Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
  • A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
  • A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
  • A61M1/26—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes and internal elements which are moving
  • A61M1/267—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes and internal elements which are moving used for pumping
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
  • A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
  • A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
  • A61M1/1621—Constructional aspects thereof
  • A61M1/1623—Disposition or location of membranes relative to fluids
  • A61M1/1625—Dialyser of the outside perfusion type, i.e. blood flow outside hollow membrane fibres or tubes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
  • A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
  • A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
  • A61M1/1621—Constructional aspects thereof
  • A61M1/1629—Constructional aspects thereof with integral heat exchanger
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
  • A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
  • A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
  • A61M1/1698—Blood oxygenators with or without heat-exchangers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
  • A61M1/14—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis
  • A61M1/16—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes
  • A61M1/26—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes and internal elements which are moving
  • A61M1/262—Dialysis systems; Artificial kidneys; Blood oxygenators ; Reciprocating systems for treatment of body fluids, e.g. single needle systems for hemofiltration or pheresis with membranes and internal elements which are moving rotating
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
  • A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
  • A61M1/3621—Extra-corporeal blood circuits
  • A61M1/3623—Means for actively controlling temperature of blood
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
  • A61M60/10—Location thereof with respect to the patient's body
  • A61M60/104—Extracorporeal pumps, i.e. the blood being pumped outside the patient's body
  • A61M60/109—Extracorporeal pumps, i.e. the blood being pumped outside the patient's body incorporated within extracorporeal blood circuits or systems
  • A61M60/113—Extracorporeal pumps, i.e. the blood being pumped outside the patient's body incorporated within extracorporeal blood circuits or systems in other functional devices, e.g. dialysers or heart-lung machines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
  • A61M60/20—Type thereof
  • A61M60/205—Non-positive displacement blood pumps
  • A61M60/216—Non-positive displacement blood pumps including a rotating member acting on the blood, e.g. impeller
  • A61M60/226—Non-positive displacement blood pumps including a rotating member acting on the blood, e.g. impeller the blood flow through the rotating member having mainly radial components
  • A61M60/232—Centrifugal pumps
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
  • A61M60/30—Medical purposes thereof other than the enhancement of the cardiac output
  • A61M60/35—Medical purposes thereof other than the enhancement of the cardiac output for specific surgeries, e.g. for Fontan procedure
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
  • A61M60/30—Medical purposes thereof other than the enhancement of the cardiac output
  • A61M60/36—Medical purposes thereof other than the enhancement of the cardiac output for specific blood treatment; for specific therapy
  • A61M60/38—Blood oxygenation
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
  • A61M60/40—Details relating to driving
  • A61M60/403—Details relating to driving for non-positive displacement blood pumps
  • A61M60/419—Details relating to driving for non-positive displacement blood pumps the force acting on the blood contacting member being permanent magnetic, e.g. from a rotating magnetic coupling between driving and driven magnets
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
  • A61M60/50—Details relating to control
  • A61M60/508—Electronic control means, e.g. for feedback regulation
  • A61M60/538—Regulation using real-time blood pump operational parameter data, e.g. motor current
  • A61M60/554—Regulation using real-time blood pump operational parameter data, e.g. motor current of blood pressure
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
  • A61M60/80—Constructional details other than related to driving
  • A61M60/802—Constructional details other than related to driving of non-positive displacement blood pumps
  • A61M60/804—Impellers
  • A61M60/806—Vanes or blades
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M60/00—Blood pumps; Devices for mechanical circulatory actuation; Balloon pumps for circulatory assistance
  • A61M60/80—Constructional details other than related to driving
  • A61M60/802—Constructional details other than related to driving of non-positive displacement blood pumps
  • A61M60/818—Bearings
  • A61M60/825—Contact bearings, e.g. ball-and-cup or pivot bearings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
  • A61M2205/36—General characteristics of the apparatus related to heating or cooling
  • A61M2205/366—General characteristics of the apparatus related to heating or cooling by liquid heat exchangers

Definitions

• the present invention relates to extracorporeal systems for oxygenating and pumping blood during cardiac surgery. More specifically, the present invention relates to an integrated oxygenator and pump system wherein the gas diffusion fibers form a pumping element.
• minimally invasive techniques for cardiac bypass grafting, for example, by Heartport, Inc., Redwood City, California, and CardioThoracic Systems, Inc., Menlo Park, California, have placed a premium on reducing the size of equipment employed in the sterile field.
• open surgical techniques typically provide a relatively large surgical site that the surgeon views directly
• minimally invasive techniques require the placement of endoscopes, video monitors, and various positioning systems for the instruments. These devices crowd the sterile field and can limit the surgeon's ability to maneuver.
• U.S. Patent Nos. 5,266,265 and 5,270,005, both to Raible, describe an extracorporeal blood oxygenation system having an integrated blood reservoir, an oxygenator formed from a static array of hollow fibers, a heat exchanger, a pump and a pump motor that is controlled by cable connected to a control console .
• Makarewicz et al . "A Pumping Intravascular Artificial Lung with Active Mixing," ASAIO Journal, 39 (3) :M466-M469 (1993), describes an intravascular device having a gas exchange surface made of microporous fibers formed into an elongated helical vane.
• the elongated helical vane permits not only gas exchange, but also may be rotated to pump blood through the device.
• Makarewicz et al . "A Pumping Artificial Lung,” ASAIO Journal, 40 (3) :M518-M521 (1994) describes an adaptation of the foregoing device in which the microporous fiber bundles were formed into multi-lobed clover-leaf vanes potted along a central axis. The vanes were substituted for the vanes of a BIOMEDICUS® blood pump (a registered trademark of Bio-Medicus, Eden
• microbubbles small bubbles
• cavitation-induced blood trauma and damage to the device (b) cavitation-induced blood trauma and damage to the device; (c) high shear loading leading to (i) buckling of the fibers or (ii) blood trauma; and (d) flooding of the inlet gas manifold, after fiber rupture, resulting in rapid reduction in oxygenation efficiency.
• an object of the present invention to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a compact size, low priming volume and the ability to adequately oxygenate blood using a rotating fiber bundle that reduces boundary layer resistance to gas transfer and the formation of stagnation zones within the fiber bundle. It is another object of the present invention to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a low priming volume and low internal surface area, thereby reducing blood contact with non-native surfaces, potential damage to blood components, and the risk of infection. It is yet another object of this invention to provide an integrated extracorporeal blood pump/oxygenator having a hollow fiber bundle that oxygenates the blood and provides a pumping action when rotated, but reduces the leakage of gas into the blood to form bubbles.
• the pump/oxygenator includes a rotating hollow fiber bundle assembly that both oxygenates the blood and develops additional pressure head, if desired, to pump the blood.
• the device further includes one or more of the following improvements: means for reducing microbubble generation and blood trauma; means for reducing outward bowing of the fiber bundle; and means for reducing flooding of gas manifolds .
• the integrated blood pump/oxygenator includes an tapered inner member disposed along a central shaft that increases pressure on the blood side relative to the gas side near the center of the fiber bundle, and, hence, prevents the formation of gas microbubbles in the blood.
• the inner member which may optionally include helical vanes, also gradually accelerates blood prior to entering the fiber bundle, thereby reducing blood trauma. Shearing loads imposed on the fiber elements of the fiber bundle during high speed rotation are addressed by the addition of a reinforcement structure that extends around or within the fiber bundle. These reinforcement structures also assist in reducing shear stress imparted to the blood, hence reduce blood trauma.
• the gas manifolds of the pump/oxygenator optionally may be configured to reduce flooding and loss of efficiency due to occasional rupture of fiber elements.
• Alternative embodiments of the integrated blood pump/oxygenator of the present invention may include a plurality of vanes for accelerating blood entering and/or exiting the fiber bundle. These vanes may be coupled to the same shaft that drives the rotating fiber bundle, or may optionally be driven at a different angular velocity using a separate drive train.
• FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a previously known integrated blood oxygenator and pump system
• FIG. 2 is a side-sectional view of the pump/oxygenator of FIG. 1;
• FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an integrated blood oxygenator/pump constructed in accordance with the present invention
• FIG. 4A and 4B are, respectively, side- sectional and cut-away views of the pump/oxygenator of FIG. 3;
• FIGS. 5A-5D are perspective views of the internal components of the pump/oxygenator of FIG. 3;
• FIG. 6 is a partial perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a shaft suitable for use in the pump/oxygenator of the present invention;
• FIG. 7 is a partial perspective view of a further alternative embodiment of a shaft and impeller arrangement suitable for use with the present invention
• FIGS. 8A and 8B are, respectively, perspective exterior and partial sectional views depicting a pump/oxygenator implementing the pre-accelerating vanes of FIG. 7 as a separate pre-pump element;
• FIG. 9 is a side sectional view of the pre-pump element of the pump/oxygenator of FIGS. 8;
• FIG. 10 is a side sectional view of the pump/oxygenator component of the device of FIGS. 8;
• FIGS. 11A, 11B and 11C are, respectively, detailed views of the portions enclosed with boxes 11A and 11B of FIG. 10, and a perspective view of the partitioned gas tube of FIG. 11A;
• FIG. 12 is a partial view of a further alternative embodiment of an internal assembly suitable for use in a pump/oxygenator of the present invention.
• the present invention provides an integrated blood pump/oxygenator that overcomes the drawbacks of previously known devices.
• the integrated system may be placed in or near the sterile field and has a low priming volume, e.g., 250 cc or less.
• a pump/oxygenator constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention is expected to: (a) have little or no gas leakage into the blood and consequent bubble formation; (b) experience little or no cavitation, even at high speeds; (c) be less prone to rupture of fiber elements; (d) induce little or no blood trauma; and (c) provide adequate oxygenation capability even when occasional rupture of fiber elements occurs. Referring to FIGS.
• Pump/oxygenator 10 comprises sealed housing 11 having blood inlet 12, blood outlet 13, gas inlet 14 and gas outlet 15. Hollow fiber bundle 16 is potted to inlet gas manifold 17 at the bottom and outlet gas manifold 18 at the top. The hollow fiber bundle is substituted for the vanes of a BIOMEDICUS® blood pump (a registered trademark of Bio-Medicus, Eden Prairie, Minnesota) .
• the Bio-Medicus pump includes a magnet 19 disposed in tray 20 which is magnetically coupled to a magnet affixed to a drive shaft (not shown) .
• Blood entering pump/oxygenator 10 through inlet 12 passes into central void 21.
• fiber bundle 16 is rotated, blood is drawn by centrifugal force into fiber bundle 16, accelerates as it passes through the fiber bundle, and exits the pump/oxygenator through blood outlet 13.
• a first drawback of the device of FIGS. 1 and 2 is the tendency of rotation of the fiber bundle to generate microbubbles, i.e., induce low pressure regions that draw gas bubbles through the microporous membrane from the gas-side to the blood-side.
• rotation of fiber bundle 16 causes a low pressure region to form in central core 21, which in turn pulls gas bubbles through the membrane of the fiber elements nearest the center.
• formation of localized low pressure regions may induce classical cavitation, i.e., generation of a vapor phase in the form of microbubbles .
• the bubbles not only pose an inherent risk, if not filtered out prior to perfusion of the patient, but also may cause the blood to froth, thereby decreasing oxygenation efficiency.
• a second drawback of the device of FIGS. 1 and 2 is that during rotation of the fiber bundle, the individual fiber elements tend to bow radially outward. Depending upon the rotational speed of the fiber bundle, the forces developed in the fiber bundle may become so high that the fibers frequently either tear free from the potting or rupture. This in turn causes leakage of blood into the inlet gas manifold.
• Leakage from loose or ruptured fibers may cause a third and significant problem in the above-described previously known device. Specifically, large amounts of blood leaking into inlet gas manifold 17 or outlet gas manifold 18 through the ruptured or loose fibers may cause these gas manifolds to flood, thereby cutting off the oxygen supply to the fiber bundle and rendering the device inoperative.
• Pump/oxygenator 30 of the present invention includes several improvements over the device described in the above-incorporated Makarewicz et al. paper, useful individually or in combination, that overcome the problems described hereinabove.
• Pump/oxygenator 30 is magnetically coupled to drive shaft 31 of motor 32, which is in turn controlled by controller 33.
• Deoxygenated venous blood is supplied to pump/oxygenator 30 via suitable biocompatible tubing (not shown) coupled to venous blood inlet 34; oxygenated blood is returned to the patient from pump/oxygenator 30 via biocompatible tubing (not shown) coupled to blood outlet 35.
• Pressurized oxygen is introduced into pump/oxygenator 30 via gas inlet port 36, while a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide exits pump/oxygenator 30 via gas outlet port 37.
• Motor 32, magnetically coupled drive shaft 31 and controller 33 are items per se known in the art, and may comprise any of a number of systems available from Bio-Medicus, Inc., Eden Prairie,
• drive shaft 31, motor 32 and controller 33 may be miniaturized to permit their placement closer to the patient.
• Pump/oxygenator 30 comprises housing 40 enclosing a gas transfer element in the form of fiber bundle assembly 41 that rotates within housing 40 on shaft 42.
• Shaft 42 is affixed to shaft impeller 65, which is attached to tray 44.
• Tray 44 holds one or more magnets 45 that are used to magnetically couple fiber bundle assembly 41 to drive shaft 31 (see FIG. 3) .
• Fiber bundle 46 preferably comprises an annular shape formed from a multiplicity of microporous hollow fiber elements, and includes a central void 46a.
• the upper ends of the hollow fiber elements are potted in region 47, so that the interior lumens of the fibers communicate with void 48 in inlet gas manifold 49.
• the lower ends of the hollow fiber elements of fiber bundle 46 are potted in region 50, so that the interior lumens of the fibers communicate with void 51 in outlet gas manifold 52.
• Any of a number of suitable biocompatible potting materials may be used, such as polyurethanes or epoxies .
• Shaft 42 includes inner tube 53 and outer tube 54 arranged coaxially to form annulus 55.
• Annulus 55 communicates with gas inlet port 36 (shown in FIG. 3) via through-wall holes 57, and with void 48 of inlet gas manifold 49 via through-wall holes 59 and passageways 60 in plurality of pumping vanes 61.
• Lumen 62 of inner tube 53 communicates with gas outlet port 63 at its upper end and void 51 in outlet gas manifold 52 at its lower end via passageways 64 in shaft impeller 65.
• Shaft seal 66a separates space 67, which couples gas outlet port 63 to lumen 62, from space 68, which couples gas inlet port 36 (shown in FIG. 3) to annulus 55.
• Shaft seal 66b separates space 68 from the interior of housing 40, which encloses fiber bundle assembly 41.
• seal caps 66c and 66d are retained with seal caps 66c and 66d, respectively (see FIG. 5A) .
• Shaft 42 is carried in bearing 69, while shaft impeller 65 is carried on bearings 71 and 72. Thrust washer 73 is interposed between bearings 71 and 72, and the entire assembly is in turn carried on bearing shaft 74.
• Bearing shaft 74 is affixed to lower plate 75 of housing 40 by shoulder screw 76, and is seated on O-ring seal 77. Shoulder screw 76 also is sealed with O-ring 78.
• Shaft impeller 65 seals the lower end of annulus 55, while the upper end of the annulus is sealed by plug 79.
• Shaft impeller 65 (shown in FIG. 5B) forms an inner member that radially displaces blood entering the central void 46a, and comprises upper hub 80 and lower hub 80a.
• FIG. 5C shows an alternate embodiment of shaft impeller 65, where pumping vanes 61 optionally also extend above hub 80. Openings 85 between the plurality of vanes 61 permit blood entering pump/oxygenator 30 via venous blood inlet 86 to flow into fiber bundle 46. Vanes 61 are configured to serve as vanes that pump and accelerate blood passing through the fiber bundle 46. As will of course be appreciated, the pump housing and seal locations must be appropriately modified to accommodate extended vanes 61 of FIG. 5C.
• pump/oxygenator 30 includes a number of features that overcome drawbacks observed in the device of FIGS. 1 and 2. These improvements may be used individually, or in combination, depending upon the intended application of the pump/oxygenator.
• conically tapered portion 65a of shaft impeller 65 is provided to increase the blood side pressure between hubs 80 and 80a.
• pluralities of vanes 61 and 90 may be disposed on impeller shaft 65 to further reduce the bubbling observed in previously known devices at higher speeds by increasing the pressure of blood entering fiber bundle 41.
• Tapered portion 65a of shaft impeller 65 also is expected to reduce blood trauma by imparting a gradual acceleration to blood entering the hollow fiber bundle, and thus reduce high shear forces encountered in previously known designs when the blood impinges upon the rotating bundle.
• the pressure at which the blood is supplied to pump/oxygenator 30 may be increased, for example, using an auxiliary pre-pump, as described hereinafter with respect to FIG. 7-11.
• the positions of the inlet and outlet gas manifolds optionally may be reversed (relative to the design of FIGS. 1 and 2), so that void 51 formed by outlet gas manifold 52 is coupled to lumen 62 of inner tube 53.
• baffle plate 91 may be disposed in void 51, and includes grooves 92 on its underside that communicate with passageways 64. Baffle plate 91, if present, causes gas exiting fiber bundle 46 to pass around the outermost edge of the baffle plate.
• a support structure preferably is disposed around the fiber bundle assembly 41. Referring to FIG. 5A, fiber bundle assembly 41 and shaft 42 are shown without housing 40.
• Girdle 95 which may comprise a collar or sleeve made of a suitable biocompatible material, such as a metal or plastic, is disposed around the circumference of fiber bundle 46. Girdle 95 preferably is potted with the fiber bundle in the inlet and outlet gas manifolds.
• girdle 95 reduces radially outward bowing of the fiber elements of fiber bundle 46 when pump/oxygenator 30 is operated at high speed. Girdle 95 therefore reduces the strain imposed on the fiber elements, prevents the fiber elements from contacting the interior surface of the housing, and reduces the risk that fiber elements will pull free from the potting material or otherwise rupture. Because girdle 95 is expected to reduce the number of fiber elements that rupture, it is therefore expected to reduce the risk of flooding. In combination with baffle plate 91 and the reversed gas flow path described above, it is expected that pump/oxygenator 30 will maintain high gas exchange efficiency even in the presence of a nominal number of ruptured fibers.
• fiber bundle 46 preferably comprises hollow fiber mat 96 comprising a multiplicity of fibers 97 interconnected by threads 98.
• fiber bundle 46 is formed by wrapping hollow fiber mat 96 about hubs 80 and 80a, and then sealing the free end of the mat against the next- inner layer using a suitable biocompatible adhesive.
• Girdle 95 may then be disposed about the circumference of the fiber bundle, as described hereinabove with respect to FIG. 5A.
• the fiber bundle may be reinforced by gluing or heat- sealing overlapping regions of the fiber mat together.
• the foregoing support structures assist in reducing blood trauma by maintaining a proper spacing between the exterior surface of the fiber bundle and the inner wall of the housing. Specifically, these structures apply a radially inwardly directed force that and are expected to avoid high shear stresses that may be imposed on the blood where a bowed out section of the fiber bundle rotates too closely to, and/or contacting, the inner wall of the housing.
• shaft 100 suitable for use in an alternative embodiment of the present invention is described.
• Shaft 100 is similar in construction to shaft 42 of FIG. 5C, except that shaft 100 includes a plurality of vanes 101 disposed above pumping and accelerating vane 102. Vanes 101 are designed to increase the pressure of blood flowing along shaft 100 thereby further reducing the potential for cavitation, bubbling and blood trauma during high speed operation.
• the pump housing must be modified to accommodate vanes 101, and the number, shape and orientation of vanes 101 may be empirically selected to provide an adequate flow rate and pressure head and to further reduce blood trauma.
• FIG. 7 a further alternative embodiment of a pre-accelerating vane is illustrated.
• shaft 110 and accelerating vanes 111 serve the functions described hereinabove with respect to tapered portion 65a of shaft impeller 65 of the embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 5.
• Shaft 112 comprises a hollow tube that is arranged coaxially with shaft 110, and includes a plurality of vanes 113.
• Shaft 112 may be driven at the same or a different angular velocity than shaft 110, for example, by suitable gearing or a separate motor via a belt arrangement, so that the amount of pre- acceleration provided by vanes 113 may be varied as a function of the rotational speed of the fiber bundle.
• the number, orientation and shape of vanes 113 may be determined empirically, while other modifications to pump/oxygenator 30 needed to implement this variation will be apparent, to one of ordinary skill in the art of pump design, from inspection.
• vanes 113 and housing 40 may be configured so that vanes 113 and shaft 112 function as a separate pump, the outlet of which may be directed into the fiber bundle via accelerating vane 111, or directed back to perfuse the patient, via suitable valving.
• the pump/oxygenator of the present invention may be used to partially unload a heart, for example, during beating heart surgery, followed by placing the patient on full cardiopulmonary bypass for a phase of the surgery where the heart is stopped.
• FIGS. 8-11 a preferred embodiment implementing the plurality of vanes 113 of
• FIG. 7 as a separate pre-pump element is described.
• pump/oxygenator 120 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention is described wherein microbubble generation within the central void of the gas transfer element is reduced using a separately driven pre-pump.
• Pump/oxygenator 120 also illustratively includes a heat exchanger for heating or cooling blood, depending upon the phase of the cardiac surgery.
• Pump/oxygenator 120 preferably is magnetically coupled to motor drives 121a and 121b, which are programmably controlled by controller 122.
• Controller 122 includes microprocessor 123 and display/input console 124, and may comprise, for example, an LCD screen and keyboard. Referring to FIG.
• pump/oxygenator 120 includes housing 125 having compartment 126 that houses rotating fiber bundle 127 and compartment 128 that houses centrifugal pump 129. Compartment 128 preferably is coupled to compartment 126 by passageway 130, so that the outlet of centrifugal pump 129 is directed into central void 131 of fiber bundle 127. Blood enters device 120 via blood inlet 132 and exits via blood outlet 133.
• An oxygen-rich gas mixture enters via gas inlet port 134 and the oxygen-depleted, carbon dioxide-rich exhaust gas exits via gas outlet port 135.
• Heated or cooled water (depending upon whether it is desired to warm or cool the blood as required for a given phase of a surgery) enters coiled tube 136 via water inlet port 137 and exits via water outlet port 138.
• Port 139 may be used to vent air from compartment 126 during priming of device 120, and optionally may be used to introduce fresh blood in compartment 126 to wash out stagnant blood, e.g., if the fiber bundle is permitted to remain stationary during a cardiac procedure.
• Vent port 140 and line 141 coupled thereto extend within the upper portion of central void 131 and advantageously may be used to vent whatever gas collects within pump/oxygenator 120.
• centrifugal pump 129 comprises impeller 145 having a plurality of vanes 146 mounted on hub 147 adjacent to central flow diverter 148. Impeller 145 is mounted on magnet tray 149 that holds permanent magnet 150. Blood entering via blood inlet port 132 experiences a rise in pressure and radial velocity caused by rotation of impeller 145, and exits compartment 128 via passageway 130, where the blood is directed into central void 131 of fiber bundle 127. Centrifugal pump 129 is magnetically coupled to a corresponding permanent magnet or electromagnet in motor drive 121a, so that impeller 145 can be rotated at a desired angular velocity to provide a selected pumping head and flow rate.
• fiber bundle 127 is mounted within compartment 126 for rotation at a desired angular velocity when driven by motor drive 121b, as described hereinbelow.
• fiber bundle 127 comprises a multiplicity of hollow fiber elements disposed surrounding central void 131.
• the lower ends of the fiber elements are coupled by potting ring 155 to inlet gas manifold 156, and communicate with void 157, while the upper ends of the fiber elements are coupled by potting ring 158 to gas outlet manifold 159 and communicate with void 160.
• Fiber bundle 127 is mounted for rotation in compartment 126 at the lower end on shaft 161 and at the upper end on partitioned tube 162.
• Shaft 161 is coupled to shaft 163, which in turn rotates in bearing 164, while partitioned tube rotates in bearing 165.
• partitioned tube 162 preferably comprises a stainless steel shaft having central bore 166, gas inlet lumens 167 and gas outlet lumens 168. Lumens 167 and 168 are closed at either end, and communicate with the exterior of the shaft via semicircular notches 169a and 169b, and 170a and 170b, respectively. Partitioned tube 162 is disposed in housing 125 so that notch 169a communicates with chamber 171, into which oxygen-rich gas is introduced via gas inlet port 134. The oxygen-rich gas passes downward through gas inlet lumens 167 and exits tube 162 via notch 169b. Notch 169b communicates with cavity 172 which is described in greater detail hereinbelow.
• fiber bundle 127 includes support structure 180 disposed within central void 131.
• Support structure 180 comprises upper hub 181, lower hub 182, connecting rods 183 and tapered inner member 184.
• Upper hub 181 includes an annular groove forming cavity 172, a plurality of radially directed passages 185 and a plurality of vertical bores 186 that intersect the radially directed passages 185 (see FIG. 11A) .
• Lower hub 182 likewise includes a plurality of vertically directed bores 187 that communicate with an annular groove portion of void 157 via radially directed bores 188 (see FIG. 11B) .
• Connecting rods 183 which are hollow, are mounted with their upper ends in respective ones of the vertical bores 186 of upper hub 181 and their lower ends in respective ones of vertical bores 187 of lower hub 182.
• gas introduced into cavity 172 through notch 169b passes through bores 185 and 186 of upper hub 181, through connecting rods 183, through bores 187 and 188 of lower hub 182, and into void 157 formed by potting ring 155 and gas inlet manifold 156.
• oxygen-rich gas introduced through gas inlet port 134 is conducted to void 157, from which the gas travels through the multiplicity of hollow fiber elements comprising fiber bundle 127.
• Gas exiting through the upper ends of the fiber elements into void 160 enters gas outlet lumens 168 via notch 170a in partitioned tube 162, and then passes through notch 170b and cavity 173 to gas outlet port 135.
• tapered inner member is disposed within support structure 180 and central void 131, and is coupled to lower hub 182. Blood entering central void 131 through bore 166 of partitioned tube 162 impinges upon inner member 184, and is gradually displaced radially outward by the tapered surface of the inner member.
• inner member 184 reduces the priming volume of the device, and reduces blood trauma both by increasing pressure within the central void (and thus reducing microbubble generation) and by gradually accelerating blood entering the void to the angular velocity of the surrounding fiber bundle.
• Vent tube 141 therefore is provided having a lower end that communicates with the upper portion of the central void 131, so that any gas bubbles coalescing in the central void may be vented, thereby further reducing the risk that gas bubbles will be carried downstream.
• vent tube 141 and vent port 140 may be used to measure blood pressure within the central void of the fiber bundle.
• the blood pressure also may be measured with pressure transducer 142 mounted to vent tube 141 (see FIG. 10) . This information, together with the fiber bundle rotational velocity, inlet gas pressure and head supplied by pre-pump 129 may then be used to control microbubble formation in compartment 126.
• lower hub 182 is coupled to magnet tray 190 by shafts 161 and 163, and drive pins 191.
• Magnet tray 190 preferably holds permanent magnet 193 that magnetically couples the fiber bundle to motor drive 121b, so that rotational motion can be transferred to fiber bundle 127.
• centrifugal pump 129 and fiber bundle 127 preferably are driven at different angular velocities that are selected or coordinated by controller 122 to optimize some feature of the pump/oxygenator, such as minimizing microbubble generation.
• the rotational speeds of centrifugal pump 129 and fiber bundle 127 are selected or coordinated so that, over a range of blood flow rates and for a range of gas inlet pressures, the oxygenation level of blood passing through pump/oxygenator 120 can be optimized, while limiting microbubble formation and associated blood trauma.
• microprocessor 123 of controller 122 may be programmed with suitable empirically derived algorithms that relate gas inlet pressure, and rotational speeds of the pre-pump and fiber bundle, to obtain at least a local maximum in blood oxygenation for a given flow rate, as follows:
• H pre - pump is the pressure head developed by pre-pump 129; f ! ( ) is an empirically derived function that describes the interrelationship between the centrifugal pump rotational speed ⁇ l f and the pre-pump head for given dimensions of the pump/oxygenator 120;
• F E is the flow rate at the blood outlet port 133;
• f 2 ( ) is an empirically derived function that describes the interrelationship between the centrifugal pump rotational speed ⁇ l r the fiber bundle rotational speed ⁇ 2 , and blood flow rate;
• 0 2 is the oxygenation rate of blood exiting blood outlet port 133;
• f 3 ( ) is an is an empirically derived function that describes the interrelationship between the flow rate at the blood outlet port F E , the centrifugal pump rotational speed ⁇ l r the fiber bundle rotational speed ⁇ 2 , and the gas inlet and gas outlet pressures p X p 0 , respectively;
• B gen
• controller 122 may be programmed with the algorithms determined as described hereinabove, so that, for a given desired blood flow rate and oxygenation level at blood outlet port 133, the rotational speeds of the pre-pump and fiber bundle are optimized to reduce blood trauma and microbubble generation.
• other optimization strategies may be advantageously employed, such as minimizing the centrifugal loads placed on the fiber elements of fiber bundle 127 by always rotating the fiber bundle at the lowest rotational speed permissible to achieve a desired blood flow rate and oxygenation level.
• pressure sensor 142 (see FIG. 10) is coupled to controller 122 to provide a signal corresponding to the blood pressure within central void 131.
• the signal output by the sensor is used by controller 122 to select or coordinate the speeds of drive motors 121a and 121b so as to ensure that the blood pressure within the central void is maintained at a level greater than a level at which significant microbubble generation is detected.
• Assembly 200 includes fiber bundle 201 having inlet and outlet gas manifolds 202 and 203, and is mounted on shaft 204 with bearing 205 and shaft seals 206a and 206b, as described hereinabove with respect to the embodiment of FIGS. 4 and 5.
• Assembly 200 further includes vanes 207 mounted in fixed relation to, and that rotate with, the fiber bundle. Vanes 207 are provided to increase the pressure head developed by the pump/oxygenator. Specifically, blood exiting fiber bundle 201 impinges upon vanes 207 and is further accelerated as it exits the pump/oxygenator.
• the housing must be modified to accommodate vanes 207, while the number, orientation and shape of vanes 207 may be selected to provide a desired degree of additional pressure head and to minimize blood trauma.
• the integrated blood pump/oxygenators of the present invention illustratively have been described as employing magnetic couplings.
• the present invention may be readily adapted for use with other drive systems.
• the magnet tray may be replaced with a direct motor drive, or may be coupled by a cable to a drive system and control console located outside the sterile field.
• a direct drive system could be miniaturized to be accommodated within the sterile field.
• the controls could be operated remotely using infrared or other such remote controlling means.
• the integrated blood pump/oxygenator of the present invention could also be incorporated into a standard cardiopulmonary bypass system that has other standard components such as a heat exchanger, venous reservoir, arterial filter, surgical field suction, cardiac vent, etc.

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• 1999
  • 1999-12-30 WO PCT/US1999/031194 patent/WO2000038816A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1999-12-30 EP EP99967749A patent/EP1163034A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1999-12-30 AU AU23976/00A patent/AU2397600A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1999-12-30 JP JP2000590760A patent/JP2002533184A/ja not_active Withdrawn
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