EP1168398B1 - Method of syncronisation of switching operation of a circuit breaker with voltage waveform - Google Patents

Method of syncronisation of switching operation of a circuit breaker with voltage waveform Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1168398B1
EP1168398B1 EP01401460A EP01401460A EP1168398B1 EP 1168398 B1 EP1168398 B1 EP 1168398B1 EP 01401460 A EP01401460 A EP 01401460A EP 01401460 A EP01401460 A EP 01401460A EP 1168398 B1 EP1168398 B1 EP 1168398B1
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Prior art keywords
circuit breaker
pressure
switching
voltage waveform
instant
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1168398A1 (en
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Joseph Martin
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Grid Solutions SAS
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Areva T&D SAS
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02Details
    • H01H33/53Cases; Reservoirs, tanks, piping or valves, for arc-extinguishing fluid; Accessories therefor, e.g. safety arrangements, pressure relief devices
    • H01H33/56Gas reservoirs
    • H01H33/563Gas reservoirs comprising means for monitoring the density of the insulating gas
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02Details
    • H01H33/59Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle
    • H01H33/593Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point of the ac cycle

Definitions

  • the object of the invention is to propose an improved synchronization method which makes it possible to obtain a commutation as close as possible to the voltage zero (or to another chosen level of the voltage wave). More particularly, the object of the invention is to optimize the calculation of the target instant.
  • the pressure of the insulating gas and the hydraulic liquid can be measured using conventional sensors usually present on isolated circuit breakers with a dielectric gas such as SF6 so that the implementation of the method according to the invention introduces no additional cost.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Gas-Insulated Switchgears (AREA)
  • Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
  • Keying Circuit Devices (AREA)

Abstract

A method of synchronizing drive to a gas-insulated circuit breaker with the voltage waveform applied to the terminals of the circuit breaker so as to cause the circuit breaker to switch at a computed target instant that is as close as possible to an instant corresponding to a certain amplitude level in the voltage waveform, wherein the pressure of the insulating gas inside the circuit breaker is measured immediately before said switching, and wherein said measurement is used together with prerecorded data representative of variation in the dielectric characteristic of the circuit breaker as a function of the pressure of said insulating gas in order to optimize computation of said target instant.

Description

L'invention porte sur un procédé de synchronisation de la manoeuvre d'un disjoncteur à isolation au gaz avec l'onde de tension aux bornes du disjoncteur pour obtenir une commutation du disjoncteur à un instant cible le plus proche possible d'un instant prédéterminé correspondant à un certain niveau d'amplitude de l'onde de tension.The invention relates to a method for synchronizing the operation of a gas-insulated circuit-breaker with the voltage wave across the circuit-breaker to obtain switching of the circuit-breaker at a target instant as close as possible to a corresponding predetermined instant. at a certain amplitude level of the voltage wave.

Une telle synchronisation permet par exemple de fermer le disjoncteur au moment où le niveau de l'onde de tension aux bornes du disjoncteur est proche de zéro.Such a synchronization makes it possible, for example, to close the circuit-breaker when the level of the voltage wave across the circuit-breaker is close to zero.

Jusqu'à présent la synchronisation de la manoeuvre d'un disjoncteur à isolation au gaz est réalisée à partir d'une compensation du temps de manoeuvre du disjoncteur en fonction de la température ambiante, la tension d'alimentation des auxiliaires de la commande du disjoncteur, etc.... relevées juste avant la manoeuvre et la commutation du disjoncteur. Tous ces paramètres de mesure influent en effet sur la durée du temps de manoeuvre du ou des contacts mobiles du disjoncteur et doivent être pris en considération pour ajuster l'instant à partir duquel la manoeuvre doit être engagée de façon à obtenir une commutation du disjoncteur au plus près de l'instant prédéterminé. Il est entendu que la synchronisation nécessite de surveiller l'évolution de l'onde de tension pour engager la manoeuvre du disjoncteur au moment opportun compte tenu du temps de manoeuvre compensé calculé et de l'instant cible de la commutation.Until now the synchronization of the operation of a gas-insulated circuit-breaker is made from a compensation of the operating time of the circuit-breaker as a function of the ambient temperature, the supply voltage of the auxiliaries of the circuit-breaker control. , etc. .... read just before the operation and switching of the circuit breaker. All these measurement parameters in fact affect the duration of the operating time of the mobile contactor (s) of the circuit breaker and must be taken into consideration to adjust the time from which the operation must be initiated so as to obtain a circuit breaker switching. closer to the predetermined moment. It is understood that the synchronization requires monitoring the evolution of the voltage wave to initiate the operation of the circuit breaker at the appropriate time given the calculated compensated maneuvering time and the target time of switching.

Le document US-A-5563459 décrit un procédé selon le préambule des revendications 1 et 3.US-A-5563459 discloses a process according to the preamble of claims 1 and 3.

Sur la figure 1, on a illustré sur un graphe l'évolution dans le temps de l'onde de tension alternative TR aux bornes du disjoncteur et pour une phase du disjoncteur. Sur ce graphe, t0 indique l'instant où un ordre de commutation est envoyé à la commande du disjoncteur, t1 indique l'instant à partir duquel la manoeuvre du disjoncteur est engagée par la commande et tc indique l'instant de la commutation du disjoncteur. Sur cette figure, l'instant tc correspond à un instant où la tension est nulle. Les instants t1 et tc sont séparés d'un intervalle de temps te correspondant au temps de manoeuvre compensé tmc calculé par le dispositif de synchronisation à partir de relevés de la température ambiante, de la tension d'alimentation des auxiliaires de la commande, etc... Les instants t0 et t1 sont séparés d'un intervalle de temps td correspondant à une temporisation de l'engagement de la manoeuvre pour assurer une synchronisation de la commutation au zéro de tension suite à l'ordre de commutation.In FIG. 1, the evolution over time of the alternating voltage wave TR across the terminals of the circuit breaker and for a phase of the circuit breaker is illustrated on a graph. On this graph, t0 indicates the moment when a switching command is sent to the circuit-breaker control, t1 indicates the instant from which the operation of the circuit-breaker is engaged by the command and tc indicates the instant of the switching of the circuit-breaker. . In this figure, the instant tc corresponds to a moment when the voltage is zero. The instants t1 and tc are separated by a time interval corresponding to the compensated maneuvering time tmc calculated by the synchronization device from readings of the ambient temperature, the supply voltage of the auxiliaries of the control, etc. .. The times t0 and t1 are separated by a time interval td corresponding to a delay of the commitment of the operation to ensure a synchronization of the switching to zero voltage following the switching order.

Sur la figure 2, on a encore illustré sur un graphe par la courbe TR l'évolution dans le temps de la tension alternative en valeur absolue aux bornes du disjoncteur. Sur le graphe, on a également reporté une courbe C1 représentant l'évolution de la tenue diélectrique du disjoncteur en phase de fermeture quand la densité du gaz d'isolation dans le disjoncteur est à sa valeur critique la plus faible et une courbe C2 représentant l'évolution de la tenue diélectrique du disjoncteur en phase de fermeture quand la densité du gaz d'isolation dans le disjoncteur est à une valeur nominale qui est au-dessus de la valeur critique. Les courbes C1 et C2 sont les deux courbes caractéristiques de tenue diélectrique du disjoncteur (ou de pré-amorçage de l'arc électrique entre les deux contacts du disjoncteur) et expriment que la tenue diélectrique du disjoncteur décroît au fur et à mesure que les contacts du disjoncteur se rapprochent l'un de l'autre jusqu'à la fermeture complète du disjoncteur. En pratique, pour effectuer une synchronisation de la manoeuvre d'un disjoncteur, l'instant cible tc de commutation est calculé en tenant compte de la courbe C1 et il en résulte que cet instant cible est décalé du zéro de tension et que la commutation du disjoncteur interviendra à un moment où la tension aux bornes du disjoncteur n'est pas nulle. Dans l'exemple des courbes C1 et C2 de la figure 2, on voit que la commutation intervient à un moment où la tension est comprise entre 0,16 et 0,19 de la tension nominale et en pratique proche de 0,19 de la tension nominale.In FIG. 2, a graph of the curve TR shows the evolution over time of the AC voltage in absolute value across the circuit breaker. On the graph, we have also reported a C1 curve representing the evolution of the dielectric strength of the circuit breaker in the closing phase when the density of the insulating gas in the circuit breaker is at its lowest critical value and a curve C2 representing the evolution of the dielectric withstand of the circuit breaker in phase of closing when the density of the insulating gas in the circuit breaker is at a nominal value which is above the critical value. The curves C1 and C2 are the two dielectric withstand characteristic curves of the circuit breaker (or pre-ignition of the electric arc between the two contacts of the circuit breaker) and express that the dielectric strength of the circuit breaker decreases as the contacts circuit breaker move closer together until the breaker is fully closed. In practice, in order to synchronize the operation of a circuit-breaker, the target instant tc of commutation is calculated taking account of the curve C1 and it follows that this target instant is shifted from the voltage zero and that the switching of the circuit breaker will occur at a time when the voltage across the circuit breaker is not zero. In the example of the curves C1 and C2 of FIG. 2, it can be seen that the switching occurs at a moment when the voltage is between 0.16 and 0.19 of the nominal voltage and in practice close to 0.19 of the nominal voltage.

Le but de l'invention est de proposer un procédé de synchronisation amélioré qui permet d'obtenir une commutation au plus prés du zéro de tension (ou d'un autre niveau choisi de l'onde de tension). Plus particulièrement, le but de l'invention est d'optimiser le calcul de l'instant cible.The object of the invention is to propose an improved synchronization method which makes it possible to obtain a commutation as close as possible to the voltage zero (or to another chosen level of the voltage wave). More particularly, the object of the invention is to optimize the calculation of the target instant.

A cet effet, l'invention a pour objet un procédé de synchronisation de la manoeuvre d'un disjoncteur à isolation au gaz avec l'onde de tension appliquée aux bornes du disjoncteur pour obtenir une commutation du disjoncteur à un instant cible calculé le plus proche possible d'un instant correspondant à un certain niveau d'amplitude de l'onde de tension, caractérisé en ce qu'une mesure de la pression du gaz d'isolation dans le disjoncteur est effectuée juste avant ladite commutation, et en ce que ladite mesure est utilisée conjointement avec des données préenregistrées représentatives de l'évolution de la caractéristique diélectrique du disjoncteur en fonction de la pression dudit gaz d'isolation afin d'optimiser le calcul dudit instant cible.For this purpose, the subject of the invention is a method for synchronizing the operation of a gas-insulated circuit-breaker with the voltage wave applied across the circuit-breaker in order to obtain switching of the circuit-breaker at a closest calculated target instant. possible at a time corresponding to a certain amplitude level of the voltage wave, characterized in that a measurement of the pressure of the insulating gas in the circuit breaker is performed just before said switching, and in that said measurement is used together with pre-recorded data representative of the evolution of the dielectric characteristic of the circuit breaker as a function of the pressure of said insulating gas in order to optimize the calculation of said target instant.

Comme exposé plus haut, la caractéristique diélectrique du disjoncteur varie en fonction de la pression du gaz d'isolation entre deux valeurs extrêmes, C1 correspondant à la valeur de la pression critique (valeur minimum) et C2 correspondant à la valeur de pression nominale. Entre ces deux valeurs extrêmes, la caractéristique diélectrique C du disjoncteur varie en fonction de la pression du gaz d'isolation. La figure 2 montrait que dans l'art antérieur, le temps cible optimum était calculé en fonction de la valeur C1. Mais si la pression du gaz d'isolation dans le disjoncteur est mesurée juste avant la manoeuvre pour la commutation du disjoncteur, il est possible de calculer un instant cible plus proche du zéro de tension que l'instant cible donné par la courbe C1. De manière générale, on sait représenter de façon approximée l'évolution de la caractéristique diélectrique d'un disjoncteur en fonction de la variation de la pression du gaz d'isolation dans le disjoncteur par une fonction polynomiale ou autre et enregistrer cette fonction sous la forme de données pour déterminer la courbe C représentative de la tenue diélectrique du disjoncteur pour un certain niveau de pression du gaz d'isolation. A partir de cette courbe C, on sait également déterminer par calcul l'instant cible correspondant. De cette façon on obtient une amélioration de la précision de la synchronisation.As explained above, the dielectric characteristic of the circuit breaker varies as a function of the pressure of the insulating gas between two extreme values, C1 corresponding to the value of the critical pressure (minimum value) and C2 corresponding to the nominal pressure value. Between these two values In extreme cases, the dielectric characteristic C of the circuit breaker varies as a function of the pressure of the insulating gas. Figure 2 showed that in the prior art the optimum target time was calculated as a function of the value C1. But if the pressure of the insulating gas in the circuit breaker is measured just before the operation for switching the circuit breaker, it is possible to calculate a target instant closer to the voltage zero than the target instant given by the curve C1. In general, it is known to approximate the evolution of the dielectric characteristic of a circuit breaker as a function of the variation of the pressure of the insulating gas in the circuit breaker by a polynomial or other function and to record this function in the form of data to determine the curve C representative of the dielectric strength of the circuit breaker for a certain level of pressure of the insulating gas. From this curve C, it is also known to determine by calculation the corresponding target instant. In this way an improvement in the accuracy of the synchronization is obtained.

Selon une mise en oeuvre particulière du procédé selon l'invention, dans lequel le disjoncteur à isolation au gaz est manoeuvré par une commande hydraulique, une mesure de la pression hydraulique est effectuée juste avant la commutation du disjoncteur, et ladite mesure de la pression hydraulique est utilisée conjointement avec des données préenregistrées représentatives de l'évolution de la caractéristique diélectrique du disjoncteur en fonction de la pression du liquide hydraulique afin d'optimiser le calcul dudit instant cible. La représentation de l'évolution de la caractéristique diélectrique d'un disjoncteur en fonction de la variation de la pression du liquide hydraulique est analogue à celle correspondant à la variation de la pression du gaz d'isolation à la différence près qu'elle est également proportionnelle à la vitesse de déplacement des contacts qui dépend elle-même de la pression du liquide hydraulique de la commande hydraulique.According to a particular implementation of the method according to the invention, in which the gas-insulated circuit breaker is operated by a hydraulic control, a measurement of the hydraulic pressure is carried out just before switching of the circuit breaker, and said measurement of the hydraulic pressure is used together with pre-recorded data representative of the evolution of the dielectric characteristic of the circuit breaker as a function of the hydraulic fluid pressure in order to optimize the calculation of said target instant. The representation of the evolution of the dielectric characteristic of a circuit-breaker as a function of the variation of the pressure of the hydraulic liquid is similar to that corresponding to the variation of the pressure of the insulating gas, with the difference that it is also proportional to the speed of movement of the contacts which itself depends on the hydraulic fluid pressure of the hydraulic control.

Le procédé selon l'invention est décrit ci-après et illustré par les dessins.

  • La figure 1 est un graphe illustrant la synchronisation de la commutation d'un disjoncteur avec l'onde de tension aux bornes du disjoncteur.
  • La figure 2 est un graphe illustrant les limites d'une synchronisation de la commutation du disjoncteur par compensation du temps de manoeuvre du disjoncteur.
  • La figure 3 est un graphe illustrant la prise en compte de la pression du gaz d'isolation dans la synchronisation de la manoeuvre du disjoncteur.
The process according to the invention is described below and illustrated by the drawings.
  • Figure 1 is a graph illustrating the timing of the switching of a circuit breaker with the voltage wave across the circuit breaker.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the limits of a synchronization of the switching of the circuit-breaker by compensation of the operating time of the circuit-breaker.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the taking into account of the pressure of the insulating gas in the synchronization of the operation of the circuit breaker.

La figure 2 montre que dans l'art antérieur, l'instant cible tc est calculé en fonction de la courbe C1. En se référant à la figure 3, l'onde de tension en valeur absolue pour une phase aux bornes d'un disjoncteur est représentée par la courbe TR. La courbe C1 présentée plus haut en relation avec la figure 2 définit un premier instant cible tc1 de la commutation qui est relativement éloigné de l'instant où le niveau de l'onde de tension est nul. La courbe C2 présentée également plus haut en relation avec la figure 2 définit l'instant cible optimum tc2 de la commutation qui est le plus proche de l'instant où le niveau de l'onde de tension est nul. Cet instant cible tc2 optimum correspond à la caractéristique diélectrique nominale du disjoncteur. Selon l'invention, on enregistre préalablement dans le dispositif de synchronisation l'évolution de la caractéristique diélectrique du disjoncteur en fonction de la variation de pression du gaz d'isolation sous la forme de données représentatives par exemple d'une fonction polynomiale. On mesure la pression du gaz d'isolation dans le disjoncteur juste avant la commutation du disjoncteur et cette mesure de pression du gaz d'isolation est utilisée conjointement avec les données préenregistrées pour déterminer la courbe C représentative de la tenue diélectrique du disjoncteur pour la pression mesurée du gaz d'isolation. L'instant cible tcc est calculé ensuite à partir de la courbe C. C'est sur cet instant cible calculé tcc que sera appliqué le temps de manoeuvre compensé tmc. Comme visible sur la figure 3, avec le procédé selon l'invention, on rapproche l'instant cible de la commutation de l'instant cible optimum tc2 et donc de l'instant où le niveau de l'onde de tension est nul. Si l'instant cible calculé tcc est confondu avec l'instant cible optimum tc2, on obtient une commutation du disjoncteur sur la base de l'exemple de la figure 2, à un moment où la tension est comprise entre 0,02 et 0,16 de la tension nominale et en pratique proche de 0,02 de la tension nominale.FIG. 2 shows that in the prior art, the target instant tc is calculated as a function of the curve C1. Referring to FIG. 3, the voltage wave in absolute value for a phase across a circuit breaker is represented by the curve TR. The curve C1 presented above in relation to FIG. 2 defines a first target instant tc1 of the switching which is relatively far from the moment when the level of the voltage wave is zero. The curve C2 also presented above in relation to FIG. 2 defines the optimum target instant tc2 of the switching which is closest to the moment when the level of the voltage wave is zero. This optimum target time tc2 corresponds to the nominal dielectric characteristic of the circuit breaker. According to the invention, the evolution of the dielectric characteristic of the circuit-breaker is recorded beforehand in the synchronization device as a function of the pressure variation of the insulating gas in the form of representative data, for example of a polynomial function. The pressure of the insulating gas is measured in the circuit breaker just prior to circuit breaker switching and this insulating gas pressure measurement is used in conjunction with the prerecorded data to determine the curve C representative of the dielectric withstand of the circuit breaker for the pressure measured insulation gas. The target time tcc is then calculated from the curve C. It is on this calculated target instant tcc that the compensated maneuvering time tmc will be applied. As can be seen in FIG. 3, with the method according to the invention, the target instant of the switching of the optimum target instant tc2 and thus of the instant when the level of the voltage wave is zero is brought closer to one another. If the calculated target instant tcc coincides with the optimum target instant tc2, circuit breaker switching is obtained on the basis of the example of FIG. 2, at a time when the voltage is between 0.02 and 0, 16 of the nominal voltage and in practice close to 0.02 of the rated voltage.

Pour optimiser encore plus le calcul de l'instant cible tcc si le disjoncteur à isolation au gaz comporte une commande hydraulique, on enregistre préalablement dans le dispositif de synchronisation des données représentatives de l'évolution de la caractéristique diélectrique C du disjoncteur en fonction de la pression hydraulique de la commande hydraulique. Juste avant la commutation du disjoncteur, le dispositif de synchronisation effectue une mesure de la pression hydraulique et utilise cette mesure de pression conjointement avec les données préenregistrées pour déterminer la courbe C et calculer l'instant cible optimisé tcc. Il est entendu que les mesures de pression du gaz d'isolation et du liquide hydraulique peuvent être combinées pour calculer l'instant cible tcc. L'invention s'étend aussi à un procédé de synchronisation d'un disjoncteur à isolation au gaz avec une commande hydraulique dans lequel l'instant cible est calculé seulement à partir de la mesure de la pression hydraulique comme indiqué plus haut.To further optimize the calculation of the target time tcc if the gas-insulated circuit breaker comprises a hydraulic control, data representing the evolution of the dielectric characteristic C of the circuit-breaker according to FIG. hydraulic pressure of the hydraulic control. Just before switching the circuit breaker, the synchronization device performs a measurement of the hydraulic pressure and uses this pressure measurement together with the prerecorded data to determine the curve C and calculate the optimized target instant tcc. It is understood that the pressure measurements of the insulating gas and hydraulic fluid can be combined to calculate the target time tcc. The invention also extends to a method of synchronizing a gas-insulated circuit breaker with a hydraulic control in which the target instant is calculated only from the measurement of the hydraulic pressure as indicated above.

La pression du gaz d'isolation et du liquide hydraulique peut être mesurée à l'aide de capteurs conventionnels habituellement présents sur des disjoncteurs isolés avec un gaz diélectrique comme du SF6 de sorte que la mise en oeuvre du procédé selon l'invention n'introduit pas de coût supplémentaire.The pressure of the insulating gas and the hydraulic liquid can be measured using conventional sensors usually present on isolated circuit breakers with a dielectric gas such as SF6 so that the implementation of the method according to the invention introduces no additional cost.

Claims (4)

  1. A method of synchronizing drive to a gas-insulated circuit breaker with the voltage waveform (TR) applied to the terminals of the circuit breaker so as to cause the circuit breaker to switch at a computed target instant that is as close as possible to an instant corresponding to a certain amplitude level in the voltage waveform, the method being characterized in that the pressure of the insulating gas inside the circuit breaker is measured immediately before said switching, and in that said measurement is used together with prerecorded data representative of variation in the dielectric characteristic (C) of the circuit breaker as a function of the pressure of said insulating gas in order to optimize computation of said target instant (tcc).
  2. The method of claim 1, in which the gas-insulated circuit breaker is driven by a hydraulic control, in which method hydraulic pressure is measured immediately before said switching, and said hydraulic pressure measurement is used together with prerecorded data representative of variation in the dielectric characteristic (C) of the circuit breaker as a function of the pressure of the hydraulic liquid in order to optimize computation of said target instant (tcc).
  3. A method of synchronizing drive to a gas-insulated circuit breaker under hydraulic control with a voltage waveform (TR) applied to the terminals of the circuit breaker in order to obtain circuit breaker switching at a computed target instant as close as possible to an instant corresponding to a certain amplitude level in the voltage waveform, the method being characterized in that the pressure of the control hydraulic liquid is measured immediately before said switching, and in that said measured hydraulic pressure is used together with prerecorded data representative of variation in the dielectric characteristic (C) of the circuit breaker as a function of the pressure of the control hydraulic liquid in order to optimize computation of said target instant (tcc).
  4. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, in which said amplitude level of the voltage waveform is selected to be equal to zero.
EP01401460A 2000-06-19 2001-06-06 Method of syncronisation of switching operation of a circuit breaker with voltage waveform Revoked EP1168398B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0007783 2000-06-19
FR0007783A FR2810445B1 (en) 2000-06-19 2000-06-19 METHOD FOR SYNCHRONIZING THE SWITCHING OF A CIRCUIT BREAKER WITH THE VOLTAGE WAVE

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EP1168398A1 EP1168398A1 (en) 2002-01-02
EP1168398B1 true EP1168398B1 (en) 2006-11-22

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EP (1) EP1168398B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1172341C (en)
AT (1) ATE346370T1 (en)
AU (1) AU772974B2 (en)
BR (1) BR0102751A (en)
CA (1) CA2351111C (en)
DE (1) DE60124624T2 (en)
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CN1330379A (en) 2002-01-09
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CA2351111A1 (en) 2001-12-19
FR2810445A1 (en) 2001-12-21
FR2810445B1 (en) 2002-07-26
ZA200104930B (en) 2002-02-05
CN1172341C (en) 2004-10-20
DE60124624T2 (en) 2007-05-16
US6646361B2 (en) 2003-11-11
EP1168398A1 (en) 2002-01-02
CA2351111C (en) 2008-09-23
BR0102751A (en) 2002-02-19
AU5195101A (en) 2001-12-20
US20020003380A1 (en) 2002-01-10
AU772974B2 (en) 2004-05-13

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