter in conjunction with the lac operator regulatory element.
  • Recombinant vectors are transformed into suitable bacterial hosts, e.g., BL21(DE3).
  • Antibiotic resistant bacteria express SPTM upon induction with isopropyl beta-D- thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG).
  • SPTM in eukaryotic cells
  • AcMNPV Autographica califomica nuclear polyhedrosis virus
  • the nonessential polyhedrin gene of baculovirus is replaced with cDNA encoding SPTM by either homologous recombination or bacterial-mediated transposition involving transfer plasmid intermediates. Viral infectivity is maintained and the strong polyhedrin promoter drives high levels of cDNA transcription.
  • Recombinant baculovirus is used to infect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells in most cases, or human hepatocytes, in some cases. Infection of the latter requires additional genetic modifications to baculovirus. (See e.g., Engelhard, supra; and Sandig, supra.)
  • SPTM is synthesized as a fusion protein with, e.g., glutathione S-transferase (GST) or a peptide epitope tag, such as FLAG or 6-His, permitting rapid, single-step, affinity-based purification of recombinant fusion protein from crude cell lysates.
  • GST a 26- kilodalton enzyme from Schistosoma japonicum, enables the purification of fusion proteins on immobilized glutathione under conditions that maintain protein activity and antigenicity (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • the GST moiety can be proteolytically cleaved from SPTM at specifically engineered sites.
  • FLAG an 8-amino acid peptide, enables immunoaffinity purification using commercially available monoclonal and polyclonal anti-FLAG antibodies
  • An assay for SPTM activity measures the expression of SPTM on the cell surface.
  • cDNA encoding SPTM is subcloned into an appropriate mammalian expression vector suitable for high levels of cDNA expression.
  • the resulting construct is transfected into a nonhuman cell line such as 5 NIH3T3.
  • Cell surface proteins are labeled with biotin using methods known in the art.
  • Immunoprecipitations are performed using SPTM-specific antibodies, and immunoprecipitated samples are analyzed using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting techniques. The ratio of labeled immunoprecipitant to unlabeled immunoprecipitant is proportional to the amount of SPTM expressed on the cell surface. 0 Alternatively, an assay for SPTM activity measures the amount of SPTM in secretory, membrane-bound organelles. Transfected cells as described above are harvested and lysed. The lysate is fractionated using methods known to those of skill in the art, for example, sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Such methods allow the isolation of subcellular components such as the Golgi apparatus, ER, small membrane-bound vesicles, and other secretory organelles.
  • Immunoprecipitations from fractionated and total cell lysates are performed using SPTM-specific antibodies, and immunoprecipitated samples are analyzed using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting techniques.
  • concentration of SPTM in secretory organelles relative to SPTM in total cell lysate is proportional to the amount of SPTM in transit through the secretory pathway.
  • SPTM function is assessed by expressing sptm at physiologically elevated levels in mammalian cell culture systems.
  • cDNA is subcloned into a mammalian expression vector containing a strong promoter that drives high levels of cDNA expression.
  • Vectors of choice include pCMV SPORT (Life Technologies) and pCR3.1 (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad CA), both of which 5 contain the cytomegalovirus promoter.
  • 5-10 ⁇ g of recombinant vector are transiently transfected into a human cell line, preferably of endothelial or hematopoietic origin, using either liposome formulations or electroporation.
  • 1-2 ⁇ g of an additional plasmid containing sequences encoding a marker protein are co-transfected.
  • Expression of a marker protein provides a means to distinguish transfected cells from o nontransfected cells and is a reliable predictor of cDNA expression from the recombinant vector.
  • Marker proteins of choice include, e.g., Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP; CLONTECH), CD64, or a CD64-GFP fusion protein.
  • FCM Flow cytometry
  • an automated laser optics-based technique is used to identify transfected cells expressing GFP or CD64-GFP and to evaluate the apoptotic state of the cells and other cellular properties. 5 FCM detects and quantifies the uptake of fluorescent molecules that diagnose events preceding or coincident with cell death.
  • the influence of SPTM on gene expression can be assessed using highly purified populations of cells transfected with sequences encoding SPTM and either CD64 or CD64-GFP.
  • CD64 and CD64-GFP are expressed on the surface of transfected cells and bind to conserved regions of human immunoglobulin G (IgG).
  • Transfected cells are efficiently separated from nontransfected cells using magnetic beads coated with either human IgG or antibody against CD64 (DYNAL, Inc., Lake Success NY).
  • mRNA can be purified from the cells using methods well known by those of skill in the art. Expression of mRNA encoding SPTM and other genes of interest can be analyzed by northern analysis or microarray techniques.
  • PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
  • the SPTM amino acid sequence is analyzed using LASERGENE software (DNASTAR) to determine regions of high immunogenicity, and a corresponding peptide is synthesized and used to raise antibodies by means known to those of skill in the art.
  • LASERGENE software DNASTAR
  • Methods for selection of appropriate epitopes, such as those near the C-terminus or in hydrophilic regions are well described in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, 1995, supra. Chapter 1 1.)
  • peptides 15 residues in length are synthesized using an ABI 431 A peptide synthesizer (PE Biosystems) using fmoc-chemistry and coupled to KLH (Sigma) by reaction with N- maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS) to increase immunogenicity.
  • ABI 431 A peptide synthesizer PE Biosystems
  • KLH Sigma
  • MBS N- maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
  • Rabbits are immunized with the peptide-KLH complex in complete Freund's adjuvant.
  • Resulting antisera are tested for antipeptide activity by, for example, binding the peptide to plastic, blocking with 1 % BSA, reacting with rabbit antisera, washing, and reacting with radioiodinated goat anti-rabbit IgG.
  • Antisera with antipeptide activity are tested for anti-SPTM activity using protocols well known in the art, including ELISA, RIA, and immunoblotting.
  • XVII Purification of Naturally Occurring SPTM Using Specific Antibodies
  • Naturally occurring or recombinant SPTM is substantially purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for SPTM.
  • An immunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently coupling anti-SPTM antibody to an activated chromatographic resin, such as CNBr-activated SEPHAROSE (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). After the coupling, the resin is blocked and washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • Media containing SPTM are passed over the immunoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of SPTM (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent).
  • the column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/SPTM binding (e.g., a buffer of pH 2 to pH 3, or a high concentration of a chaotrope, such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and SPTM is collected.
  • SPTM or biologically active fragments thereof, are labeled with 125 I Bolton-Hunter reagent.
  • Bolton-Hunter reagent See, e.g., Bolton, A.E. and W.M. Hunter (1973) Biochem. J. 133:529-539.
  • Candidate molecules previously arrayed in the wells of a multi-well plate are incubated with the labeled SPTM, washed, and any wells with labeled SPTM complex are assayed. Data obtained using different concentrations of SPTM are used to calculate values for the number, affinity, and association of SPTM with the candidate molecules.
  • molecules interacting with SPTM are analyzed using the yeast two-hybrid system as described in Fields, S. and O.
  • SPTM may also be used in the PATHCALLENG process (CuraGen Corp., New Haven CT) which employs the yeast two-hybrid system in a high-throughput manner to determine all interactions between the proteins encoded by two large libraries of genes (Nandabalan, K. et al. (2000) U.S. Patent No. 6,057, 101).
  • LCCP Leman coiled-coil protein
  • o cn 4- r o o o o o o o o — ' O c t- W M Ui ro w r S c» c ⁇ o o ⁇ cD CD ⁇ oo cn oo cn ro c» o ro (n c» cn c» o o o cn o oo cn co o oo co — ⁇ o M cn w si - ⁇ O M C ⁇ O o o - ⁇ oo cn co oo T5
  • Co CoB CoBoC» 0o: 0o0 CoD 0o3o00 0o0 Co» CoO 0o0 CoB C C 45*o00 C 0 4i.oD 4- * o0 4-.oCB 0 0 4-*o0 45*o3 C 4- * oB C 45*o» 45 * o» 45.oI> 0 4-.o3 00 03 00 00 00 O3 O3 03 03 00 00 oo co ⁇
  • X» _ N is. o o o O o o o O o o O o ⁇ > c> o o ⁇ x ⁇ x ⁇ cD

Abstract

The present invention provides purified secretory polynucleotides (sptm). Also encompassed are the polypeptides (SPTM) encoded by sptm. The invention also provides for the use of sptm, or complements, oligonucleotides, or fragments thereof in diagnostic assays. The invention further provides for vectors and host cells containing sptm for the expression of SPTM. The invention additionally provides for the use of isolated and purified SPTM to induce antibodies and to screen libraries of compounds and the use of anti-SPTM antibodies in diagnostic assays. Also provided are microarrays containing sptm and methods of use.

Description

SECRETORY MOLECULES
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to secretory molecules and to the use of these sequences in the diagnosis, study, prevention, and treatment of diseases associated with cell signaling.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Protein transport and secretion are essential for cellular function. Protein transport is mediated by a signal peptide located at the amino terminus of the protein to be transported or secreted. The signal peptide is comprised of about ten to twenty hydrophobic amino acids which target the nascent protein from the ribosome to a particular membrane bound compartment such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins targeted to the ER may either proceed through the secretory pathway or remain in any of the secretory organelles such as the ER, Golgi apparatus, or lysosomes. Proteins that transit through the secretory pathway are either secreted into the extracellular space or retained in the plasma membrane. Proteins that are retained in the plasma membrane contain one or more transmembrane domains, each comprised of about 20 hydrophobic amino acid residues. Proteins that are secreted from the cell are generally synthesized as inactive precursors that are activated by post-translational processing events during transit through the secretory pathway. Such events include glycosylation, proteolysis, and removal of the signal peptide by a signal peptidase. Other events that may occur during protein transport include chaperone-dependent unfolding and folding of the nascent protein and interaction of the protein with a receptor or pore complex. Examples of secretory proteins with amino terminal signal peptides are discussed below and include proteins with important roles in cell-to-cell signaling. Such proteins include transmembrane receptors and cell surface markers, extracellular matrix molecules, cytokines, hormones, growth and differentiation factors, neuropeptides, vasomediators, ion channels, transporters/pumps, and proteases. (Reviewed in Alberts, B. et al. (1994) Molecular Biology of The Cell, Garland Publishing, New York, NY, pp. 557-560, 582-592.)
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a superfamily of integral membrane proteins which transduce extracellular signals. Not all GPCRs contain N-terminal signal peptides. GPCRs include receptors for biogenic amines such as dopamine, epinephrine, histamine, glutamate (metabotropic-type), acetylcholine (muscarinic-type), and serotonin; for lipid mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins, platelet activating factor, and leukotrienes; for peptide hormones such as calcitonin, C5a anaphylatoxin, follicle stimulating hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone, neurokinin, oxytocin, and thrombin; and for sensory signal mediators such as retinal photopigments and olfactory stimulatory molecules. The structure of these highly conserved receptors consists of seven hydrophobic transmembrane regions, cysteine disulfide bridges between the second and third extracellular loops, an extracellular N-terminus, and a cytoplasmic C-terminus. The N-terminus interacts with ligands, the disulfide bridges interact with agonists and antagonists, and the large third intracellular loop interacts with G proteins to activate second messengers such as cyclic AMP, phospholipase C, inositol triphosphate, or ion channels. (Reviewed in Watson, S. and Arkinstall, S. (1994) The G-protein Linked Receptor Facts Book. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 2-6; and Bolander, F.F. (1994) Molecular Endocrinology. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 162-176.)
Other types of receptors include cell surface antigens identified on leukocytic cells of the immune system. These antigens have been identified using systematic, monoclonal antibody (mAb)- based "shot gun" techniques. These techniques have resulted in the production of hundreds of mAbs directed against unknown cell surface leukocytic antigens. These antigens have been grouped into "clusters of differentiation" based on common immunocytochemical localization patterns in various differentiated and undifferentiated leukocytic cell types. Antigens in a given cluster are presumed to identify a single cell surface protein and are assigned a "cluster of differentiation" or "CD" designation. Some of the genes encoding proteins identified by CD antigens have been cloned and verified by standard molecular biology techniques. CD antigens have been characterized as both transmembrane proteins and cell surface proteins anchored to the plasma membrane via covalent attachment to fatty acid-containing glycolipids such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI . (Reviewed in Barclay, A. N. et al. (1995) The Leucocyte Antigen Facts Book. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 17-20.)
Matrix proteins (MPs) are transmembrane and extracellular proteins which function in formation, growth, remodeling, and maintenance of tissues and as important mediators and regulators of the inflammatory response. The expression and balance of MPs may be perturbed by biochemical changes that result from congenital, epigenetic, or infectious diseases. In addition, MPs affect leukocyte migration, proliferation, differentiation, and activation in the immune response. MPs are frequently characterized by the presence of one or more domains which may include collagen-like domains, EGF-like domains, immunoglobulin-like domains, and fibronectin-like domains. In addition, MPs may be heavily glycosylated and may contain an Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate (RGD) tripeptide motif which may play a role in adhesive interactions. MPs include extracellular proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, galectin, vitronectin and its proteolytic derivative somatomedin B; and cell adhesion receptors such as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), cadherins, and integrins. (Reviewed in Ayad, S. et al. (1994) The Extracellular Matrix Facts Book. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 2- 16; Ruoslahti, E. (1997) Kidney Int. 51 :1413-1417; Sjaastad, M.D. and Nelson, W.J. (1997) BioEssays 19:47-55.) Cytokines are secreted by hematopoietic cells in response to injury or infection. Interleukins, neurotrophins, growth factors, interferons, and chemokines all define cytokine families that work in conjunction with cellular receptors to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. In addition, cytokines effect activities such as leukocyte migration and function, hematopoietic cell proliferation, temperature regulation, acute response to infection, tissue remodeling, and apoptosis.
Chemokines, in particular, are small chemoattractant cytokines involved in inflammation, leukocyte proliferation and migration, angiogenesis and angiostasis, regulation of hematopoiesis, HIV infectivity, and stimulation of cytokine secretion. Chemokines generally contain 70-100 amino acids and are subdivided into four subfamilies based on the presence of conserved cysteine-based motifs. (Callard, R. and Gearing, A. (1994) The Cytokine Facts Book. Academic Press, New York, NY, pp. 181-190, 210-213, 223-227.) Growth and differentiation factors are secreted proteins which function in intercellular communication. Some factors require oligomerization or association with MPs for activity. Complex interactions among these factors and their receptors trigger intracellular signal transduction pathways that stimulate or inhibit cell division, cell differentiation, cell signaling, and cell motility. Most growth and differentiation factors act on cells in their local environment (paracrine signaling). There are three broad classes of growth and differentiation factors. The first class includes the large polypeptide growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor. The second class includes the hematopoietic growth factors such as the colony stimulating factors (CSFs). Hematopoietic growth factors stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of blood cells such as B- lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and their stem cell precursors. The third class includes small peptide factors such as bombesin, vasopressin, oxytocin, endothelin, transferrin, angiotensin II, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and bradykinin which function as hormones to regulate cellular functions other than proliferation. Growth and differentiation factors play critical roles in neoplastic transformation of cells in vitro and in tumor progression in vivo. Inappropriate expression of growth factors by tumor cells may contribute to vascularization and metastasis of tumors. During hematopoiesis, growth factor misregulation can result in anemias, leukemias, and lymphomas. Certain growth factors such as interferon are cytotoxic to tumor cells both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, some growth factors and growth factor receptors are related both structurally and functionally to oncoproteins. In addition, growth factors affect transcriptional regulation of both proto-oncogenes and oncosuppressor genes. (Reviewed in Pimentel, E. (1994) Handbook of Growth Factors. CRC Press, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 1-9.) Proteolytic enzymes or proteases either activate or deactivate proteins by hydrolyzing peptide bonds. Proteases are found in the cytosol, in membrane-bound compartments, and in the extracellular space. The major families are the zinc, serine, cysteine, thiol, and carboxyl proteases. Ion channels, ion pumps, and transport proteins mediate the transport of molecules across cellular membranes. Transport can occur by a passive, concentration-dependent mechanism or can be linked to an energy source such as ATP hydrolysis. Symporters and antiporters transport ions and small molecules such as amino acids, glucose, and drugs. Symporters transport molecules and ions unidirectionally, and antiporters transport molecules and ions bidirectionally. Transporter superfamilies include facilitative transporters and active ATP-binding cassette transporters which are involved in multiple-drug resistance and the targeting of antigenic peptides to MHC Class I molecules. These transporters bind to a specific ion or other molecule and undergo a conformatioπal change in order to transfer the ion or molecule across the membrane. (Reviewed in Alberts, B. et al. (1994) Molecular Biology of The Cell. Garland Publishing, New York, NY, pp. 523-546.)
Ion channels are formed by transmembrane proteins which create a lined passageway across the membrane through which water and ions, such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl", enter and exit the cell. For example, chloride channels are involved in the regulation of the membrane electric potential as well as absorption and secretion of ions across the membrane. Chloride channels also regulate the internal pH of membrane-bound organelles.
Ion pumps are ATPases which actively maintain membrane gradients. Ion pumps are classified as P, V, or F according to their structure and function. All have one or more binding sites for ATP in their cytosolic domains. The P-class ion pumps include Ca2+ ATPase and Na7K+ ATPase and function in transporting H+, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions. P-class pumps consist of two α and two β transmembrane subunits. The V- and F-class ion pumps have similar structures but transport only H+. F class H+ pumps mediate transport across the membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, while V- class H+ pumps regulate acidity inside lysosomes, endosomes, and plant vacuoles.
A family of structurally related intrinsic membrane proteins known as facilitative glucose transporters catalyze the movement of glucose and other selected sugars across the plasma membrane. The proteins in this family contain a highly conserved, large transmembrane domain comprised of 12 α-helices, and several weakly conserved, cytoplasmic and exoplasmic domains. (Pessin, J. E., and Bell, G.I. (1992) Annu. Rev. Physiol. 54:911-930.)
Amino acid transport is mediated by Na+ dependent amino acid transporters. These transporters are involved in gastrointestinal and renal uptake of dietary and cellular amino acids and in neuronal reuptake of neurotransmitters. Transport of cationic amino acids is mediated by the system y+ family and the cationic amino acid transporter (CAT) family. Members of the CAT family share a high degree of sequence homology, and each contains 12-14 putative transmembrane domains. (Ito, K. and Groudine, M. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:26780-26786.)
Hormones are secreted molecules that travel through the circulation and bind to specific receptors on the surface of, or within, target cells. Although they have diverse biochemical compositions and mechanisms of action, hormones can be grouped into two categories. One category includes small lipophilic hormones that diffuse through the plasma membrane of target cells, bind to cytosolic or nuclear receptors, and form a complex that alters gene expression. Examples of these molecules include retinoic acid, thyroxine, and the cholesterol-derived steroid hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, and aldosterone. The second category includes hydrophilic hormones that function by binding to cell surface receptors that transduce signals across the plasma membrane. Examples of such hormones include amino acid derivatives such as catecholamines and peptide hormones such as glucagon, insulin, gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and vasopressin. (See, for example, Lodish et al. (1995) Molecular Cell Biology, Scientific American Books Inc., New York, NY, pp. 856-864.)
Neuropeptides and vasomediators (NP/VM) comprise a large family of endogenous signaling molecules. Included in this family are neuropeptides and neuropeptide hormones such as bombesin, neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, neuromedin N, melanocortins, opioids, galanin, somatostatin, tachykinins, urotensin II and related peptides involved in smooth muscle stimulation, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and circulatory system-borne signaling molecules such as angiotensin, complement, calcitonin, endothelins, formyl-methionyl peptides, glucagon, cholecystokinin and gastrin. NP/VMs can transduce signals directly, modulate the activity or release of other neurotransmitters and hormones, and act as catalytic enzymes in cascades. The effects of NP/VMs range from extremely brief to long-lasting. (Reviewed in Martin, C. R. et al. (1985) Endocrine Physiology. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 57-62.)
The discovery of new secretory molecules satisfies a need in the art by providing new compositions which are useful in the diagnosis, study, prevention, and treatment of diseases associated with cell signaling.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to nucleic acid sequences comprising human polynucleotides encoding secretory polypeptides that contain signal peptides and/or transmembrane domains. These human polynucleotides (sptm) as presented in the Sequence Listing uniquely identify genes encoding structural, functional, and regulatory polypeptides (SPTM) involved in cell signaling.
The invention provides an isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d). In one alternative, the polynucleotide comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1 -26. In another alternative, the polynucleotide comprises at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: l- 26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d). The invention further provides a composition for the detection of expression of secretory polynucleotides comprising at least one isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d); and a detectable label.
The invention also provides a method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d). The method comprises a) hybridizing the sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence complementary to said target polynucleotide in the sample, and which probe specifically hybridizes to said target polynucleotide, under conditions whereby a hybridization complex is formed between said probe and said target polynucleotide, and b) detecting the presence or absence of said hybridization complex, and, optionally, if present, the amount thereof. In one alternative, the probe comprises at least 30 contiguous nucleotides. In another alternative, the probe comprises at least 60 contiguous nucleotides. The invention further provides a recombinant polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to an isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:l- 26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d). In one alternative, the invention provides a cell transformed with the recombinant polynucleotide. In another alternative, the invention provides a transgenic organism comprising the recombinant polynucleotide. In a further alternative, the invention provides a method for producing a secretory polypeptide, the method comprising a) culturing a cell under conditions suitable for expression of the secretory polypeptide, wherein said cell is transformed with the recombinant polynucleotide, and b) recovering the secretory polypeptide so expressed. The invention also provides a purified secretory polypeptide (SPTM) encoded by at least one polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26. Additionally, the invention provides an isolated antibody which specifically binds to the secretory polypeptide. The invention further provides a method of identifying a test compound which specifically binds to the secretory polypeptide, the method comprising the steps of a) providing a test compound; b) combining the secretory polypeptide with the test compound for a sufficient time and under suitable conditions for binding; and c) detecting binding of the secretory polypeptide to the test compound, thereby identifying the test compound which specifically binds the secretory polypeptide. The invention further provides a microarray wherein at least one element of the microarray is an isolated polynucleotide comprising at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of a polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d). The invention also provides a method for generating a transcript image of a sample which contains polynucleotides. The method comprises a) labeling the polynucleotides of the sample, b) contacting the elements of the microarray with the labeled polynucleotides of the sample under conditions suitable for the formation of a hybridization complex, and c) quantifying the expression of the polynucleotides in the sample.
Additionally, the invention provides a method for screening a compound for effectiveness in altering expression of a target polynucleotide, wherein said target polynucleotide comprises a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d). The method comprises a) exposing a sample comprising the target polynucleotide to a compound, and b) detecting altered expression of the target polynucleotide. The invention further provides a method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample for toxicity testing of a compound, said target polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26; c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a); d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b); and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d). The method comprises a) hybridizing the sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence complementary to said target polynucleotide in the sample, and which probe specifically hybridizes to said target polynucleotide, under conditions whereby a hybridization complex is formed between said probe and said target polynucleotide, b) detecting the presence or absence of said hybridization complex, and, 5 optionally, if present, the amount thereof, and c) comparing the presence, absence or amount of said target polynucleotide in a first biological sample and a second biological sample, wherein said first biological sample has been contacted with said compound, and said second sample is a control, whereby a change in presence, absence or amount of said target polynucleotide in said first sample, as compared with said second sample, is indicative of toxic response to said compound. 0
DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES
Table 1 shows the sequence identification numbers (SEQ ID NO:s) and template identification numbers (template IDs) corresponding to the polynucleotides of the present invention, along with their GenBank hits (GI Numbers), probability scores, and functional annotations 5 corresponding to the GenBank hits.
Table 2 shows the sequence identification numbers (SEQ ID NO:s) and template identification numbers (template IDs) corresponding to the polynucleotides of the present invention, along with polynucleotide segments of each template sequence as defined by the indicated "start" and "stop" nucleotide positions. The reading frames of the polynucleotide segments are shown, and the o polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotide segments constitute either signal peptide (SP) or transmembrane (TM) domains, as indicated.
Table 3 shows the sequence identification numbers (SEQ ID NO:s) and template identification numbers (template IDs) corresponding to the polynucleotides of the present invention, along with component sequence identification numbers (component IDs) corresponding to each 5 template. The component sequences, which were used to assemble the template sequences, are defined by the indicated "start" and "stop" nucleotide positions along each template.
Table 4 summarizes the bioinformatics tools which are useful for analysis of the polynucleotides of the present invention. The first column of Table 4 lists analytical tools, programs, and algorithms, the second column provides brief descriptions thereof, the third column presents 0 appropriate references, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, and the fourth column presents, where applicable, the scores, probability values, and other parameters used to evaluate the strength of a match between two sequences (the higher the score, the greater the homology between two sequences).
5 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Before the nucleic acid sequences and methods are presented, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular machines, methods, and materials described. Although particular embodiments are described, machines, methods, and materials similar or equivalent to these embodiments may be used to practice the invention. The preferred machines, methods, and materials set forth are not intended to limit the scope of the invention which is limited only by the 5 appended claims.
The singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. All technical and scientific terms have the meanings commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. All publications are incorporated by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing the cell lines, vectors, and methodologies which are presented and which 0 might be used in connection with the invention. Nothing in the specification is to be construed as an admission that the invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.
Definitions
As used herein, the lower case "sptm" refers to a nucleic acid sequence, while the upper case 5 "SPTM" refers to an amino acid sequence encoded by sptm. A "full-length" sptm refers to a nucleic acid sequence containing the entire coding region of a gene endogenously expressed in human tissue. "Adjuvants" are materials such as Freund's adjuvant, mineral gels (aluminum hydroxide), and surface active substances (lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides,, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinitrophenol) which may be administered to increase a host's o immunological response.
"Allele" refers to an alternative form of a nucleic acid sequence. Alleles result from a "mutation," a change or an alternative reading of the genetic code. Any given gene may have none, one, or many allelic forms. Mutations which give rise to alleles include deletions, additions, or substitutions of nucleotides. Each of these changes may occur alone, or in combination with the 5 others, one or more times in a given nucleic acid sequence. The present invention encompasses allelic sptm.
"Amino acid sequence" refers to a peptide, a polypeptide, or a protein of either natural or synthetic origin. The amino acid sequence is not limited to the complete, endogenous amino acid sequence and may be a fragment, epitope, variant, or derivative of a protein expressed by a nucleic 0 acid sequence.
"Amplification" refers to the production of additional copies of a sequence and is carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies well known in the art.
"Antibody" refers to intact molecules as well as to fragments thereof, such as Fab, F(ab')2, and Fv fragments, which are capable of binding the epitopic determinant. Antibodies that bind SPTM 5 polypeptides can be prepared using intact polypeptides or using fragments containing small peptides of interest as the immunizing antigen. The polypeptide or peptide used to immunize an animal (e.g., a mouse, a rat, or a rabbit) can be derived from the translation of RNA, or synthesized chemically, and can be conjugated to a carrier protein if desired. Commonly used carriers that are chemically coupled to peptides include bovine serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The coupled peptide is then used to immunize the animal. "Antisense sequence" refers to a sequence capable of specifically hybridizing to a target sequence. The antisense sequence may include DNA, RNA, or any nucleic acid mimic or analog such as peptide nucleic acid (PNA); oligonucleotides having modified backbone linkages such as phosphorothioates, methylphosphonates, or benzylphosphonates; oligonucleotides having modified sugar groups such as 2'-methoxyethyl sugars or 2'-methoxyethoxy sugars; or oligonucleotides having modified bases such as 5-methyl cytosine, 2'-deoxyuracil, or 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine.
"Antisense sequence" refers to a sequence capable of specifically hybridizing to a target sequence. The antisense sequence can be DNA, RNA, or any nucleic acid mimic or analog.
"Antisense technology" refers to any technology which relies on the specific hybridization of an antisense sequence to a target sequence. A "bin" is a portion of computer memory space used by a computer program for storage of data, and bounded in such a manner that data stored in a bin may be retrieved by the program.
"Biologically active" refers to an amino acid sequence having a structural, regulatory, or biochemical function of a naturally occurring amino acid sequence.
"Clone joining" is a process for combining gene bins based upon the bins' containing sequence information from the same clone. The sequences may assemble into a primary gene transcript as well as one or more splice variants.
"Complementary" describes the relationship between two single-stranded nucleic acid sequences that anneal by base-pairing (5 -A-G-T-3' pairs with its complement 3'-T-C-A-5').
A "component sequence" is a nucleic acid sequence selected by a computer program such as PHRED and used to assemble a consensus or template sequence from one or more component sequences.
A "consensus sequence" or "template sequence" is a nucleic acid sequence which has been assembled from overlapping sequences, using a computer program for fragment assembly such as the GEL VIEW fragment assembly system (Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison WI) or using a relational database management system (RDMS).
"Conservative amino acid substitutions" are those substitutions that, when made, least interfere with the properties of the original protein, i.e., the structure and especially the function of the protein is conserved and not significantly changed by such substitutions. The table below shows amino acids which may be substituted for an original amino acid in a protein and which are regarded as conservative substitutions. Original Residue Conservative Substitution
Ala Gly, Ser
Arg His, Lys
Asn Asp, Gin, His
Asp Asn, Glu
Cys Ala, Ser
Gin Asn, Glu, His
Glu Asp, Gin, His
Gly Ala
His Asn, Arg, Gin, Glu
He Leu, Val
Leu He, Val
Lys Arg, Gin, Glu
Met Leu, He
Phe His, Met, Leu, Trp, Tyr
Ser Cys, Thr
Thr Ser, Val
Trp Phe, Tyr
Tyr His, Phe, Trp
Val He, Leu, Thr
Conservative substitutions generally maintain (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a beta sheet or alpha helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain.
"Deletion" refers to a change in either a nucleic or amino acid sequence in which at least one nucleotide or amino acid residue, respectively, is absent.
"Derivative" refers to the chemical modification of a nucleic acid sequence, such as by replacement of hydrogen by an alkyl, acyl, amino, hydroxyl, or other group. The terms "element" and "array element" refer to a polynucleotide, polypeptide, or other chemical compound having a unique and defined position on a microarray.
"E-value" refers to the statistical probability that a match between two sequences occurred by chance.
A "fragment" is a unique portion of sptm or SPTM which is identical in sequence to but shorter in length than the parent sequence. A fragment may comprise up to the entire length of the defined sequence, minus one nucleotide/amino acid residue. For example, a fragment may comprise from 10 to 1000 contiguous amino acid residues or nucleotides. A fragment used as a probe, primer, antigen, therapeutic molecule, or for other purposes, may be at least 5, 10, 15, 16, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 150, 250 or at least 500 contiguous amino acid residues or nucleotides in length. Fragments may be preferentially selected from certain regions of a molecule. For example, a polypeptide fragment may comprise a certain length of contiguous amino acids selected from the first 250 or 500 amino acids (or first 25% or 50%) of a polypeptide as shown in a certain defined sequence. Clearly these lengths are exemplary, and any length that is supported by the specification, including the Sequence Listing and the figures, may be encompassed by the present embodiments.
A fragment of sptm comprises a region of unique polynucleotide sequence that specifically identifies sptm, for example, as distinct from any other sequence in the same genome. A fragment of 5 sptm is useful, for example, in hybridization and amplification technologies and in analogous methods that distinguish sptm from related polynucleotide sequences. The precise length of a fragment of sptm and the region of sptm to which the fragment corresponds are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the intended purpose for the fragment.
A fragment of SPTM is encoded by a fragment of sptm. A fragment of SPTM comprises a 0 region of unique amino acid sequence that specifically identifies SPTM. For example, a fragment of SPTM is useful as an immunogenic peptide for the development of antibodies that specifically recognize SPTM. The precise length of a fragment of SPTM and the region of SPTM to which the fragment corresponds are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art based on the intended purpose for the fragment. 5 A "full length" nucleotide sequence is one containing at least a start site for translation to a protein sequence, followed by an open reading frame and a stop site, and encoding a "full length" polypeptide.
"Hit" refers to a sequence whose annotation will be used to describe a given template. Criteria for selecting the top hit are as follows: if the template has one or more exact nucleic acid o matches, the top hit is the exact match with highest percent identity. If the template has no exact matches but has significant protein hits, the top hit is the protein hit with the lowest E-value. If the template has no significant protein hits, but does have significant non-exact nucleotide hits, the top hit is the nucleotide hit with the lowest E-value.
"Homology" refers to sequence similarity either between a reference nucleic acid sequence 5 and at least a fragment of an sptm or between a reference amino acid sequence and a fragment of an
SPTM.
"Hybridization" refers to the process by which a strand of nucleotides anneals with a complementary strand through base pairing. Specific hybridization is an indication that two nucleic acid sequences share a high degree of identity. Specific hybridization complexes form under defined o annealing conditions, and remain hybridized after the "washing" step. The defined hybridization conditions include the annealing conditions and the washing step(s), the latter of which is particularly important in determining the stringency of the hybridization process, with more stringent conditions allowing less non-specific binding, i.e., binding between pairs of nucleic acid probes that are not perfectly matched. Permissive conditions for annealing of nucleic acid sequences are routinely 5 determinable and may be consistent among hybridization experiments, whereas wash conditions may be varied among experiments to achieve the desired stringency. Generally, stringency of hybridization is expressed with reference to the temperature under which the wash step is carried out. Generally, such wash temperatures are selected to be about 5°C to 20°C lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. An equation for calculating Tm and conditions for nucleic acid hybridization is well known and can be found in Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed., vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview NY; specifically see volume 2, chapter 9.
High stringency conditions for hybridization between polynucleotides of the present invention include wash conditions of 68°C in the presence of about 0.2 x SSC and about 0.1% SDS, for 1 hour. Alternatively, temperatures of about 65°C, 60°C, or 55°C may be used. SSC concentration may be varied from about 0.2 to 2 x SSC, with SDS being present at about 0.1%. Typically, blocking reagents are used to block non-specific hybridization. Such blocking reagents include, for instance, denatured salmon sperm DNA at about 100-200 μg/ml. Useful variations on these conditions will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Hybridization, particularly under high stringency conditions, may be suggestive of evolutionary similarity between the nucleotides. Such similarity is strongly indicative of a similar role for the nucleotides and their resultant proteins.
Other parameters, such as temperature, salt concentration, and detergent concentration may be varied to achieve the desired stringency. Denaturants, such as formamide at a concentration of about 35-50% v/v, may also be used under particular circumstances, such as RNA:DNA hybridizations. Appropriate hybridization conditions are routinely determinable by one of ordinary skill in the art.
"Immunogenic" describes the potential for a natural, recombinant, or synthetic peptide, epitope, polypeptide, or protein to induce antibody production in appropriate animals, cells, or cell lines.
"Insertion" or "addition" refers to a change in either a nucleic or amino acid sequence in which at least one nucleotide or residue, respectively, is added to the sequence.
"Labeling" refers to the covalent or noncovalent joining of a polynucleotide, polypeptide, or antibody with a reporter molecule capable of producing a detectable or measurable signal. "Microarray" is any arrangement of nucleic acids, amino acids, antibodies, etc., on a substrate. The substrate may be a solid support such as beads, glass, paper, nitrocellulose, nylon, or an appropriate membrane.
"Linkers" are short stretches of nucleotide sequence which may be added to a vector or an sptm to create restriction endonuclease sites to facilitate cloning. "Polylinkers" are engineered to incorporate multiple restriction enzyme sites and to provide for the use of enzymes which leave 5' or 3' overhangs (e.g., BamHI, EcoRI, and HindlH) and those which provide blunt ends (e.g., EcoRV, SnaBI, and Stul).
"Naturally occurring" refers to an endogenous polynucleotide or polypeptide that may be isolated from viruses or prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. "Nucleic acid sequence" refers to the specific order of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds in a linear, polymeric arrangement. Depending on the number of nucleotides, the nucleic acid sequence can be considered an oligomer, oligonucleotide, or polynucleotide. The nucleic acid can be DNA, RNA, or any nucleic acid analog, such as PNA, may be of genomic or synthetic origin, may be either double-stranded or single-stranded, and can represent either the sense or antisense (complementary) strand.
"Oligomer" refers to a nucleic acid sequence of at least about 6 nucleotides and as many as about 60 nucleotides, preferably about 15 to 40 nucleotides, and most preferably between about 20 and 30 nucleotides, that may be used in hybridization or amplification technologies. Oligomers may be used as, e.g., primers for PCR, and are usually chemically synthesized. "Operably linked" refers to the situation in which a first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter affects the transcription or expression of the coding sequence. Generally, operably linked DNA sequences may be in close proximity or contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, in the same reading frame. "Peptide nucleic acid" (PNA) refers to a DNA mimic in which nucleotide bases are attached to a pseudopeptide backbone to increase stability. PNAs, also designated antigene agents, can prevent gene expression by targeting complementary messenger RNA.
The phrases "percent identity" and "% identity", as applied to polynucleotide sequences, refer to the percentage of residue matches between at least two polynucleotide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm. Such an algorithm may insert, in a standardized and reproducible way, gaps in the sequences being compared in order to optimize alignment between two sequences, and therefore achieve a more meaningful comparison of the two sequences.
Percent identity between polynucleotide sequences may be determined using the default parameters of the CLUSTAL V algorithm as incorporated into the MEGALIGN version 3.12e sequence alignment program. This program is part of the LASERGENE software package, a suite of molecular biological analysis programs (DNASTAR, Madison WI). CLUSTAL V is described in Higgins, D.G. and Sharp, P.M. (1989) CABIOS 5: 151-153 and in Higgins, D.G. et al. (1992) CABIOS 8 : 189- 191. For pairwise alignments of polynucleotide sequences, the default parameters are set as follows: Ktuple=2, gap penalty=5, window=4, and "diagonals saved"=4. The "weighted" residue weight table is selected as the default. Percent identity is reported by CLUSTAL V as the "percent similarity" between aligned polynucleotide sequence pairs. Alternatively, a suite of commonly used and freely available sequence comparison algorithms is provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul, S.F. et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410), which is available from several sources, including the NCBI, Bethesda, MD, and on the Internet at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/. The BLAST software suite includes various sequence analysis programs including "blastn," that is used to determine alignment between a known polynucleotide sequence and other sequences on a variety of databases. Also available is a tool called "BLAST 2 Sequences" that is used for direct pairwise comparison of two nucleotide sequences. "BLAST 2 Sequences" can be accessed and used interactively at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gorf/bl2/. The "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool can be used for both blastn and blastp (discussed below). BLAST programs are commonly used with gap and other parameters set to default settings. For example, to compare two nucleotide sequences, one may use blastn with the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.9 (May-07-1999) set at default parameters. Such default parameters may be, for example: Matrix: BLOSUM62
Reward for match: 1
Penalty for mismatch: -2
Open Gap: 5 and Extension Gap: 2 penalties
Gap x drop-off: 50 Expect: 10
Word Size: 11
Filter: on
Percent identity may be measured over the length of an entire defined sequence, for example, as defined by a particular SEQ ID number, or may be measured over a shorter length, for example, over the length of a fragment taken from a larger, defined sequence, for instance, a fragment of at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 70, at least 100, or at least 200 contiguous nucleotides. Such lengths are exemplary only, and it is understood that any fragment length supported by the sequences shown herein, in figures or Sequence Listings, may be used to describe a length over which percentage identity may be measured. Nucleic acid sequences that do not show a high degree of identity may nevertheless encode similar amino acid sequences due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. It is understood that changes in nucleic acid sequence can be made using this degeneracy to produce multiple nucleic acid sequences that all encode substantially the same protein.
The phrases "percent identity" and "% identity", as applied to polypeptide sequences, refer to the percentage of residue matches between at least two polypeptide sequences aligned using a standardized algorithm. Methods of polypeptide sequence alignment are well-known. Some alignment methods take into account conservative amino acid substitutions. Such conservative substitutions, explained in more detail above, generally preserve the hydrophobicity and acidity of the substituted residue, thus preserving the structure (and therefore function) of the folded polypeptide.
Percent identity between polypeptide sequences may be determined using the default 5 parameters of the CLUSTAL V algorithm as incorporated into the MEGALIGN version 3.12e sequence alignment program (described and referenced above). For pairwise alignments of polypeptide sequences using CLUSTAL V, the default parameters are set as follows: Ktuple=l, gap penalty=3, window=5, and "diagonals saved"=5. The PAM250 matrix is selected as the default residue weight table. As with polynucleotide alignments, the percent identity is reported by 0 CLUSTAL V as the "percent similarity" between aligned polypeptide sequence pairs.
Alternatively the NCBI BLAST software suite may be used. For example, for a pairwise comparison of two polypeptide sequences, one may use the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.9 (May-07-1999) with blastp set at default parameters. Such default parameters may be, for example:
Matrix: BLOSUM62 5 Open Gap: 11 and Extension Gap: 1 penalty
Gap x drop-off: 50
Expect: 10
Word Size: 3
Filter: on 0 Percent identity may be measured over the length of an entire defined polypeptide sequence, for example, as defined by a particular SEQ ID number, or may be measured over a shorter length, for example, over the length of a fragment taken from a larger, defined polypeptide sequence, for instance, a fragment of at least 15, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 70 or at least 150 contiguous residues. Such lengths are exemplary only, and it is understood that any fragment 5 length supported by the sequences shown herein, in figures or Sequence Listings, may be used to describe a length over which percentage identity may be measured.
"Post-translational modification" of an SPTM may involve lipidation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, racemization, proteolytic cleavage, and other modifications known in the art. These processes may occur synthetically or biochemically. Biochemical modifications will o vary by cell type depending on the enzymatic milieu and the SPTM.
"Probe" refers to sptm or fragments thereof, which are used to detect identical, allelic or related nucleic acid sequences. Probes are isolated oligonucleotides or polynucleotides attached to a detectable label or reporter molecule. Typical labels include radioactive isotopes, ligands, chemiluminescent agents, and enzymes. "Primers" are short nucleic acids, usually DNA 5 oligonucleotides, which may be annealed to a target polynucleotide by complementary base-pairing. The primer may then be extended along the target DNA strand by a DNA polymerase enzyme. Primer pairs can be used for amplification (and identification) of a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Probes and primers as used in the present invention typically comprise at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of a known sequence. In order to enhance specificity, longer probes and primers may also be employed, such as probes and primers that comprise at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or at least 150 consecutive nucleotides of the disclosed nucleic acid sequences. Probes and primers may be considerably longer than these examples, and it is understood that any length supported by the specification, including the figures and Sequence Listing, may be used.
Methods for preparing and using probes and primers are described in the references, for example Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed., vol. 1-3, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview NY; Ausubel et al.,1987, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Greene Publ. Assoc. & Wiley-Litersciences, New York NY; Innis et al., 1990, PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, San Diego CA. PCR primer pairs can be derived from a known sequence, for example, by using computer programs intended for that purpose such as Primer (Version 0.5, 1991 , Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge MA). Oligonucleotides for use as primers are selected using software known in the art for such purpose. For example, OLIGO 4.06 software is useful for the selection of PCR primer pairs of up to 100 nucleotides each, and for the analysis of oligonucleotides and larger polynucleotides of up to 5,000 nucleotides from an input polynucleotide sequence of up to 32 kilobases. Similar primer selection programs have incorporated additional features for expanded capabilities. For example, the PrimOU primer selection program (available to the public from the Genome Center at University of Texas South West Medical Center, Dallas TX) is capable of choosing specific primers from megabase sequences and is thus useful for designing primers on a genome-wide scope. The Primer3 primer selection program (available to the public from the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research, Cambridge MA) allows the user to input a "mispriming library," in which sequences to avoid as primer binding sites are user-specified. Primer3 is useful, in particular, for the selection of oligonucleotides for microarrays. (The source code for the latter two primer selection programs may also be obtained from their respective sources and modified to meet the user's specific needs.) The PπmeGen program (available to the public from the UK Human Genome Mapping Project Resource Centre, Cambridge UK) designs primers based on multiple sequence alignments, thereby allowing selection of primers that hybridize to either the most conserved or least conserved regions of aligned nucleic acid sequences. Hence, this program is useful for identification of both unique and conserved oligonucleotides and polynucleotide fragments. The oligonucleotides and polynucleotide fragments identified by any of the above selection methods are useful in hybridization technologies, for example, as PCR or sequencing primers, microarray elements, or specific probes to identify fully or partially complementary polynucleotides in a sample of nucleic acids Methods of oligonucleotide selection are not limited to those descπbed above
"Purified" refers to molecules, either polynucleotides or polypeptides that are isolated or separated from their natural environment and are at least 60% free, preferably at least 75% free, and most preferably at least 90% free from other compounds with which they are naturally associated. A "recombinant nucleic acid" is a sequence that is not naturally occurring or has a sequence that is made by an artificial combination of two or more otherwise separated segments of sequence
This artificial combination is often accomplished by chemical synthesis or, more commonly, by the artificial manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids, e g , by genetic engineering techniques such as those descπbed in Sambrook, supra The term recombinant includes nucleic acids that have been altered solely by addition, substitution, or deletion of a portion of the nucleic acid Frequently, a recombinant nucleic acid may include a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to a promoter sequence Such a recombinant nucleic acid may be part of a vector that is used, for example, to transform a cell Alternatively, such recombinant nucleic acids may be part of a viral vector, e.g , based on a vaccinia virus, that could be use to vaccinate a mammal wherein the recombinant nucleic acid is expressed, inducing a protective immunological response in the mammal
"Regulatory element" refers to a nucleic acid sequence from nontranslated regions of a gene, and includes enhancers, promoters, mtrons, and 3' untranslated regions, which interact with host proteins to carry out or regulate transcription or translation
"Reporter" molecules are chemical or biochemical moieties used for labeling a nucleic acid, an amino acid, or an antibody They include radionuc des, enzymes; fluorescent, chemilummescent, or chromogenic agents, substrates, cofactors; inhibitors, magnetic particles, and other moieties known in the art An "RNA equivalent," in reference to a DNA sequence, is composed of the same linear sequence of nucleotides as the reference DNA sequence with the exception that all occurrences of the nitrogenous base thymine are replaced with uracil, and the sugar backbone is composed of πbose instead of deoxyπbose
"Sample" is used in its broadest sense Samples may contain nucleic or amino acids, antibodies, or other mateπals, and may be denved from any source (e g , bodily fluids including, but not limited to, saliva, blood, and uπne, chromosome(s), organelles, or membranes isolated from a cell, genomic DNA, RNA, or cDNA in solution or bound to a substrate, and cleared cells or tissues or blots or impπnts from such cells or tissues)
"Specific binding" or "specifically binding" refers to the interaction between a protein or peptide and its agonist, antibody, antagonist, or other binding partner. The interaction is dependent upon the presence of a particular structure of the protein, e g , the antigenic determinant or epitope, recognized by the binding molecule. For example, if an antibody is specific for epitope "A," the presence of a polypeptide containing epitope A, or the presence of free unlabeled A, in a reaction containing free labeled A and the antibody will reduce the amount of labeled A that binds to the antibody. 5 "Substitution" refers to the replacement of at least one nucleotide or amino acid by a different nucleotide or amino acid.
"Substrate" refers to any suitable rigid or semi-rigid support including, e.g., membranes, filters, chips, slides, wafers, fibers, magnetic or nonmagnetic beads, gels, tubing, plates, polymers, microparticles or capillaries. The substrate can have a variety of surface forms, such as wells, 0 trenches, pins, channels and pores, to which polynucleotides or polypeptides are bound.
A "transcript image" refers to the collective pattern of gene expression by a particular tissue or cell type under given conditions at a given time.
"Transformation" refers to a process by which exogenous DNA enters a recipient cell. Transformation may occur under natural or artificial conditions using various methods well known in 5 the art. Transformation may rely on any known method for the insertion of foreign nucleic acid sequences into a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cell. The method is selected based on the host cell being transformed.
"Transformants" include stably transformed cells in which the inserted DNA is capable of replication either as an autonomously replicating plasmid or as part of the host chromosome, as well 0 as cells which transiently express inserted DNA or RNA.
A "transgenic organism," as used herein, is any organism, including but not limited to animals and plants, in which one or more of the cells of the organism contains heterologous nucleic acid introduced by way of human intervention, such as by transgenic techniques well known in the art. The nucleic acid is introduced into the cell, directly or indirectly by introduction into a precursor of 5 the cell, by way of deliberate genetic manipulation, such as by microinjection or by infection with a recombinant virus. The term genetic manipulation does not include classical cross-breeding, or in vitro fertilization, but rather is directed to the introduction of a recombinant DNA molecule. The transgenic organisms contemplated in accordance with the present invention include bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and plants and animals. The isolated DNA of the present invention can be o introduced into the host by methods known in the art, for example infection, transfection, transformation or transconjugation. Techniques for transferring the DNA of the present invention into such organisms are widely known and provided in references such as Sambrook et al. (1989), supra.
A "variant" of a particular nucleic acid sequence is defined as a nucleic acid sequence having 5 at least 25% sequence identity to the particular nucleic acid sequence over a certain length of one of the nucleic acid sequences using blastn with the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.9 (May-07- 1999) set at default parameters. Such a pair of nucleic acids may show, for example, at least 30%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95% or even at least 98% or greater sequence identity over a certain defined length. The variant may result in "conservative" amino acid changes which do not affect structural and/or chemical properties. A variant may be described as, for example, an "allelic" (as defined above), "splice," "species," or "polymorphic" variant. A splice variant may have significant identity to a reference molecule, but will generally have a greater or lesser number of polynucleotides due to alternate splicing of exons during mRNA processing. The corresponding polypeptide may possess additional functional domains or lack domains that are present in the reference molecule. Species variants are polynucleotide sequences that vary from one species to another. The resulting polypeptides generally will have significant amino acid identity relative to each other. A polymorphic variant is a variation in the polynucleotide sequence of a particular gene between individuals of a given species. Polymorphic variants also may encompass "single nucleotide polymorphisms" (SNPs) in which the polynucleotide sequence varies by one base. The presence of SNPs may be indicative of, for example, a certain population, a disease state, or a propensity for a disease state.
In an alternative, variants of the polynucleotides of the present invention may be generated through recombinant methods. One possible method is a DNA shuffling technique such as MOLECULARBREEDING (Maxygen Inc., Santa Clara CA; described in U.S. Patent Number 5,837,458; Chang, C.-C. et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:793-797; Christians, F.C. et al. (1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17:259-264; and Crameri, A. et al. (1996) Nat. Biotechnol. 14:315-319) to alter or improve the biological properties of SPTM, such as its biological or enzymatic activity or its ability to bind to other molecules or compounds. DNA shuffling is a process by which a library of gene variants is produced using PCR-mediated recombination of gene fragments. The library is then subjected to selection or screening procedures that identify those gene variants with the desired properties. These preferred variants may then be pooled and further subjected to recursive rounds of DNA shuffling and selection/screening. Thus, genetic diversity is created through "artificial" breeding and rapid molecular evolution. For example, fragments of a single gene containing random point mutations may be recombined, screened, and then reshuffled until the desired properties are optimized. Alternatively, fragments of a given gene may be recombined with fragments of homologous genes in the same gene family, either from the same or different species, thereby maximizing the genetic diversity of multiple naturally occurring genes in a directed and controllable manner.
A "variant" of a particular polypeptide sequence is defined as a polypeptide sequence having at least 40% sequence identity to the particular polypeptide sequence over a certain length of one of the polypeptide sequences using blastp with the "BLAST 2 Sequences" tool Version 2.0.9 (May-07- 1999) set at default parameters. Such a pair of polypeptides may show, for example, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 98% or greater sequence identity over a certain defined length of one of the polypeptides.
THE INVENTION
5 In a particular embodiment, cDNA sequences derived from human tissues and cell lines were aligned based on nucleotide sequence identity and assembled into "consensus" or "template" sequences which are designated by the template identification numbers (template IDs) in column 2 of Table 1. The sequence identification numbers (SEQ ID NO s) corresponding to the template IDs are shown in column 1 The template sequences have similarity to GenBank sequences, or "hits," as 0 designated by the GI Numbers in column 3. The statistical probability of each GenBank hit is indicated by a probability score in column 4, and the functional annotation corresponding to each GenBank hit is listed in column 5.
Segments of each template sequences are defined by the "start" and "stop" nucleotide positions listed in columns 3 and 4 of Table 2. These segments, when translated in the reading frames 5 indicated m column 5, have similarity to signal peptide (SP) or transmembrane (TM) domain consensus sequences, as indicated tn column 6.
The invention incorporates the nucleic acid sequences of these templates as disclosed in the Sequence Listing and the use of these sequences in the diagnosis and treatment of disease states characterized by defects in cell signaling. The invention further utilizes these sequences in 0 hybridization and amplification technologies, and in particular, in technologies which assess gene expression patterns correlated with specific cells or tissues and their responses in vivo or in vitro to pharmaceutical agents, toxins, and other treatments. In this manner, the sequences of the present invention are used to develop a transcript image for a particular cell or tissue.
5 Derivation of Nucleic Acid Sequences cDNA was isolated from libraries constructed using RNA derived from normal and diseased human tissues and cell lines. The human tissues and cell lines used for cDNA library construction were selected from a broad range of sources to provide a diverse population of cDNAs representative of gene transcription throughout the human body. Descπptions of the human tissues and cell lines o used for cDNA library construction are provided in the LIFESEQ database (Incyte Genomics, Inc
(Incyte), Palo Alto CA). Human tissues were broadly selected from, for example, cardiovascular, dermatologic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hematopoietic/immune system, musculoskeletal, neural, reproductive, and urologic sources.
Cell lines used for cDNA library construction were denved from, for example, leukemic 5 cells, teratocarcinomas, neuroepitheliomas, cervical carcinoma, lung fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Such cell lines include, for example, THP-1 , Jurkat, HUVEC, hNT2, WI38, HeLa, and other cell lines commonly used and available from public depositories (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas VA). Prior to mRNA isolation, cell lines were untreated, treated with a pharmaceutical agent such as 5 -aza-2 -deoxycytidine, treated with an activating agent such as lipopolysaccharide in the case of leukocytic cell lines, or, in the case of endothelial cell lines, subjected to shear stress.
Sequencing of the cDNAs
Methods for DNA sequencing are well known in the art. Conventional enzymatic methods employ the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I, SEQUENASE DNA polymerase (U.S. Biochemical Corporation, Cleveland OH), Taq polymerase (PE Biosystems, Foster City CA), thermostable T7 polymerase (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Inc. (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), Piscataway NJ), or combinations of polymerases and proofreading exonucleases such as those found in the ELONGASE amplification system (Life Technologies Inc. (Life Technologies), Gaithersburg MD), to extend the nucleic acid sequence from an oligonucleotide primer annealed to the DNA template of interest. Methods have been developed for the use of both single-stranded and double- stranded templates. Chain termination reaction products may be electrophoresed on urea- polyacrylamide gels and detected either by autoradiography (for radioisotope-labeled nucleotides) or by fluorescence (for fluorophore-labeled nucleotides). Automated methods for mechanized reaction preparation, sequencing, and analysis using fluorescence detection methods have been developed. Machines used to prepare cDNAs for sequencing can include the MICROLAB 2200 liquid transfer system (Hamilton Company (Hamilton), Reno NV), Peltier thermal cycler (PTC200; MJ Research, Inc. (MJ Research), Watertown MA), and ABI CATALYST 800 thermal cycler (PE Biosystems). Sequencing can be carried out using, for example, the ABI 373 or 377 (PE Biosystems) or MEGABACE 1000 (Molecular Dynamics, Inc. (Molecular Dynamics), Sunnyvale CA) DNA sequencing systems, or other automated and manual sequencing systems well known in the art. The nucleotide sequences of the Sequence Listing have been prepared by current, state-of- the-art, automated methods and, as such, may contain occasional sequencing errors or unidentified nucleotides. Such unidentified nucleotides are designated by an N. These infrequent unidentified bases do not represent a hindrance to practicing the invention for those skilled in the art. Several methods employing standard recombinant techniques may be used to correct errors and complete the missing sequence information. (See, e.g., those described in Ausubel, F.M. et al. (1997) Short
Protocols in Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons, New York NY; and Sambrook, J. et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning. A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Plainview NY.)
Assembly of cDNA Sequences Human polynucleotide sequences may be assembled using programs or algorithms well known in the art. Sequences to be assembled are related, wholly or in part, and may be derived from a single or many different transcripts. Assembly of the sequences can be performed using such programs as PHRAP (Phils Revised Assembly Program) and the GELVIEW fragment assembly system (GCG), or other methods known in the art.
Alternatively, cDNA sequences are used as "component" sequences that are assembled into "template" or "consensus" sequences as follows. Sequence chromatograms are processed, verified, and quality scores are obtained using PHRED. Raw sequences are edited using an editing pathway known as Block 1 (See, e.g., the LIFESEQ Assembled User Guide, Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto, CA). A series of BLAST comparisons is performed and low-information segments and repetitive elements (e.g., dinucleotide repeats, Alu repeats, etc.) are replaced by "n's", or masked, to prevent spurious matches. Mitochondrial and ribosomal RNA sequences are also removed. The processed sequences are then loaded into a relational database management system (RDMS) which assigns edited sequences to existing templates, if available. When additional sequences are added into the RDMS, a process is initiated which modifies existing templates or creates new templates from works in progress (i.e., nonfinal assembled sequences) containing queued sequences or the sequences themselves. After the new sequences have been assigned to templates, the templates can be merged into bins. If multiple templates exist in one bin, the bin can be split and the templates reannotated.
Once gene bins have been generated based upon sequence alignments, bins are "clone joined" based upon clone information. Clone joining occurs when the 5' sequence of one clone is present in one bin and the 3' sequence from the same clone is present in a different bin, indicating that the two bins should be merged into a single bin. Only bins which share at least two different clones are merged.
A resultant template sequence may contain either a partial or a full length open reading frame, or all or part of a genetic regulatory element. This variation is due in part to the fact that the full length cDNAs of many genes are several hundred, and sometimes several thousand, bases in length. With current technology, cDNAs comprising the coding regions of large genes cannot be cloned because of vector limitations, incomplete reverse transcription of the mRNA, or incomplete "second strand" synthesis. Template sequences may be extended to include additional contiguous sequences derived from the parent RNA transcript using a variety of methods known to those of skill in the art. Extension may thus be used to achieve the full length coding sequence of a gene.
Analysis of the cDNA Sequences
The cDNA sequences are analyzed using a variety of programs and algorithms which are well known in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, 1997, supra. Chapter 7.7; Meyers, R.A. (Ed.) (1995) Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Wiley VCH, New York NY, pp. 856-853; and Table 4.) These analyses comprise both reading frame determinations, e.g., based on triplet codon periodicity for particular organisms (Fickett, J.W. (1982) Nucleic Acids Res. 10:5303-5318); analyses of potential start and stop codons; and homology searches.
Computer programs known to those of skill in the art for performing computer-assisted searches for amino acid and nucleic acid sequence similarity, include, for example, Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST; Altschul, S.F. (1993) J. Mol. Evol. 36:290-300; Altschul, S.F. et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410). BLAST is especially useful in determining exact matches and comparing two sequence fragments of arbitrary but equal lengths, whose alignment is locally maximal and for which the alignment score meets or exceeds a threshold or cutoff score set by the user (Karlin, S. et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:841-845). Using an appropriate search tool (e.g., BLAST or HMM), GenBank, SwissProt, BLOCKS, PFAM and other databases may be searched for sequences containing regions of homology to a query sptm or SPTM of the present invention.
Other approaches to the identification, assembly, storage, and display of nucleotide and polypeptide sequences are provided in "Relational Database for Storing Biomolecule Information," U.S.S.N. 08/947,845, filed October 9, 1997; "Project-Based Full-Length Biomolecular Sequence Database," U.S.S.N. 08/81 1,758, filed March 6, 1997; and "Relational Database and System for Storing Information Relating to Biomolecular Sequences," U.S.S.N. 09/034,807, filed March 4, 1998, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Protein hierarchies can be assigned to the putative encoded polypeptide based on, e.g., motif, BLAST, or biological analysis. Methods for assigning these hierarchies are described, for example, in "Database System Employing Protein Function Hierarchies for Viewing Biomolecular Sequence Data," U.S.S.N. 08/812,290, filed March 6, 1997, incorporated herein by reference.
Sequences of Human Secretory Molecules The sptm of the present invention may be used for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. For example, an sptm may be used to diagnose a particular condition, disease, or disorder associated with cell signaling. Such conditions, diseases, and disorders include, but are not limited to, a cell proliferative disorder such as actinic keratosis, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, bursitis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), myelofibrosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, polycythemia vera, psoriasis, primary thrombocythemia, and cancers including adenocarcinoma, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, myeloma, sarcoma, teratocarcinoma, and, in particular, a cancer of the adrenal gland, bladder, bone, bone marrow, brain, breast, cervix, gall bladder, ganglia, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, ovary, pancreas, parathyroid, penis, prostate, salivary glands, skin, spleen, testis, thymus, thyroid, and uterus; an immune system disorder such as such as inflammation, actinic keratosis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (ADDS), Addison's disease, adult respiratory distress syndrome, allergies, ankylosing spondylitis, amyloidosis, anemia, arteriosclerosis, asthma, atherosclerosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thyroiditis, bronchitis, bursitis, cholecystitis, cirrhosis, contact dermatitis, Crohn's disease, atopic dermatitis, dermatomyositis, diabetes mellitus, emphysema, erythroblastosis fetalis, erythema nodosum, atrophic gastritis, glomerulonephritis, Goodpasture's syndrome, gout, Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, hepatitis, hypereosinophilia, irritable bowel syndrome, episodic lymphopenia with lymphocytotoxins, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myocardial or pericardial inflammation, myelofibrosis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, pancreatitis, polycythemia vera, polymyositis, psoriasis, Reiter's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Sjόgren's syndrome, systemic anaphylaxis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, primary thrombocythemia, thrombocytopenic purpura, ulcerative colitis, uveitis, Werner syndrome, complications of cancer, hemodialysis, and extracorporeal circulation, trauma, and hematopoietic cancer including lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma; and a neurological disorder such as epilepsy, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, stroke, cerebral neoplasms, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Huntington's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease and other extrapyramidal disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron disorders, progressive neural muscular atrophy, retinitis pigmentosa, hereditary ataxias, multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases, bacterial and viral meningitis, brain abscess, subdural empyema, epidural abscess, suppurative intracranial thrombophlebitis, myelitis and radiculitis, viral central nervous system disease, prion diseases including kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, fatal familial insomnia, nutritional and metabolic diseases of the nervous system, neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, cerebelloretinal hemangioblastomatosis, encephalotrigeminal syndrome, mental retardation and other developmental disorder of the central nervous system, cerebral palsy, a neuroskeletal disorder, an autonomic nervous system disorder, a cranial nerve disorder, a spinal cord disease, muscular dystrophy and other neuromuscular disorder, a peripheral nervous system disorder, dermatomyositis and polymyositis, inherited, metabolic, endocrine, and toxic myopathy, myasthenia gravis, periodic paralysis, a mental disorder including mood, anxiety, and schizophrenic disorder, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), akathesia, amnesia, catatonia, diabetic neuropathy, tardive dyskinesia, dystonias, paranoid psychoses, postherpetic neuralgia, and Tourette's disorder. The sptm can be used to detect the presence of, or to quantify the amount of, an sptm-related polynucleotide in a sample. This information is then compared to information obtained from appropriate reference samples, and a diagnosis is established. Alternatively, a polynucleotide complementary to a given sptm can inhibit or inactivate a therapeutically relevant gene related to the sptm. Analysis of sptm Expression Patterns
The expression of sptm may be routinely assessed by hybridization-based methods to determine, for example, the tissue-specificity, disease-specificity, or developmental stage-specificity of sptm expression. For example, the level of expression of sptm may be compared among different 5 cell types or tissues, among diseased and normal cell types or tissues, among cell types or tissues at different developmental stages, or among cell types or tissues undergoing various treatments. This type of analysis is useful, for example, to assess the relative levels of sptm expression in fully or partially differentiated cells or tissues, to determine if changes in sptm expression levels are correlated with the development or progression of specific disease states, and to assess the response 0 of a cell or tissue to a specific therapy, for example, in pharmacological or toxicological studies. Methods for the analysis of sptm expression are based on hybridization and amplification technologies and include membrane-based procedures such as northern blot analysis, high-throughput procedures that utilize, for example, microarrays, and PCR-based procedures.
5 Hybridization and Genetic Analysis
The sptm, their fragments, or complementary sequences, may be used to identify the presence of and/or to determine the degree of similarity between two (or more) nucleic acid sequences. The sptm may be hybridized to naturally occurring or recombinant nucleic acid sequences under appropriately selected temperatures and salt concentrations. Hybridization with a probe based on the o nucleic acid sequence of at least one of the sptm allows for the detection of nucleic acid sequences, including genomic sequences, which are identical or related to the sptm of the Sequence Listing. Probes may be selected from non-conserved or unique regions of at least one of the polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1-26 and tested for their ability to identify or amplify the target nucleic acid sequence using standard protocols. 5 Polynucleotide sequences that are capable of hybridizing, in particular, to those shown in
SEQ ED NO: 1-26 and fragments thereof, can be identified using various conditions of stringency. (See, e.g., Wahl, G.M. and S.L. Berger (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:399-407; Kimmel, A.R. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 152:507-51 1.) Hybridization conditions are discussed in "Definitions."
A probe for use in Southern or northern hybridization may be derived from a fragment of an o sptm sequence, or its complement, that is up to several hundred nucleotides in length and is either single-stranded or double-stranded. Such probes may be hybridized in solution to biological materials such as plasmids, bacterial, yeast, or human artificial chromosomes, cleared or sectioned tissues, or to artificial substrates containing sptm. Microarrays are particularly suitable for identifying the presence of and detecting the level of expression for multiple genes of interest by examining gene 5 expression correlated with, e.g., various stages of development, treatment with a drug or compound, or disease progression. An array analogous to a dot or slot blot may be used to arrange and link polynucleotides to the surface of a substrate using one or more of the following: mechanical (vacuum), chemical, thermal, or UV bonding procedures. Such an array may contain any number of sptm and may be produced by hand or by using available devices, materials, and machines.
Microarrays may be prepared, used, and analyzed using methods known in the art. (See, e.g., Brennan, T.M. et al. (1995) U.S. Patent No. 5,474,796; Schena, M. et al. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA 93: 10614-10619; Baldeschweiler et al. (1995) PCT application W095/251 1 16; Shalon, D. et al.
(1995) PCT application WO95/35505; Heller, R.A. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:2150-
2155; and Heller, M.J. et al. (1997) U.S. Patent No. 5,605,662.)
Probes may be labeled by either PCR or enzymatic techniques using a variety of commercially available reporter molecules. For example, commercial kits are available for radioactive and chemiluminescent labeling (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and for alkaline phosphatase labeling (Life Technologies). Alternatively, sptm may be cloned into commercially available vectors for the production of RNA probes. Such probes may be transcribed in the presence of at least one labeled nucleotide (e.g., 32P-ATP, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Additionally the polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1-26 or suitable fragments thereof can be used to isolate full length cDNA sequences utilizing hybridization and/or amplification procedures well known in the art, e.g., cDNA library screening, PCR amplification, etc. The molecular cloning of such full length cDNA sequences may employ the method of cDNA library screening with probes using the hybridization, stringency, washing, and probing strategies described above and in Ausubel, supra. Chapters 3, 5, and 6. These procedures may also be employed with genomic libraries to isolate genomic sequences of sptm in order to analyze, e.g., regulatory elements.
Genetic Mapping
Gene identification and mapping are important in the investigation and treatment of almost all conditions, diseases, and disorders. Cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, diabetes, and mental illnesses are of particular interest. Each of these conditions is more complex than the single gene defects of sickle cell anemia or cystic fibrosis, with select groups of genes being predictive of predisposition for a particular condition, disease, or disorder. For example, cardiovascular disease may result from malfunctioning receptor molecules that fail to clear cholesterol from the bloodstream, and diabetes may result when a particular individual's immune system is activated by an infection and attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. In some studies, Alzheimer's disease has been linked to a gene on chromosome 21; other studies predict a different gene and location. Mapping of disease genes is a complex and reiterative process and generally proceeds from genetic linkage analysis to physical mapping. As a condition is noted among members of a family, a genetic linkage map traces parts of chromosomes that are inherited in the same pattern as the condition. Statistics link the inheritance of particular conditions to particular regions of chromosomes, as defined by RFLP or other markers. (See, for example, Lander, E. S. and Botstein, D. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7353-7357.) Occasionally, genetic markers and their locations are known from previous studies. More often, however, the markers are simply stretches of DNA that differ among individuals. Examples of genetic linkage maps can be found in various scientific journals or at the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMEM) World Wide Web site.
In another embodiment of the invention, sptm sequences may be used to generate hybridization probes useful in chromosomal mapping of naturally occurring genomic sequences. Either coding or noncoding sequences of sptm may be used, and in some instances, noncoding sequences may be preferable over coding sequences. For example, conservation of an sptm coding sequence among members of a multi-gene family may potentially cause undesired cross hybridization during chromosomal mapping. The sequences may be mapped to a particular chromosome, to a specific region of a chromosome, or to artificial chromosome constructions, e.g., human artificial chromosomes (HACs), yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), bacterial PI constructions, or single chromosome cDNA libraries. (See, e.g., Harrington, J.J. et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 15:345-355; Price, CM. (1993) Blood Rev. 7:127-134; and Trask, B.J. (1991) Trends Genet. 7:149-154.)
Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) may be coπelated with other physical chromosome mapping techniques and genetic map data. (See, e.g., Meyers, supra, pp. 965-968.) Correlation between the location of sptm on a physical chromosomal map and a specific disorder, or a predisposition to a specific disorder, may help define the region of DNA associated with that disorder. The sptm sequences may also be used to detect polymorphisms that are genetically linked to the inheritance of a particular condition, disease, or disorder.
In situ hybridization of chromosomal preparations and genetic mapping techniques, such as linkage analysis using established chromosomal markers, may be used for extending existing genetic maps. Often the placement of a gene on the chromosome of another mammalian species, such as mouse, may reveal associated markers even if the number or arm of the corresponding human chromosome is not known. These new marker sequences can be mapped to human chromosomes and may provide valuable information to investigators searching for disease genes using positional cloning or other gene discovery techniques. Once a disease or syndrome has been crudely correlated by genetic linkage with a particular genomic region, e.g., ataxia-telangiectasia to 1 lq22-23, any sequences mapping to that area may represent associated or regulatory genes for further investigation. (See, e.g., Gatti, R.A. et al. (1988) Nature 336:577-580.) The nucleotide sequences of the subject invention may also be used to detect differences in chromosomal architecture due to translocation, inversion, etc., among normal, carrier, or affected individuals. Once a disease-associated gene is mapped to a chromosomal region, the gene must be cloned in order to identify mutations or other alterations (e.g., translocations or inversions) that may be correlated with disease. This process requires a physical map of the chromosomal region containing the disease-gene of interest along with associated markers. A physical map is necessary for 5 determining the nucleotide sequence of and order of marker genes on a particular chromosomal region. Physical mapping techniques are well known in the art and require the generation of overlapping sets of cloned DNA fragments from a particular organelle, chromosome, or genome. These clones are analyzed to reconstruct and catalog their order. Once the position of a marker is determined, the DNA from that region is obtained by consulting the catalog and selecting clones from 0 that region. The gene of interest is located through positional cloning techniques using hybridization or similar methods.
Diagnostic Uses
The sptm of the present invention may be used to design probes useful in diagnostic assays. 5 Such assays, well known to those skilled in the art, may be used to detect or confirm conditions, disorders, or diseases associated with abnormal levels of sptm expression. Labeled probes developed from sptm sequences are added to a sample under hybridizing conditions of desired stringency. In some instances, sptm, or fragments or oligonucleotides derived from sptm, may be used as primers in amplification steps prior to hybridization. The amount of hybridization complex formed is quantified 0 and compared with standards for that cell or tissue. If sptm expression varies significantly from the standard, the assay indicates the presence of the condition, disorder, or disease. Qualitative or quantitative diagnostic methods may include northern, dot blot, or other membrane or dip-stick based technologies or multiple-sample format technologies such as PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-like, pin, or chip-based assays. 5 The probes described above may also be used to monitor the progress of conditions, disorders, or diseases associated with abnormal levels of sptm expression, or to evaluate the efficacy of a particular therapeutic treatment. The candidate probe may be identified from the sptm that are specific to a given human tissue and have not been observed in GenBank or other genome databases. Such a probe may be used in animal studies, preclinical tests, clinical trials, or in monitoring the o treatment of an individual patient. In a typical process, standard expression is established by methods well known in the art for use as a basis of comparison, samples from patients affected by the disorder or disease are combined with the probe to evaluate any deviation from the standard profile, and a therapeutic agent is administered and effects are monitored to generate a treatment profile. Efficacy is evaluated by determining whether the expression progresses toward or returns to the standard 5 normal pattern. Treatment profiles may be generated over a period of several days or several months. Statistical methods well known to those skilled in the art may be use to determine the significance of such therapeutic agents.
The polynucleotides are also useful for identifying individuals from minute biological samples, for example, by matching the RFLP pattern of a sample's DNA to that of an individual's DNA. The polynucleotides of the present invention can also be used to determine the actual base-by-base DNA sequence of selected portions of an individual's genome. These sequences can be used to prepare PCR primers for amplifying and isolating such selected DNA, which can then be sequenced. Using this technique, an individual can be identified through a unique set of DNA sequences. Once a unique ID database is established for an individual, positive identification of that individual can be made from extremely small tissue samples.
In a particular aspect, oligonucleotide primers derived from the sptm of the invention may be used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs are substitutions, insertions and deletions that are a frequent cause of inherited or acquired genetic disease in humans. Methods of SNP detection include, but are not limited to, single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and fluorescent SSCP (fSSCP) methods. In SSCP, oligonucleotide primers derived from sptm are used to amplify DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA may be derived, for example, from diseased or normal tissue, biopsy samples, bodily fluids, and the like. SNPs in the DNA cause differences in the secondary and tertiary structures of PCR products in single-stranded form, and these differences are detectable using gel electrophoresis in non-denaturing gels. In fSCCP, the oligonucleotide primers are fluorescently labeled, which allows detection of the amplimers in high-throughput equipment such as DNA sequencing machines. Additionally, sequence database analysis methods, termed in silico SNP (isSNP), are capable of identifying polymorphisms by comparing the sequences of individual overlapping DNA fragments which assemble into a common consensus sequence. These computer-based methods filter out sequence variations due to laboratory preparation of DNA and sequencing errors using statistical models and automated analyses of DNA sequence chromatograms. In the alternative, SNPs may be detected and characterized by mass spectrometry using, for example, the high throughput MASSARRAY system (Sequenom, Inc., San Diego CA).
DNA-based identification techniques are critical in forensic technology. DNA sequences taken from very small biological samples such as tissues, e.g., hair or skin, or body fluids, e.g., blood, saliva, semen, etc., can be amplified using, e.g., PCR, to identify individuals. (See, e.g., Erlich, H. (1992) PCR Technology, Freeman and Co., New York, NY). Similarly, polynucleotides of the present invention can be used as polymorphic markers.
There is also a need for reagents capable of identifying the source of a particular tissue. Appropriate reagents can comprise, for example, DNA probes or primers prepared from the sequences of the present invention that are specific for particular tissues. Panels of such reagents can identify tissue by species and/or by organ type. In a similar fashion, these reagents can be used to screen tissue cultures for contamination.
The polynucleotides of the present invention can also be used as molecular weight markers on nucleic acid gels or Southern blots, as diagnostic probes for the presence of a specific mRNA in a particular cell type, in the creation of subtracted cDNA libraries which aid in the discovery of novel polynucleotides, in selection and synthesis of oligomers for attachment to an array or other support, and as an antigen to elicit an immune response. Disease Model Systems Using sptm
The sptm of the invention or their mammalian homologs may be "knocked out" in an animal model system using homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Such techniques are well known in the art and are useful for the generation of animal models of human disease. (See, e.g., U.S Patent Number 5,175,383 and U S. Patent Number 5,767,337.) For example, mouse ES cells, such as the mouse 129/SvJ cell line, are derived from the early mouse embryo and grown in culture. The ES cells are transformed with a vector containing the gene of interest disrupted by a marker gene, e.g., the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo; Capecchi, M.R. (1989) Science 244: 1288-1292). The vector integrates into the corresponding region of the host genome by homologous recombination. Alternatively, homologous recombination takes place using the Cre-loxP system to knockout a gene of interest in a tissue- or developmental stage-specific manner (Marth, J.D. (1996) Clin. Invest. 97:1999-2002; Wagner, K.U. et al (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:4323-4330). Transformed ES cells are identified and microinjected into mouse cell blastocysts such as those from the C57BL/6 mouse strain. The blastocysts are surgically transferred to pseudopregnant dams, and the resulting chimeπc progeny are genotyped and bred to produce heterozygous or homozygous strains. Transgenic animals thus generated may be tested with potential therapeutic or toxic agents. The sptm of the invention may also be manipulated in vitro in ES cells derived from human blastocysts. Human ES cells have the potential to differentiate into at least eight separate cell lineages including endoderm, mesoderm, and ectodermal cell types. These cell lineages differentiate into, for example, neural cells, hematopoietic lineages, and cardiomyocytes (Thomson, J.A. et al. (1998) Science 282:1145-1147).
The sptm of the invention can also be used to create "knockin" humanized animals (pigs) or transgenic animals (mice or rats) to model human disease. With knockin technology, a region of sptm is injected into animal ES cells, and the injected sequence integrates into the animal cell genome. Transformed cells are injected into blastulae, and the blastulae are implanted as described above. Transgenic progeny or inbred lines are studied and treated with potential pharmaceutical agents to obtain information on treatment of a human disease. Alternatively, a mammal inbred to overexpress sptm, resulting, e.g., in the secretion of SPTM in its milk, may also serve as a convenient source of that protein (Janne, J. et al. ( 1998) Biotechnol. Annu. Rev. 4:55-74). Screening Assays
SPTM encoded by polynucleotides of the present invention may be used to screen for molecules that bind to or are bound by the encoded polypeptides. The binding of the polypeptide and the molecule may activate (agonist), increase, inhibit (antagonist), or decrease activity of the polypeptide or the bound molecule. Examples of such molecules include antibodies, oligonucleotides, proteins (e.g., receptors), or small molecules.
Preferably, the molecule is closely related to the natural ligand of the polypeptide, e.g., a ligand or fragment thereof, a natural substrate, or a structural or functional mimetic. (See, Coligan et al., (1991) Current Protocols in Immunology 1(2): Chapter 5.) Similarly, the molecule can be closely related to the natural receptor to which the polypeptide binds, or to at least a fragment of the receptor, e.g., the active site. In either case, the molecule can be rationally designed using known techniques.
Preferably, the screening for these molecules involves producing appropriate cells which express the polypeptide, either as a secreted protein or on the cell membrane. Preferred cells include cells from mammals, yeast, Drosophila. or E. coli. Cells expressing the polypeptide or cell membrane fractions which contain the expressed polypeptide are then contacted with a test compound and binding, stimulation, or inhibition of activity of either the polypeptide or the molecule is analyzed.
An assay may simply test binding of a candidate compound to the polypeptide, wherein binding is detected by a fluorophore, radioisotope, enzyme conjugate, or other detectable label.
Alternatively, the assay may assess binding in the presence of a labeled competitor. Additionally, the assay can be carried out using cell-free preparations, polypeptide/molecule affixed to a solid support, chemical libraries, or natural product mixtures. The assay may also simply comprise the steps of mixing a candidate compound with a solution containing a polypeptide, measuring polypeptide/molecule activity or binding, and comparing the polypeptide/molecule activity or binding to a standard. Preferably, an ELISA assay using, e.g., a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, can measure polypeptide level in a sample. The antibody can measure polypeptide level by either binding, directly or indirectly, to the polypeptide or by competing with the polypeptide for a substrate.
All of the above assays can be used in a diagnostic or prognostic context. The molecules discovered using these assays can be used to treat disease or to bring about a particular result in a patient (e.g., blood vessel growth) by activating or inhibiting the polypeptide/molecule. Moreover, the assays can discover agents which may inhibit or enhance the production of the polypeptide from suitably manipulated cells or tissues.
Transcript Imaging
Another embodiment relates to the use of sptm to develop a transcript image of a tissue or cell type. A transcript image is the collective pattern of gene expression by a particular tissue or cell type under given conditions and at a given time. This pattern of gene expression is defined by the number of expressed genes, their abundance, and their function. Thus the sptm of the present invention may be used to develop a transcript image of a tissue or cell type by hybridizing, preferably in a microarray format, the sptm of the present invention to the totality of transcripts or reverse transcripts of a tissue or cell type. The resultant transcript image would provide a profile of gene activity pertaining to cell signaling.
Transcript images which profile sptm expression may be generated using transcripts isolated from tissues, cell lines, biopsies, or other biological samples. The transcript image may thus reflect sptm expression in vivo, as in the case of a tissue or biopsy sample, or in vitro, as in the case of a cell line. Transcript images may be used to profile sptm expression in distinct tissue types. This process can be used to determine cell signaling activity in a particular tissue type relative to this activity in a different tissue type. Transcript images may be used to generate a profile of sptm expression characteristic of diseased tissue. Transcript images of tissues before and after treatment may be used for diagnostic purposes, to monitor the progression of disease, and to monitor the efficacy of drug treatments for diseases which affect cell signaling. Transcript images which profile sptm expression may also be used in conjunction with in vitro model systems and preclinical evaluation of pharmaceuticals. Transcript images of cell lines can be used to assess cell signaling activity and or to identify cell lines that lack or misregulate this activity. Such cell lines may then be treated with pharmaceutical agents, and a transcript image following treatment may indicate the efficacy of these agents in restoring desired levels of this activity. A similar approach may be used to assess the toxicity of pharmaceutical agents as reflected by undesirable changes in cell signaling. Candidate pharmaceutical agents may be evaluated by comparing their associated transcript images with those of pharmaceutical agents of known effectiveness. Antisense Molecules The polynucleotides of the present invention are useful in antisense technology. Antisense technology or therapy relies on the modulation of expression of a target protein through the specific binding of an antisense sequence to a target sequence encoding the target protein or directing its expression. (See, e.g., Agrawal, S., ed. (1996) Antisense Therapeutics. Humana Press Inc., Totawa NJ; Alama, A. et al. (1997) Pharmacol. Res. 36(3): 171-178; Crooke, S.T. (1997) Adv. Pharmacol. 40: 1-49; Sharma, H.W. and R. Narayanan (1995) Bioessays 17(12): 1055-1063; and Lavrosky, Y. et al. (1997) Biochem. Mol. Med. 62(1):11-22.) An antisense sequence is a polynucleotide sequence capable of specifically hybridizing to at least a portion of the target sequence. Antisense sequences bind to cellular mRNA and or genomic DNA, affecting translation and/or transcription. Antisense sequences can be DNA, RNA, or nucleic acid mimics and analogs. (See, e.g., Rossi, J.J. et al. (1991) Antisense Res. Dev. l(3):285-288; Lee, R. et al. (1998) Biochemistry 37(3):900-1010; Pardridge,
W.M. et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92(12):5592-5596; and Nielsen, P. E. and Haaima, G. (1997) Chem. Soc. Rev. 96:73-78.) Typically, the binding which results in modulation of expression occurs through hybridization or binding of complementary base pairs. Antisense sequences can also bind to DNA duplexes through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix.
The polynucleotides of the present invention and fragments thereof can be used as antisense sequences to modify the expression of the polypeptide encoded by sptm. The antisense sequences can be produced ex vivo, such as by using any of the ABI nucleic acid synthesizer series (PE Biosystems) or other automated systems known in the art. Antisense sequences can also be produced biologically, such as by transforming an appropriate host cell with an expression vector containing the sequence of interest. (See, e.g., Agrawal, supra.) In therapeutic use, any gene delivery system suitable for introduction of the antisense sequences into appropriate target cells can be used. Antisense sequences can be delivered intracellularly in the form of an expression plasmid which, upon transcription, produces a sequence complementary to at least a portion of the cellular sequence encoding the target protein. (See, e.g., Slater, J.E., et al. (1998) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 102(3):469-475; and Scanlon, K.J., et al. (1995) 9(13): 1288-1296.) Antisense sequences can also be introduced intracellularly through the use of viral vectors, such as retrovirus and adeno-associated virus vectors. (See, e.g., Miller, A.D. (1990) Blood 76:271; Ausubel, F.M. et al. (1995) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, New York NY; Uckert, W. and W. Walther (1994) Pharmacol. Ther. 63(3):323-347.) Other gene delivery mechanisms include liposome-derived systems, artificial viral envelopes, and other systems known in the art. (See, e.g., Rossi, J.J. (1995) Br. Med. Bull. 51(l):217-225; Boado, R.J. et al. (1998) J. Pharm. Sci. 87(11): 1308-1315; and Morris, M.C. et al. (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25(14):2730-2736.) Expression
In order to express a biologically active SPTM, the nucleotide sequences encoding SPTM or fragments thereof may be inserted into an appropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector which contains the necessary elements for transcriptional and translational control of the inserted coding sequence in a suitable host. Methods which are well known to those skilled in the art may be used to construct expression vectors containing sequences encoding SPTM and appropriate transcriptional and translational control elements. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo genetic recombination. (See, e.g., Sambrook, supra. Chapters 4, 8, 16, and 17; and Ausubel, supra. Chapters 9, 10, 13, and 16.)
A variety of expression vector/host systems may be utilized to contain and express sequences encoding SPTM. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria transformed with recombinant bacteriophage, plasmid, or cosmid DNA expression vectors; yeast transformed with yeast expression vectors; insect cell systems infected with viral expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus); plant cell systems transformed with viral expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV, or tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or with bacterial expression vectors (e.g., Ti or pBR322 plasmids); or animal (mammalian) cell systems. (See, e.g., Sambrook, supra; Ausubel, 1995, supra. Van Heeke, G. and S.M. Schuster (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:5503-5509; Bitter, G.A. et al. (1987) Methods Enzymol. 153:516-544; Scorer, CA. et al. (1994) Bio/Technology 12: 181-184; Engelhard, E.K. et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 :3224-3227; Sandig, V. et al. (1996) Hum. Gene Ther. 7: 1937-1945; Takamatsu, N. (1987) EMBO J. 6:307-311 ; Coruzzi, G. et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:1671-1680; Broglie, R. et al. (1984) Science 224:838-843; Winter, J. et al. (1991) Results Probl. Cell Differ. 17:85-105; The McGraw Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology
(1992) McGraw Hill, New York NY, pp. 191-196; Logan, J. and T. Shenk (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3655-3659; and Harrington, J.J. et al. (1997) Nat. Genet. 15:345-355.) Expression vectors derived from retroviruses, adenoviruses, or herpes or vaccinia viruses, or from various bacterial plasmids, may be used for delivery of nucleotide sequences to the targeted organ, tissue, or cell population. (See, e.g., Di Nicola, M. et al. (1998) Cancer Gen. Ther. 5(6):350-356; Yu, M. et al.,
(1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90(13): 6340-6344; Buller, R.M. et al. (1985) Nature 317(6040):813-815; McGregor, D.P. et al. (1994) Mol. Immunol. 31(3):219-226; and Verma, l.M. and N. Somia (1997) Nature 389:239-242.) The invention is not limited by the host cell employed. For long term production of recombinant proteins in mammalian systems, stable expression of SPTM in cell lines is preferred. For example, sequences encoding SPTM can be transformed into cell lines using expression vectors which may contain viral origins of replication and/or endogenous expression elements and a selectable marker gene on the same or on a separate vector. Any number of selection systems may be used to recover transformed cell lines. (See, e.g., Wigler, M. et al. (1977) Cell 11 :223-232; Lowy, I. et al. (1980) Cell 22:817-823.; Wigler, M. et al. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:3567-3570; Colbere-Garapin, F. et al. (1981) J. Mol. Biol. 150: 1-14; Hartman, S.C. and R.CMulligan (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8047-8051; Rhodes, CA. ( 1995) Methods Mol. Biol. 55: 121-131.) Therapeutic Uses of sptm
The sptm of the invention may be used for somatic or germline gene therapy. Gene therapy may be performed to (i) correct a genetic deficiency (e.g., in the cases of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-Xl disease characterized by X-linked inheritance (Cavazzana-Calvo, M. et al. (2000) Science 288:669-672), severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome associated with an inherited adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency (Blaese, R.M. et al. (1995) Science 270:475-480; Bordignon, C. et al. (1995) Science 270:470-475), cystic fibrosis (Zabner, J. et al. (1993) Cell 75:207-216; Crystal, R.G. et al. (1995) Hum. Gene Therapy 6:643-666; Crystal, R.G. et al. (1995) Hum. Gene Therapy 6:667-703), thalassemias, familial hypercholesterolemia, and hemophilia resulting from Factor VITI or Factor IX deficiencies (Crystal, R.G. ( 1995) Science 270:404-410; Verma, l.M. and Somia, N. (1997) Nature 389:239-242)), (ii) express a conditionally lethal gene product (e.g., in the case of cancers which result from unregulated cell proliferation), or (iii) express a protein which affords protection against intracellular parasites (e.g., against human retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (Baltimore, D. (1988) Nature 335:395-396; Poeschla, E. et al. ( 1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 93: 1 1395-1 1399), hepatitis B or C virus (HBV, HCV); fungal parasites, such as Candida albicans and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis; and protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzi). In the case where a genetic deficiency in sptm expression or regulation causes disease, the expression of sptm from an appropriate population of transduced cells may alleviate the clinical manifestations caused by the genetic deficiency.
In a further embodiment of the invention, diseases or disorders caused by deficiencies in sptm are treated by constructing mammalian expression vectors comprising sptm and introducing these vectors by mechanical means into sptm-deficient cells. Mechanical transfer technologies for use with cells in vivo or ex vitro include (i) direct DNA microinjection into individual cells, (ii) ballistic gold particle delivery, (iii) liposome-mediated transfection, (iv) receptor-mediated gene transfer, and (v) the use of DNA transposons (Morgan, R.A. and Anderson, W.F. (1993) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62: 191 -217; Ivies, Z. (1997) Cell 91 :501-510; Boulay, J-L. and Recipon, H. (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:445-450).
Expression vectors that may be effective for the expression of sptm include, but are not limited to, the PCDNA 3.1 , EPITAG, PRCCMV2, PREP, PVAX vectors (Invitrogen, Carlsbad CA), PCMV-SCRIPT, PCMV-TAG, PEGSH/PERV (Stratagene, La Jolla CA), and PTET-OFF, PTET-ON, PTRE2, PTRE2-LUC, PTK-HYG (Clontech, Palo Alto CA). The sptm of the invention may be expressed using (i) a constitutively active promoter, (e.g., from cytomegalovirus (CMV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), SV40 virus, thymidine kinase (TK), or β-actin genes), (ii) an inducible promoter (e.g., the tetracycline-regulated promoter (Gossen, M. and Bujard, H. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89:5547-5551 ; Gossen, M. et al., (1995) Science 268: 1766-1769; Rossi, F.M.V. and Blau, H.M. (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:451 -456), commercially available in the T-REX plasmid (Invitrogen)); the ecdysone-inducible promoter (available in the plasmids PVGRXR and PIND; Invitrogen); the FK506/rapamycin inducible promoter; or the RU486/mifepristone inducible promoter (Rossi, F.M.V. and Blau, H.M. supra)), or (iii) a tissue-specific promoter or the native promoter of the endogenous gene encoding SPTM from a normal individual. Commercially available liposome transformation kits (e.g., the PERFECT LIPED
TRANSFECTION KIT, available from Invitrogen) allow one with ordinary skill in the art to deliver polynucleotides to target cells in culture and require minimal effort to optimize experimental parameters. In the alternative, transformation is performed using the calcium phosphate method (Graham, F.L. and Eb, A.J. (1973) Virology 52:456-467), or by electroporation (Neumann, E. et al. ( 1982) EMBO J. 1 :841-845). The introduction of DNA to primary cells requires modification of these standardized mammalian transfection protocols. In another embodiment of the invention, diseases or disorders caused by genetic defects with respect to sptm expression are treated by constructing a retrovirus vector consisting of (i) sptm under the control of an independent promoter or the retrovirus long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter, (ii) appropriate RNA packaging signals, and (iii) a Rev-responsive element (RRE) along with additional retrovirus -acting RNA sequences and coding sequences required for efficient vector propagation. Retrovirus vectors (e.g., PFB and PFBNEO) are commercially available (Stratagene) and are based on published data (Riviere, I. et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:6733-6737), incorporated by reference herein. The vector is propagated in an appropriate vector producing cell line (VPCL) that expresses an envelope gene with a tropism for receptors on the target cells or a promiscuous envelope protein such as VSVg (Armentano, D. et al. (1987) J. Virol. 61 : 1647-1650; Bender, M.A. et al. (1987) J. Virol. 61: 1639-1646; Adam, M.A. and Miller, A.D. (1988) J. Virol. 62:3802-3806; Dull, T. et al. (1998) J. Virol. 72:8463-8471 ; Zufferey, R. et al. (1998) J. Virol. 72:9873-9880). U.S. Patent Number 5,910,434 to Rigg ("Method for obtaining retrovirus packaging cell lines producing high transducing efficiency retroviral supernatant") discloses a method for obtaining retrovirus packaging cell lines and is hereby incorporated by reference. Propagation of retrovirus vectors, transduction of a population of cells (e.g., CD4+ T-cells), and the return of transduced cells to a patient are procedures well known to persons skilled in the art of gene therapy and have been well documented (Ranga, U. et al. (1997) J. Virol. 71 :7020-7029; Bauer, G. et al. (1997) Blood 89:2259- 2267; Bonyhadi, M.L. (1997) J. Virol. 71 :4707-4716; Ranga, U. et al. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 1201-1206; Su, L. (1997) Blood 89:2283-2290).
In the alternative, an adenovirus-based gene therapy delivery system is used to deliver sptm to cells which have one or more genetic abnormalities with respect to the expression of sptm. The construction and packaging of adenovirus-based vectors are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art. Replication defective adenovirus vectors have proven to be versatile for importing genes encoding immunoregulatory proteins into intact islets in the pancreas (Csete, M.E. et al. (1995) Transplantation 27:263-268). Potentially useful adenoviral vectors are described in U.S. Patent Number 5,707,618 to Armentano ("Adenovirus vectors for gene therapy"), hereby incorporated by reference. For adenoviral vectors, see also Antinozzi, P.A. et al. (1999) Annu. Rev. Nutr. 19:511-544 and Verma, I.M. and Somia, N. (1997) Nature 18:389:239-242, both incorporated by reference herein.
In another alternative, a herpes-based, gene therapy delivery system is used to deliver sptm to target cells which have one or more genetic abnormalities with respect to the expression of sptm. The use of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based vectors may be especially valuable for introducing sptm to cells of the central nervous system, for which HSV has a tropism. The construction and packaging of herpes-based vectors are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art. A replication-competent herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 -based vector has been used to deliver a reporter gene to the eyes of primates (Liu, X. et al. (1999) Exp. Eye Res.l69:385-395). The construction of a HSV-1 virus vector has also been disclosed in detail in U.S. Patent Number 5,804,413 to DeLuca ("Herpes simplex virus strains for gene transfer"), which is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Patent Number 5,804,413 teaches the use of recombinant HSV d92 which consists of a genome containing at least one exogenous gene to be transferred to a cell under the control of the appropriate promoter for purposes including human gene therapy. Also taught by this patent are the construction and use of recombinant HSV strains deleted for ICP4, ICP27 and ICP22. For HSV vectors, see also Goins, W. F. et al. 1999 J. Virol. 73:519-532 and Xu, H. et al., (1994) Dev. Biol. 163:152-161, hereby incorporated by reference. The manipulation of cloned herpesvirus sequences, the generation of recombinant virus following the transfection of multiple plasmids containing different segments of the large herpesvirus genomes, the growth and propagation of herpesvirus, and the infection of cells with herpesvirus are techniques well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
In another alternative, an alphavirus (positive, single-stranded RNA virus) vector is used to deliver sptm to target cells. The biology of the prototypic alphavirus, Semliki Forest Virus (SFV), has been studied extensively and gene transfer vectors have been based on the SFV genome (Garoff, H. and Li, K-J. (1998) Curr. Opin. Biotech. 9:464-469). During alphavirus RNA replication, a subgenomic RNA is generated that normally encodes the viral capsid proteins. This subgenomic RNA replicates to higher levels than the full-length genomic RNA, resulting in the overproduction of capsid proteins relative to the viral proteins with enzymatic activity (e.g., protease and polymerase). Similarly, inserting sptm into the alphavirus genome in place of the capsid-coding region results in the production of a large number of sptm RNAs and the synthesis of high levels of SPTM in vector transduced cells. While alphavirus infection is typically associated with cell lysis within a few days, the ability to establish a persistent infection in hamster normal kidney cells (BHK-21) with a variant of Sindbis virus (SIN) indicates that the lytic replication of alphaviruses can be altered to suit the needs of the gene therapy application (Dryga, S.A. et al. (1997) Virology 228:74-83). The wide host range of alphaviruses will allow the introduction of SPTM into a variety of cell types. The specific transduction of a subset of cells in a population may require the sorting of cells prior to transduction. The methods of manipulating infectious cDNA clones of alphaviruses, performing alphavirus cDNA and RNA transfections, and performing alphavirus infections, are well known to those with ordinary skill in the art.
Antibodies
Anti-SPTM antibodies may be used to analyze protein expression levels. Such antibodies include, but are not limited to, polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain, and Fab fragments. For descriptions of and protocols of antibody technologies, see, e.g., Pound J.D. (1998) Immunochemical Protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
The amino acid sequence encoded by the sptm of the Sequence Listing may be analyzed by appropriate software (e.g., LASERGENE NAVIGATOR software, DNASTAR) to determine regions of high immunogenicity. The optimal sequences for immunization are selected from the C-terminus, the N-terminus, and those intervening, hydrophilic regions of the polypeptide which are likely to be exposed to the external environment when the polypeptide is in its natural conformation. Analysis used to select appropriate epitopes is also described by Ausubel (1997, supra. Chapter 1 1.7). Peptides used for antibody induction do not need to have biological activity; however, they must be antigenic. Peptides used to induce specific antibodies may have an amino acid sequence consisting of at five amino acids, preferably at least 10 amino acids, and most preferably 15 amino acids. A peptide which mimics an antigenic fragment of the natural polypeptide may be fused with another protein such as keyhole limpet cyanin (KLH; Sigma, St. Louis MO) for antibody production. A peptide encompassing an antigenic region may be expressed from an sptm, synthesized as described above, or purified from human cells.
Procedures well known in the art may be used for the production of antibodies. Various hosts including mice, goats, and rabbits, may be immunized by injection with a peptide. Depending on the host species, various adjuvants may be used to increase immunological response.
In one procedure, peptides about 15 residues in length may be synthesized using an ABI 431 A peptide synthesizer (PE Biosystems) using fmoc-chemistry and coupled to KLH (Sigma) by reaction with M-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Ausubel, 1995, supra). Rabbits are immunized with the peptide-KLH complex in complete Freund's adjuvant. The resulting antisera are tested for antipeptide activity by binding the peptide to plastic, blocking with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), reacting with rabbit antisera, washing, and reacting with radioiodinated goat anti- rabbit IgG. Antisera with antipeptide activity are tested for anti-SPTM activity using protocols well known in the art, including ELISA, radioimmunoassay (RIA), and immunoblotting.
In another procedure, isolated and purified peptide may be used to immunize mice (about 100 μg of peptide) or rabbits (about 1 mg of peptide). Subsequently, the peptide is radioiodinated and used to screen the immunized animals' B-lymphocytes for production of antipeptide antibodies. Positive cells are then used to produce hybridomas using standard techniques. About 20 mg of peptide is sufficient for labeling and screening several thousand clones. Hybridomas of interest are detected by screening with radioiodinated peptide to identify those fusions producing peptide- specific monoclonal antibody. In a typical protocol, wells of a multi-well plate (FAST, Becton- Dickinson, Palo Alto, CA) are coated with affinity-purified, specific rabbit-anti-mouse (or suitable anti-species IgG) antibodies at 10 mg/ml. The coated wells are blocked with 1 % BSA and washed and exposed to supernatants from hybridomas. After incubation, the wells are exposed to radiolabeled peptide at 1 mg/ml.
Clones producing antibodies bind a quantity of labeled peptide that is detectable above background. Such clones are expanded and subjected to 2 cycles of cloning. Cloned hybridomas are injected into pristane-treated mice to produce ascites, and monoclonal antibody is purified from the ascitic fluid by affinity chromatography on protein A (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Several procedures for the production of monoclonal antibodies, including in vitro production, are described in Pound (supra). Monoclonal antibodies with antipeptide activity are tested for anti-SPTM activity using protocols well known in the art, including ELISA, RIA, and immunoblotting. Antibody fragments containing specific binding sites for an epitope may also be generated.
For example, such fragments include, but are not limited to, the F(ab')2 fragments produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule, and the Fab fragments generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab')2 fragments. Alternatively, construction of Fab expression libraries in filamentous bacteriophage allows rapid and easy identification of monoclonal fragments with desired specificity (Pound, supra. Chaps. 45-47). Antibodies generated against polypeptide encoded by sptm can be used to purify and characterize full-length SPTM protein and its activity, binding partners, etc. Assays Using Antibodies
Anti-SPTM antibodies may be used in assays to quantify the amount of SPTM found in a particular human cell. Such assays include methods utilizing the antibody and a label to detect expression level under normal or disease conditions. The peptides and antibodies of the invention may be used with or without modification or labeled by joining them, either covalently or noncovalently, with a reporter molecule.
Protocols for detecting and measuring protein expression using either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies are well known in the art. Examples include ELISA, RIA, and fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). Such immunoassays typically involve the formation of complexes between the SPTM and its specific antibody and the measurement of such complexes. These and other assays are described in Pound (supra).
Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever.
The disclosures of all patents, applications, and publications mentioned above and below, in particular U.S. Ser. No. 60/147,501, and U.S. Ser. No. 60/147,500 are hereby expressly incorporated by reference. EXAMPLES I. Construction of cDNA Libraries
RNA was purchased from CLONTECH Laboratories, Inc. (Palo Alto CA) or isolated from various tissues. Some tissues were homogenized and lysed in guanidinium isothiocyanate, while others were homogenized and lysed in phenol or in a suitable mixture of denaturants, such as
TRIZOL (Life Technologies), a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate. The resulting lysates were centrifuged over CsCl cushions or extracted with chloroform. RNA was precipitated with either isopropanol or sodium acetate and ethanol, or by other routine methods. Phenol extraction and precipitation of RNA were repeated as necessary to increase RNA purity. In most cases, RNA was treated with DNase. For most libraries, poly(A+) RNA was isolated using oligo d(T)-coupled paramagnetic particles (Promega Corporation (Promega), Madison WI), OLIGOTEX latex particles (QIAGEN, Inc. (QIAGEN), Valencia CA), or an OLIGOTEX mRNA purification kit (QIAGEN). Alternatively, RNA was isolated directly from tissue lysates using other RNA isolation kits, e.g., the POLY(A)PURE mRNA purification kit (Ambion, Inc., Austin TX). In some cases, Stratagene was provided with RNA and constructed the corresponding cDNA libraries. Otherwise, cDNA was synthesized and cDNA libraries were constructed with the UNIZAP vector system (Stratagene Cloning Systems, Inc. (Stratagene), La Jolla CA) or SUPERSCRIPT plasmid system (Life Technologies), using the recommended procedures or similar methods known in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, 1997, supra. Chapters 5.1 through 6.6.) Reverse transcription was initiated using oligo d(T) or random primers. Synthetic oligonucleotide adapters were ligated to double stranded cDNA, and the cDNA was digested with the appropriate restriction enzyme or enzymes. For most libraries, the cDNA was size-selected (300-1000 bp) using SEPHACRYL SI 000, SEPHAROSE CL2B, or SEPHAROSE CL4B column chromatography (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) or preparative agarose gel electrophoresis. cDNAs were ligated into compatible restriction enzyme sites of the polylinker of a suitable plasmid, e.g., PBLUESCRIPT plasmid (Stratagene), pSPORTl plasmid (Life Technologies), or pINCY (Incyte). Recombinant plasmids were transformed into competent E. coli cells including XLl-Blue, XLl-BlueMRF, or SOLR from Stratagene or DH5α, DH10B, or ElectroMAX DH10B from Life Technologies.
II. Isolation of cDNA Clones
Plasmids were recovered from host cells by in vivo excision using the UNIZAP vector system (Stratagene) or by cell lysis. Plasmids were purified using at least one of the following: the Magic or WIZARD Minipreps DNA purification system (Promega); the AGTC Miniprep purification kit (Edge BioSystems, Gaithersburg MD); and the QIAWELL 8, QIAWELL 8 Plus, and QIAWELL 8 Ultra plasmid purification systems or the R.E.A.L. PREP 96 plasmid purification kit (QIAGEN). Following precipitation, plasmids were resuspended in 0.1 ml of distilled water and stored, with or without lyophilization, at 4°C.
Alternatively, plasmid DNA was amplified from host cell lysates using direct link PCR in a high-throughput format. (Rao, V.B. (1994) Anal. Biochem. 216:1-14.) Host cell lysis and thermal cycling steps were carried out in a single reaction mixture. Samples were processed and stored in 384-well plates, and the concentration of amplified plasmid DNA was quantified fluorometrically using PICOGREEN dye (Molecular Probes, Inc. (Molecular Probes), Eugene OR) and a FLUOROSKAN H fluorescence scanner (Labsystems Oy, Helsinki, Finland).
III. Sequencing and Analysis cDNA sequencing reactions were processed using standard methods or high-throughput instrumentation such as the ABI CATALYST 800 thermal cycler (PE Biosystems) or the PTC-200 thermal cycler (MJ Research) in conjunction with the HYDRA microdispenser (Robbins Scientific Corp., Sunnyvale CA) or the MICROLAB 2200 liquid transfer system (Hamilton). cDNA sequencing reactions were prepared using reagents provided by Amersham Pharmacia Biotech or supplied in ABI sequencing kits such as the ABI PRISM BIGDYE Terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit (PE Biosystems). Electrophoretic separation of cDNA sequencing reactions and detection of labeled polynucleotides were carried out using the MEGABACE 1000 DNA sequencing system (Molecular Dynamics); the ABI PRISM 373 or 377 sequencing system (PE Biosystems) in conjunction with standard ABI protocols and base calling software; or other sequence analysis systems known in the art. Reading frames within the cDNA sequences were identified using standard methods (reviewed in Ausubel, 1997, supra. Chapter 7.7). Some of the cDNA sequences were selected for extension using the techniques disclosed in Example Vlfl.
IV. Assembly and Analysis of Sequences
Component sequences from chromatograms were subject to PHRED analysis and assigned a quality score. The sequences having at least a required quality score were subject to various preprocessing editing pathways to eliminate, e.g., low quality 3' ends, vector and linker sequences, polyA tails, Alu repeats, mitochondrial and ribosomal sequences, bacterial contamination sequences, and sequences smaller than 50 base pairs. In particular, low-information sequences and repetitive elements (e.g., dinucleotide repeats, Alu repeats, etc.) were replaced by "n's", or masked, to prevent spurious matches.
Processed sequences were then subject to assembly procedures in which the sequences were assigned to gene bins (bins). Each sequence could only belong to one bin. Sequences in each gene bin were assembled to produce consensus sequences (templates). Subsequent new sequences were added to existing bins using BLASTn (v.1.4 WashU) and CROSSMATCH. Candidate pairs were identified as all BLAST hits having a quality score greater than or equal to 150. Alignments of at least 82% local identity were accepted into the bin. The component sequences from each bin were assembled using a version of PHRAP. Bins with several overlapping component sequences were assembled using DEEP PHRAP. The orientation (sense or antisense) of each assembled template 5 was determined based on the number and orientation of its component sequences. Template sequences as disclosed in the sequence listing correspond to sense strand sequences (the "forward" reading frames), to the best determination. The complementary (antisense) strands are inherently disclosed herein. The component sequences which were used to assemble each template consensus sequence are listed in Table 3, along with their positions along the template nucleotide sequences. 0 Bins were compared against each other and those having local similarity of at least 82% were combined and reassembled. Reassembled bins having templates of insufficient overlap (less than 95% local identity) were re-split. Assembled templates were also subject to analysis by STITCHER EXON MAPPER algorithms which analyze the probabilities of the presence of splice variants, alternatively spliced exons, splice junctions, differential expression of alternative spliced 5 genes across tissue types or disease states, etc. These resulting bins were subject to several rounds of the above assembly procedures.
Once gene bins were generated based upon sequence alignments, bins were clone joined based upon clone information. If the 5' sequence of one clone was present in one bin and the 3' sequence from the same clone was present in a different bin, it was likely that the two bins actually 0 belonged together in a single bin. The resulting combined bins underwent assembly procedures to regenerate the consensus sequences.
The final assembled templates were subsequently annotated using the following procedure. Template sequences were analyzed using BLASTn (v2.0, NCBI) versus gbpri (GenBank version 1 16). "Hits" were defined as an exact match having from 95% local identity over 200 base pairs 5 through 100% local identity over 100 base pairs, or a homolog match having an E-value, i.e. a probability score, of < 1 x 10"8. The hits were subject to frameshift FASTx versus GENPEPT (GenBank version 116). (See Table 4). In this analysis, a homolog match was defined as having an E-value of < 1 x 10"8. The assembly method used above was described in "System and Methods for Analyzing Biomolecular Sequences," U.S.S.N. 09/276,534, filed March 25, 1999, and the LIFESEQ o Gold user manual (Incyte) both incorporated by reference herein.
Following assembly, template sequences were subjected to motif, BLAST, and functional analyses, and categorized in protein hierarchies using methods described in, e.g., "Database System Employing Protein Function Hierarchies for Viewing Biomolecular Sequence Data," U.S.S.N. 08/812,290, filed March 6, 1997; "Relational Database for Storing Biomolecule Information," 5 U.S.S.N. 08/947,845, filed October 9, 1997; "Project-Based Full-Length Biomolecular Sequence Database," U.S.S.N. 08/811,758, filed March 6, 1997; and "Relational Database and System for Storing Information Relating to Biomolecular Sequences," U.S.S.N. 09/034,807, filed March 4, 1998, all of which are incorporated by reference herein.
The template sequences are further analyzed by translating each template in all three forward reading frames and searching each translation against the Pfam database of hidden Markov model- based protein families and domains using the HMMER software package (available to the public from Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO). (See also World Wide Web site http://pfam.wustl.edu/ for detailed descriptions of Pfam protein domains and families.)
Additionally, the template sequences were translated in all three forward reading frames and each translation was searched against hidden Markov models for signal peptide and transmembrane domains using the HMMER software package. Construction of hidden Markov models and their usage in sequence analysis has been described. (See, for example, Eddy, S.R. (1996) Curr. Opin. Str. Biol. 6:361-365.) Segments of templates which, when translated, contain similarity to signal peptide or transmembrane domain consensus sequences are reported in Table 2. Only those signal peptide or transmembrane hits with a cutoff score of 11 bits or greater are reported. A cutoff score of 11 bits or greater corresponds to at least about 91-94% true-positives in signal peptide prediction, and at least about 75% true-positives in transmembrane domain prediction.
The results of BLAST analysis as reported in Table 1 may support the results of HMMER analysis as reported in Table 2 or may suggest alternative or additional properties of template- encoded secretory polypeptides not previously uncovered by HMMER or other analyses. Template sequences are further analyzed using the bioinformatics tools listed in Table 4, or using sequence analysis software known in the art such as MACDNASIS PRO software (Hitachi Software Engineering, South San Francisco CA) and LASERGENE software (DNASTAR). Template sequences may be further queried against public databases such as the GenBank rodent, mammalian, vertebrate, prokaryote, and eukaryote databases.
V. Analysis of Polynucleotide Expression
Northern analysis is a laboratory technique used to detect the presence of a transcript of a gene and involves the hybridization of a labeled nucleotide sequence to a membrane on which RNAs from a particular cell type or tissue have been bound. (See, e.g., Sambrook, supra, ch. 7; Ausubel, 1995, supra, ch. 4 and 16.)
Analogous computer techniques applying BLAST are used to search for identical or related molecules in cDNA databases such as GenBank or LIFESEQ (Incyte Pharmaceuticals). This analysis is much faster than multiple membrane-based hybridizations. In addition, the sensitivity of the computer search can be modified to determine whether any particular match is categorized as exact or similar. The basis of the search is the product score, which is defined as: BLAST Score x Percent Identity
5 x minimum {length(Seq. 1), length(Seq. 2)}
The product score takes into account both the degree of similarity between two sequences and the length of the sequence match. The product score is a normalized value between 0 and 100, and is calculated as follows: the BLAST score is multiplied by the percent nucleotide identity and the product is divided by (5 times the length of the shorter of the two sequences). The BLAST score is calculated by assigning a score of +5 for every base that matches in a high-scoring segment pair (HSP), and -4 for every mismatch. Two sequences may share more than one HSP (separated by gaps). If there is more than one HSP, then the pair with the highest BLAST score is used to calculate the product score. The product score represents a balance between fractional overlap and quality in a BLAST alignment. For example, a product score of 100 is produced only for 100% identity over the entire length of the shorter of the two sequences being compared. A product score of 70 is produced either by 100% identity and 70% overlap at one end, or by 88% identity and 100% overlap at the other. A product score of 50 is produced either by 100% identity and 50% overlap at one end, or 79% identity and 100% overlap.
VI. Tissue Distribution Profiling
A tissue distribution profile is determined for each template by compiling the cDNA library tissue classifications of its component cDNA sequences. Each component sequence, is derived from a cDNA library constructed from a human tissue. Each human tissue is classified into one of the following categories: cardiovascular system; connective tissue; digestive system; embryonic structures; endocrine system; exocrine glands; genitalia, female; genitalia, male; germ cells; hemic and immune system; liver; musculoskeletal system; nervous system; pancreas; respiratory system; sense organs; skin; stomatognathic system; unclassified/mixed; or urinary tract. Template sequences, component sequences, and cDNA library/tissue information are found in the LIFESEQ GOLD database (Incyte Genomics, Palo Alto CA).
VII. Transcript Image Analysis Transcript images are generated as described in Seilhamer et al., "Comparative Gene
Transcript Analysis," U.S. Patent Number 5,840,484, incorporated herein by reference.
VIII. Extension of Polynucleotide Sequences and Isolation of a Full-length cDNA
Oligonucleotide primers designed using an sptm of the Sequence Listing are used to extend the nucleic acid sequence. One primer is synthesized to initiate 5' extension of the template, and the other primer, to initiate 3' extension of the template. The initial primers may be designed using OLIGO 4.06 software (National Biosciences, Inc. (National Biosciences), Plymouth MN), or another appropriate program, to be about 22 to 30 nucleotides in length, to have a GC content of about 50% or more, and to anneal to the target sequence at temperatures of about 68 °C to about 72°C Any stretch of nucleotides which would result in hairpin structures and primer-primer dimerizations are avoided. Selected human cDNA libraries are used to extend the sequence. If more than one extension is necessary or desired, additional or nested sets of primers are designed.
High fidelity amplification is obtained by PCR using methods well known in the art. PCR is performed in 96- well plates using the PTC-200 thermal cycler (MJ Research). The reaction mix contains DNA template, 200 nmol of each primer, reaction buffer containing Mg2*, (NH4)2S04, and β-mercaptoethanol, Taq DNA polymerase (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), ELONGASE enzyme (Life Technologies), and Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene), with the following parameters for primer pair PCI A and PCI B: Step 1 : 94°C, 3 min; Step 2: 94°C, 15 sec; Step 3: 60°C, 1 min; Step 4: 68°C, 2 min; Step 5: Steps 2, 3, and 4 repeated 20 times; Step 6: 68°C, 5 min; Step 7: storage at 4°C In the alternative, the parameters for primer pair T7 and SK+ are as follows: Step 1 : 94°C, 3 min; Step 2: 94°C, 15 sec; Step 3: 57°C, 1 min; Step 4: 68°C, 2 min; Step 5: Steps 2, 3, and 4 repeated 20 times; Step 6: 68°C, 5 min; Step 7: storage at 4°C
The concentration of DNA in each well is determined by dispensing 100 μl PICOGREEN quantitation reagent (0.25% (v/v); Molecular Probes) dissolved in IX Tris-EDTA (TE) and 0.5 μl of undiluted PCR product into each well of an opaque fluorimeter plate (Corning Incorporated (Corning), Corning NY), allowing the DNA to bind to the reagent. The plate is scanned in a
FLUOROSKAN II (Labsystems Oy) to measure the fluorescence of the sample and to quantify the concentration of DNA. A 5 μl to 10 μl aliquot of the reaction mixture is analyzed by electrophoresis on a 1 % agarose mini-gel to determine which reactions are successful in extending the sequence. The extended nucleotides are desalted and concentrated, transferred to 384-well plates, digested with CviJI cholera virus endonuc lease (Molecular Biology Research, Madison WI), and sonicated or sheared prior to religation into pUC 18 vector (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). For shotgun sequencing, the digested nucleotides are separated on low concentration (0.6 to 0.8%) agarose gels, fragments are excised, and agar digested with AGAR ACE (Promega). Extended clones are religated using T4 ligase (New England Biolabs, Inc., Beverly MA) into pUC 18 vector (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), treated with Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene) to fill-in restriction site overhangs, and transfected into competent E. coli cells. Transformed cells are selected on antibiotic-containing media, individual colonies are picked and cultured overnight at 37 °C in 384- well plates in LB/2x carbenicillin liquid media.
The cells are lysed, and DNA is amplified by PCR using Taq DNA polymerase (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) and Pfu DNA polymerase (Stratagene) with the following parameters: Step 1 :
94°C, 3 min; Step 2: 94°C, 15 sec; Step 3: 60°C, 1 min; Step 4: 72°C, 2 min; Step 5: steps 2, 3, and 4 repeated 29 times; Step 6: 72°C, 5 min; Step 7: storage at 4°C DNA is quantified by PICOGREEN reagent (Molecular Probes) as described above. Samples with low DNA recoveries are reamplified using the same conditions as described above. Samples are diluted with 20% dimethysulfoxide (1 :2, v/v), and sequenced using DYENAMIC energy transfer sequencing primers and the DYENAMIC DIRECT kit (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) or the ABI PRISM BIGDYE Terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit (PE Biosystems).
In like manner, the sptm is used to obtain regulatory sequences (promoters, introns, and enhancers) using the procedure above, oligonucleotides designed for such extension, and an appropriate genomic library.
IX. Labeling of Probes and Southern Hybridization Analyses
Hybridization probes derived from the sptm of the Sequence Listing are employed for screening cDNAs, mRNAs, or genomic DNA. The labeling of probe nucleotides between 100 and 1000 nucleotides in length is specifically described, but essentially the same procedure may be used with larger cDNA fragments. Probe sequences are labeled at room temperature for 30 minutes using a T4 polynucleotide kinase, γ32P-ATP, and 0.5X One-Phor-All Plus (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) buffer and purified using a ProbeQuant G-50 Microcolumn (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The probe mixture is diluted to 107 dpm/μg/ml hybridization buffer and used in a typical membrane- based hybridization analysis. The DNA is digested with a restriction endonuclease such as Eco RV and is electrophoresed through a 0.7% agarose gel. The DNA fragments are transferred from the agarose to nylon membrane (NYTRAN Plus, Schleicher & Schuell, Inc., Keene NH) using procedures specified by the manufacturer of the membrane. Prehybridization is carried out for three or more hours at 68 °C, and hybridization is carried out overnight at 68 °C To remove non-specific signals, blots are sequentially washed at room temperature under increasingly stringent conditions, up to 0. Ix saline sodium citrate (SSC) and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. After the blots are placed in a PHOSPHORIMAGER cassette (Molecular Dynamics) or are exposed to autoradiography film, hybridization patterns of standard and experimental lanes are compared. Essentially the same procedure is employed when screening RNA.
X. Chromosome Mapping of sptm
The cDNA sequences which were used to assemble SEQ ID NO: 1-26 are compared with sequences from the Incyte LIFESEQ database and public domain databases using BLAST and other implementations of the Smith-Waterman algorithm. Sequences from these databases that match SEQ ID NO: 1-26 are assembled into clusters of contiguous and overlapping sequences using assembly algorithms such as PHRAP (Table 4). Radiation hybrid and genetic mapping data available from public resources such as the Stanford Human Genome Center (SHGC), Whitehead Institute for Genome Research (WIGR), and Genethon are used to determine if any of the clustered sequences have been previously mapped. Inclusion of a mapped sequence in a cluster will result in the assignment of all sequences of that cluster, including its particular SEQ ID NO:, to that map location. The genetic map locations of SEQ ED NO: 1-26 are described as ranges, or intervals, of human chromosomes. The map position of an interval, in centiMorgans, is measured relative to the terminus of the chromosome's p-arm. (The centiMorgan (cM) is a unit of measurement based on recombination frequencies between chromosomal markers. On average, 1 cM is roughly equivalent to 1 megabase (Mb) of DNA in humans, although this can vary widely due to hot and cold spots of recombination.) The cM distances are based on genetic markers mapped by Genethon which provide boundaries for radiation hybrid markers whose sequences were included in each of the clusters.
XI. Microarray Analysis
Probe Preparation from Tissue or Cell Samples Total RNA is isolated from tissue samples using the guanidinium thiocyanate method and polyA+ RNA is purified using the oligo (dT) cellulose method. Each polyA+ RNA sample is reverse transcribed using MMLV reverse-transcriptase, 0.05 pg/μl oligo-dT primer (21mer), IX first strand buffer, 0.03 units/μl RNase inhibitor, 500 μM dATP, 500 μM dGTP, 500 μM dTTP, 40 μM dCTP, 40 μM dCTP-Cy3 (BDS) or dCTP-Cy5 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). The reverse transcription reaction is performed in a 25 ml volume containing 200 ng polyA+ RNA with GEMBRIGHT kits (Incyte). Specific control polyA+ RNAs are synthesized by in vitro transcription from non-coding yeast genomic DNA (W. Lei, unpublished). As quantitative controls, the control mRNAs at 0.002 ng, 0.02 ng, 0.2 ng, and 2 ng are diluted into reverse transcription reaction at ratios of 1 : 100,000, 1: 10,000, 1:1000, 1 :100 (w/w) to sample mRNA respectively. The control mRNAs are diluted into reverse transcription reaction at ratios of 1 :3, 3:1, 1 :10, 10: 1 , 1 :25, 25:1 (w/w) to sample mRNA differential expression patterns. After incubation at 37° C for 2 hr, each reaction sample (one with Cy3 and another with Cy5 labeling) is treated with 2.5 ml of 0.5M sodium hydroxide and incubated for 20 minutes at 85° C to the stop the reaction and degrade the RNA. Probes are purified using two successive CHROMA SPEN 30 gel filtration spin columns (CLONTECH Laboratories, Inc. (CLONTECH), Palo Alto CA) and after combining, both reaction samples are ethanol precipitated using 1 ml of glycogen (1 mg/ml), 60 ml sodium acetate, and 300 ml of 100% ethanol. The probe is then dried to completion using a SpeedVAC (Savant Instruments Inc., Holbrook NY) and resuspended in 14 μl 5X SSC/0.2% SDS. Microarray Preparation Sequences of the present invention are used to generate array elements. Each array element is amplified from bacterial cells containing vectors with cloned cDNA inserts. PCR amplification uses primers complementary to the vector sequences flanking the cDNA insert. Array elements are amplified in thirty cycles of PCR from an initial quantity of 1-2 ng to a final quantity greater than 5 μg. Amplified array elements are then purified using SEPHACRYL-400 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Purified array elements are immobilized on polymer-coated glass slides. Glass microscope slides (Corning) are cleaned by ultrasound in 0.1% SDS and acetone, with extensive distilled water washes between and after treatments. Glass slides are etched in 4% hydrofluoric acid (VWR Scientific Products Corporation (VWR), West Chester, PA), washed extensively in distilled water, and coated with 0.05% aminopropyl silane (Sigma) in 95% ethanol. Coated slides are cured in a 110°C oven.
Array elements are applied to the coated glass substrate using a procedure described in US Patent No. 5,807,522, incorporated herein by reference. 1 μl of the array element DNA, at an average concentration of 100 ng/μl, is loaded into the open capillary printing element by a high-speed robotic apparatus. The apparatus then deposits about 5 nl of array element sample per slide. Microarrays are UV-crosslinked using a STRATALINKER UV-crosslinker (Stratagene).
Microarrays are washed at room temperature once in 0.2% SDS and three times in distilled water. Non-specific binding sites are blocked by incubation of microarrays in 0.2% casein in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (Tropix, Inc., Bedford, MA) for 30 minutes at 60° C followed by washes in 0.2% SDS and distilled water as before. Hybridization
Hybridization reactions contain 9 μl of probe mixture consisting of 0.2 μg each of Cy3 and Cy5 labeled cDNA synthesis products in 5X SSC, 0.2% SDS hybridization buffer. The probe mixture is heated to 65° C for 5 minutes and is aliquoted onto the microarray surface and covered with an 1.8 cm2 coverslip. The arrays are transferred to a waterproof chamber having a cavity just slightly larger than a microscope slide. The chamber is kept at 100% humidity internally by the addition of 140 μl of 5x SSC in a corner of the chamber. The chamber containing the arrays is incubated for about 6.5 hours at 60° C The arrays are washed for 10 min at 45° C in a first wash buffer (IX SSC, 0.1% SDS), three times for 10 minutes each at 45°C in a second wash buffer (0.1X SSC), and dried. Detection
Reporter-labeled hybridization complexes are detected with a microscope equipped with an Innova 70 mixed gas 10 W laser (Coherent, Inc., Santa Clara CA) capable of generating spectral lines at 488 nm for excitation of Cy3 and at 632 nm for excitation of Cy5. The excitation laser light is focused on the array using a 20X microscope objective (Nikon, Inc., Melville NY). The slide containing the array is placed on a computer-controlled X-Y stage on the microscope and raster- scanned past the objective. The 1.8 cm x 1.8 cm array used in the present example is scanned with a resolution of 20 micrometers.
In two separate scans, a mixed gas multiline laser excites the two fluorophores sequentially. Emitted light is split, based on wavelength, into two photomultiplier tube detectors (PMT R1477, Hamamatsu Photonics Systems, Bridgewater NJ) corresponding to the two fluorophores.
Appropriate filters positioned between the array and the photomultiplier tubes are used to filter the signals. The emission maxima of the fluorophores used are 565 nm for Cy3 and 650 nm for Cy5. Each array is typically scanned twice, one scan per fluorophore using the appropriate filters at the laser source, although the apparatus is capable of recording the spectra from both fluorophores simultaneously.
The sensitivity of the scans is typically calibrated using the signal intensity generated by a cDNA control species added to the probe mix at a known concentration. A specific location on the array contains a complementary DNA sequence, allowing the intensity of the signal at that location to be coπelated with a weight ratio of hybridizing species of 1 :100,000. When two probes from different sources (e.g., representing test and control cells), each labeled with a different fluorophore, are hybridized to a single array for the purpose of identifying genes that are differentially expressed, the calibration is done by labeling samples of the calibrating cDNA with the two fluorophores and adding identical amounts of each to the hybridization mixture.
The output of the photomultiplier tube is digitized using a 12-bit RTI-835H analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion board (Analog Devices, Inc., Norwood, MA) installed in an IBM-compatible PC computer. The digitized data are displayed as an image where the signal intensity is mapped using a linear 20-color transformation to a pseudocolor scale ranging from blue (low signal) to red (high signal). The data is also analyzed quantitatively. Where two different fluorophores are excited and measured simultaneously, the data are first corrected for optical crosstalk (due to overlapping emission spectra) between the fluorophores using each fluorophore 's emission spectrum.
A grid is superimposed over the fluorescence signal image such that the signal from each spot is centered in each element of the grid. The fluorescence signal within each element is then integrated to obtain a numerical value corresponding to the average intensity of the signal. The software used for signal analysis is the GEMTOOLS gene expression analysis program (Incyte).
XII. Complementary Nucleic Acids
Sequences complementary to the sptm are used to detect, decrease, or inhibit expression of the naturally occurring nucleotide. The use of oligonucleotides comprising from about 15 to 30 base pairs is typical in the art. However, smaller or larger sequence fragments can also be used. Appropriate oligonucleotides are designed from the sptm using OLIGO 4.06 software (National
Biosciences) or other appropriate programs and are synthesized using methods standard in the art or ordered from a commercial supplier. To inhibit transcription, a complementary oligonucleotide is designed from the most unique 5' sequence and used to prevent transcription factor binding to the promoter sequence. To inhibit translation, a complementary oligonucleotide is designed to prevent ribosomal binding and processing of the transcript.
XIII. Expression of SPTM
Expression and purification of SPTM is accomplished using bacterial or virus-based expression systems. For expression of SPTM in bacteria, cDNA is subcloned into an appropriate vector containing an antibiotic resistance gene and an inducible promoter that directs high levels of cDNA transcription. Examples of such promoters include, but are not limited to, the trp-lac (tac) hybrid promoter and the T5 or T7 bacteriophage promoter in conjunction with the lac operator regulatory element. Recombinant vectors are transformed into suitable bacterial hosts, e.g., BL21(DE3). Antibiotic resistant bacteria express SPTM upon induction with isopropyl beta-D- thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Expression of SPTM in eukaryotic cells is achieved by infecting insect or mammalian cell lines with recombinant Autographica califomica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV), commonly known as baculovirus. The nonessential polyhedrin gene of baculovirus is replaced with cDNA encoding SPTM by either homologous recombination or bacterial-mediated transposition involving transfer plasmid intermediates. Viral infectivity is maintained and the strong polyhedrin promoter drives high levels of cDNA transcription. Recombinant baculovirus is used to infect Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells in most cases, or human hepatocytes, in some cases. Infection of the latter requires additional genetic modifications to baculovirus. (See e.g., Engelhard, supra; and Sandig, supra.)
In most expression systems, SPTM is synthesized as a fusion protein with, e.g., glutathione S-transferase (GST) or a peptide epitope tag, such as FLAG or 6-His, permitting rapid, single-step, affinity-based purification of recombinant fusion protein from crude cell lysates. GST, a 26- kilodalton enzyme from Schistosoma japonicum, enables the purification of fusion proteins on immobilized glutathione under conditions that maintain protein activity and antigenicity (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Following purification, the GST moiety can be proteolytically cleaved from SPTM at specifically engineered sites. FLAG, an 8-amino acid peptide, enables immunoaffinity purification using commercially available monoclonal and polyclonal anti-FLAG antibodies
(Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester NY). 6-His, a stretch of six consecutive histidine residues, enables purification on metal-chelate resins (QIAGEN). Methods for protein expression and purification are discussed in Ausubel (1995, supra. Chapters 10 and 16). Purified SPTM obtained by these methods can be used directly in the following activity assay. XIV. Demonstration of SPTM Activity
An assay for SPTM activity measures the expression of SPTM on the cell surface. cDNA encoding SPTM is subcloned into an appropriate mammalian expression vector suitable for high levels of cDNA expression. The resulting construct is transfected into a nonhuman cell line such as 5 NIH3T3. Cell surface proteins are labeled with biotin using methods known in the art.
Immunoprecipitations are performed using SPTM-specific antibodies, and immunoprecipitated samples are analyzed using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting techniques. The ratio of labeled immunoprecipitant to unlabeled immunoprecipitant is proportional to the amount of SPTM expressed on the cell surface. 0 Alternatively, an assay for SPTM activity measures the amount of SPTM in secretory, membrane-bound organelles. Transfected cells as described above are harvested and lysed. The lysate is fractionated using methods known to those of skill in the art, for example, sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Such methods allow the isolation of subcellular components such as the Golgi apparatus, ER, small membrane-bound vesicles, and other secretory organelles. Immunoprecipitations from fractionated and total cell lysates are performed using SPTM-specific antibodies, and immunoprecipitated samples are analyzed using SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting techniques. The concentration of SPTM in secretory organelles relative to SPTM in total cell lysate is proportional to the amount of SPTM in transit through the secretory pathway.
o XV. Functional Assays
SPTM function is assessed by expressing sptm at physiologically elevated levels in mammalian cell culture systems. cDNA is subcloned into a mammalian expression vector containing a strong promoter that drives high levels of cDNA expression. Vectors of choice include pCMV SPORT (Life Technologies) and pCR3.1 (Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad CA), both of which 5 contain the cytomegalovirus promoter. 5-10 μg of recombinant vector are transiently transfected into a human cell line, preferably of endothelial or hematopoietic origin, using either liposome formulations or electroporation. 1-2 μg of an additional plasmid containing sequences encoding a marker protein are co-transfected.
Expression of a marker protein provides a means to distinguish transfected cells from o nontransfected cells and is a reliable predictor of cDNA expression from the recombinant vector.
Marker proteins of choice include, e.g., Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP; CLONTECH), CD64, or a CD64-GFP fusion protein. Flow cytometry (FCM), an automated laser optics-based technique, is used to identify transfected cells expressing GFP or CD64-GFP and to evaluate the apoptotic state of the cells and other cellular properties. 5 FCM detects and quantifies the uptake of fluorescent molecules that diagnose events preceding or coincident with cell death. These events include changes in nuclear DNA content as measured by staining of DNA with propidium iodide; changes in cell size and granularity as measured by forward light scatter and 90 degree side light scatter; down-regulation of DNA synthesis as measured by decrease in bromodeoxyuridine uptake; alterations in expression of cell surface and intracellular proteins as measured by reactivity with specific antibodies; and alterations in plasma membrane composition as measured by the binding of fluorescein-conjugated Annexin V protein to the cell surface. Methods in flow cytometry are discussed in Ormerod, M. G. (1994) Flow Cytometry. Oxford, New York NY.
The influence of SPTM on gene expression can be assessed using highly purified populations of cells transfected with sequences encoding SPTM and either CD64 or CD64-GFP. CD64 and CD64-GFP are expressed on the surface of transfected cells and bind to conserved regions of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). Transfected cells are efficiently separated from nontransfected cells using magnetic beads coated with either human IgG or antibody against CD64 (DYNAL, Inc., Lake Success NY). mRNA can be purified from the cells using methods well known by those of skill in the art. Expression of mRNA encoding SPTM and other genes of interest can be analyzed by northern analysis or microarray techniques.
XVI. Production of Antibodies
SPTM substantially purified using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE; see, e.g., Harrington, M.G. (1990) Methods Enzymol. 182:488-495), or other purification techniques, is used to immunize rabbits and to produce antibodies using standard protocols.
Alternatively, the SPTM amino acid sequence is analyzed using LASERGENE software (DNASTAR) to determine regions of high immunogenicity, and a corresponding peptide is synthesized and used to raise antibodies by means known to those of skill in the art. Methods for selection of appropriate epitopes, such as those near the C-terminus or in hydrophilic regions are well described in the art. (See, e.g., Ausubel, 1995, supra. Chapter 1 1.)
Typically, peptides 15 residues in length are synthesized using an ABI 431 A peptide synthesizer (PE Biosystems) using fmoc-chemistry and coupled to KLH (Sigma) by reaction with N- maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS) to increase immunogenicity. (See, e.g., Ausubel, supra.) Rabbits are immunized with the peptide-KLH complex in complete Freund's adjuvant. Resulting antisera are tested for antipeptide activity by, for example, binding the peptide to plastic, blocking with 1 % BSA, reacting with rabbit antisera, washing, and reacting with radioiodinated goat anti-rabbit IgG. Antisera with antipeptide activity are tested for anti-SPTM activity using protocols well known in the art, including ELISA, RIA, and immunoblotting. XVII. Purification of Naturally Occurring SPTM Using Specific Antibodies
Naturally occurring or recombinant SPTM is substantially purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using antibodies specific for SPTM. An immunoaffinity column is constructed by covalently coupling anti-SPTM antibody to an activated chromatographic resin, such as CNBr-activated SEPHAROSE (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). After the coupling, the resin is blocked and washed according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Media containing SPTM are passed over the immunoaffinity column, and the column is washed under conditions that allow the preferential absorbance of SPTM (e.g., high ionic strength buffers in the presence of detergent). The column is eluted under conditions that disrupt antibody/SPTM binding (e.g., a buffer of pH 2 to pH 3, or a high concentration of a chaotrope, such as urea or thiocyanate ion), and SPTM is collected.
XVIII. Identification of Molecules Which Interact with SPTM
SPTM, or biologically active fragments thereof, are labeled with 125I Bolton-Hunter reagent. (See, e.g., Bolton, A.E. and W.M. Hunter (1973) Biochem. J. 133:529-539.) Candidate molecules previously arrayed in the wells of a multi-well plate are incubated with the labeled SPTM, washed, and any wells with labeled SPTM complex are assayed. Data obtained using different concentrations of SPTM are used to calculate values for the number, affinity, and association of SPTM with the candidate molecules. Alternatively, molecules interacting with SPTM are analyzed using the yeast two-hybrid system as described in Fields, S. and O. Song (1989) Nature 340:245-246, or using commercially available kits based on the two-hybrid system, such as the MATCHMAKER system (CLONTECH). SPTM may also be used in the PATHCALLENG process (CuraGen Corp., New Haven CT) which employs the yeast two-hybrid system in a high-throughput manner to determine all interactions between the proteins encoded by two large libraries of genes (Nandabalan, K. et al. (2000) U.S. Patent No. 6,057, 101).
All publications and patents mentioned in the above specification are herein incorporated by reference. Various modifications and variations of the described method and system of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the above-described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the field of molecular biology or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims. TABLE 1
SEQ ID NO: Template ID Gl Number Probability Score Annotation
1 1978.1 g6807999 2.00E-32 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp761 K1824 (from clone DKFZp761 K1824).
2 2588.4 gl947111 6.00E-26 B0041.5 gene product (Caenorhabditis elegans)
3 201759.3 g4929566 0 Homo sapiens CGI-49 protein mRNA, complete eds.
4 208184.1 g6690196 0 Homo sapiens clone HQ0270.
5 212029.3 g5923798 1.00E-18 Homo sapiens Leman coiled-coil protein (LCCP) mRNA, complete eds.
6 213446.2 g1707057 4.00E-76 coded for by C. elegans cDNA CEESS55F; coded for by C. elegans cDNA yk84al .3; coded for by C. elegans cDNA yk78g7.3; coded for by C. elegans cDNA ykl68g9.5; coded for by C. elegans cDNA yk78g7.5; coded for by C. elegans cDNA yk84al ,5; strong s 0
7 228864.4 g5656743 1.00E-12G Supported by Human EST H08032.1 (NID:g872854), mouse EST AA870042.1 (NID:g2965487), and genscan (Homo sapiens)
8 229840.3 g5817280 1.00E-91 conserved hypothetical protein (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)
9 231793.2 gl665801 2.00E-73 KIAA0281 (Homo sapiens)
10 234137.5 g6759520 0 Novel human gene mapping to chomosome 1.
11 234671.14 g3152704 1.00E-48 Homo sapiens COBW-like placental protein mRNA, partial eds.
12 241236.3 g1707258 7.00E-13 C17H11.6 gene product (Caenorhabditis elegans)
13 245014.1 g4406631 9.00E-17 Homo sapiens clone 25221 mRNA sequence, complete eds.
14 245251.6 g46891 9 0 Homo sapiens PTD001 mRNA, complete eds.
15 252875.1 g6706666 0 dJ234P15,3 (novel protein similar to (predicted) yeast and worm proteins) (Homo sapiens)
16 252964.2 g6560611 0 Homo sapiens PRO0461 mRNA, complete eds.
17 267153.7 g4886492 0 Homo sapiens mRNA; cDNA DKFZp564A032 (from clone DKFZp564A032); complete eds.
18 331244.6 g4929598 0 Homo sapiens CGI-65 protein mRNA complete eds.
19 335484.1 g3879914 1.00E-76 predicted using Genefinder; cDNA EST EMBLC13850 comes from this gene; cDNA EST EMBLC1 1575 comes from this gene; cDNA EST yk343f4.5 comes from this gene (Caenorhabditis elegans)
20 337489.2 g6650όl 1 0 Homo sapiens Ran binding protein 1 1 mRNA, complete eds.
21 359574.5 g707086 6.00E-24 unknown protein (Bacillus subtilis)
22 360645.5 g3947589 2.00E-48 cDNA EST yk255b9.3 comes from this gene; cDNA EST yk255b9.5 comes from this gene; cDNA EST EMBLM75923 comes from this gene (Caenorhabditis elegans)
23 404145.7 g4589529 0 Homo sapiens mRNA for KIAA0943 protein, partial eds.
TABLE 1
SEQ ID NO: Template ID Gl Number Probability Score Annotation
24 4801 19,1 g4884352 0 Homo sapiens mRNA cDNA DKFZp586O031 (from clone DKFZp586O031).
25 480951 ,5 g5713280 0 Homo sapiens Yippee protein mRNA, partial eds.
26 481257.3 g4929600 0 Homo sapiens CGI-66 protein mRNA, complete eds.
Lr,
TABLE 2
SEQ ID NO: Template ID Start Stop Frame Domain Type
1 1978.1 401 478 forward 2 TM
2 2588.4 362 454 forward 2 SP
2 2588.4 1552 1626 forward 1 TM
3 201759,3 926 1009 forward 2 SP
4 208184, 1 1438 1533 forward 1 SP
4 208184.1 159 242 forward 3 SP
4 208184.1 1 194 1271 forward 3 TM
5 212029,3 128 208 forward 2 SP
6 213446,2 944 1021 forward 2 SP
6 213446.2 614 718 forward 2 SP
6 213446,2 934 1020 forward 1 TM
7 228864,4 1600 1680 forward 1 SP
7 228864.4 1 16 229 forward 2 SP
7 228864.4 543 638 forward 3 SP
8 229840.3 2861 2938 forward 2 TM
9 231793,2 730 810 forward 1 SP
10 234137.5 708 806 forward 3 SP
1 1 234671.14 557 634 forward 2 TM
12 241236.3 1397 1501 forward 2 SP
13 245014.1 1326 1412 forward 3 TM
14 245251.6 826 909 forward 1 SP
15 252875.1 2388 2468 forward 3 TM
16 252964.2 2954 3037 forward 2 TM
17 267153.7 746 829 forward 2 SP
18 331244.6 413 493 forward 2 TM
19 335484.1 1977 2060 forward 3 TM
19 335484.1 2805 2888 forward 3 TM
20 337489.2 666 746 forward 3 TM
21 359574.5 2571 2657 forward 3 SP
21 359574.5 1845 1931 forward 3 SP
21 359574.5 1665 1760 forward 3 SP
22 360645.5 415 495 forward 1 SP
23 404145.7 2141 2248 forward 2 SP
23 404145.7 666 785 forward 3 SP
24 4801 19.1 1 181 1267 forward 2 SP
24 480119.1 413 499 forward 2 SP
25 480951 .5 2523 2606 forward 3 TM
26 481257.3 2774 2860 forward 2 TM
TABLE 3
SEQ ID NO: Template ID Component ID Start Stop
1 1978.1 g1855482 1 217
1 1978.1 3137104H1 1 272
1 1978.1 3137104F6 1 381
1 1978.1 3526040H1 11 304
1 1978.1 3523774H1 11 357
1 1978.1 g1267790 148 605
1 1978.1 g1267782 148 522
1 1978.1 g1958606 164 580
1 1978.1 3031854H1 269 571
1 1978.1 4832441 HI 339 597
1 1978.1 g1775794 353 418
1 1978.1 4142134H1 553 758
1 1978.1 1600481 HI 605 800
1 1978.1 1600481F6 605 966
1 1978.1 4379163H1 653 915
1 1978.1 2901551 HI 668 927
1 1978.1 1678677H1 677 909
1 1978.1 3842809H1 736 1043
1 1978.1 1793709H1 755 1050
1 1978.1 2773028H1 755 1009
1 1978.1 3602828H1 860 1155
1 1978.1 1610720H1 934 1142
1 1978,1 2366358H1 976 1193
1 1978.1 5497064H1 1036 1265
1 1978.1 3742273H1 1063 1273
1 1978.1 5261375H1 1113 1334
1 1978.1 1378352F1 1149 1688
1 1978.1 1378352H1 1149 1386
1 1978.1 1281776F6 1190 1796
1 1978,1 1281776H1 1190 1453
1 1978.1 2097593H1 1199 1380
1 1978.1 2098893H1 1199 1445
1 1978.1 g714966 1208 1550
1 1978.1 3929766H1 1219 1504
1 1978.1 g1425881 1230 1639
1 1978.1 g989565 1249 1465
1 1978.1 1369088H1 1249 1478
1 1978.1 627100H1 1249 1491
1 1978.1 815413H1 1269 1522
1 1978.1 4505379H1 1271 1473
1 1978.1 1281776T6 1348 1957
1 1978.1 g1860340 1388 1801
1 1978.1 g1959763 1438 1931
1 1978.1 1600481T6 1439 1962
1 1978.1 3137104T6 1467 1961
1 1978.1 g3231943 1542 1999
1 1978.1 5195075H1 1543 1772
1 1978.1 g3231851 1547 1999
1 1978.1 g3539313 1559 2000
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SEQ ID NO Template ID Component ID Start Stop
2 25884 1812964H1 1804 2036
2 25884 832051 HI 1804 2072
2 25884 1812964F6 1805 2328
2 25884 2900724H1 1812 2115
2 25884 1496448H1 1817 2058
2 25884 g2912624 1840 2122
2 25884 g2879636 1844 2122
2 25884 g2191548 1846 2122
2 25884 5506884H1 1863 2096
2 25884 2203126H1 1903 2157
2 25884 4159080H1 1906 2135
2 25884 1857148H1 1916 2161
2 25884 5099926H1 1925 2212
2 25884 g787181 1953 2177
2 25884 3327731 HI 1983 2283
2 25884 5572386H1 1994 2106
2 25884 4986441 HI 2004 2303
2 25884 3110534H1 2004 2279
2 25884 5396265T1 2047 2631
2 25884 2189071T6 2070 2626
2 25884 2189071H1 2072 2357
2 25884 2189071F6 2072 2492
2 25884 2783063H1 2074 2365
2 25884 5396375T1 2081 2633
2 25884 4862535H1 2082 2244
2 25884 2672328T6 2092 2636
2 25884 1972459H1 2094 2376
2 25884 3786773H1 2114 2409
2 25884 661278T6 2145 2631
2 25884 3994175H1 2158 2450
2 25884 3995990H1 2160 2411
2 25884 5137950H2 2208 2487
2 25884 g1523038 2213 2669
2 25884 2664705H1 2212 2338
2 25884 g3308729 2218 2673
3 2017593 836624R1 823 1315
3 2017593 039821 HI 861 1031
3 2017593 5278457H1 871 1132
3 2017593 836624H1 872 1143
3 2017593 836632H1 873 1140
3 2017593 4299787H1 879 1057
3 2017593 263784H1 898 1265
3 2017593 g2017411 900 1347
3 2017593 826199R1 904 1553
3 2017593 826199H1 904 1190
3 2017593 g1463426 908 1456
3 2017593 2011073H1 914 1130
3 2017593 4203594H1 917 1203
3 2017593 2021844H1 918 1180
3 2017593 4861150H1 919 1199 TABLE 3
SEQ ID NO: Template ID Component ID Start Stop
3 201759.3 1494424H1 958 1173
3 201759.3 3697752H1 970 1290
3 201759.3 g1049651 984 1332
3 201759.3 3015055H1 987 1320
3 201759.3 1857956H1 990 1165
3 201759.3 1857956F6 990 1530
3 201759.3 5112648H1 997 1334
3 201759.3 535858H1 1000 1099
3 201759.3 5091726H1 1015 1322
3 201759.3 1952952H1 1015 1309
3 201759.3 1257476H1 1016 1281
3 201759.3 4585955H1 1017 1309
3 201759.3 5836690H1 1018 1270
3 201759.3 4648947H1 1027 1197
3 201759.3 958699H1 1029 1339
3 201759.3 3960850H2 1028 1325
3 201759.3 691887H1 1030 1258
3 201759.3 g1240155 1040 1284
3 201759.3 g1025462 1053 1335
3 201759.3 g1264434 1053 1450
3 201759.3 3354080H1 1065 1243
3 201759.3 g86351ό 1067 1324
3 201759.3 5428281 HI 1073 1362
3 201759.3 1236418H1 1075 1290
3 201759.3 3525638H1 1085 1444
3 201759.3 4086966H1 1102 1398
3 201759,3 2921953H1 1116 1433
3 201759.3 2370849H1 1117 1402
3 201759.3 164921OH1 1117 1383
3 201759.3 4159589H1 1126 1416
3 201759.3 g3919705 1134 1658
3 201759.3 2840735H1 1139 1417
3 201759.3 1401895H1 1140 1414
3 201759,3 g2110825 1140 1652
3 201759.3 3807071 HI 1141 1491
3 201759.3 4112417H1 1144 1251
3 201759.3 3843828H1 1143 1465
3 201759.3 g3238572 1144 1668
3 201759.3 g2347672 1147 1665
3 201759,3 g2930046 1147 1665
3 201759,3 g3238573 1150 1668
3 201759.3 g2742072 1171 1658
3 201759.3 g3595471 1176 1658
3 201759.3 g3988715 1176 1658
3 201759.3 g3644962 1177 1668
3 201759.3 3466714H1 1177 1467
3 201759.3 g1384561 1180 1673
3 201759.3 g3446683 1181 1670
3 201759.3 g3679958 1184 1664
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pmα tell TABLE 3
SEQ ID NO: Template ID Component ID Start Stop
12 241236.3 4115186H1 1773 2017
12 241236.3 3392646H1 1783 2058
12 241236.3 g3239075 1838 2014
12 241236.3 g3808002 1848 2016
12 241236.3 g4072387 1848 2014
12 241236.3 3781961 HI 1848 2169
12 241236.3 g3754629 1851 2016
12 241236.3 g4006032 1860 2015
12 241236.3 g4073569 1860 2010
12 241236.3 g4005900 1870 2007
12 241236.3 g3321490 1862 2009
12 241236.3 g4006303 1870 2007
12 241236.3 g4087154 1871 2010
12 241236.3 g3862359 1871 2010
12 241236.3 g3322077 1862 2015
12 241236.3 g4005537 1871 2010
12 241236.3 g3846653 1871 2010
12 241236.3 g4077466 1862 2010
12 241236.3 g4080249 1871 2011
12 241236.3 g3862436 1871 2010
12 241236.3 g4018950 1863 2007
12 241236.3 g4077665 1871 2010
12 241236.3 g3989227 1871 2010
12 241236,3 g3806894 1864 2014
12 241236.3 g3932638 1871 2011
12 241236.3 g3862447 1871 2010
12 241236,3 g3847853 1871 2010
12 241236,3 g3989984 1871 2010
12 241236.3 g3890144 1871 2011
12 241236.3 g3989001 1871 2010
12 241236.3 g4071839 1871 2008
12 241236.3 g3847054 1871 2008
12 241236.3 g3989318 1871 2016
12 241236,3 g3890413 1871 2016
12 241236.3 g3848056 1871 2007
12 241236.3 g4282452 1871 2007
12 241236.3 g4018579 1871 2014
12 241236.3 g3990148 1871 2014
12 241236.3 g3890229 1871 2010
12 241236.3 g3847713 1871 2010
12 241236.3 504961 HI 1872 2018
12 241236.3 2475277H1 1872 2017
12 241236.3 g3149294 1964 2016
13 245014.1 168004H1 1773 2112
13 245014.1 168004R6 1777 2032
13 245014.1 3444984H1 1854 2115
13 245014.1 963645H1 1859 2101
13 245014.1 963645R2 1859 2354
13 245014.1 g3095484 1869 1985
13 245014.1 2278942H1 1903 2171 m
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TABLE 3
SEQ ID NO: Template ID Component ID Start Stop
26 481257.3 4558555H1 2639 2891
26 481257.3 532059H1 2639 2854
26 481257.3 4555552H1 2639 2860
26 481257.3 4505643H1 2651 2943
26 481257.3 306881 H1 2656 2975
26 481257.3 3171027H1 2657 2944
26 481257.3 3171088H1 2657 2938
26 481257.3 3379612H1 2660 2928
26 481257.3 g4395482 2684 3050
26 481257,3 1729555H1 2685 2905
26 481257.3 292475H1 2687 3033
26 481257,3 291878H1 2687 2952
26 481257.3 3950881HI 2693 2873
26 481257.3 3012122H1 2695 2981
26 481257.3 547518H1 2695 2933
26 481257,3 4211183H1 2695 2956
26 481257.3 1314982H1 2696 2940
26 481257.3 3946155H1 2700 2877
26 481257.3 6064507H1 2727 2975
26 481257.3 2600642H1 2727 3009
26 481257.3 6064407H1 2727 3024
26 481257.3 3886104H1 2738 3000
26 481257.3 g1893892 2738 3076
26 481257.3 040482H1 2739 2939
26 481257.3 g1892555 2742 3039
26 481257.3 1424170H1 2746 2986
26 481257.3 gl 398711 2751 2874
26 481257.3 1759965H1 2762 3034
26 481257.3 g1919966 2768 3113
26 481257.3 696972H1 2768 3064
26 481257.3 3202809H1 2768 3059
26 481257.3 696677H1 2768 3005
26 481257.3 2158950H1 2768 3072
26 481257.3 5167705H1 2781 2881
26 481257.3 2022007H1 2789 3057
26 481257.3 3714681H1 2802 3077
26 481257.3 3761940H1 2802 3098
26 481257.3 3919253H1 2802 3050
26 481257.3 1318693H1 2805 2891
26 481257.3 2284086H1 2829 3055
26 481257.3 1420843H1 2835 3087
26 481257.3 4092117H1 2864 3094
26 481257.3 3366654H1 2203 2492
26 481257.3 g2155929 2204 2638
26 481257.3 3076013H1 2210 2508
26 481257.3 3681116H1 2238 2555
26 481257.3 1747569H1 2272 2555
26 481257.3 1459994H1 2279 2530
26 481257,3 4321951H1 2280 2557
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TABLE 3
SEQ ID NO: Template ID Component ID Start Stop
26 481257.3 2797741 HI 2128 2388
26 481257,3 5205492H2 2135 2389
26 481257.3 528572H1 2138 2414
26 481257.3 2495479H1 2139 2385
26 481257.3 4513333H1 2154 2422
26 481257.3 3771907H1 2167 2496
26 481257.3 5208347H1 2180 2439
26 481257.3 139091 1 HI 2187 2445
Table 4
Program Description Reference Parameter Threshold
ABI FACTURA A program that removes vector sequences and PE Biosystems, Foster City, CA. masks ambiguous bases in nucleic acid sequences.
ABI/PARACEL FDF A Fast Data Finder useful in comparing and PE Biosystems, Foster City, CA; Mismatch <50% annotating amino acid or nucleic acid sequences. Paracel Inc., Pasadena, CA.
ABI AutoAsse bler A program that assembles nucleic acid sequences. PE Biosystems, Foster City, CA.
BLAST A Basic Local Alignment Search Tool useful in Altschul, S.F. et al (1990) J Mol. Biol. ESTs- Probability value= 1 0E-8 sequence similarity search for amino acid and 215:403-410; Altschul, S.F. et al. (1997) or less nucleic acid sequences BLAST includes five Nucleic Acids Res 25:3389-3402. Full Length sequences: Probability functions: blastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn, and tblastx. value= l .OE-10 or less
FASTA A Pearson and Lipman algorithm that searches for Pearson, W R and D.J. Lipman (1988) Proc. ESTs- fasta E value=1.06E-6 similarity between a query sequence and a group of Natl Acad Sci. USA 85:2444-2448; Pearson, Assembled ESTs. fasta Identity^ sequences of the same type. FASTA comprises as W.R. (1990) Methods Enzymol. 183:63-98; 95% or greater and least five functions fasta, tfasta, fastx, tfastx, and and Smith, T.F. and M.S. Waterman (1981 ) Match length=200 bases or greater, ssearch. Adv Appl. Math. 2:482-489. fastx E value=1.0E-8 or less
Full Length sequences: fastx score=100 or greater
BLIMPS A BLocks IMProved Searcher that matches a Henikoff, S. and J.G. Henikoff (1991 ) Nucleic Score=1000 or greater; sequence against those in BLOCKS, PRINTS, Acids Res. 19:6565-6572; Henikoff, J.G. and Ratio of Score/Strength = 0.75 or DOMO, PRODOM, and PFAM databases to search S. Henikoff (1996) Methods Enzymol. larger; and, if applicable, for gene families, sequence homology, and structural 266:88-105; and Attwood, T.K. et al. (1997) J. Probability value= 1.0E-3 or less fingerprint regions. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci 37-417-424
HMMER An algorithm for searching a query sequence against Krogh, A. et al. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. Score= 10-50 bits for PFAM hits, hidden Markov model (HMM)-based databases of 235:1501-1531 ; Sonnhammer, E.L L et al. depending on individual protein protein family consensus sequences, such as PFAM. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 26:320-322. families
Table 4 (cont.)
Program Description Reference Parameter Threshold
ProfileScan An algoπthm that searches for structural and Gπbskov, M et al (1988) CABIOS 4 61-66, Normalized quality score≥GCG- sequence motifs in protein sequences that match Gπbskov, M et al (1989) Methods Enzymol specified "HIGH" value for that sequence patterns defined in Prosite. 183 146-159, Bairoch, A et al (1997) particular Prosite motif Nucleic Acids Res 25 217-221 Generally, score=l 4-2 1
Phred A base-calling algorithm that examines automated Ewmg, B et al (1998) Genome Res sequencer traces with high sensitivity and 8 175-185, Ewing, B and P Green probability (1998) Genome Res 8 186-194
Phrap A Phils Revised Assembly Program including Smith, T F and M S Waterman (1981) Adv Score= 120 or greater, SWAT and CrossMatch, programs based on Appl Math 2 482-489, Smith, T F and M S Match length= 56 or greater efficient implementation of the Smith-Waterman Waterman (1981) J Mol Biol 147 195-197, algoπthm, useful in searching sequence homology and Green, P , University of Washington, o s and assembling DNA sequences Seattle, WA
Consed A graphical tool for viewing and editing Phrap Gordon, D et al (1998) Genome assemblies Res 8 195-202
SPScan A weight matrix analysis program that scans protein Nielson, H et al (1997) Protein Engineering Score=3 5 or greater sequences for the presence of secretory signal 10 1-6, Claveπe. J M and S Audιc (1997) peptides CABIOS 12 431-439
Motifs A program that searches amino acid sequences for Bairoch, A et al (1997) Nucleic Acids Res patterns that matched those defined in Prosite 25 217-221 , Wisconsin Package Program Manual, version 9, page M51 -59, Genetics Computer Group, Madison, WI

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:
1. An isolated polynucleotide comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: a) a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26, b) a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26, c) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to a), d) a polynucleotide sequence complementary to b), and e) an RNA equivalent of a) through d).
2. An isolated polynucleotide of claim 1, comprising a polynucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1-26.
3. An isolated polynucleotide comprising at least 60 contiguous nucleotides of a polynucleotide of claim 1.
4. A composition for the detection of expression of secretory polynucleotides comprising at least one of the polynucleotides of claim 1 and a detectable label.
5. A method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide having a sequence of a polynucleotide of claim 1, the method comprising: a) amplifying said target polynucleotide or fragment thereof using polymerase chain reaction amplification, and b) detecting the presence or absence of said amplified target polynucleotide or fragment thereof, and, optionally, if present, the amount thereof.
6. A method for detecting a target polynucleotide in a sample, said target polynucleotide comprising a sequence of a polynucleotide of claim 1, the method comprising: a) hybridizing the sample with a probe comprising at least 20 contiguous nucleotides comprising a sequence complementary to said target polynucleotide in the sample, and which probe specifically hybridizes to said target polynucleotide, under conditions whereby a hybridization complex is formed between said probe and said target polynucleotide, and b) detecting the presence or absence of said hybridization complex, and, optionally, if present, the amount thereof.
7. A method of claim 5, wherein the probe comprises at least 30 contiguous nucleotides.
8. A method of claim 5, wherein the probe comprises at least 60 contiguous nucleotides.
9. A recombinant polynucleotide comprising a promoter sequence operably linked to a polynucleotide of claim 1.
10. A cell transformed with a recombinant polynucleotide of claim 9.
11. A transgenic organism comprising a recombinant polynucleotide of claim 9.
12. A method for producing a secretory polypeptide, the method comprising: a) culturing a cell under conditions suitable for expression of the secretory polypeptide, wherein said cell is transformed with a recombinant polynucleotide of claim 9, and b) recovering the secretory polypeptide so expressed.
13. A purified secretory polypeptide (SPTM) encoded by at least one of the polynucleotides of claim 2.
14. An isolated antibody which specifically binds to a secretory polypeptide of claim 13.
15. A method of identifying a test compound which specifically binds to the secretory polypeptide of claim 13, the method comprising the steps of: a) providing a test compound; b) combining the secretory polypeptide with the test compound for a sufficient time and under suitable conditions for binding; and c) detecting binding of the secretory polypeptide to the test compound, thereby identifying the test compound which specifically binds the secretory polypeptide.
16. A microarray wherein at least one element of the microarray is a polynucleotide of claim 3.
17. A method for generating a transcript image of a sample which contains polynucleotides, the method comprising the steps of: a) labeling the polynucleotides of the sample, b) contacting the elements of the microaπay of claim 16 with the labeled polynucleotides of the sample under conditions suitable for the formation of a hybridization complex, and c) quantifying the expression of the polynucleotides in the sample.
18. A method for screening a compound for effectiveness in altering expression of a target polynucleotide, wherein said target polynucleotide comprises a polynucleotide sequence of claim 1, the method comprising: a) exposing a sample comprising the target polynucleotide to a compound, and b) detecting altered expression of the target polynucleotide.
19. A method of claim 6 for toxicity testing of a compound, further comprising: c) comparing the presence, absence or amount of said target polynucleotide in a first biological sample and a second biological sample, wherein said first biological sample has been contacted with said compound, and said second sample is a control, whereby a change in presence, absence or amount of said target polynucleotide in said first sample, as compared with said second sample, is indicative of toxic response to said compound.
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US7611892B2 (en) 2000-03-24 2009-11-03 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Prostate-specific or testis-specific nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, and diagnostic and therapeutic methods
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US6114114A (en) * 1992-07-17 2000-09-05 Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Comparative gene transcript analysis
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EP1027430A4 (en) * 1997-07-16 2001-09-19 Human Genome Sciences 64 human secreted proteins
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