EP1137861B1 - Use of expandable element - Google Patents

Use of expandable element Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1137861B1
EP1137861B1 EP99963822A EP99963822A EP1137861B1 EP 1137861 B1 EP1137861 B1 EP 1137861B1 EP 99963822 A EP99963822 A EP 99963822A EP 99963822 A EP99963822 A EP 99963822A EP 1137861 B1 EP1137861 B1 EP 1137861B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
elements
interspace
mass
expandable
compressed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP99963822A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1137861A1 (en
Inventor
Jerry Kumlin
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Individual
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Individual
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B1/00—Border constructions of openings in walls, floors, or ceilings; Frames to be rigidly mounted in such openings
    • E06B1/62—Tightening or covering joints between the border of openings and the frame or between contiguous frames
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/66—Sealings
    • E04B1/68—Sealings of joints, e.g. expansion joints
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
    • E06B1/00—Border constructions of openings in walls, floors, or ceilings; Frames to be rigidly mounted in such openings
    • E06B1/62—Tightening or covering joints between the border of openings and the frame or between contiguous frames
    • E06B2001/626—Tightening or covering joints between the border of openings and the frame or between contiguous frames comprising expanding foam strips

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of an expandable element according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • polyurethane foam At caulking or sealing of interspaces between building details, e.g., window frames and surrounding beams expanding polymer foam is often used today, e.g., polyurethane foam.
  • foam materials can in casse of fire, irritate skin and air ways. Furthermore, they are difficult to apply in a sufficient amount and are relatively costly to use.
  • WO 98/45565 discloses a sealing strip for filling, isolating and sealing of air gaps, such as air gaps present in buildings during construction, whereby the sealing strip comprises a compressed material contained in a compressed state retaining agent.
  • the compressed material consists of foams of polyurethanes, neoprene rubber, or polyolefines. Such synthetic materials do not behave in accordance with surrounding natural materials, nor are they innocuous in case of fire, but can be very hazardous.
  • expandable elements having a determined form, characterized in that that an element which consists of a mass of fibres of spruce or straw, compressed in its transverse direction to a density of 300 to 1500 kg/m 3 , preferably 600 to 800 kg/m 3 , and which element has substantially the same length as said interspace but having a thickness that is smaller than the width of said interspace, is introduced into each interspace, whereupon a hydrophilic liquid is added to each element (6') in such an amount that the interspace is filled as the element expands in its transverse direction while absorbing such a liquid.
  • the liquid added comprises one or more additives, such as binding agents, preservation agents, putrefaction agents or pest insecticides.
  • the dry fibrous material can contain such agents in dry form which are activated and absorbed by the expanding fibre.
  • the elements consist of spruce fibers.
  • the mass of the elements is further provided with one or more embedded webs.
  • the elements are given the determined form at the compression but it is also possible to consider that the elements can be punched or cut from the compressed mass.
  • the mass may consist of spruce fibres and the compression of the fibrous mass can be achieved by extrusion, rolling or form pressing.
  • a water soluble binding agent in pulverulent form can be mixed into the fibrous mass prior to compression.
  • this expandable element for sealing interspaces between a window frame and surrounding beams
  • such elements are applied around the periphery of the window frame and after having attached the window frame to the surrounding beams water is added, e.g., by spraying. In this way the elements expand in their direction of thickness to fill the gap between the window frame and the neighbouring beam.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically a device for the manufacture of an expandable material in accordance with one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows schematically a piece of an expandable element in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 and 4 illustrate schematically a use of an embodiment of the invention in which expandable elements are used to seal the interspace between a window frame and surrounding beams.
  • FIG 1 a process for the manufacture of an expandable material is shown schematically, starting from a mass 1 of organic fibres, e.g., spruce fibres, arranged onto a conveyor, not shown, running in the feeding direction A.
  • the spruce fibre mass has been obtained by mechanical milling.
  • the fibrous mass 1 is compressed by letting it pass through the pinch between a pair of rolls 2-4, which are placed after each other in the feeding direction A with successively decreasing distance between the rolls of the pair of rolls.
  • the fibrous mass After having passed the last pair of rolls the fibrous mass has been compressed to a hard board having a density of 300 to 1500 kg/m 3 , preferably 600 to 800 kg/m 3 .
  • longitudinal elements are cut from this hard compressed fibre board using a suitable cutting device, such as a punch.
  • FIG 2 such a cut element 6 is shown which at its left end part (of the figure) has been sprayed with water from a spraying bottle 7.
  • the compressed element absorbs the water added and expands simultaneously. It has turned out that the element at the addition of water in an amount enough, can expand up to 10 times its thickness when compressed to a hard board. After the expansion the element has obtained a foam-like consistency. After drying the element maintains its expanded volume.
  • the compression of the mass can also take place by extrusion or form pressing, preferably using a dry mass.
  • the mass 1 is compressed in one direction only when passing the pinch of the pair of rolls. This is of course possible to compress the block in a direction perpendicular to this direction and the feeding direction by letting the side walls, as arranged in the device shown, but not shown in figure 1, to prevent fibrous mass from expanding side-wise at the passage of the pair of rolls, converge towards each other in the feeding direction A.
  • An element produced in this way will at the absorption of water of course expand in the cross directional of the element.
  • Wooden fibrous mass can be delivered in the form of compressed sheets or block and the expandable elements can also be produced starting from such blocks or sheets by splitting and, optionally, a further compression of these .
  • Figures 3 and 4 show schematically how expandable elements 6 manufactured in accordance with the above can be used for sealing the interspaces between a window frame 7, which has been inserted into a wall opening and the beams 8-11 which restrict the opening.
  • the window frame 7 is provided with four pieces of elements 6' which extend in a surrounding groove or milled track formed in those sides of the window frame 7 which face the beams 8-11.
  • a cut piece of the window frame 7 is shown having an element 6' arranged in the groove of the window frame.
  • the elements 6' have a suitable thickness of 2 to 8 mm.
  • the elements 6' are further preferably manufactured in such a way that they will only expand in the direction of thickness at the addition of water. Thereby it is made sure that any after treatment to eliminate excess sealing material is not necessary, such as is the case when using conventional expanding polymer foam materials which expand in all directions. In an expanded state the elements are able to take up movements in the construction without losing its sealing and silencer function.
  • the elements 6' are factory mounted onto the window frame and are suitably covered by a removable, surrounding tape to prevent the elements from being subject to unintentional addition of water, e.g., rain water. It is of course in stead possible to attach the elements 6' to the window frame when this shall be mounted to the wall opening.
  • one side of the elements can be covered with a self-adhering glue or the similar.
  • the above described expandable elements can of course be used to fill other interspaces and voids between or within building details. At voids having a more complicated three dimensional form elements having been compressed in all directions, of course, have to be used.
  • the elements according to the invention can be adopted to the voids to be filled by cutting, figure sawing or treatment in another suitable way.
  • the expandable elements according to the invention are delivered suitably in the form of longitudinal lathes or fillets and are, preferably provided with a self-adhering coating on their one side to facilitate attachment of the elements to a building detail or the similar.
  • one or more webs or the similar be placed in the mass prior to the compression thereof in order to improve the mechanical strength of the expandable elements. It is also possible to bring in liquid blocking layers in the fibrous material prior to the compression.
  • the element according to the invention can also be used as mere sealing fillets to exclude water or other liquid.
  • the expanding properties of the elements are used at such use only to have the element expand into unevennesses of the surfaces the interspaces shall be sealed, whereby the degree of expansion is little.
  • the abutment pressure against the two surfaces is, however, large. Even if the water will be absorbed by such an element so that its surface becomes wet water will, however, not leach out of the element.
  • the elements described above are made from fibres of spruce. Such fibres are long and flexible and the fibrous mass can be compressed to a density of up to 1500 kg/m 3 without destroying the fibres to any substantial degree. At a higher compression it has turned out that the expansion when adding water is reduced, which implies that too a high degree of the fibres have been damaged at the compression. For this reason the density, after compression should not exceed 1500 kg/m 3 . Even other wood species than spruce can be used to manufacture the expandable elements according to the invention and it is also thought possible to use other organic fibres, preferably cellulose fibres, such as certain species of straw, in order to obtain a material according to the invention.
  • the hydrophilic liquid preferably water, which is added to the elements, can advantageously contain additives, such as glue, preserving agents, putrefaction agents or pesticides. It is also thought possible to mix a water soluble glue in pulverulent form into the fibrous mass prior to the compression in order to have the expanding material adhere to the surface it expands against in such a way, at the subsequent addition of water.
  • the expanded material according to the invention can, in sheet form, also be used as an insulating material. As the material in compressed form only takes minimal space such sheets can be attached in advance onto e.g., wall sheets and then be expanded prior to or in connection with the mounting of the wall sheets.
  • the expandable material according to the invention is a mere product of nature and has thereby great environmental advantages compared to the expandable polymers and other expandable conventional insulating material, as the material is thought to replace.
  • the spruce fibre is approved the Asthma and Allergy Society.
  • the spruce fibre material is also relatively cheap and the material described can be produced to a relatively low cost.
  • the material can be reused in a number of ways. For example, after use it can be recompressed where after it can be used as expandable material again. However, the degree of expansion decreases successively with the number of times the material has been expanded and recompressed, probably due to the fact that the degree of damaged fibres of the material increases at each compression.
  • the expanding material can also be dismembered and be used as an absorption material for oils, liquid chemicals, and the similar.
  • the expandable elements can be given another shape than longitudinal elements or sheets at the compression. Further, more pair of rolls than three can be used at rolling. The invention shall thus only be restricted to the contents of the accompanying claims.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Prostheses (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for the manufacture of expandable elements having a determined shape, whereby a mass (1) consisting of organic fibres, which are expandable by the addition of a hydrophilic liquid, is compressed in one or more determined directions to a density of 300 to 1500 kg/m<3>, preferably 600 to 800 kg/m<3>, and that elements having the determined form are shaped from said mass, as well as an expandable element and its use.

Description

Technical field
The present invention relates to the use of an expandable element according to the preamble of claim 1.
At caulking or sealing of interspaces between building details, e.g., window frames and surrounding beams expanding polymer foam is often used today, e.g., polyurethane foam. Such foam materials can in casse of fire, irritate skin and air ways. Furthermore, they are difficult to apply in a sufficient amount and are relatively costly to use.
Thus there is a need for obtaining an expanding material without these drawbacks.
WO 98/45565 discloses a sealing strip for filling, isolating and sealing of air gaps, such as air gaps present in buildings during construction, whereby the sealing strip comprises a compressed material contained in a compressed state retaining agent. The compressed material consists of foams of polyurethanes, neoprene rubber, or polyolefines. Such synthetic materials do not behave in accordance with surrounding natural materials, nor are they innocuous in case of fire, but can be very hazardous.
H. G. Olshausen, "VDI-Lexikon Bauingenieurwesen", Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, 1991, 281 discloses sheets of wooden fibres having different densities.
Summary of the invention
This object can be achieved by the use of expandable elements having a determined form, characterized in that that an element which consists of a mass of fibres of spruce or straw, compressed in its transverse direction to a density of 300 to 1500 kg/m3, preferably 600 to 800 kg/m3, and which element has substantially the same length as said interspace but having a thickness that is smaller than the width of said interspace, is introduced into each interspace, whereupon a hydrophilic liquid is added to each element (6') in such an amount that the interspace is filled as the element expands in its transverse direction while absorbing such a liquid.
At the expansion of such a material no noxious compounds are developed or used and such a material thus allows for a particularly environmental way to seal interspaces between e.g., window frames and surrounding beams. Further one may, by,choice the direction or directions, as the fibrous mass has been compressed in, to control the direction or directions of expansion.
In a preferred embodiment the liquid added comprises one or more additives, such as binding agents, preservation agents, putrefaction agents or pest insecticides.
The dry fibrous material can contain such agents in dry form which are activated and absorbed by the expanding fibre.
In a preferred embodiment the elements consist of spruce fibers.
In a preferred embodiment the mass of the elements is further provided with one or more embedded webs.
The elements are given the determined form at the compression but it is also possible to consider that the elements can be punched or cut from the compressed mass. The mass may consist of spruce fibres and the compression of the fibrous mass can be achieved by extrusion, rolling or form pressing. A water soluble binding agent in pulverulent form can be mixed into the fibrous mass prior to compression.
At a practical use of this expandable element for sealing interspaces between a window frame and surrounding beams such elements are applied around the periphery of the window frame and after having attached the window frame to the surrounding beams water is added, e.g., by spraying. In this way the elements expand in their direction of thickness to fill the gap between the window frame and the neighbouring beam.
Figure legends
The invention will now be described with reference to the attached figures, of which FIG. 1 shows schematically a device for the manufacture of an expandable material in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 shows schematically a piece of an expandable element in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, and
FIG. 3 and 4 illustrate schematically a use of an embodiment of the invention in which expandable elements are used to seal the interspace between a window frame and surrounding beams.
Description of embodiments
In figure 1 a process for the manufacture of an expandable material is shown schematically, starting from a mass 1 of organic fibres, e.g., spruce fibres, arranged onto a conveyor, not shown, running in the feeding direction A. The spruce fibre mass has been obtained by mechanical milling. The fibrous mass 1 is compressed by letting it pass through the pinch between a pair of rolls 2-4, which are placed after each other in the feeding direction A with successively decreasing distance between the rolls of the pair of rolls. After having passed the last pair of rolls the fibrous mass has been compressed to a hard board having a density of 300 to 1500 kg/m3, preferably 600 to 800 kg/m3. Finally, longitudinal elements are cut from this hard compressed fibre board using a suitable cutting device, such as a punch.
In figure 2 such a cut element 6 is shown which at its left end part (of the figure) has been sprayed with water from a spraying bottle 7. The compressed element absorbs the water added and expands simultaneously. It has turned out that the element at the addition of water in an amount enough, can expand up to 10 times its thickness when compressed to a hard board. After the expansion the element has obtained a foam-like consistency. After drying the element maintains its expanded volume.
The compression of the mass can also take place by extrusion or form pressing, preferably using a dry mass. At the process described the mass 1 is compressed in one direction only when passing the pinch of the pair of rolls. This is of course possible to compress the block in a direction perpendicular to this direction and the feeding direction by letting the side walls, as arranged in the device shown, but not shown in figure 1, to prevent fibrous mass from expanding side-wise at the passage of the pair of rolls, converge towards each other in the feeding direction A. An element produced in this way will at the absorption of water of course expand in the cross directional of the element.
Wooden fibrous mass can be delivered in the form of compressed sheets or block and the expandable elements can also be produced starting from such blocks or sheets by splitting and, optionally, a further compression of these .
Figures 3 and 4 show schematically how expandable elements 6 manufactured in accordance with the above can be used for sealing the interspaces between a window frame 7, which has been inserted into a wall opening and the beams 8-11 which restrict the opening. The window frame 7 is provided with four pieces of elements 6' which extend in a surrounding groove or milled track formed in those sides of the window frame 7 which face the beams 8-11. In figure 4 a cut piece of the window frame 7 is shown having an element 6' arranged in the groove of the window frame. The elements 6' have a suitable thickness of 2 to 8 mm.
After having inserted such a window frame in a common way in a wall opening and attached it to the surrounding beams it is enough to add water, e.g., by means of a spray bottle 12 or the similar, onto the outside of the window frame in order to have the elements 6' expand and fill the interspaces or the whole gap width between the windows and the beams 8-11. Such a use of the invention contributes to a particularly simple mounting of the window frame in a wall opening. The elements 6' are further preferably manufactured in such a way that they will only expand in the direction of thickness at the addition of water. Thereby it is made sure that any after treatment to eliminate excess sealing material is not necessary, such as is the case when using conventional expanding polymer foam materials which expand in all directions. In an expanded state the elements are able to take up movements in the construction without losing its sealing and silencer function.
In the embodiment described the elements 6' are factory mounted onto the window frame and are suitably covered by a removable, surrounding tape to prevent the elements from being subject to unintentional addition of water, e.g., rain water. It is of course in stead possible to attach the elements 6' to the window frame when this shall be mounted to the wall opening. For this purpose one side of the elements can be covered with a self-adhering glue or the similar.
The above described expandable elements can of course be used to fill other interspaces and voids between or within building details. At voids having a more complicated three dimensional form elements having been compressed in all directions, of course, have to be used. The elements according to the invention can be adopted to the voids to be filled by cutting, figure sawing or treatment in another suitable way.
The expandable elements according to the invention are delivered suitably in the form of longitudinal lathes or fillets and are, preferably provided with a self-adhering coating on their one side to facilitate attachment of the elements to a building detail or the similar.
In a variation of the process described one or more webs or the similar be placed in the mass prior to the compression thereof in order to improve the mechanical strength of the expandable elements. It is also possible to bring in liquid blocking layers in the fibrous material prior to the compression.
The element according to the invention can also be used as mere sealing fillets to exclude water or other liquid. The expanding properties of the elements are used at such use only to have the element expand into unevennesses of the surfaces the interspaces shall be sealed, whereby the degree of expansion is little. The abutment pressure against the two surfaces is, however, large. Even if the water will be absorbed by such an element so that its surface becomes wet water will, however, not leach out of the element.
The elements described above are made from fibres of spruce. Such fibres are long and flexible and the fibrous mass can be compressed to a density of up to 1500 kg/m3 without destroying the fibres to any substantial degree. At a higher compression it has turned out that the expansion when adding water is reduced, which implies that too a high degree of the fibres have been damaged at the compression. For this reason the density, after compression should not exceed 1500 kg/m3. Even other wood species than spruce can be used to manufacture the expandable elements according to the invention and it is also thought possible to use other organic fibres, preferably cellulose fibres, such as certain species of straw, in order to obtain a material according to the invention.
The hydrophilic liquid, preferably water, which is added to the elements, can advantageously contain additives, such as glue, preserving agents, putrefaction agents or pesticides. It is also thought possible to mix a water soluble glue in pulverulent form into the fibrous mass prior to the compression in order to have the expanding material adhere to the surface it expands against in such a way, at the subsequent addition of water.
The expanded material according to the invention can, in sheet form, also be used as an insulating material. As the material in compressed form only takes minimal space such sheets can be attached in advance onto e.g., wall sheets and then be expanded prior to or in connection with the mounting of the wall sheets.
The expandable material according to the invention is a mere product of nature and has thereby great environmental advantages compared to the expandable polymers and other expandable conventional insulating material, as the material is thought to replace. The spruce fibre is approved the Asthma and Allergy Society. The spruce fibre material is also relatively cheap and the material described can be produced to a relatively low cost. Further, the material can be reused in a number of ways. For example, after use it can be recompressed where after it can be used as expandable material again. However, the degree of expansion decreases successively with the number of times the material has been expanded and recompressed, probably due to the fact that the degree of damaged fibres of the material increases at each compression. The expanding material can also be dismembered and be used as an absorption material for oils, liquid chemicals, and the similar.
The embodiments described can of course be varied within the framework of the invention. For example, the expandable elements can be given another shape than longitudinal elements or sheets at the compression. Further, more pair of rolls than three can be used at rolling. The invention shall thus only be restricted to the contents of the accompanying claims.

Claims (4)

  1. The use of an expandable element to fill an interspace between building details (7, 8-11), which interspace has an extension in longitudinal and transverse directions, and wherein said element as substantially the same length as said interspace but having a thickness that is smaller than the width of said interspace, is introduced into each interspace (7, 8-11), whereupon a hydrophilic liquid is added to each element (6') in such an amount that the interspace is filled as the element expands in its transverse direction while absorbing such a liquid
    characterized in that the element (6) consists of a mass of fibres of spruce or straw, compressed in its transverse direction to a density of 300 to 1500 kg/m3, preferably 600 to 800 kg/m3.
  2. Use according to claim 1,
    wherein the liquid added contains one or more additives, such as binding agents, preserving agents, putrefaction agents, or pesticides.
  3. Use according to one or more of claims 1 to 2,
    wherein the elements consist of spruce fibres.
  4. Use according to one or more of claims 1 to 3,
    wherein the mass of the elements is further provided with one or more embedded webs.
EP99963822A 1998-12-10 1999-12-10 Use of expandable element Expired - Lifetime EP1137861B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9804281 1998-12-10
SE9804281A SE516069C2 (en) 1998-12-10 1998-12-10 Process for manufacturing expandable fiber elements, as well as fiber elements and its use
PCT/SE1999/002317 WO2000037762A1 (en) 1998-12-10 1999-12-10 Process for preparing expandable fibrous material

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1137861A1 EP1137861A1 (en) 2001-10-04
EP1137861B1 true EP1137861B1 (en) 2005-06-15

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EP99963822A Expired - Lifetime EP1137861B1 (en) 1998-12-10 1999-12-10 Use of expandable element

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EP (1) EP1137861B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE298035T1 (en)
AU (1) AU2018800A (en)
CA (1) CA2355209A1 (en)
DE (1) DE69925863T2 (en)
SE (1) SE516069C2 (en)
WO (1) WO2000037762A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002072990A1 (en) * 2001-03-11 2002-09-19 Vkr Holding A/S System and methods for sealing to components such as building components, in particular windows, doors and similar building elements
DK3033460T3 (en) 2013-08-16 2019-03-18 Keylite Roof Windows Ltd isolation element
GB201403718D0 (en) * 2014-03-03 2014-04-16 Keylite Roof Windows Ltd An insulation member

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE183977C1 (en) * 1963-01-01
SE115663C1 (en) *
SE334011B (en) * 1966-04-13 1971-04-05 P Nylund
SE500533C2 (en) * 1990-07-04 1994-07-11 Rockwool Ab Packing strip of mineral wool - has fibres fixed to each other at crossing points by binder
SE9701292D0 (en) * 1997-04-09 1997-04-09 Johan Stroemberg Sealing strip between two structural parts

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2000037762A1 (en) 2000-06-29
DE69925863D1 (en) 2005-07-21
DE69925863T2 (en) 2006-05-11
SE9804281D0 (en) 1998-12-10
AU2018800A (en) 2000-07-12
EP1137861A1 (en) 2001-10-04
SE516069C2 (en) 2001-11-12
CA2355209A1 (en) 2000-06-29
SE9804281L (en) 2000-06-11
ATE298035T1 (en) 2005-07-15

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