EP1196611A1

EP1196611A1 - Regulation of carbon assimilation

Info

Publication number: EP1196611A1
Application number: EP99930732A
Authority: EP
Inventors: P. John Rayapati; Corey M. Crafton
Original assignee: Archer Daniels Midland Co
Current assignee: Archer Daniels Midland Co
Priority date: 1999-06-29
Filing date: 1999-06-29
Publication date: 2002-04-17
Also published as: CN1373810A; JP2003503064A; KR20020015708A; MXPA01013445A; CA2377488A1; WO2001000852A1; AU4720999A

Abstract

The present invention provides a method of increasing the productivity of a microorganism by improving the assimilation of carbon dioxide. Specifically, the invention provides a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity which does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid, and to genes coding for this polypeptide. A gene encoding a PEP carboxylase that is not regulated by acetyl-CoA or aspartic acid can improve carbon flow from the three carbon intermediate PEP to the four carbon intermediate OAA, contribute to compounds derived from OAA, and increase amino acid biosynthesis. The invention further provides recombinant DNA molecules containing these genes, bacteria transformed with these genes, and a method of producing amino acids using the transformed bacteria.

Description

Regulation of Carbon Assimilation

Background of the Invention

Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity which does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid, and to genes coding for this polypeptide. The invention also relates to recombinant DNA molecules containing these genes, to bacteria transformed with these genes, and to methods of producing amino acids using the transformed bacteria.

RelatedArt

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) is an enzyme which is found in almost all bacteria and all plants. PEP carboxylase catalyzes the condensation reaction between the three carbon glycolytic intermediate PEP and carbon dioxide resulting in the formation of the four carbon oxaloacetate (OAA), a metabolic intermediate common to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and to L- aspartic acid biosynthesis. The TCA cycle requires continuous replenishment of C₄ molecules in order to replace the intermediates withdrawn for amino acid biosynthesis, and by playing an anaplerotic role in supplying OAA to the TCA cycle, the biotin-independent PEP carboxylase aids in fulfilling this function. OAA is a very important substrate for the production of cell metabolites such as amino acids, especially the glutamate family, i.e. , glutamate, arginine and proline, and the aspartate family, . e. , aspartate, lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine. By catalyzing the reaction which results in the formation of OAA, PEP carboxylase plays an important role in supplying organic acids by metabolic processes. For example, fermentive production of succinic acid from glucose by

Escherichia coli was significantly increased by the over-expression of PEP carboxylase. See Millard, C, et al, Appl Environ. Microbiol. (52:1808-1810 (1996). Accordingly, PEP carboxylase also plays an important role in the production of amino acids which are formed from glutamate and aspartate.

The amino acid is a compound which universally exists in cells as components of proteins. However, for the sake of economic energy metabolism and substance metabolism, its production is strictly controlled. This control is principally feedback control, in which the final product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the activity of an enzyme which catalyzes an earlier step of the pathway. PEP carboxylase also undergoes various regulations in expression of its activity. For example, in the case of PEP carboxylase of microorganisms belonging to the genus Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium or the genus Escherichia, PEP carboxylase activity is inhibited by aspartic acid. See e.g., Mori, M., et al, J. Biochem. 95:1621-1630 (1985); O'Regan, M., et al, Gene 77:237-251 (1989). Therefore, the aforementioned amino acid biosynthesis, in which PEP carboxylase participates, is also inhibited by aspartic acid. However, PEP carboxylase activities from Corynebacterium microorganisms having decreased sensitivity to aspartic acid have been described. See Eikmanns, B.J., et al, Mol Gen. Genet. 275:330-339 (1989).

In addition to being allosterically inhibited by aspartic acid, acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is an allosteric activator of PEP carboxylase from Brevibacterium flavum and Escherichia coli, for example. See Mori, M., et al,

J. Biochem. 95:1621-1630 (1985); Morikawa, M., et al, J. Biochem. 57:1473- 1485 (1977). PEP carboxylases from other organisms that are not regulated by aspartic acid or acetyl-CoA have been reported. See Valle, F., et al, J. Indus. Microbiol 77:458-462 (1996); O'Regan, M., et al, Gene 77:237-251 (1989); Vance, C, et al, Plant Physiol 75:261-264 (1984).

Since the anaplerotic enzyme PEP carboxylase is critical to the maintenance of an optimal pool of OAA, and consequently determines the biosynthetic levels of amino acids deriving from OAA, one way of improving amino acid production by fermentation would be to manipulate the corresponding ppc gene. For example, the amplification of the ppc gene from Brevibacterium lactofermentum has been shown to improve the production of proline and threonine. See Sano, K., et al, Agric. Biol Chem. 57:597-599 (1987).

Various techniques have been developed for efficient production in amino acid fermentation by using mutant strains converted to be insensitive to feedback control. However, there has been no report of utilizing a PEP carboxylase derived from a plant for fermentative production of amino acids of the aspartic acid or glutamic acid families or of utilizing a ppc gene derived from a coryneform bacterium which is integrated into microbial chromosomal DNA for fermentative production of amino acids of the same families in which the PEP carboxylase is not substantially regulated by acetyl-CoA or aspartic acid.

U.S. Patent No. 4,757,009 (Sano et al.; Ajinomoto Company) discloses a process for producing an amino acid by fermentation which comprises cultivating in a culture medium a Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium strain carrying a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a plasmid having operationally inserted therein a gene coding for PEP carboxylase, wherein the gene is a chromosomal gene isolated from a Corynebacterium or a Brevibacterium strain carrying a PEP carboxylase gene and has a chromosomal gene coding for an amino acid, and isolating the amino acid from the culture medium. The Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium strain from which the gene coding for PEP carboxylase is isolated is a strain which exhibits weakened feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

European Patent No. 358,940 (Bachmann et al; Degussa Aktiengesellschaft) discloses a plasmid pDM6 that is introduced into Corynebacterium glutamicum DM58-1, which is deposited at the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen (DSM) under DSM 4697, wherein the plasmid contains a genetic sequence comprising information coding for the production of a protein having PEP carboxylase activity. The ppc gene is isolated from a genomic bank of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032, and the PEP carboxylase is not stimulated by acetyl-CoA. Also disclosed is a method of producing L-lysine, L-threonine, and L-isoleucine by fermentation which comprises culturing in an appropriate medium a host bacterium belonging to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium which contains plasmid pDM6, and recovering the L-amino acid from the medium.

U.S. Patent No. 5,876,983 (Sugimoto et al.; Ajinomoto Company) discloses a method of producing an amino acid which comprises selecting a microorganism of the genus Escherichia containing a DNA sequence encoding a mutant PEP carboxylase desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid by growing Escherichia microorganisms in the presence of a wild-type PEP carboxylase inhibitor selected from the group consisting of 3-bromopyruvate, aspartic acid-β-hydrazide and DL-threo-β-hydroxyaspartic acid; culturing a microorganism of the genus Escherichia or coryneform bacteria transformed with the DNA sequence encoding a mutant PEP carboxylase in a suitable medium; and separating from the medium an amino acid selected from the group consisting of L-lysine, L-threonine, L-methionine, L-isoleucine, L-glutamic acid, L-arginine and L-proline. Although there are many examples of culturing amino acid-producing bacteria by recombinant DNA techniques, high levels of amino acid productivity are not always achieved. Therefore, a need still continues to exist for a method of producing amino acids by fermentation in high titre and yields. A PEP carboxylase that is not substantially regulated by acetyl-CoA or aspartic acid could improve carbon flow from the three carbon intermediate PEP to the four carbon intermediate OAA. The improved flow could contribute to compounds derived from OAA and increase amino acid biosynthesis.

Summary of the Invention

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity, wherein the gene is capable of being expressed in a host microorganism, and wherein the polypeptide does not require acetyl-CoA for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid. The present invention also relates to a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a plasmid and a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity operationally inserted therein, wherein the recombinant DNA molecule is capable of propagating and the gene is capable of being expressed in a host microorganism comprising the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium and

Brevibacterium, and wherein the polypeptide does not require acetyl-CoA for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

The present invention further relates to a host microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium transformed with a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity, wherein the gene is derived from a plant belonging to the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae or from a microorganism belonging to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium, wherein the polypeptide does not require acetyl-CoA for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid, and wherein the host microorganism transformed with the DNA fragment expresses the gene.

In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of producing an amino acid by fermentation. The method comprises cultivating a host microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium in a suitable medium and isolating from the culture medium an amino acid, wherein the host microorganism is transformed with a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity, wherein the host microorganism expresses the gene, and wherein the polypeptide does not require acetyl-CoA for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

In addition, the present invention relates to a method of selecting a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity wherein the polypeptide does not require acetyl-CoA for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid, to a method of increasing the rate of conversion of PEP to OAA, to a method of recycling carbon in a fermentation process, to a method of assimilating carbon in a fermentation process which does not require biotin, to a method of increasing the production of organic acids in a fermentation process, and to a method of increasing the production of amino acids in a fermentation process.

Brief Description of the Figures

Figure 1 is a diagram of a strategy for gene replacement.

Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiments

Before describing the invention in detail, several terms used in the specification will be defined.

"Activator," as used herein, includes both a substance necessary for the polypeptide to become active in the first place, as well as a substance which merely accentuates activity.

"Amino acids" as used herein refer to the naturally occurring L amino acids (alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, asparagine, cystine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine).

"Chimeric gene" refers to a gene comprising heterogeneous regulatory and coding sequences. It is a hybrid gene produced by recombinant DNA technology.

"DNA fragment" refers to a fraction of a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule.

"Expression," as used herein, is intended to mean the production of the protein product encoded by a gene.

"Gene" refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses a specific protein, including regulatory sequences preceding (5' non-coding) and following (3' non-coding) the coding region. It is a discrete chromosomal region comprising regulatory DNA sequences responsible for the control of expression, i.e., transcription and translation, and for a coding sequence which is transcribed and translated to give a distinct polypeptide. "Host microorganism" means the microorganism that is transformed with the introduced genetic material.

"Inhibition" includes both the reduction of activity of the polypeptide and the complete lack of activity as well. "Isolated" as used herein means that the material is removed from its original environment (e.g., the natural environment if it is naturally occurring). "Polypeptide" or "protein" as used herein refers to a molecule composed of monomers (amino acids) linearly linked by amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds). It indicates a molecular chain of amino acids and does not refer to a specific length of the product. Thus, peptides, oligopeptides and proteins are included within the definition of polypeptide. This term is also intended to refer to post-expression modifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosolations, acetylations, phosphorylations, and the like. A recombinant or derived polypeptide is not necessarily translated from a designated nucleic acid sequence. It may also be generated in any manner, including chemical synthesis or expression of a recombinant expression system.

"Regulatory sequences" refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5'), within, and/or downstream (3') to a coding sequence, which control the transcription and/or expression of the coding sequences, potentially in conjunction with the protein biosynthetic apparatus of the cell.

"Synthetic DNA" refers to a nucleic acid molecule produced in whole or in part by chemical synthesis methods.

"Transformation" herein refers to the transfer of a foreign gene into a host cell either as part of the host cell genomic DNA or as an independent molecule, and its genetically stable inheritance.

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity, wherein the gene is capable of being expressed in a host microorganism, and wherein the polypeptide does not require acetyl-CoA for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid. The ppc gene, which encodes the enzyme PEP carboxylase, may be any one provided that it is a gene encoding for the PEP carboxylase of a plant belonging to the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae or of a microorganism belonging to the genus Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium, and provided the expressed polypeptide does not require acetyl-CoA for activation and is substantially desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid. The ppc gene is preferably determined for its base sequence and cloned. When it has not been cloned, a DNA fragment containing the gene can be amplified and isolated by using the PCR method and the like, followed by using a suitable vector to achieve cloning. Preferred donors of the ppc gene are strains which exhibit weakened feedback inhibition by aspartic acid. Such strains are recognized as being resistant to aspartic acid-antagonistic inhibitors.

PEP carboxylase is a key enzyme of photosynthesis in C₄ plants. It is specifically localized in the cytosol of mesophyll cells and is regulated by a phosphorylation/dephosphoylation process. See Giglioli-Guivarc'h, N., et al,

Cytometry 23:24\-249 (1996). In addition, PEP carboxylase plays a crucial role in the assimilation of CO₂ during symbiotic N₂ fixation in legume root nodules. See Pathirana, S., et al, Plant J. 72:293-304 (1997).

In one embodiment, the DNA fragment containing a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity is derived from a plant belonging to the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae. In a preferred embodiment, the DNA fragment is derived from an alfalfa plant. Most preferably, the DNA fragment is derived from a Medicago sativa strain.

It has been shown that PEP carboxylase activity from a strain of Medicago sativa was not substantially inhibited by L-aspartic acid. See Vance, C.P., et al,

Plant Physiol 75:261-264 (1984). Further, the native ppc nucleotide sequence from Medicago sativa is known (Pathirana, S., et al, Plant Molecular Biology 20:437-450 (1992)) and provided in SEQ ID NO: 1 , and the amino acid sequence of the native PEP carboxylase encoded thereby is provided in SEQ ID NO:2. Since these sequences are known, primers may be designed and synthesized based on the nucleotide sequences, and then the genes may be obtained by PCR, using the messenger RNA as a template.

Post-translational regulation of plant PEP carboxylase is achieved, for example, through phosphorylation of the protein. See Jiao, J.A., et al, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 269:526-535 (1989); Duff, S.M., et al, Eur. J. Biochem.

225:92-95 (1995). Alfalfa PEP carboxylase contains several conserved sequences, one of which is proposed to be involved in phosphorylation (MASIDAQLR, residues 8 to 16). See Pathirana, S.M., et al, Plant Molecular Biology 20:437- 450 (1992). In another preferred embodiment, the DNA fragment containing a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity which is derived from a plant belonging to the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae is modified by one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions and/or insertions. Most preferably, the modification comprises deleting the nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequence: Met - Ala - Ser - He - Asp - Ala - Gin - Leu - Arg.

In another embodiment, the DNA fragment containing a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity is derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium. In a preferred embodiment, the DNA fragment is derived from a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain. The native ppc nucleotide sequence of Corynebacterium glutamicum is shown in SEQ ID NO:3.

It is to be understood that the number of amino acids in the active PEP carboxylase molecule of the present invention may vary, and all amino acid sequences derived from an alfalfa plant or a Corynebacterium strain that have PEP carboxylase activity and the desired de-regulatory characteristics are contemplated as being included in the present invention. Polypeptide sequences which differ from each other only by conservative substitutions are included as well. Such conservative substitutions consist of a substitution of one amino acid at a given position in the sequence for another amino acid of the same class. One or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions, located at positions of the sequence that do not alter the polypeptide to the extent that the biological activity of the polypeptide is destroyed, are also included.

Modifications to the sequence, such as deletions, insertions, and/or substitutions in the sequence which produce silent changes that do not substantially affect the functional properties of the resulting PEP carboxylase protein molecule are also contemplated. For example, an alteration in the gene sequence which reflects the degeneracy of the genetic code, or which results in the production of a chemically equivalent amino acid at a given site, are contemplated. It is therefore understood that the invention encompasses more than the specific exemplary sequences. Each of the proposed modifications is well within the routine skill in the art, as is determination of retention of biological activity of the encoded products.

In another embodiment, the DNA fragment containing a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity is a chimeric gene comprising an incomplete PEP carboxylase nucleotide sequence derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium and an incomplete PEP carboxylase nucleotide sequence derived from a plant belonging to the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae. Together, the two incomplete sequences form a complete chimeric ppc gene capable of expressing a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity in which the polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

In a preferred embodiment, one incomplete PEP carboxylase nucleotide sequence is derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Corynebacterium, and the other incomplete PEP carboxylase nucleotide sequence is derived from an alfalfa plant. Most preferably, one incomplete PEP carboxylase nucleotide sequence is derived from a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain, and the other incomplete PEP carboxylase nucleotide sequence is derived from a Medicago sativa strain. In another embodiment, the DNA fragment is complementary DNA

(cDNA), genomic DNA or synthetic DNA. A DNA fragment of the present invention encoding PEP carboxylase can readily be obtained in a variety of ways, including, without limitation, chemical synthesis, cDNA or genomic library screening, expression library screening, and/or PCR amplification of cDNA. These methods and others useful for isolating such DNA are set forth, for example, by Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold

Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor (1989)), by Ausubel et al, eds. (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Current Protocols Press (1994)), and by Berger and Kimmel (Methods in Enzymology: Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, Vol. 152, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego (1987)). Isolation of theppc gene can be conducted, for example, by the following method. Although the following example refers to Corynebacterium for simplicity, it is to be recognized that bacteria from the genus Brevibacterium can likewise be used. First, a chromosomal gene is extracted from a Corynebacterium strain carrying a. ppc gene (utilizing, for example, the method of H. Saito and K. Miura, Biochem. Biophys. Actα 72:619 (1963)). The gene is cleaved with an appropriate restriction enzyme and then sub-cloned onto a plasmid shuttle vector capable of propagating in coryneform bacteria or in E. coli. To cleave chromosomal genes, a wide variety of restriction enzymes can be employed by controlling the degree of cleavage, for example, by controlling the time of the cleavage reaction, the temperature, etc. Cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes is well understood by those skilled in the art and need not be set forth here in detail.

A PEP carboxylase-deficient mutant of coryneform bacteria or E. coli is transformed with the resulting recombinant DNA. Transformants thus obtained can be selected and isolated by conventional methods based on characteristics possessed by the vector DNA and/or the recipient. For example, bacterial strains which come to possess PEP carboxylase activity are isolated, and appc gene can be isolated therefrom.

When the microorganism transformed with the DNA fragment of the present invention as described above is cultivated, and the DNA sequence is expressed, then an enzyme which does not require acetyl-CoA for activation and is substantially desensitized to aspartic acid inhibition may be obtained. It becomes apparent, by measuring PEP carboxylase activity in the absence and/or presence of acetyl-CoA, for example, whether or not the enzyme requires acetyl- CoA as an activator. It also becomes apparent, by measuring the PEP carboxylase activity in the presence and/or absence of aspartic acid in an enzyme reaction system, for example, whether or not the enzyme thus obtained is substantially inhibited by aspartic acid.

It is possible for the measurement of the enzyme activity to use a spectrometric method (Yoshinage, T., etal,J. Biochem. 55:747-750 (1970)) and the like. For example, when the enzyme assay is measured in a continuous or kinetic mode while the reaction is occurring, the reaction can be measured spectrophotometrically by following the decrease in the absorbance (usually at 340 nanometers).

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of selecting a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity wherein the polypeptide does not require acetyl-CoA for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid. The method comprises extracting a chromosomal gene from a Corynebacterium strain carrying a ppc gene, cleaving the chromosomal gene with an appropriate restriction enzyme, ligating the ppc gene with a plasmid vector capable of propagating in

Corynebacterium, transforming a Corynebacterium strain in which the ppc and pyc genes are nonfunctional, isolating strains which show superior growth on minimal medium with glucose as the only carbon source, and isolating a DNA fragment from the strain. Pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1 ) is an important anaplerotic enzyme that replenishes OAA, which is consumed for biosynthesis during growth, from pyruvate and is used in lysine and glutamic acid production in industrial fermentations. In addition to PEP carboxylase, the biotin-dependent pyruvate carboxylase encoded by the pyc gene has recently been found to be an anaplerotic enzyme in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Inactivation of both theppc and thepyc gene in Corynebacterium glutamicum led to the inability of the microorganism to grow on glucose. See Peters-Wendisch, P., et al, Microbiology 144:915-21 (1998). By inactivating both the ppc and the pyc genes, a DNA fragment containing appc gene of the invention that was cloned into a replicating plasmid can be identified by the ability of a strain to show growth on minimal medium with glucose as the only carbon source.

In another embodiment, inhibitors of PEP carboxylase activity are also added to the medium. For example, an analog of aspartic acid may be added. The analog compound preferably exhibits a growth inhibitory action against a microorganism belonging to the genus Corynebacterium which produces a wild- type PEP carboxylase, the aforementioned growth inhibitory action is recovered by existence of L-glutamic or L-aspartic acid, and the analog compound inhibits wild-type PEP carboxylase activity. If a strain being resistant to the analog compound is selected from a microorganism belonging to the genus Corynebacterium, it is much more likely that a host microorganism which produces PEP carboxylase with desensitized feedback inhibition by aspartic acid will be obtained.

In another embodiment, strains are isolating which show an increased production of an amino acid derived from OAA. Such amino acids include aspartate, lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine. In addition, strains can be grown on minimal medium in the absence of acetyl-CoA, and the PEP carboxylase activity can be measured.

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a plasmid and a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity operationally inserted therein, wherein the recombinant DNA molecule is capable of propagating and the gene is capable of being expressed in a host microorganism comprising the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium, and wherein the polypeptide does not require acetyl-CoA for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

The plasmid vector used in the present invention can be any vector as long as it can be propagated in cells of bacteria from Escherichia, Corynebacterium or

Brevibacterium. The vector DNA is cleaved by the same restriction enzyme used for cleavage of the chromosomal gene or is connected to an oligonucleotide having a complementary base sequence at the respective terminals of the chromosomal DNA cleavage fragment and the cleaved vector DNA. The plasmid vector and the chromosomal gene-containing fragment are then subjected to a ligation reaction. When a gene is inserted by this or any other method in the sense direction and in proper reading frame so that the PEP carboxylase enzyme is expressed when the plasmid is transcribed and translated by the genetic machinery of a cell in which the plasmid is inserted, the gene is said to be "operationally inserted" into the plasmid vector. In a preferred embodiment, the gene encoding the polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity is derived from an alfalfa plant. Most preferably, the gene is derived from a Medicago sativa strain. In another preferred embodiment, the gene is modified by one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions and/or insertions. Most preferably, the modification comprises deleting the nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequence: Met - Ala - Ser - He - Asp - Ala - Gin - Leu -

Arg.

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a host microorganism transformed with a DNA fragment of the present invention containing a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity. As the host, microorganisms utilized for the production of L-amino acids may be used, for example, those belonging to the genus Brevibacterium, the genus Corynebacterium, the genus Bacillus, the genus Escherichia, the genus Seratia, the genus Providencia, and the genus Arthrobacter.

In a preferred embodiment, the DNA fragment containing the ppc gene is expressed in a host microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia,

Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium. As the host, there may be exemplified microorganisms belonging to the genus Escherichia, for example, Escherichia coli, preferably L-lysine-producing Escherichia coli, coryneform bacteria, preferably L-lysine-producing strains, and the like. The coryneform bacteria referred to in the present invention is a group of microorganisms which are aerobic

Gram-positive non-acid-fast rods having no spore-forming ability, including bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium, bacteria belonging to the genus Brevibacterium having been hitherto classified into the genus Brevibacterium but being united as bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium at present, and bacteria belonging to the genus Brevibacterium closely related to bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium.

In one embodiment, when the DNA fragment is derived from a plant from the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae, the host microorganism may be transformed with a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a plasmid and the DNA fragment operationally inserted therein. Alternatively, the host microorganism may be transformed by integrating the DNA fragment of the present invention into the host chromosomal DNA.

Preferably, the DNA fragment is derived from an alfalfa plant, and most preferably, it is derived from a Medicago sativa strain. In another preferred embodiment, the plant-derived DNA fragment is modified by one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions and/or insertions. Most preferably, the modification comprises deleting the nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequence: Met - Ala - Ser - He - Asp - Ala - Gin - Leu - Arg.

Further, as described above, it is acceptable that the DNA sequence of the present invention is inserted into vector DNA capable of self-replication and introduced into the host. As the vector DNA, a plasmid vector is preferable, and those capable of self-replication in a host cell are most preferable. Alternatively, a vector of phage DNA can be also utilized.

When the DNA fragment containing a gene is derived from a plant of the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae or from a microorganism belonging to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium, it is also acceptable that the DNA fragment is integrated into the chromosomal DNA of a host microorganism by means of a method using, for example, transposons (Berg, D.E. and Berg, CM., Bio/Technol 7:417 (1983)), Mu phage (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2- 109985) or homologous recombination (Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. (1972)). In addition, in order to integrate the DNA of the present invention into the coryneform bacteria, it is possible to utilize a temperature-sensitive plasmid as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 5-7491.

In a preferred embodiment, the DNA fragment is derived from a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain and is integrated into the chromosomal DNA of a host microorganism. The region flanking the ppc gene in the

Corynebacterium glutamicum chromosome has been sequenced (SEQ ID NO: 3). According to the gene replacement strategy of the present invention, the chromosomal copy of the ppc gene is removed and replaced with an antibiotic resistance gene marker (Figure 1 ). The marker is in turn replaced with a modified ppc gene of the present invention.

The unique design of this gene replacement strategy facilitates complete removal of the chromosomal ppc DNA sequence of a host microorganism and substitution of a new ppc gene without altering the expression of the two neighboring genes, the tpi gene and the secG gene. The tpi gene encodes the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase, and the secG gene encodes secG, an integral membrane protein involved in protein export.

The design of this gene replacement strategy depends upon the reconstitution of intact tpi and secG genes that flank the ppc gene. Four oligonucleotides can be used to clone the DNA regions flanking ppc: (1) 5' GTTGG TGAGC CACTG GAAAT CCGTG 3^* (SEQ ID:NO 4)

(2) 5' GATGT CATCG CGTAA AAAAT CAGTC 3' (SEQ ID:NO 5)

(3) 5' CACTG CGCTG CGCAA CTCTA GATAG 3' (SEQ ID:NO 6)

(4) 5' GACCA CCACC TTGCC GAAAT CTTGG 3' (SEQ ID:NO 7). In another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of producing an amino acid by fermentation. The method comprises cultivating a host microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium in a suitable medium and isolating from the culture medium an amino acid, wherein the host microorganism is transformed with a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity, wherein the host microorganism expresses the gene, and wherein the polypeptide does not require acetyl-CoA for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

The method for cultivating the aforementioned hosts is not especially different from a cultivation method for amino acid-producing microorganisms in the prior art. Namely, an ordinary medium is used containing a carbon source, a nitrogen source, inorganic ions, substances satisfying nutrient auxotrophy, and optionally organic trace nutrients such as amino acids, vitamins and the like.

As the carbon source, carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, lactose, etc., as well as organic acids such as acetic acid may be used. As the nitrogen source, ammonia gas, aqueous ammonium, ammonium salt and the like can be used. As inorganic ions, potassium ions, sodium ions, magnesium ions, phosphate ions, and the like are appropriately added to the media as required.

The cultivation is performed until the generation and accumulation of the amino acid substantially stops while suitably controlling pH and temperature of the medium under an aerobic condition. In order to collect amino acids thus accumulated in the cultivated medium, an ordinary method can be applied. For example, after the removal of the cells by filtration, ultrafiltration, centrifugation or other known means, the amino acid is recovered, for example, by concentration of the cell-free solution and crystallization of the amino acid (or a salt thereof). Alternatively, the compound can be recovered by ion exchange chromatography.

In a preferred embodiment, the amino acid is one which is derived from OAA, such as L-aspartate, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-threonine and L-isoleucine. Most preferably, the amino acid is L-lysine.

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of increasing the rate of conversion of PEP to OAA. The method comprises transforming a host microorganism with a DNA fragment of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the host microorganism is selected from the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium.

PEP carboxylase catalyzes the condensation reaction between PEP and carbon dioxide resulting in the formation of OAA. A PEP carboxylase of the present invention that is not substantially regulated by acetyl-CoA or aspartic acid therefore increases the rate of conversion of PEP to OAA.

In the case wherein the DNA fragment is derived from a plant belonging to the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae, transformation may be by integration or by utilization of a recombinant DNA molecule, for example. In the case wherein the DNA fragment is derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium, the host microorganism is transformed by the integration of the DNA fragment of the invention into the chromosomal DNA of the host microorganism. In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of recycling carbon in a fermentation process. The method comprises transforming a host microorganism with a DNA fragment of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the host microorganism is selected from the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium. The TCA cycle requires continuous replenishment of C₄ molecules in order to replace the intermediates withdrawn for amino acid biosynthesis. PEP carboxylase aids in fulfilling this function by playing an anaplerotic role in supplying the four carbon OAA to the TCA cycle. By transforming a host microorganism with the DNA fragment of the present invention which codes for a polypeptide having PEP carboxylase activity, a method for recycling carbon is thereby provided.

In the case wherein the DNA fragment is derived from a plant belonging to the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae, transformation may be by integration or by utilization of a recombinant DNA molecule, for example. In the case wherein the DNA fragment is derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium, the host microorganism is transformed by the integration of the DNA fragment of the invention into the chromosomal DNA of the host microorganism.

L-lysine and L-glutamic acid have been hitherto industrially produced by fermentative methods by using coryneform bacteria belonging to the genus

Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium having abilities to produce these amino acids. In these methods, it is known that the coryneform bacteria require biotin for their growth. The enzyme PEP carboxylase does not require biotin for biological activity. In addition, one of the major physiological roles of PEP carboxylase is to replenish the TCA cycle by the assimilation of carbon. The de-regulated PEP carboxylase of the present invention improves the assimilation of carbon dioxide.

Therefore, in another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of assimilating carbon in a fermentation process which does not require biotin. The method comprises transforming a host microorganism with a DNA fragment of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the host microorganism is selected from the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium.

The anaplerotic enzyme PEP carboxylase is critical to the maintenance of an optimal pool of OAA, and consequently determines the biosynthetic levels of organic acids deriving from it. By transforming a host microorganism with the

DNA fragment of the present invention, the rate of production of OAA is increased. As such, the production of organic acids derived from OAA is increased as well.

Accordingly, in yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of increasing the production of organic acids in a fermentation process. In a preferred embodiment, the host microorganism is selected from the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium.

OAA is an important substrate for the production of cell metabolites such as amino acids. By increasing the rate of conversion of PEP to OAA, the ppc genes of the invention thereby increase the production of amino acids. Therefore, in another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of increasing the production of amino acids in a fermentation process. The method comprises transforming a host microorganism with a DNA fragment of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the host microorganism is selected from the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium. In another preferred embodiment, the amino acid comprises L-aspartate, L-lysine, L-methionine, L- threonine and L-isoleucine. Most preferably, the amino acid is L-lysine.

All patents and publications cited in this disclosure are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains and are all herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Having now generally described the invention, the same will be more readily understood through reference to the following Examples which are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention, unless specified. Example 1 A Plant ppc Gene Functions in Escherichia coli

The cDNA clone (APPC) of theppc gene from alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was functional in the Escherichia coli mutant CGSC3594 which lacks a functional PEP carboxylase and cannot grow on M9 medium with glucose as the sole carbon source. When transformed with the APPC plasmid (pMS2), E. coli mutant CGSC3594 was able to grow on M9 medium with glucose as the sole carbon source. The DNA and amino acid sequences of the alfalfa PEP carboxylase are provided in SEQ ID NO:l and SEQ ID NO:2, respectively.

Example 2

Theppc Gene from Alfalfa Shows Growth Stimulation in Corynebacterium in Shake Flasks

The effect of the ppc gene from alfalfa (Medicago sativa) on growth stimulation in the lysine-producing Corynebacterium strain BF100 was determined. Growth was measured as the optical density at 660nm, the titer was measured as g lysine/liter of medium, and the yield was measured as (g lysine/g glucose consumed) x 100. 30 mg/L of isopropyl-beta-D-galactoside (IPTG), an inducer, was present. The results are shown in Table 1 :

Table 1

Example 3

Theppc Gene from a Wild-Type Corynebacterium Strain Improves Productivity of a Lysine-Producing Corynebacterium Strain

The cDNA clone (CPPC) of the ppc gene from Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 was inserted into the pCPPC plasmid. When lysine producing Corynebacterium glutamicum strain BFl 00 was transformed with the pCPPC plasmid in shake flasks, the productivity was improved.

Growth was measured as the optical density at 660nm, the titer was measured as g ly sine/liter of medium, and the yield was measured as (g lysine/g glucose consumed) x 100. The results are shown in Table 2:

Table 2

Example 4

Sensitivities to Acetyl-CoA and L-Aspartic Acid from Wild-type and Lysine- Producing Corynebacterium Strains

Different sensitivities to acetyl-CoA and L-aspartic acid were observed in extracts from a wild-type Corynebacterium glutamicum strain (ATCC 13032) and a lysine-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum strain (BFl 00) as determined by PEP carboxylase activity. Activity units were measured spectrophotometrically as the change in absorbance (340 nm/min) using crude extracts. The results are shown in Table 3 : Table 3

Example 5 Replacement of a Chromosomal ppc Gene With a Modified ppc Gene

The region flanking the ppc gene in the Corynebacterium glutamicum chromosome has been sequenced (SEQ ID NO: 3). The chromosomal copy of the ppc gene is removed and replaced with an antibiotic resistance gene marker (Figure 1 ). The marker is in turn replaced with a modified ppc gene of the present invention. The unique design of this gene replacement strategy facilitates complete removal of the chromosomal ppc DNA sequence of a host microorganism and substitution of a new gene without altering the expression of the two neighboring genes.

The design of this gene replacement strategy depends upon the reconstitution of intact tpi and secG genes that flank the ppc gene. Four oligonucleotides can be used to clone the DNA regions flanking ppc:

(1) 5' GTTGG TGAGC CACTG GAAAT CCGTG 3' (SEQ ID:NO 4)

(2) 5' GATGT CATCG CGTAA AAAAT CAGTC 3* (SEQ ID:NO 5)

(3) 5' CACTG CGCTG CGCAA CTCTA GATAG 3' (SEQ ID:NO 6)

(4) 5^* GACCA CCACC TTGCC GAAAT CTTGG 3' (SEQ ID:NO 7). In view of the foregoing description taken with the Examples, those skilled in the art will be able to practice the invention in various enablements and embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

What Is Claimed Is:

1. A DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, wherein said gene is capable of being expressed in a host microorganism, and wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

2. The DNA fragment of claim 1, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a plant belonging to the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae.

3. The DNA fragment of claim 2, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from an alfalfa plant.

4. The DNA fragment of claim 3, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a Medicago sativa strain.

5. The DNA fragment of claim 2, wherein said DNA fragment is modified by one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions or insertions.

6. The DNA fragment of claim 5, wherein said modification comprises deleting the nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequence: Met - Ala - Ser - He - Asp - Ala - Gin - Leu - Arg.

7. The DNA fragment of claim 1, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium.

8. The DNA fragment of claim 7, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain.

9. The DNA fragment of claim 7, wherein said DNA fragment is integrated into the chromosomal DNA of a host microorganism.

10. The DNA fragment of claim 1, wherein said DNA fragment is expressed in a host microorganism comprising the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium.

11. The DNA fragment of claim 1 , wherein said DNA fragment is a chimeric gene comprising an incomplete phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase nucleotide sequence derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium and an incomplete phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase nucleotide sequence derived from a plant belonging to the class

Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae.

12 The DNA fragment of claim 1, wherein said DNA fragment is cDNA, genomic DNA or synthetic DNA.

13. A DNA fragment derived from a plant belonging to the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, wherein said gene is capable of being expressed in a host microorganism comprising the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium, and wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

14. The DNA fragment of claim 13, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from an alfalfa plant.

15. The DNA fragment of claim 14, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a Medicago sativa strain.

16. The DNA fragment of claim 13, wherein said DNA fragment is modified by one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions or insertions.

17. The DNA fragment of claim 16, wherein said modification comprises deleting the nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequence: Met - Ala - Ser - He - Asp - Ala - Gin - Leu - Arg.

18. The DNA fragment of claim 13, wherein said DNA fragment is cDNA, genomic DNA or synthetic DNA.

19. A DNA fragment derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, wherein said gene is capable of being expressed in a host microorganism comprising the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium, wherein said gene is integrated into the chromosomal DNA of said host microorganism, and wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

20. The DNA fragment of claim 19, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain.

21. The DNA fragment of claim 19, wherein said gene is integrated by removing the chromosomal ppc gene of the host microorganism and inserting said gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity without altering the expression of the two genes flanking the chromosomal ppc gene of the host microorganism.

22. An isolated polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid, and wherein said polypeptide is encoded by the DNA fragment of any one of claims 1, 13 and 19.

23. A recombinant DNA molecule comprising a plasmid and a gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity operationally inserted therein, wherein said recombinant DNA molecule is capable of propagating and said gene is capable of being expressed in a host microorganism comprising the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium and Brevibacterium, wherein said gene is derived from a monocotyledon or dicotyledon plant, and wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

24. The recombinant DNA molecule of claim 23, wherein said gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity is derived from an alfalfa plant.

25. The recombinant DNA molecule of claim 24, wherein said gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity is derived from a Medicago sativa strain.

26. The recombinant DNA molecule of claim 23, wherein said gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity is modified by one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions or insertions.

27. The recombinant DNA molecule of claim 26, wherein said modification comprises deleting the nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequence: Met - Ala - Ser - He - Asp - Ala - Gin - Leu - Arg.

28. An isolated polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid, and wherein said polypeptide is encoded by the DNA molecule of claim 23.

29. A host microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium transformed with a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, wherein said gene is derived from a plant belonging to the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae, wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid, and wherein said host microorganism transformed with said DNA fragment expresses said gene.

30. The host microorganism of claim 29, wherein said host microorganism is transformed by integrating said DNA fragment into the chromosomal DNA of said host microorganism or is transformed with a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a plasmid and said DNA fragment operationally inserted therein.

31. The host microorganism of claim 29, wherein said gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity is derived from an alfalfa plant.

32. The host microorganism of claim 31 , wherein said gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity is derived from a

Medicago sativa strain.

33. The host microorganism of claim 29, wherein said gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity is modified by one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions or insertions.

34. The host microorganism of claim 33, wherein said modification comprises deleting the nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequence: Met - Ala - Ser - He - Asp - Ala - Gin - Leu - Arg.

35. A host microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium in which a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity is integrated into the chromosomal DNA of said host microorganism, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium, wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid, and wherein said host microorganism expresses said gene.

36. The host microorganism of claim 35, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain.

37. The host microorganism of claim 35, wherein said gene is integrated by removing the chromosomal ppc gene of the host microorganism and inserting said gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity without altering the expression of the two genes flanking the chromosomal ppc gene of the host microorganism.

38. A method of producing an amino acid by fermentation which comprises:

(a) cultivating a host microorganism belonging to the genus Escherichia, Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium in a suitable medium; and

(b) isolating from the culture medium an amino acid, wherein said host microorganism (a) is transformed with a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, wherein said host microorganism (a) expresses said gene, and wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein at step (b) the amino acid comprises L-aspartate, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-threonine and L-isoleucine.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein at step (b) the amino acid is L- lysine.

41. The method of claim 38, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a plant belonging to the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from an alfalfa plant.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a Medicago sativa strain.

44. The method of claim 38, wherein at said DNA fragment is modified by one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions or insertions.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein said modification comprises deleting the nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequence: Met - Ala - Ser - He - Asp - Ala - Gin - Leu - Arg.

46. The method of claim 38, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain.

48. The method of claim 38, wherein said gene encoding apolypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity is a chimeric gene comprising an incomplete phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase nucleotide sequence derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Brevibacterium or Corynebacterium and an incomplete phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase nucleotide sequence derived from a plant belonging to the class Monocotyledonae or Dicotyledonae.

49. The method of claim 38, wherein said DNA fragment is cDNA, genomic DNA or synthetic DNA.

50. A method of producing an amino acid by fermentation which comprises:

(b) isolating from the culture medium an amino acid, wherein said host microorganism (a) is transformed by integrating a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity into the chromosomal DNA of said host microorganism (a) or is transformed with a recombinant DNA molecule comprising a plasmid and said DNA fragment operationally inserted therein, wherein said host microorganism (a) expresses said gene, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a monocotyledon or dicotyledon plant, and wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein at step (b) the amino acid comprises L-aspartate, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-threonine and L-isoleucine.

52. The method of claim 51 , wherein at step (b) the amino acid is L- lysine.

53. The method of claim 50, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from an alfalfa plant.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a Medicago sativa strain.

55. The method of claim 50, wherein at said DNA fragment is modified by one or more nucleotide substitutions, deletions or insertions.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein said modification comprises deleting the nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequence: Met - Ala - Ser - He - Asp - Ala - Gin - Leu - Arg.

57. A method of producing an amino acid by fermentation which comprises:

(b) isolating from the culture medium an amino acid, wherein said host microorganism (a) is transformed by integrating a DNA fragment into the chromosomal DNA of said host microorganism, wherein said DNA fragment comprises a gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, wherein said host microorganism (a) expresses said gene, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a microorganism belonging to the genus Corynebacterium or Brevibacterium, and wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid.

58. The method of claim 57, wherein the process for integration is removing the chromosomal ppc gene of the host microorganism and inserting said DNA fragment without altering the expression of the two genes flanking the chromosomal ppc gene of the host microorganism.

59. The method of claim 57, wherein at step (b) the amino acid comprises L-aspartate, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-threonine and L-isoleucine.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein at step (b) the amino acid is L- lysine.

61. The method of claim 57, wherein said DNA fragment is derived from a Corynebacterium glutamicum strain.

62. A method of selecting a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is desensitized to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid, which comprises:

(a) extracting a chromosomal gene from a Corynebacterium strain carrying a ppc gene;

(b) cleaving said chromosomal gene (a) with an appropriate restriction enzyme; (c) ligating said/Tpc gene (a) with a plasmid vector capable of propagating in Corynebacterium;

(d) transforming with said plasmid vector (c) a Corynebacterium strain in which the ppc and pyc genes are inactivated;

(e) isolating strains which show superior growth on minimal medium with glucose as the only carbon source; and

(f) isolating a DNA fragment comprising a gene encoding a polypeptide having phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity, wherein said polypeptide does not require acetyl coenzyme A for activation and is less sensitive to feedback inhibition by aspartic acid, from said strain (e).

63. The method of claim 62, wherein at step (e) inhibitors of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity are added to the medium.

64. The method of claim 62, wherein at step (e) strains are isolating which show an increased production of an amino acid derived from oxaloacetic acid.

65. The method of claim 62, wherein at step (e) strains are grown on minimal medium in the absence of acetyl coenzyme A.

66. A method of increasing the rate of conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate which comprises transforming a host microorganism with the DNA fragment of any one of claims 1, 13 and 19.

67. A method of recycling carbon in a fermentation process which comprises transforming a host microorganism with the DNA fragment of any one of claims 1, 13 and 19.

68. A method of assimilating carbon in a fermentation process which does not require biotin which comprises transforming a host microorganism with the DNA fragment of any one of claims 1, 13 and 19.

69. A method of increasing the production of organic acids in a fermentation process which comprises transforming a host microorganism with the DNA fragment of any one of claims 1, 13 and 19.

70. A method of increasing the production of amino acids in a fermentation process which comprises transforming a host microorganism with the DNA fragment of any one of claims 1, 13 and 19.