EP1134753A1

EP1134753A1 - Superconductor cooling process

Info

Publication number: EP1134753A1
Application number: EP00200992A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Jörg Heise; Wolf-Rüdiger Canders; Wilfried Hedderich; Franz Hehmann
Original assignee: Non-Equilibring Materials and Processing (NEMP)
Current assignee: Non-Equilibring Materials and Processing (NEMP)
Priority date: 2000-03-17
Filing date: 2000-03-17
Publication date: 2001-09-19
Also published as: US20020037814A1; US6501970B2

Abstract

Viable (HT) superconductor-based processing is disclosed comprising the controlled conversion of energy resulting from application of a (HT) superconductor to an electric, magnetic, electromagnetic and/or gravitational field, wherein the converted energy is released from a corresponding chill system in order to maintain a superconducting state of the (HT) superconductor under controlled extrinsic or boundary conditions. A closed vessel is instrumental to transform said energy once created into a mechanical work, a partial chill gas mass per operating time inetrvall, i.e. δdm^V ₀/δt, and a partial conduction enthalpy. A corresponding chill system comprises optionally at least one aeropneumatic accumulator designed to operate at least one (HT) superconductor-based overpressure vessel or dewar accomodating at least one superconductor element immersed into a liquid chill agent such as liquid nitrogen of defined heat capacity per volume superconductor employed. Accumulator and vessel adjacent to said accumulator form a principal unit of a universally applicable and unique differentiated composite body exploring the intrinsic properties of a (HT) superconductor under defined independent variables of the extrinsic or boundary conditions of heat transfer by heat radiation, heat conduction, heat convection as well as carefully designed insulation exploring unconventional methods of processing. This is shown for the example of levitation and conveyance of a load having a contour such as in packaging and being useful in carrying a load in a transportation process including flexible batch processing for a product, for example.

Description

Background of the invention

1. Field of the invention

The present invention relates to a process based on application of a superconductor or high (critical) temperature superconductor ((HT) superconductor) to an external force generated by a field selected from the group consisting of an electric field, a magnetic field, an electromagnetic field and a gravitational field and to control the resulting heat balance by accomodating an energy excluding diffusion of said energy from or into an environment of said process thereby overcoming the rudimentary state-of-the-art of the first generation of (HT) superconductor-based devices by using at least one closed vessel having at least one valve, wherein the at least one closed vessel is designed to isolate a liquid chill agent of the at least one superconductor and a chill gas atmosphere coexisting with said liquid chill agent from an external atmosphere during said application. The process is optionally designed to be operated under isolation from heat conduction from environmental objects into the at least one closed vessel or dewar by levitation exploring the diamagnetism of the at least one supoerconductor. Energy accomodated is released stepwise by way of a partial chill gas mass per unit operating time or per operating time intervall, i.e. δdm^V ₀/δt. The invention allows to render a true service based on process-oriented technological solutions for the control of the heat balance of a true life application of a (HT) superconductor-based process.

2. Description of the prior art

Processing exploring the unique properties of an (high temperature) supraconductor ((HT) superconductor) has yet been limited to the triviality of a loading procedure of liquid nitrogen or derivatives (denoted as LN2 in the following) into a metal box as to the regular water intake of a steam-driven locomotive in the old days (cf. USP 5,375,531, col. 10, lines 60 to 66): "By means of cooling medium feed stations installed along a track, .... cooling medium feed can be simple by a flow of drops ..."). That is: processing (HT) superconductor-based application is yet as simple as "a comparatively simple structure of a combination of magnets and superconductors and complicated magnetic field control for supporting levitation is not required." (see USP 5,375,531, col. 1, lines 42 - 45).
Being overwhelmed by so much simplicity, no apparatus has yet earned the credentials of allowing, providing or even facilitating a real life process based on the properties of a (HT) superconductor. A single apparatus has yet not advanced to a process (cf. independent claims 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 of USP 5,287,026) as much as a combination of three or even more devices can not stand a chance for a processs based on application of a superconductor just by having certain features (independent claims 1, 18, 19, 20 and 22 of USP 5,375,531). Features are yet limited to having a "cooling device" (cf. claim 1 in USP 5,287,026) or "means of cooling" (dependent claim 7 in USP 5,375,531) to eventually assure that more than one superconductor (element) becomes coolable independenty (independent claim 22 of USP 5,375,531).
Prior art does not consider to subject a (HT) superconductor to sustainable real life applications. As shall be analysed below toward a first (HT) superconductor-based processing on record, the maintenance of the unique state of superconductivity (which represents the number one condition for any (HT) superconductor-based processing) versus any incoming heat energy, dQ_i, has yet been compensated for by exploring the enthalpy of evaporation of LN2, ΔH_v. This follows the relationship ΣdQ_i = ΔH_v and it is hence only consequent that not a single origin of dQ_i in running a (HT) superconductor-based apparatus has yet been disclosed with or without teaching ambiguities about processing conditions involved. The discussion of prior art in USP 5,287,026 and USP 5,375,531 themselves reveals the limited depth of corresponding inventions.
Hitachi disclose five embodiments (USP 5,287,026) of a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus comprising evaporation into an undefined environment X of a liquid cooling agent to chill a high temperature superconductor ((HT) superconductor) below critical temperature T_c, wherein said environment comprises a track having one or more permanent magnets for the movement of said apparatus. One embodiment discloses a vacuum chamber which is kept by a refrigerating machine at a temperature below the critical temperature T_c of said (HT) superconductor so that the operating conditions of said chamber are directly coupled to the operating conditions of said chill agent for maintenance of an illdefined superconducting state of said apparatus accomodated by said chamber and vice versa. For example, one can not exclude the environment of the (HT) superconductor chill system to contain a partial over- or underpressure due to excessive escape of corresponding chill agent or oxygen from said apparatus, wherein said partial over- or underpressure can exceed a critical thresholds for controlling a process based on said apparatus. This holds particular true because there was no disclosure of a pressure or temperature of a non-condensed material which both form important variables for processing under any conditions, whether non-adiabatic or adiabatic and being subjected to real requirements or wishful thinking.
For example, an open box containing LN2 or a chilled system exposed to an undefined environment X does not provide an adiabatic apparatus, whether this apparatus comprises insulating shielding or not (see USP 5,375,531, col. 14, line 47). Also in USP 5,375,531, the embodiments require LN2 to be dropped naturally into an open box accomodating (HT) superconductor in order to assure that a levitation body can run for many hours. The embodiments by Hitachi represent very impractical solutions for a process in real life in which usually an operation was required to be performed under a controlled atmosphere or at an ambient temperature or employing both options independent on the boundary conditions required to accomodate said apparatus by an atmosphere, whether said atmosphere is accomodated itself by an additional chamber or not. The bottom line of (HT) superconductor-processing to date is that an apparatus exploring supraconductivity has yet to accomplish a service despite its apparent simplicity which rather misleads interpretations associated with the apparatus. One has to ask, for example, how such a service can be rendered in view of an open box declared as being adiabatic but effectively representing everything else but adiabatic conditions (see col. 14, line 47 of USP 5,375,531).
Accordingly, USP 5,287,026 and USP 5,375,531 are limited to either (i) short effective operating times or (ii) extended operating times in both of which the operating costs increase excessively with operating time and operating capacity because they are directly coupled with the excessive loss of the chill agent or removal thereof or with an excessively limited performance such as in a conventional vacuum chamber or with an increase in investment for (eg. vacuum) pump station equipment required to provide an excess in pumping speed with regard to a conventional counterpart or with a combination thereof, all representing extremely unrelated methods to compensate for an introduction of an energy into the superconductor or its chill system. Also, the operating heat flow remained obscured or undefined in prior art.
An alternative embodiment in USP 5,287,026 encorporates an (HT) superconductor to form a track surrounded by flow channels for a cooling liquid or gazeous chill agent in order to use a magnet as a floating body, for example. However, the apparatus was not disclosed to comprise a protection against loss of chill agent during transport and resulting increase of operating costs. Such a protection would have been essential to define boundary conditions for a viable exploration of (HT) superconductor by processing such as via levitation and carrying a load to circumvent current standstill in the development of (HT) superconductor-based processing.
The embodiments provided by USP 5,287,026 are subjected to unrealistic boundary conditions in a more demanding process because the chill system is an open system resulting in (i) high operating costs for a chill agent of the (HT) superconductor employed, (ii) high investment costs for (HT) superconductor-tracks since (HT) superconductor are rate-controlling in the amortization of any (HT) superconductor-based process or apparatus, (iii) high cost to maintain lateral stability δ(dz)/δt --> 0 via permanent magnets conducting environmental heat (eg. afforded by convection) into the chill system (n.b. any magnetic field gradient dB/dz toward infinite is as good as the superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus assigned to accomodate said gradient and resulting heat introduced into a superconductor moving magnetic inhomogeneities) and (iv) limited performance including limited operating times resulting from the lack of insulation or environmental control or controllable boundary conditions and which dictate magnetic field gradients dB/dz as the ultimate solution to minimize and limit external heat input into the (HT) superconductor carrier system as a result of inhomogeneities of the magnetic field being traversed by said carrier system. Also, the more recent development for superconductor-based bearings in fly wheel (spinning) energy storage systems does not disclose a teaching on how to openete the energy etchange occuring during long term application (see WO 97 09 664).

Brief Description of the Drawings

Fig. 1: a) Accomodation of external enery in a closed vessel comprising a liquid chill agent to chill at least one superconductor and a chill gas in a closed vessel, said chill gas being in a dynamic equilibrium with said liquid chill agent and developing overpressure relative to an external atmosphere 8, b) with load support 14 and insulation 15.
Fig. 2: Showing (up) limiting cases of pressurizing and depressurizing a gas as a function of gas volume using the working or universal pV-diagram and principle and (middle) comparison of isothermal (curve 1) and adiabatic gas expansion and (down) principle polytrope reactions of chill gas during pressurizing closed vessel from 1 to 2 according to Fig. 1 and release of partial mass δdm^V ₀ from 2 to 3 as well as resulting work ∫∫∫ d³W carried out.
Fig.3: Working principle of aeropneumatic accumulator.
Fig.4: Aerodynamic accumulator used to accomodate mechanical work ∫∫∫ d³W introduced by overpressure closed vessel or dewar (which accomodates the at least one superconductor immersed in a liquid chill agent such as liquid nitrogen following Fig. 1), by way of δdm^V ₀ released.
Fig.5: Traverse section of levitation apparatus using (HT) superconductor on a track comprising two independent permanent magnets designed to operate in parallel the diamagnetism resulting from that design and transforming externally introduced heat energy via internal energy of overpressure vessel into mechanical work accomodated by an aerodynamic accumulator and possible back transfer of heat energy into an atmosphere of a given environment.
Fig. 6: Cross section alternative of levitation apparatus at a view A according to Fig. 5 showing plurality of overpressure dewar and aerodynamic accumulators, the former accomodating at least one superconductor element of cylindrical or other shaped discs, or of rectangular, quadratic or irregular cubes, the plurality of aeropneumatic accumulators being designed to receive a storage gas atmosphere from the plurality of closed vessels in a zipper-like arrangement of adjacently in parallel assembled individual aeropneumatic accumulators.
Fig. 7: Traverse section of levitation apparatus according to Fig. 1, here designed to operate in a (vacuum) chamber using a linear propulsion coil independently cooled by an external chill circuit and resulting critical heat flow distances operating under such boundary conditions.
Fig. 8 a): Schematic to illustrate effect of inhomogeneities of a magnetic field causing heat in a levitating superconductor traversing said inhomogeneities by a linear such as a horizontal movement as indicated; Fig. 9 showing critical distance between coil or non-magnetic electrically conducting part of levitation apparatus and closed vessel to accomodate superconductor.
Fig. 10: Rotatable overpressure dewar for accomodation of superconductors immersed in a liquid chill agent, said rotating overpressure dewar fixed around a pivot the axis of symmetry or center line of which following a track of a permanent magnet for minimum friction and reduced evolution of heat caused by flux creep in said superconductor compared to rigid overpressure dewar on the same track.

Disclosure of the Invention

It is the objective of the invention to provide a (HT) superconductor-based process having a high capacity to accomodate energy from interaction of the (HT) superconductor with external conditions including an external magnetic field, magnetic field inhomogeneities and resulting hysteresis effects, heat generated by driving forces including loading, deloading, linear propulsion coils and eddy currents resulting from corresponding interaction including a reduced heat flow from a given environmental atmosphere or environmental contact excluding diffusion, optionally also conduction, but including heat convection and heat radiation between a load and / or a permanent magnet on the one hand and superconductor chill system on the other to provide viable, stationary as well as defined conditions for (HT) supraconductor based processing including processing in remote applications, in particular for transport in clean as well as in dirty rooms or volumes (note: in clean rooms, wear by transport is to be suppressed in order to keep the room clean, while in dirty rooms any wear would risk to result in an imminent desaster because of the effect of abrasion inherently involved otherswise) and which are eventually being closed off by a chamber, in particular by a vacuum chamber to create adiabatic or near adiabatic process conditions. Said process copes with true temperatures of critical design and transport parameters including the temperature of the (HT) superconductor-chill system vs. the temperature of the load and the chamber accomodating the remote system as well as the control of important interactions of the (HT) superconductor-based system via heat flow produced by typical transport phenomena related to this realistic (HT) superconductor-based levitation transport apparatus, both of relevant size useful in given and new transport systems comprising real boundary conditions. The invention includes a closed cooling system for a principle differential arrangement designed to separate (HT) superconductor and corresponding chill agent from a permanent magnet by said system and thus the opposite solution compared to that disclosed by prior art: a recycable chill agent by assigning the chill function solely to the differentiated transport body or carrier by limiting at the same time application of the (HT) superconductor to said transport body or carrier. The symbol LN2 is used in the following to represent a liquid chill agent of the group consisting of liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, liquid argon, liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen and an inert liquid of the group of Ne and Xe for maintenance of a superconductor.

Detailed description of the invention

A solution to overcome the limitations of the above apparatus by Hitachi and hence opening the avenue for a first viable HTSL-based processing route requires a careful analysis of the critical step involved in the cooling operation of said apparatus by Hitachi. The reason for the limitation of the application of the apparatus by Hitachi originates in the cooling principle applied:
The coolant absorber action is effectively limited by a plate forming an interface between (HT) superconductor and liquid nitrogen in which the temperature of the interfacial plate is at the same time a function of the temperature of the environment to which this plate is largely exposed without an insulation, whatsoever. The effective temperature of the interfacial plate is thus a result of a dynamic equilibrium between flow of heat from the plate into the environment including chill agent on the one hand and flow of heat from the environment including the (HT) superconductor into this plate. Temperature fluctuations of the chill agent on the interfacial plate are considered to be neglible in a first approach. Accordingly, the heat of evaporation of liquid nitrogen is the rate-controlling factor for the heat exchange between (HT) superconductor via the plate with the environment. As a first result of this analysis, one must conclude that the plate between (HT) superconductor and liquid chill agent in USP 5,287,026 was erroneously and hence very misleadingly denoted as a "heat sink" because it has effectively the function of a "heat provider" in corresponding superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus by Hitachi providing heat from the (HT) superconductor to the liquid chill agent.
The capacity of the interfacial plate to cool the (HT) superconductor thus depends on the capacity of this plate to release heat absorbed from the (HT) superconductor via the heat of evaporation of the chill agent to the environment. That is, though being denoted as a "coolant" absorber, trivial per se, the interface between (HT) superconductor and liquid nitrogen in the apparatus by Hitachi is an effective "heat" absorber the capacity of which depends entirely on the amount of chill agent being evaporated. Such a principle is not capable to run a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus in a process despite the fact that the heat capacity of the environment may be considered as being infinite in relation to a given process.
The reason is that cooling and maintenance of the (HT) superconductor requires to lose a chill agent such as liquid nitrogen rather than to recuperate and maintain a reservoir of a chill agent including liquid nitrogen. A process using a superconductor would accordingly be rate-controlled by the loss of chill agent and corresponding environment accomodating the loss rather than by a control through the operator. Also, the capacity to keep corresponding (HT) superconductor in the superconducting state is thus directly coupled to the capacity of the interface to release heat required to facilitate the endothermal evaporation of the cill agent. Such a capacity is not only extremely limited and thus to absorb major evolutions of heat in a (HT) superconductor subjected to processing conditions (nb. any impact of process irregularitiesswould limit corresponding (HT) superconductor-applications to a scale which is irrelevant in an industrial operation). Moreover, the dependence on the heat capacity of an interfacial plate between (HT) superconductor on the one hand and liquid nitrogen on the other undermines any process control because corresponding heat flow is interface controlled by at least two interfaces. The derivatives of cooling disclosed in prior art follow the above principle, since LN2 is stored in open systems of the group consisting of open boxes, open tubes and devices the volume of which accomodating LN2 and being exposed to an undefined environmental atmosphere including normal or cryogenic temperatures.
In conclusion, loss of nitrogen through evaporation and resulting excessive increment in operation costs is not only instrumental to furnish the working principle to the superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus by Hitachi, it also limits its operation to short operating times under given conditions including a unit mass of operative liquid chill agent. These conditions are subjected to a continuous change resulting from the working principle applied and which requires to accomodate gazeous nitrogen by the environment of the HTSL. Accordingly, the superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus by Hitachi is not a solution for application in a (HT) superconductor-based processing for different purposes than just demonstration of superconductor's diamagnetism.

Embodiment 1

As a result, one wants to invert the principle to cool the (HT) superconductor of the superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus by Hitachi and retain liquid nitrogen (or any other chill agent such as liquid helium, liquid oygene, liquid argon etc.) as long as possible while absorbing heat introduced externally from processing into corresponding (HT) superconductor or from environmental contact of corresponding chill system by conduction, convection and radiation at the same time by (complete or at least partial) immersion said (HT) superconductor in said LN2 and eventually using an excess (XS) quantity (mass) of LN2 to enhance corresponding running hence loading capacity for a given (maximum) levitation force employed. Instead of transformimg externally introduced heat into a heat of evaporation (which is always since naturally accompanied with the loss of corresponding agent evaporated), an industrially useful principal is to convert such energy into mechanical work carried out by a cooling system for a diamagnetic (HT) superconductor closed off against diffusional interaction with a given environment and levitating against heat conduction from said environment following the principle: ΣdQi = dE = dU0 + dW = dU + VV 0dP0 + P0dVV 0
with dU₀ = V^V ₀dP₀ + ΔH_v = ∫∫ c_vdm^V ₀dT^V ₀ + ΔH_v
and P₀dV^V ₀ = m^V ₀R_s T^V ₀∫ dV^V ₀/V^V ₀

ΣdQi = ∫∫ cpdmL 0dTL 0 + ΔHv + ∫∫ cvdmV 0dTV 0 + Rs∫∫∫dmV 0 dTV 0dVV 0/VV 0

_i

Fig. 1a shows a levitating 1 closed (chill and overpressure) vessel with an 2 inlet valve for supply with 5 liquid chill agent (optionally) from an external LN2 reservoir 3 accomodating a 4 (eg. HT) superconductor, showing dynamic equilibrium of 5 2N == N₂ with 13 fixing or clamping lever and 6 chill gas atmosphere and partial chill gas mass δdm^V ₀ released per cycle of pressurizing the closed vessel by dP₀ = -(P₀₍₁₎ - P₀₍₂₎) via evaporation of said liquid chill agent during levitation on 9 permanent magnet optionally chilled by 10 external cooling system eg. by using external water circuit prior to release said partial chill gas mass via 7 gas outlet valve into 8 external atnosphere. 11 Dilatation recording strips monitor deformation in 11a liquid chill region, 11b between superconductors, at 11c transition liquid chill agent / chill gas atmosphere and 11d chill gas atmosphere. Thermocouples record temperatute in 12a chill gas atmosphere and 12b liquid chill agent. Fig. 1b: One can add a support 14 having insulations 15 to keep apart a load having temperature T₆ >> T^L ₀ of the liquid chill agent, for example. Devices 2, 7 11a-d and 12a and 12b are operated by telecommunication to circumvent any heat conduction from outside this closed vessel into the closed vessel during levitation.
Fig. 2 shows principle transformations of state of the chill gas in the closed vessel: an increasing overpressure is in a (pneumatic) equilibrium with said liquid agent by accomodating an increasing quantity of said gas evaporated, thereby accomodating said thermal energy by increasing a chill gas pressure of said chill gas atmosphere, P₀, optionally without increasing a chill gas volume of said chill gas atmosphere, V^V ₀, wherein said closed vessel is fabricated from a fully rigid metal or alloy. If pressure increase V^V ₀ dP₀ occurs without dilatation (such as in a fully rigid vessel), the reaction is isochorous (see upper representation from 2 to 3). An isobare reaction from 1 to 4 requires a vessel material that dilates without the need to bring about a pressure increase, i.e. this is not possible under current conditions as the opposite relative to prior art shall be carried out. Also the pressure increase can not be isothermal such as from 1 to 2 or from 4 to 3, because the chill system is the coldest part relative to the environment so that there is no heat flow through convection or radiation away from the closed vessel toward the external atmosphere (heat conduction to an adjacent closed vessel is not discussed here, see claim 18). Accordingly, mechanical work P₀ dV^V ₀ and V^V ₀ dP₀ under above boundary conditons occurs during which the internal energy of the chill gas atmosphere increases via a temperature increase by an amount dT^V = T^V ₀₍₂₎ - T^V ₀₍₁₎, wherein T^V ₀₍₂₎ is below a critical temperature T_c despite an endothermal evaporation of said liquid chill agent into said chill gas atmosphere in the at least one closed vessel by a defined mass dm^V ₀ = -(m^V ₀₍₁₎ -m^V ₀₍₂₎) hence a defined enthalpy of evaporation, ΔH_v.
Increasing a chill gas volume of said chill gas atmosphere by an amount dV^V ₀ = -(V^V ₀₍₂₎ - V^V ₀₍₁₎), occurs via elastic and plastic deformation of said closed vessel. The amount dV^V ₀ is at least partially released into an external atmosphere or optionally into a storage atmosphere of an aeropneumatic accumulator designed to be operated at a pressure differential dP/dx relative to said storage atmosphere. In reality, however, deliberarate dialatation such as by employing a highly inflatabale always occurs along with a simultaneous increase of pressure, i.e. V^V ₀ dP₀ and P₀ dV^V ₀, i.e. increasing a chill gas volume of said chill gas atmosphere, V^V ₀, and increasing a chill gas pressure of said chill gas atmosphere, P₀.
The process according to claim 1 comprises at least one process cycle having process cycle time δt, wherein said process cycle comprises accomodating an energy resulting from application of a superconductor by increasing a chill gas volume of said chill gas atmosphere, V^V ₀, and increasing a chill gas pressure of said chill gas atmosphere, P₀, followed by a partial release into an external atmosphere (this can be a natural environment or a storage gas atmospgere of an aeropneumatic accumulator designed to be operated by a pressure differential dP/dx relative between said storage atmosphere on the one hand and either the chill gas atmosphere or the external atmosphere on the other, the former via a gas inlet or poppet valve (see embodiment 2 below), the latter via a gas outlet of said aeropneumatic accumulator). A realistic change of chill gas state per cycle δt is shown in Fig. 2, lower representation, where the hatched area illustrates the work δ³W carried out by our system under consideration. Realistic conditions include the adiabatic release of δdm^V ₀ upon opening of the at least one valave of the at least one vessel or dewar following the path from 2 to 3 in the lower representation of Fig. 2, see also middle representation where the effect of the adiabatic coefficient on the pV/T-relationship by Boyle-Mariotte is shown relative to an hypothetical isothermal gas expansion. It shall be noted that it is possible under these conditions that P₀ dV^V ₀, occurs without (eg. plastic) deformation of the closed vessel by release of a chill gas mass into said accumulator (see also claims 5, 7 and 8).
In order to maximize operating time ∫ δt, it follows that technical solutions are designed to minimize ΣdQ_i on the one hand and maximize the RHS of eq. (1) on the other. The most appropriate solution is a process running a vessel in an environment having temperatures higher than the critical temperature T_c of the (HT) superconductor and the temperatute T₂ of a chill agent for a (HT) superconductor such as liquid nitrogen, wherein the vessel is the continuously superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus depicted in Fig. 1 and comprising at least one dewar filled with liquid nitrogen (or liquid argon or any other liquid chill agent) into which the at least one (HT) superconductor block (preferably a single crystal quader made by a casting route) is immersed as well as at least one aeropneumatic accumulator designed to accomodate an overpressure of a given non-condensed material (often referred to as a gazeous substance) by an underpressure, whe-
It shall be noted here that embodiment 1 employs direct cooling of (HT) superconductor by liquid nitrogen in a closed system without having an interface between (HT) superconductor and liquid nitrogen other than the interface between he (HT) superconductor and the chill agent itself, but introducing at the same time at least one interface to a volume accomodating excess chill agent resulting from externally introduced heat, that is that the liquid nitrogen or an equivalent chill agent is the "sink" of an externally introduced heat and not a separating plate between (HT) superconductor and said chill agent, corresponding principal heat flow direction being, without ambiguity, accordingly from the (HT) superconductor to the chill agent and not vice versa.

Embodiment 2

Maximization of operating time ∫δt under given boundary conditions of processing is accomplished by employing an aeropneumatic accumulator into which gazeous chill agent is released after a time δ²t of time intervall or cycle δt of processing and accomodation of ΣdQ_i by said chill apparatus from an overpressure vessel or dewar designed to store the (HT) superconductor and liquid chill agent and chill gas atmosphere. Release of gazeous chill agent (such as gazeous nitrogen over a bath of liquid chill agent such as liquid nitrogen) is triggered eg. when an overpressure P₀ in said vessel or dewar exceeds a critical value P_0(2crit) relative to a value of an underpressure P₁ in said accumulator (see also claims 9 through 13) following the law by Boyle-Mariotte. Once a critical value of P_0(2crit) was achieved, one can progressively accomodate δdm^V ₀ by using the aeropneumatic accumulator with the effect that each time the storage gas mass shrinks its volume as shown in Fig. 3 and likewise increasing the pressure of this residual volume while the overall volume is then filled with a (coexisting, Fig. 3 representing the case without said mixture to illustrate very schematically the relationship of this example with regard to said law by Boyle -Mariotte) mixture consisting of the former storage gas mass plus the released mass δdm^V ₀ at that new and increased pressure, i.e.: (P1(1) * V1(1))n = (P1(2) * V1(2))n = (P1(3) * V1(3))n where n = polytropic coefficient (such as k for adiabatic release of δdm^V ₀, see Fig. 2), P₁₍₁₎ is the pressure before and P₁₍₂₎ the pressure in said accumulator after said release of said mass δdm^V ₀, as well as P₁₍₃₎ being the storage gas pressure after the next following cycle, volumes being designated here accordingly. There are various ways in which δdm^V ₀ can develop with number of process cycles δt hence overall operating time and this depends on the automisation programme under which corresponding variables are recorded and fixed (see claims 9 through 13). For example, the volume of chill agent stored at a release iton the aeropneumatic accumulator in the gazeous state is given by δdVV 0 = -(V1(3) - V1(2)) = V1(1) * (-(P1(1)/P1(3))1/n - (P1(1)/P1(2))1/n)
The critical pressure in this scenario represents at the same time a pressure differential. Since P₍₁₎₂ increases over P₍₁₎₁, P_0(2crit) increases accordingly each cycle should the pressure differential be kept constant during operation. Should P_0(2crit) be kept constant, corresponding pressure differential decreases with number of cycles and overall operating time. One can also search for intermediate solutions so that the mechanical work carried out by the system is kept constant and/or maximized depending on the characteristics of the apparatus. A solution is conveniently being resolved numerically by the appropriate Taylor series so that one can also write for maximum storage capacity per superconductor-based processing: P_max = ∫∫ δdH/δt_max (eq. (5).
Fig.3 shows a typical aeropneumatic accumulator employed in this scenario and comprising bleed 22, port for chill gas inlet 16, poppet valve 17 used as the gas inlet valve, a representative quantity δdm^V ₀ accomodated and represented here by a simple hatched area 18, 19 being the storage gas volume after inlet of 18, 20 the shell of the aeropneumatic accumulator and 21 the gas outlet valve to release storage atmosphere into an external atmosphere. The poppet valve 17 is designed to open at critical variables following claims 9 through 13 such as a pressure differential until pressure in both the dewar and the accumulator are in equilibrium. Then the poppet valve is closed again until a subsequent pressure differential is reached by the system, corresponding sensors operating on either side to monitor the pressure differential, for example, before opening the dewar such as via a poppet valve of the accumulator. When the closed vessel or dewar is opened and gazeous chill agents flows into the accumulator, an polytrop pressure decrease occurs as is shown in Fig. 2, lower representation, path 2 to 3.
Corresponding energy balance per thermally charging the chill apparatus followed by (partially) discharging the increase in internal energy of the closed vessel or dewar via a release of mechanical work into the accumulator is provided by eq. (5) below.
The process utilizes a liquid chill agent comprising a heat capacity per volume superconductor employed, i.e. ΔH = cm^LdT^L/V_S in [Jm^-3], wherein c is a specific heat capacity of said liquid chill agent, m is an employed mass of said liquid chill agent and dT^L is a difference between a critical temperature T_c(P₀) of the at least one superconductor and an operating temperature of said liquid chill agent, T₀(P₀). Since, under the boundary conditions of the invention, a vapour of the chill agent LN2 can heat up to a temperature above the critical temperature of a superconductor, T_c, the process to build up internal energy (eg. via an isochorus or nearly isochorous pressure increase for), release of said internal energy via δdm^V ₀ into an aeropneumatic accumulator is limited to a number n of cycles δt to release δdm^V ₀ per cycle hence to a maximum allowable quantity of heat introduced (ΣdQ_i)_max = = cm^LdT^L/V_S = c ρ_L ^* A_L * dh_L dT/V_S = ∫∫ dW dn, wherein said mass m comprises an excess quantity of said liquid chill agent, dm_L = ρ_L * A_L * dh_L with dh_L = (h_L - h_S) above an upper height of the at least one superconductor, h_S, in which dm_L = ρ_L * A_L * h_L - A_L * h_S = ρ_L ^* A_L * (h_L - h_S) assuming plane height of a given superconductor element having a volume V_S = A_S * h_S immersed in m = m_L = ρ_L * V_L, Where V_L = A_L * h_L - V_S = A_L * h_L - A_S * h_S.

Embodiment 3

As embodiment 2, but according to Fig. 5 here using at least two closed vessel arranged opposite to each other and being bridged by the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator forming corresponding plurality 25, the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator connected via gas release gate 24 to the at least one closed vessel, the embodiment further comprising a non-magnetic electrically conducting part 26 for linear propulsion by a propulsion coil 28, said non-magnetic electrically conducting part separated from the at least one closed vessel by an unconventional insulation 27 comprising a separation distance having the external atmosphere,the resulting levitation apparatus capable of carrying goods having a relatively large volume, 23, as to the fact that corresponding load support spans the entire construction including the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator.

Embodiment 4

As embodiment 3, but according to Fig. 6 here using a plurality of at least two laterally assembled closed vessels 29, showing each having a different superconductor configuration for different operational functions and corresponding partial heat conduction, δdH_con, 30, resulting from the different operational functions (see below in Embodiment "Internal evolutions of heat due to hysteresis losses, ΣdQ₁/dt") as well as a zipper-like arrangement of a plurality of the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator centered between two rows of the at least two laterally arranged closed vessels.

Embodiment 5

As embodiment 4, but according to Fig. 7 showing here operating the closed vessel or the resulting superconduncting magnetic levitation apparatus, respectively, in a closed such as in a vacuum chamber 33 having a(wall) temperature T₆ being higher than the temperature of the chill agent, T^L ₀, and higher than the critical temperature of the superconductor, T_c, Such a process includes running said superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus in a (vacuum or over-pressure) chamber having an under- or overpressure 32 relative to 1 atm of a natural environment to provide stationary process conditons which enable for the first time an operator to control an (HT) superconductor-based process, because any energy exchange with an environment within said chamber surrounding said apparatus is a variable dependent on independent variables such as said under- or overpressure inside said chamber or separation distance between the at least one closed vessel and the chamber wall, 37, surface conditions including emissivities according to claims 6, 25 and 26, for example, mean asperities and insulation including unconventional insulation systems exploring in-situwise said underpressure, for example as an artificial boundary toward a zone (eg. of said apparatus) comprising unlike thermal conditions such as the at least one closed vessel and the non-magnetic electrically conducting part for linear propulsion by the propulsion coil, here having an independent cooling system 34, as the independent cooling system 35 or an additional insulation 36 for corresponding permanent magnets, thus compensating for otherwise sharp thermal gradients toward the closed chill vessel comprising the at least one superconductor.
Embodiment 5 represent effectively a double-closed system relative to the (HT) superconductor employed under the proviso that a (vacuum or overpressure) chamber used under industrial conditions is a virtually closed system which is effectively not closed or a non-closed system, a status which can also be referred to as "quasi-closed" since a running pump effectively connects the volume of a (vacuum or overpressure) chamber with the environment surrounding said (vaccum or overpressure) chamber by air having normal conditions (1 atm and ambient temperatures or so) rather than closing it off from each other.
These considerations are important with respect to the capability to continuously run a process based on a (HT) superconductor such as a process based on a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus in a non-adiabatic system including a (vacuum or over-pressure) chamber, because a (vacuum or overpressure) chamber allows the operator to control stationary process conditions including the entity of the implicit heat flow conditions according to eq. (2). Embodiment 1 through embodiment 5 are interrelated in that the closed system of embodiment 1 allows embodiment 5 to work effectively as well as embodiment 5 allowing embodiments 1 to 4 to operate effectively and in a superior manner relative to the state-of-the-art. Eq. (1) is not explicit as to whether the process is run under adiabatic or isothermal conditions or conditions deviating from any of them. The analysis requires to identify sources of externally introduced heat into an (HT) superconductor-based process using one or more of the embodiments 1 through 5. An electromagnetic radiation between the continuously superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus depicted in Fig. 7 on the one hand and a wall external to a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus could comprise significant energy transfer away from an environment to a continuously superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus. Any heat balance is thus dependent on the aforecited identification of and solution to suppress, reduce or minimize external heat transfer of the principal unit (see Fig. 7 and claims 1 and 38) in order to enable the operator to control (HT) superconductor-based processing.

(HT) superconductor-based processing under defined boundary conditions

Today's more performant superconductors (eg. as-cast single crystal hence anisotropic or textured YBCO₇ blocks or a derivative including machined geometries for more efficient use) allow to carry the chill liquid required for a given operation by a levitating closed chill vessel without the heat conduction from and the (Hitachi-type of) diffusion into an environment (which represent the most awkward heat transfers undermining equivalent progress for application of such more advanced superconductors, see above discussion of background), because their dead weight is small (nb. the dead weight is the weight of a given superconductor volume required to develop the levitation force for overcoming the gravitational force experienced by itself. The new as-cast and anisotropic single crystal YBCO superconductors have a dead weight of about 4 % leaving 96 % of the superconductor volume or weight to do the job). Accordingly, an application of a superconductor accomodated in a closed chill vessel, said closed chill vessel then used in a closed chamber does allow to fully control the boundary conditions of an operation exploring the intrinsic and unique properties of a superconductor. This is fully independent as to whether the atmosphere within this chamber is below 1 bar or above 1 bar. The heat balance of a superconductor in a universal application under given operating conditions (including a given environment hence excluding open chill systems comprising a superconductor and the resulting diffusion into an environment) comprises still a large number of eventually critical heat flow phenomena which are examined in the following so that a hierarchy toward optimum conditions of superconductor-based processing becomes selectable depending on the particular boundary conditions required. In a given chamber, for example, one can have radiation to be rate-controlling over convection when the chamber accomodates a high vacuum atmosphere (nb. a "chamber" atmosphere represents nevertheless the "external" atmosphere for the principal unit of the apparatus in Fig. 1 or in claim 38 and which is optionally used to run the process of claim 1), but one can also have heat convection to be rate-controlling over (electromagnetic) radiation into a closed chill vessel under a normal atmosphere or under a controlled atmosphere when having a controlled partial pressure thus concentration of species (including the suspension of a dust which can even remain stationary if a running source of dust and a running pump system employing a filter are in a dynamic equilibrium (of flow) within such a chamber), but having at the same time normal temperatures and a pressure of 1 atmosphere. This problem was addressed and taken into account by claims 25 through 27.
Embodiment "Sum of Heat conductions Σ(dQ_i/dt) = - λ A_i (dT_i/dl_i)" with A_i = heat flow cross section, λ = heat conductivity and l_i = length of temperature difference dT_i under consideration. Since the superconductor and/or the surrounding liquid chill agent such as liquid nitrogen is in principle the coolest part of the system, one wants to explore the diamagnetism for levitation even in applications in which the neglible (or measurably most often inexistant) Ohmic resistance of a superconductor is to be explored and/or of prime concern. One has to distinguish thus from a heat conduction from a hotter environment into the chill system concerned (which is thus to be eliminated if possible by a floating situation, see HTS-based rotating applications such as the spinning wheel accomodating a LN2 tank, for example) from heat conduction of a heated chill system receiving an energy resulting from the application of a superconductor relative to a chill system having a lower temperature than the heated one. In the present invention, this is explored in a plurality of laterally arranged closed vessels being subjected to corresponding thermal non-equilibria (see claim 18). Also, one can explore a heat conduction away from a chill system relative to the superconductor under consideration when a (directly non-chilling) chill system comprises a distinct cooler temperature such as an helium based chill system compared to a HT superconductor run system chilled by liquid nitrogen. Operative heat conductions toward, i.e. into the closed chill vessel of the superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus are those (i) from the non-magnetic electrically conducting material for propulsion (ii) from the load and corresponding support.
Embodiment "Sum of Heat convections Σ(dQ_j/dt) = (dm/dt)_j c dT_j = ρ_jA_jv_j c dT_j" with ρ_j, A_j and v_j = density, flow cross section and velocity of fluidum concerned. The most critical and well known heat convection yet encountered in the real life application of superconductors is the heat conduction from any environment directly to the surface of the (closed) chill vessel or container (or corresponding superconductor if no such closed vessel is used). One reason is the omnipresent thermal gradient of such a system, the other is the amount of surface area of the chill system or superconductor exposed to the relatively warm environment.
In the invention, any environmental effect on the application becomes a quantifiable variable, whether the concerned variable is a force, heat or energy gradient, resulting heat flow or interfacial boundary condition involved. For example, heat convection is basically zero or neglible due to a closed chamber accomodating the principal unit accomodating the superconductor (see claim 38), because this chamber can provide a vacuum or other atmospheres comprising a controlled composition, pressure (one example is a pressure decrease down to 10^-8 bar for a volume accomodating an atmosphere well above 10 m³) and temperature as well as controlled surface areas providing a heat source relative to the superconductor chill system, i.e. completely controlled energy sources.

Embodiment "Macroscopic dewar processing", see Fig. 7

In addition, the separation distances between the internal surfaces of said chamber and the superconductor chill system can be controlled hence the intensity of heat flow from a given energy source of a given temperature and a given surface area to the chill system. Such distances are important for consideration of critical heat convections in a system comprising multiple heat convection phenomena or non-exclusible possibilities of heat convection phenomena as the system exhibited in Fig. 7. The distance between chamber wall an apparatus is the largest distance in Fig. 7, for example, but they also represent the largest heat source areas which are hence to be designed as in claim 26. Thus one wants to employ warm materials with a low heat conductivity onto the colder devices for chilling a superconductor (see claim 6.B).
The distance from a permanent magnet to a vessel to comprise a fairly small heat source area (i.e. of the permanent magnet) which in addition can be thermally insulated from relatively large heat source areas such as the walls of the above chamber accomodating the permanent magnets as is illustrated in Fig. 7, but they also show to represent the shortest distances to the superconductor chill vessel, thus corresponding distance is a critical distance and one wants to employ surfaces as to claims 25 and 26 as well as to employ an independent cooling system for the permanent magnet for levitating the principal unit (see claims 44 and 49). One solution is an integrated concept of permanent magnet and propulsion coil in which both the permanent magnet and the propulsion coil are cooled together, but independent from the superconductor chill system (claim 49). Another solution is that by using two independent cooling systems for permanent magnet and for propulsion coil, because one can then better separate the closed chill vessel with the at least one superconductor from (i) the electronically conducting material required for propulsion of the apparatus in a moving magnetic field of the propulsion coil (which is eventually the hottest part of a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus) and (ii) from the propulsion coil itself (which is eventually the hottest part of the entire system based on a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus)
The vacuum essentially eliminates the effect of convection. Thus one wants to create a macroscopic dewar situation in which the main sources of convection are in principle depending on the mean free path (MFP) of a surrounding (eg. external) atmosphere. The critical part remains the electrically conducting part for moving the principle unit of the superconductor based apparatus in a moving magnetic field generated by a propulsion coil for linear movement.
Embodiment "Sum of Heat radiations Σ(dQ_k/dt) = ε_k σ_k A_k dT⁴ _k" with A_k = radiation surface, ε_k = surface emissivity or (and) absorption capacity, σ_k = Stefan Boltzmann's constant = 5.669 10-8 W m^-2 K^-4. In a system employing a levitating apparatus in a vacuum chamber or a chamber under controlled atmosphere having a pressure smaller than a low vacuum pressure, whatsoever, electromagnetic radiation becomes a or the rate-controlling macroscopic heat exchange between the closed chill vessel and/or superconductor on the one hand and the environment on the other. One wants in principle employ the conditons of claims 6A and 25. However, design considerations such as separation distances are also important and one preferes to integrated the vacuum conditions of the above macroscopic dewar situation for the entire (eg. transport) system into the insulation layers, boundaries, interfaces and separation distances comprising critical thermal gradients and which are eventually shorter than the mean free path employed (see above).

Embodiment "Combined insulations including unconventional methods"

It is evident that surfaces A_i, A_j and A_k are representing a more universal variable to control the external heat flow of a superconductor in operation. Unconventional insulation which additionally or optionally employ a running pump to pump down an interspacing within a critical thermal gradient are therefor an important method for the more efficient application of superconductors. The effect on convection and radiation of the mean free path of non-condensed matter comprising a mixture of at least one element ΣX_i wherein X_i representing a controlled partial pressure of at least one element of the periodic table of the elements is taken into account by claims 6.A, 6.B, 25, 26 and 48, for example. One can also cool chamber walls or particular sections of a chamber wall of the above chamber if required. The more performing superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus uses at least one block of an as-cast single crystal superconductor of textured hence anisotropic microstructure and is eventually machined into geometries such as a annular ring, a triangle etc. for more efficient use such as in a closed chill vessel, but its application requires to better suppress environmental interaction via heat transfer by using the above combined insulations, because last but not least each stored liquid chill agent quantity represents an extra load to be carried. Application of larger levitating vehicles exploring a superconductor is hence directly depending on the above combined insulations methods, because temperature and heat source conditions can rapidly change in a more versatile transportation process. The superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus is designed to operate in such a way that heat flow from the propulsion coil and the non-magnetic electrically conducting material toward the closed chill vessel (eg. dH_con1) is smaller than the sum of heat flow from load and corresponding support plus heat convection or heat radiation toward the closed chill vessel.

Embodiment "Internal evolutions of heat due to hysteresis losses, ΣdQ₁(dt)"

The use of a chamber to provide a controlled atmosphere surrounding a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus is a convenient solution to decouple (A) the effect of introduction of heat from an environment including the volume of a vacuum chamber (independent on a temperature needed to keep the superconductor in a superconduncting hence artificially chilled temperature state) from (B) the effect of introduction of heat from a process step internally from a superconductor into the chill agent (see below), because one can even employ the diffusion method of chilling a superconductor as disclosed by Hitachi, but in a controlled manner (see claim 14) without an uncontrolled mixing of a released storage gas mass with a natural environmental atmosphere. The present invention provides a control mechanism to eventually remove said released storage gas mass from an environment of the superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus by a pump system. The present invention uses indirect evaporation of a liquid chill agent into the volume of said chamber by way of controlled intervalls of time (represented by triggering the gas outlet valve of the aeropneumatic accumulator periodically (or of the closed vessel if no such accumulator was used)). Such a cooling principle does provide a more effective cooling system since one has in fact a high degree of freedom in the design of the loading capacity of liquid chill agent per vehicle, because one can run corresponding process beyond a critical time where external supply of liquid chill agent was required, i.e. where the loading capacity of the vehicle is directly coupled to the critical time threshold of external liquid shill agent supply. Proof: USP 5,287,026 and USP 5,375,531 only disclose levitation times of superconduncting pieces, fragments, tablets etc. plus a frame, but they do not disclose an effective levitation time of their (over)simplified levitation appparatus plus a load. However, a levitation time of a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus to be used in a process would in any case require to design the at least one superconductor in such a way that an additional load such as a conveyance load can be conveyed over a distance ds. A process involving a levitation requires thus an extra effort compared to a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus designed for levitation of its own weight alone (though one can hardly imagine a load such as a fragile porcellaine to be transported on the disclosed uninsulated loading frame by USP 5,287,026 and USP 5,375,531). The comparison of prior art discussed in USP 5,287,026 and USP 5,375,531 and the claims of USP 5,287,026 and USP 5,375,531. reveals the depth of corresponding invention.

Vertical inhomogeneities of a magnetic field, δ(dB/dy)/δ (dO₁=dO₁)

Whenever a load is loaded onto a levitating superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus, corresponding loading moves the at least one superconductor hence said apparatus down to higher field line intensity of the external magnetic field of the at least one permanent magnet applied to the at least one superconductor, i.e. the effective diamagnetization moves along corresponding hysteresis curve of corresponding superconductor and this results in a energy loss or a so-called "hysteresis loss". The superconductor then experiences effectively an inhomogeneity of the applied field though the field itself may well be stationary, i.e. δ(dB/dy)/δt = 0.
Assuming that a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus following the present invention develops a levitation force F_y of 5000 N by using the at least one superconductor in a plurality of closed vessels (see claim 17). Assuming 4% dead weight, 130 kg weight of said apparatus and 125 kg liquid nitrogen required for a carrying a load in a long term operation. The resulting conveyance mass which can actually be transported over this period then amounts to 252 kg. It is evident that lifting and depositing such a weight will impose a significant change to the effective magnetic field experienced by the at least one superconductor. What matters here is that there is no local overheating above corresponding critical temperature, T_c. This is best done, however, by using the present invention since it avoids exposure of the at least one superconductor to an environment of undefined conditions.

Longitudinal inhomogeneities of a magnetic field, δ(dB/dx)/δt dy (dO₁=dO₂)

However, the external magnetic field may become instationary due to oscillations resulting from the moving field of the propulsion coil for creation of a linear propulsion force, F_σ, and being sustained by the at least one superconductor through interaction of the moving field with the stationary field of the at least one permanent magnet for levitation.
A convenient solution to this problem is afforded by the present invention in that the increased loading capacity of a corresponding superconducting levitation apparatus as is depicted in Figs. 4 through 6 does allow to design sufficiently large derivatives comprising sufficiently large separation distances between coil or non-magnetic electrically conducting part of said apparatus on the one hand and the at least one closed vessel comprising the at least one superconductor on the other so allowing for minimum interaction of coil propulsion and permanent magnetic field even when large permanent magnets or large propulsion forces are required.
Longitudnal oscillations of said apparatus as a result of an external (mechanical) impact such as by another levitation apparatus following said apparatus in a commom batch process, for example, are most conveniently compensated for by employing a variety of superconductor geometries and superconductor arrangements counteracting such external forces. In the present invention, separate chill conditions afforded by closed chill vessels for damping functions coexisting with closed chill vessels primarily designed to provide levitation forces rather than damping forces are the best solution to this problem as they afford independent control functions for independent process variables and vice versa. Both type of chill vessels coexist in a plurality of closed vessels as to claim 17 for which individually run aeropneumatic accumulators provide long term working conditions.

Lateral inhomogeneities of a magnetic field, δ(dB/dz)/δt (dO₁=dO₃)

Lateral inhomogeneities of a magnetic field, δ(dB/dz)/δt of the at least one permanent magnet arise, however, whenever a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus traverses a curvature, i.e. when a movement of said apparatus through a curve of a track of the above at least one permanent magnet results, because of a change of density of magnetic field lines per unit length of the at least one permanent magnet on either side of the at least one permanent magnet as is demonstrated in Fig. 8. The problem even increases as the size of the apparatus increases, either. However, there is no limitation in design for the process provided by the invention as it easily allows for solutions such as provided by claim 50.
One can also have lateral oscillations due to an external mechanical impact to said apparatus. In both examples, however, the magnetic field of the permanent magnets is stationary and complementary design solutions are always better applicable for a larger apparatus and in a controlled atmosphere as they allow to employ additional devices for external damping (one wants to employ damping of lateral forces F_z including oscillations resulting from impingement of a force on a floating apparatus). The essence of the Hitachi apparatus is disclosed to be limited to an enhanced lateral stability of floating bodies by the introduction of counterpolarized permanent magnet composites providing sharp dB/dz gradients and without providing a solution to the more principal problem of flux creep in a superconductor resulting from the movement of field lines while being traversed from a magnetic field of the at least one permanent magnet (causing frictional heat at pinning centers). What universally matters here is the damping capacity of the superconductor hence state control of the at least one superconductor so to assure efficient application of both superconductor and permanent magnet as is afforded the at least one closed vessel of the invention and the resulting controlled release of a partial chill gas mass. This can not be done by an increase in gradient dB/dz toward infinite but by the present invention. Since critical operation time thresholds are always directly coupled to the loading capacity and since one has an increasing field gradient dB/dz with increasing size of the apparatus hence increasing weight anyway, the concept of employing dB/dz gradients is thus in particular limited to small loads and trivial process functions hence consequently not assigned to represent a processing of relevant importance in real life and working conditions.

Overall heat balance

When the chill vessel is closed during a corresponding superconducting operation, one has the following overall heat balance inside the closed chill vessel comprising the at least one superconductor: Σ dQi + Σ dQj + Σ dQk + Σ dQl = ∫∫ cpdTL 0 dmL 0 + ΔHv + ∫∫ cvdTV 0 dmV 0 + dHcon + RS ∫∫∫ dmV 0 dTV 0 dVV 0 /VV 0 When the chill vessel is opened to release a partial chill gas mass, one has the following energy change for the closed chill vessel comprising the at least one superconductor and assuming adiabatic conditions during release of said chill gas mass into an external atmosphere or into an aeropneunatic accumulator: δ(Σ dQi+Σ dQj+Σ dQk+Σ dQ1)/δt = δ(∫∫ cvdTV 0dmV 0 + RS ∫∫∫ dmV 0 dTV 0 dVV 0 /VV 0)/δt and resulting overall in a the following non-equilibrium energy transfer per process cycle for underlying a long term superconductor-based process: δ 2(Σ dQi + Σ dQj + Σ dQk + Σ dQ1)/(δt)2 = δ (∫∫ cpdTL 0 dmL 0 + ΔHv + dHcon + ∫∫ cvdTV 0dmV 0 (1-δ/δt) + RS ∫∫∫ dmV 0 dTV 0 dVV 0/VV 0 (1-δ/δt))/(δt) = δ (∫∫ cpdTL 0 dmL 0)/δt +δΔHv/δt + δdHcon/δt +δ (∫∫ cvdTV 0 dmV 0)(1-δ 2/(δt)2) + (RS ∫∫∫ dmV 0 dTV 0 dVV 0 /VV 0)(1-δ 2/(δt)2)
The latter equation assumes that there is a thermal lag after opening the closed vessel by the at least one valve for adopting an equilibrium between the temperature of the chill gas atmosphere on the one hand and the temperatures of the liquid chill agent and the at least one superconductor and the vessel material of corresponding vessel on the other hand (as for a sudden heating of a superconductor due to an anomalous loading of a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus, see claim 13). At the same, one has to take into account that the partial chill gas mass accomodated in a previous process cycle is subjected to certian process conditions.
Overall, mechanical work can be produced by the chill gas atmosphere in a variety of forms:

deforming wall of vessel
expanding into a neighbouring environment or vessel
expanding into the aeropneumatic accumulator and moving, deplacing or deforming a wall of said aeropneumatic accumulator.

Accordingly, metallic materials of high ductility and of high fracture toughness, heat conductivity and zero emissivity (absorption capacity) as well as welding procedures which do not deteriorate corresponding properties such as carrying out the welding procedure under a controlled and protective atmosphere to avoid accomodation of impurities such as oxygen in a copper based structural material, for example (see claims 40, 41 and 46), are among the prime options to carry out the fabrication of corresponding devices employed.

Claims

A process based on application of a superconductor to an external force generated by a field selected from the group consisting of an electric field, a magnetic field, an electromagnetic field and a gravitational field, and by a change of said field with time,
said process comprising at least one cycle,δt,consisting of accomodating an energy resulting from an application of at least one superconductor, dE, in at least one closed vessel having at least one valve, wherein the at least one closed vessel is designed to isolate a liquid chill agent of the at least one superconductor and a chill gas atmosphere coexisting with said liquid chill agent from an external atmosphere during said application, said process further comprising accomodating said energy by a heat capacity of said liquid chill agent or by a heat capacity of said chill gas atmosphere and maintaining the at least one superconductor in a superconducting state by releasing at least a partial quantity of said energy, δdE, wherein said partial quantity is converted into a partial chill gas mass temporarily stored in the at least one closed vessel, δdm₀ ^V, during the at leant one cycle, st, said process optionally including a levitating state by using a permanent magnet to avoid heat conduction from the environment into said closed vessel.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising accomodating said energy, dE, by one or more of the following:

A. by an enthalpy dH^L ₀ = ∫ c_p m₀ ^L dT^L of a liquid chill agent mass, m₀ ^L, having a heat capacity, c_p, wherein dH^L ₀ increases via increasing an initial liquid chill agent temperature, T^L ₀₍₁₎, to a resulting liquid chill agent temperature, T^L ₀₍₂₎, by an amount dT^L = T^L ₀₍₂₎ - T^L ₀₍₁₎, wherein T^L ₀₍₂₎ is below a critical temperature T_c of the at least one superconductor.

B. by an enthalpy dH^S ₀ = ∫ c_p m^S dT^S of a superconductor mass, m^S, having a heat capacity, c_p, wherein dH^S ₀ increases via increasing an initial superconductor temperature, T^S ₀₍₁₎, to a resulting superconductor temperature, T^S ₀₍₂₎, by an amount dT^S = T^S ₀₍₂₎ - T^S ₀₍₁₎, wherein T^S ₀₍₂₎ is below a critical temperature T_c of the at least one superconductor.

C. by an evaporation energy dU_v = f ▵U_v(A_Int)dm₀ ^L for generating within the at least one closed vessel an evaporation reaction of a partial quantity dm₀ ^L of said liquid chill agent having an evaporation energy per interface surface area with said chill gas atmosphere, ΔU_v(A_Int), wherein said evaporation energy decreases an initial liquid chill agent mass, m^L ₀₍₁₎, to a resulting liquid chill agent mass, m^L ₀₍₂₎, by an amount dm₀ ^L = m^L ₀₍₂₎ - m^L ₀₍₁₎, wherein m^L ₀₍₂₎ is limited to above a critical mass m^L _0c of said liquid chill agent below which the at least one superconductor is started to be exposed to said chill gas atmosphere.
The process according to claim 2, further comprising evaporating a partial quantity δm₀ ^L of said liquid chill agent into a partial quantity δm₀ ^V of said chill gas atmosphere within the at least one closed vessel by one or more of the following:

A. by increasing a chill gas pressure of said chill gas atmosphere, P₀₍₁₎, by a pressure increase dP₀ = -(P₀₍₁₎ - P₀₍₂₎), wherein dP₀ is monitored by a sensor for deformation so that P₀₍₂₎ remains below a critical pressure P_c to avoid failure by exceeding a maximum tensile or compressive yield strenght of a design of the at least one closed vessel, σ_y,max or σ_c,max.

B. by increasing a chill gas volume of said chill gas atmosphere, V^V ₀₍₁₎, by a volume increase dV^V ₀ = -(V^V ₀₍₁₎ - V^V ₀₍₂₎), wherein dV^V ₀ is monitored by a sensor for deformation so that V^V ₀₍₂₎ remains below a critical volume V^V _c to avoid failure by exceeding a maximum deformation or elongation of a design of the at least one closed vessel, (dE/E0)_max.

C. by increasing a chill gas temperature of said chill gas atmosphere, T^V ₀₍₁₎, by a temperature increase dT^V = -(T^V ₀₍₁₎ - T^V ₀₍₂₎), wherein dT^V is monitored by a thermocouple to avoid that T^V ₀₍₂₎ exceeds a critical temperature T_c of the at least one superconductor.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising increasing an internal energy U₀(P₀,V₀) of said chill gas atmosphere by one or more of the following:

A. by an internal energy increase dU₀(P₀,V₀) = ∫ c_V T^V dm₀ ^V via increasing an initial chill gas mass, m^V ₀₍₁₎, to a resulting chill gas mass, m^V ₀₍₂₎, of said chill gas atmosphere having a heat capacity, c_V, by a chill gas mass increase, dm₀ ^V = m^V ₀₍₂₎ - m^V ₀₍₁₎, of said chill gas atmosphere, wherein resulting chill gas mass is limited to below a critical mass, m^V _0c, above which the at least one superconductor is started to be exposed to said chill gas atmosphere.

B. by an internal energy increase dU₀(P₀,V₀) = ∫ c_V, m₀ ^V dT^V via increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere temperature, T^V ₀₍₁₎(P₀₍₁₎,V₀₍₁₎), to a resulting chill gas atmosphere temperature, T^V ₀₍₂₎(P₀₍₂₎,V₀₍₂₎), of said chill gas atmosphere having a heat capacity, c_V, by a temperature increase dT^V = - [T^V ₀₍₁₎(P₀₍₁₎,V₀₍₁₎) - T^V ₀₍₂₎(P₀₍₂₎,V₀₍₂₎)], wherein T^V ₀₍₂₎(P₀₍₂₎,V₀₍₂₎) is limited during an overisothermal including adiabatic and isochorous chill gas pressure increase, dP₀(dT^V) to below an operating critical temperature of the at least one superconductor, T_c(P₀,V₀).
The process according to claim 1, further comprising limiting an internal energy increase of said chill gas atmosphere, d²U₀(P₀,V₀) = ∬ (c_V/V_S)dm₀ ^V dT^V, having a heat capacity for a given volume superconductor, (c_V/V_S), within the at least one closed vessel by a temperature increase dT^V = - [T^V ₀₍₁₎(P₀₍₁₎,V₀₍₁₎) - T^V ₀₍₂₎(P₀₍₂₎,V₀₍₂₎)] and a chill gas mass increase, dm₀ ^V = m^V ₀₍₂₎ - m^V ₀₍₁₎, of said chill gas atmosphere to below a critical mechanical work dW_0,crit = ∬ P₀dV_0,crit + V₀dP_0,crit, causing a deformation of the at least one closed vessel, wherein said temperature increase dT^V and said partial quantity increase dm₀ ^V are monitored by using at least one thermocouple and at least one sensor for dilatation or at least one sensor for compression, respectively, and dV₀ = dV^V ₀ - dV^L with dV^L = V^L ₀₍₂₎ - V^L ₀₍₁₎ comprising an initial liquid chill agent volume, V^L ₀₍₁₎, and a resulting liquid chill agent volume, V^L ₀₍₂₎,
The process according to claim 1, further comprising receiving a radiation energy ▵E_Rad or a convection energy ▵E_Con by the at least one vessel, wherein said radiation energy or said convection energy was received from an environment or from an environmental object or from an object in a vicinity of the at least one closed vessel, wherein the at least one closed vessel is designed to be operated by a reflection of said radiation energy or an insulation from said convection energy via one or more of the following:

A. comprising a smooth external surface selected from the group consisting of a polished surface, a white surface, a metallic surface and a brilliant surface.

B. comprising an insulating coating selected from the group consisting of a dewar, a polystrene coating, a polyurethane coating, a polyethylene coating, a nitrile, a butyl, a neopren, a natural rubber, an ethylene-propylene, a wool, a foam and a ceramic.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising accomodating a deformation enthalpy ΔH_Def by a vessel material of the at least one closed vessel, wherein the at least one closed vessel is designed to be operated by a sensor recording one or more of the following:

A. accomodating stress of an elastic deformation by having a low modulus of elasticity and a high tensile or compressive yield strength of the vessel material.

B. accomodating stress and strain of a plastic deformation by having a high maximum strength and a high ductility of the vessel material.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising accomodating said energy, dE, by a deformation of the vessel material of the at least one closed vessel, wherein the at least one closed vessel is designed to be operated by a sensor recording one or more of the following:

A. reducing a deformation energy ΔH_Def by an inflatable vessel material.

B. accomodating an increasing chill gas volume of said chill gas atmosphere, δV₀, by a high ductility of the vessel material.

C. accomodating an increasing chill gas pressure of said chill gas atmosphere, δP₀, by a high maximum strength of the vessel material.

D. relaxing an effect afforded by an increasing chill gas temperature of said chill gas atmosphere, δT₀, by a high thermal conductivity or a high emissivity of the vessel material or a coating on the vessel material.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising releasing said partial chill gas mass of said chill gas atmosphere into a storage atmosphere via said valve, wherein said valve is designed to be operated by an actuator by one or more of the following:

A. by increasing an initial pressure differential (dP/dx)₀₍₁₎ between an initial chill gas pressure of said chill gas atmosphere, P₀₍₁₎ and a storage atmosphere pressure of a storage atmosphere of at least one aeropneumatic accumulator, P₁, wherein said initial pressure differential (dP/dx)₀₍₁₎ has a pressure difference between said an initial chill gas pressure and said storage atmosphere pressure, dP = P₀₍₁₎ - P₁, wherein said valve is triggered to be openend by a sensor recording when said initial pressure differential (dP/dx)₀₍₁₎ reaches a programmed or critical pressure differential across said valve, (dP/dx)_crit, wherein said programmed or critical pressure differential has a critical pressure difference between said chill gas pressure and said storage atmosphere pressure, dP = P₀₍₂₎ - P₁,

B. by increasing an initial pressure differential (dP/dx)₀₍₁₎ between an initial chill gas pressure of said chill gas atmosphere, P₀₍₁₎. and a storage atmosphere pressure of a storage atmosphere of at least one aeropneumatic accumulator, P₁₍₁₎, to a programmed or critical pressure differential across said valve, (dP/dx)_crit, wherein said valve is triggered to release a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(P₀₍₂₎) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V ₀₍₂₎)) when said initial pressure differential (dP/dx)₀₍₁₎ reaches said programmed or critical pressure differential across said valve, (dP/dx)_crit, and by closing said valve when a pressure equilibrium dP_equil is reached, wherein said pressure equilibrium dP_equil comprises a relaxed chill gas having pressure P₀₍₃₎ and a compressed storage atmosphere having pressure, P₁₍₂₎.

C. by increasing an initial pressure differential (dP/dx)₀₍₁₎ between an initial chill gas pressure of said chill gas atmosphere, P_0(1), and a storage atmosphere pressure of a storage atmosphere of at least one aeropneumatic accumulator, P₁₍₁₎, to a programmed or critical pressure differential across said valve, (dP/dx)_crit, wherein said valve is triggered to release a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(P₀₍₂₎) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V ₀₍₂₎)) adiabatically when said initial pressure differential (dP/dx)₀₍₁₎ reaches said programmed or critical pressure differential across said valve, (dP/dx)_crit, and by closing said valve when a pressure equilibrium dP_equil is reached, wherein said pressure equilibrium dP_equil comprises an undercooled chill gas having pressure P₀₍₄₎ and a heated storage atmosphere having pressure, P₁₍₃₎.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising releasing said partial chill gas mass of said chill gas atmosphere into a storage atmosphere via said valve, wherein said valve is designed to be operated by an actuator by one or more of the following:

A. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere volume, V₀₍₁₎ to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere volume, V_0(crit), wherein said valve is triggered to be openend by a sensor recording when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere volume, V_0(crit).

B. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere volume, V₀₍₁₎ to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere volume, V_0(crit), wherein said valve is triggered to release a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(V_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere volume, V_0(crit), and by closing said valve when a relaxed chill gas volume V₀₍₃₎ is reached.

C. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere volume, V₀₍₁₎ to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere volume, V_0(crit), wherein said valve is triggered to release a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(V_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) adiabatically when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or cntical chill gas atmosphere volume, V_0(crit), and by closing said valve when an undercooled chill gas having volume V₀₍₄₎ is reached.

D. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere volume, V_0(1), to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere volume, V_0(crit), wherein said valve is triggered to release a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(V_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) into at least one aeropneumatic accumulator storage atmosphere, wherein said valve releases a partial chill gas atmosphere mass δdm₀ ^V(V_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) adiabatically, and by closing said valve.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising releasing said partial chill gas mass of said chill gas atmosphere into a storage atmosphere via said valve, wherein said valve is designed to be operated by an actuator by one or more of the following:

A. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere pressure, P₀₍₁₎ to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere pressure, P_0(crit), wherein said valve is triggered to be openend by a sensor recording when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere pressure, P_0(crit).

B. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere pressure, P₀₍₁₎ to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere pressure, P_0(crit), wherein said valve is triggered to release a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(P_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere pressure, P_0(crit), and by closing said valve when a reduced chill gas pressure P₀₍₃₎ is reached.

C. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere pressure, P₀₍₁₎ to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere pressure, P_0(crit), wherein said valve is triggered to release a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(P_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) adiabatically when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere pressure, P_0(crit), and by closing said valve when an undercooled chill gas having pressure P₀₍₄₎ is reached.

D. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere pressure, P₀₍₁₎ to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere pressure, P_0(crit), wherein said valve is triggered to release a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(P_0(crit)) =δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) into at least one aeropneumatic accumulator storage atmosphere, wherein said valve releases a partial chill gas atmosphere mass δdm₀ ^V(P_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) adiabatically, and by closing said valve.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising releasing said partial chill gas mass of said chill gas atmosphere into a storage atmosphere via said valve, wherein said valve is designed to be operated by an actuator by one or more of the following:

A. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere temperature, T₀₍₁₎ to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit), wherein said valve is triggered to be openend by a sensor or a thermocouple recording when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit).

B. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere temperature, T₀₍₁₎ to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit), wherein said valve is triggered to release a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(T_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit), and by closing said valve when a reduced chill gas temperature T₀₍₃₎ < T_0(crit) is reached.

C. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere temperature, T₀₍₁₎ to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit), wherein said valve is triggered to release a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(T_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) adiabatically when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit), and by closing said valve when an undercooled chill gas having temperature T₀₍₄₎ < T₀₍₁₎ is obtained.

D. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere temperature, T₀₍₁₎ to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit), wherein said valve is triggered to release a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(T_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) into at least one aeropneumatic accumulator storage atmosphere when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit), wherein said valve releases a partial chill gas atmosphere mass δdm₀ ^V(T_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) adiabatically, and by closing said valve.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising releasing said partial chill gas mass of said chill gas atmosphere into a storage atmosphere via said valve, wherein said valve is designed to be operated by an actuator by one or more of the following:

A. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere temperature, T₀₍₁₎, to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit) and subjecting said chill gas atmosphere to a heating rate, (dT₀/dt), wherein said initial chill gas atmosphere temperature and said heating rate are recorded by a sensor or a thermocouple, wherein said valve is triggered to be openend when said chill gas atmosphere developes a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit), or sustains a programmed or critical heating rate, (dT₀/dt)_crit.

B. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere temperature, T₀₍₁₎, to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit) and subjecting said chill gas atmosphere to a heating rate, (dT₀/dt), wherein said valve is triggered to be openend by a sensor or a thermocouple recording when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit), or when said chill gas atmosphere sustains a programmed or critical heating rate, (dT₀/dt)_crit, wherein said valve releases a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(T_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) or δdm₀ ^V((dT₀/dt)_crit) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))), and by closing said valve when a reduced chill gas temperature T₀₍₃₎ < T_0(crit) is reached.

C. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere temperature, T₀₍₁₎, to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit) and subjecting said chill gas atmosphere to a heating rate, (dT₀/dt), wherein said valve is triggered to be openend by a sensor or a thermocouple recording when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit), or when said chill gas atmosphere sustains a programmed or critical heating rate, (dT₀/dt)_crit, wherein said valve releases a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(T_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) or δdm₀ ^V((dT₀/dt)_crit) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) adiabatically, and by closing said valve when an undercooled chill gas having temperature T₀₍₄₎ < T₀₍₁₎ is obtained.

D. by increasing an initial chill gas atmosphere temperature, T₀₍₁₎ to a programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit), and subjecting said chill gas atmosphere to a heating rate, (dT₀/dt), wherein said valve is triggered to release a partial chill gas mass δdm₀ ^V(T_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) into at least one aeropneumatic accumulator storage atmosphere when said chill gas atmosphere developes said programmed or critical chill gas atmosphere temperature, T_0(crit), or when said chill gas atmosphere sustains a programmed or critical heating rate, (dT₀/dt)_crit, wherein said valve releases a partial chill gas atmosphere mass δdm₀ ^V(T_0(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎-m^V _0(crit))) or δdm₀ ^V((dT₀/dt)_crit) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V _0(crit))) adiabatically, and by closing said valve.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising releasing a chill gas mass of said chill gas atmosphere, δdm^V ₀(P₀₍₂₎) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V ₀₍₂₎)) into said external atmosphere via storing in at least one aeropneumatic accumulator having a gas inlet valve for a gas inlet from the at least one closed vessel and a gas outlet valve for a gas outlet into said external atmosphere, wherein said gas outlet valve is designed to be operated by an actuator when said external atmosphere has an external gas pressure P₃ < P₁, wherein P₁ is a storage atmosphere pressure of a storage atmosphere in the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator and being recorded by a sensor, via one or more of the following:

A. increasing said storage atmosphere pressure and triggering said gas inlet valve to close when said storage atmosphere developes a programmed or critical pressure P_1(crit) and triggering said gas outlet valve to open.

B. increasing said storage atmosphere pressure and triggering said gas inlet valve to close when said storage atmosphere developes a programmed or critical pressure P_1(crit) and triggering said gas outlet valve to open, wherein a partial storage atmosphere mass δdm₁ ^V(P_1(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₁₍₁₎ - m^V _1(crit))) is released into said external atmosphere.

C. increasing said storage atmosphere pressure and triggering said gas inlet valve to close when said storage atmosphere developes a programmed or critical pressure P_1(crit) and triggering said gas outlet valve-to open, wherein a partial storage atmosphere mass δdm₁ ^V(P_1(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₁₍₁₎ - m^V _1(crit))) is released adiabatically into said external atmosphere.

D. increasing said storage atmosphere pressure and triggering said gas inlet valve to close when said storage atmosphere developes a programmed or critical storage gas pressure differential (dP_1/3/dx)_crit and triggering said gas outlet valve to open, wherein programmed or critical storage gas pressure differential comprises a pressure differential dP_1/3 = P₁ - P₃.

E. increasing said storage atmosphere pressure and triggering said gas inlet valve to close when said storage atmosphere developes a programmed or critical storage gas pressure differential (dP_1/3/dx)_crit and triggering said gas outlet valve to open, wherein a partial storage atmosphere mass δdm₁ ^V(P_1(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₁₍₁₎ - m^V _1(crit))) is released adiabatically into said external atmosphere.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising releasing an internal energy of said chill gas atmosphere via said mechanical work into at least one aeropneumatic accumulator by said valve prior to increasing an initial liquid chill agent temperature T^L ₀₍₁₎ of said liquid chill agent above a critical operating temperature T_c(P₀) of the at least one superconductor, wherein the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator is sealed off from said external atmosphere, and wherein said valve is a gas inlet valve of the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator to accomodate a partial chill gas mass of said chill gas atmosphere, δdm^V ₀(P₀₍₂₎) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V ₀₍₂₎), and comprising accomodating a compression energy dU_Com by the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator, wherein the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator is designed to be operated via a sensor to monitor independently a pressure differential dP/dx between a storage gas pressure of a storage atmosphere in the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator, P₁, and said chill gas pressure of said chill gas atmosphere in the at least one closed vessel, P₀, and by an actuator to open said valve for triggering one or more of the following:

A. increasing an initial storage gas mass before a compression of said storage atmosphere, m₁₍₁₎, to a compressed storage gas mass m₁₍₂₎ after said compression of said storage atmosphere.

B. increasing an initial storage gas pressure before a compression of said storage atmosphere, P₁₍₁₎, to a compressed storage gas pressure P₁₍₂₎ after said compression of said storage atmosphere.

C. increasing an initial storage gas temperature before a compression of said storage atmosphere, T₁₍₁₎, to a compressed storage gas temperature T₁₍₂₎ after said compression of said storage atmosphere.

D. increasing adiabatically or nearly adiabatically an initial storage gas mass before a compression of said storage atmosphere, m₁₍₁₎, to a compressed storage gas mass m_1(2)a after said compression of said storage atmosphere.

E. increasing adiabatically or nearly adiabatically an initial storage gas pressure before a compression of said storage atmosphere, P₁₍₁₎, to a compressed storage gas pressure P_1(2)a after said compression of said storage atmosphere.

F. increasing adiabatically or nearly adiabatically an initial storage gas temperature before a compression of said storage atmosphere, T₁₍₁₎, to a compressed storage gas temperature T_1(2)a after said compression of said storage atmosphere.
The process according to claim 15, further comprising releasing at least a partial compression energy δdU_Com from the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator, wherein the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator is designed to be operated via a sensor to monitor a pressure differential dP/dx between a storage gas pressure a of a storage atmosphere of at least one aeropneumatic accumulator, P₁₍₂₎, and an external gas pressure of said external atmosphere, P₃, and by an actuator triggering a gas outlet valve to open by one or more of the following:

A. decreasing a compressed storage gas mass after a compression of said storage atmosphere, m₁₍₂₎, to a relaxed storage gas mass m₂₍₁₎ after releasing at least a part of said compressed storage gas mass, dm₁₍₂₎,.

B. decreasing a compressed storage gas pressure after a compression of said storage atmosphere, P₁₍₂₎, to a relaxed storage gas pressure P₂₍₁₎ after reducing by at least a part dP₁₍₂₎ said compressed storage gas pessure.

C. decreasing a compressed storage gas temperature after a compression of said storage atmosphere, T₁₍₂₎, to a lower storage gas temperature T₂₍₁₎ after decreasing by at least a part dT₁₍₂₎ said compressed storage gas temperature.

D. decreasing adiabatically or nearly adiabatically a compressed storage gas mass after a compression of said storage atmosphere, m₁₍₂₎, to a reduced storage gas mass m_2(1)a after releasing at least a part of said compressed storage gas mass, dm₁₍₂₎,.

E. decreasing adiabatically or nearly adiabatically a compressed storage gas pressure after a compression of said storage atmosphere, P₁₍₂₎, to a relaxed storage gas pressure P_2(1)a after reducing by at least a part dP₁₍₂₎ said compressed storage gas pessure.

F. decreasing adiabatically or nearly adiabatically a compressed storage gas temperature after a compression of said storage atmosphere, T₁₍₂₎, to a lower storage gas temperature T_2(1)a after decreasing by at least a part dT₁₍₂₎ said compressed storage gas temperature.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising accomodating and releasing said energy by a plurality of the at least one closed vessel comprising said liquid chill agent and the at least one superconductor and said chill gas atmosphere, wherein the plurality is designed to be operated by one or more of the following:

A. by essentially releasing said radiation energy and a partial chill gas mass, δdm^V ₀(P₀₍₂₎) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V ₀₍₂₎)), into two opposite directions and perpendicular to at least two adjacently arranged closed vessels.

B. by essentially releasing said radiation energy and a partial chill gas mass, δdm^V ₀(P₀₍₂₎) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V ₀₍₂₎)), into two opposite directions and perpendicular to at least two adjacently arranged closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel, wherein said partial chill gas atmosphere mass is released into at least one aeropneumatic accumulator.

C. by essentially releasing said radiation energy and a partial chillgas mass, δdm^V ₀(P₀₍₂₎) = δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V ₀₍₂₎)), into two opposite directions and perpendicular to at least two adjacently arranged closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel, wherein said partial chill gas atmosphere mass is released into two or more aeropneumatic accumulators arranged in parallel to each other and opposite to the main direction of a radiation emission.

D. by essentially releasing two or more partial chill gas masses, Σ_i ^{i=2 to n}(δdm^V ₀(P₀₍₂₎)) =Σ_i ^{i=2 to n}δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V ₀₍₂₎)), from at least two oppositely arranged closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel into at least one aeropneumatic accumulator, wherein the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator is arranged between the at least two oppositely arranged closed vessels.

E. by essentially releasing two or more partial chill gas masses, Σ_i ^{i=2 to n}(δdm^V ₀(P₀₍₂₎)) = Σ_i ^{i=2 to n} δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V ₀₍₂₎)), from at least two oppositely arranged closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel into at least one aeropneumatic accumulator, wherein the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator is arranged between the at least two oppositely arranged closed vessels, further essentially releasing said radiation energy into an opposite direction compared to the direction of said releasing said two or more partial chill gas atmosphere masses and perpendicular to the at least two oppositely arranged closed vessels.

F. by essentially releasing four or more partial chill gas masses, Σ_i ^{i=4 to n}(δdm^V ₀(P₀₍₂₎)) = Σ_i ^{i=4 to n} δ-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V ₀₍₂₎)), from at least two oppositely arranged rows comprising at least two adjacently arranged closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel, further releasing said four or more partial chill gas atmosphere masses into at least one aeropneumatic accumulator arranged between the at least two oppositely arranged rows.

G. by essentially releasing four or more partial chill gas masses, Σ_i ^{i=4 to n}(δdm^V ₀(P₀₍₂₎)) = Σ_i ^{i=4 to n} δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V ₀₍₂₎)), from at least two oppositely arranged rows comprising at least two adjacently arranged closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel, further releasing said four or more partial chill gas atmosphere masses into at least one aeropneumatic accumulator arranged between the at least two oppositely arranged rows, wherein the at least two oppositely arranged rows essentially release said radiation energy into an opposite direction compared to the direction of said releasing said four or more partial chill gas atmosphere masses and perpendicular to the at least two oppositely arranged rows.

H. by essentially releasing four or more partial chill gas masses, Σ_i ^{i=4 to n}(δdm^V ₀(P₀₍₂₎)) = Σ_i ^{i=4 to n} δ(-(m^V ₀₍₁₎ - m^V ₀₍₂₎)), from at least two oppositely arranged rows into a plurality of aeropneumatic accumulators arranged between the at least two oppositely arranged rows comprising at least two adjacently arranged closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel, wherein said plurality comprises at least four adjacently in parallel arranged aeropneumatic accumulators, further releasing said radiation energy into an opposite direction and perpendicular compared to the at least two oppositely arranged rows, wherein the at least two oppositely arranged rows comprise at least two adjacently arranged closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel releasing said four or more partial chill gas atmosphere masses into a zipper arranged spacial plurality of the at least four aeropneumatic accumulators.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising conducting laterally a partial conduction enthalpy δdH_Con into at least one closed adjacent vessel comprising the liquid chill agent, the at least one superconductor and the chill gas atmosphere, wherein the at least one closed adjacent vessel is joined with the at least one closed vessel by a conducting material to form a plurality of the at least one closed vessel, wherein the at least one closed adjacent vessel is designed to be operated by providing a superior heat capacity relative to the at least one closed vessel via one or more of the following:

A. by comprising a lower initial operating temperature than the at least one closed vessel.

B. by compriseing a higher liquid chill agent mass than the at least one closed vessel.

C. by comprising a higher overall mass than the at least one closed vessel, wherein said overall mass comprises the at least one closed adjacent vessel, said liquid chill agent, the at least one superconductor and the chill agent atmosphere within the at least one closed adjacent vessel.

D. by comprising a higher specific heat capacity than the at least one closed vessel.

E. by comprising a higher overall heat capacity than the at least one closed vessel, wherein said overall heat capacity comprises a heat capacitiy of the at least one closed adjacent vessel, sof aid liquid chill agent, of the at least one superconductor and of the chill agent atmosphere within the at least one closed adjacent vessel.

E. by comprising a higher specific heat capacity of the liquid chill agent per unit of superconductor volume of the at least one superconductor, (c_p/V_s), than the at least one closed vessel.

F. by comprising a higher specific heat capacity of the at least one superconductor than the at least one closed vessel.

G. by comprising a higher gas storage capacity of the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator connected by at least one gas inlet valve than the at least one closed vessel.

H. a dewar accomodating one or more superconductors having the shape of a cylindrical disc or a cube of quadratic or rectangular or irregular dimensions

I. by at least two closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel arranged adjacent to each other, wherein the at least two closed vessels comprise a common insulation against heat conduction from an environment into the at least two closed vessels .

J. by at least two closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel arranged adjacent to each other, wherein the at least one closed vessel accomodates a dewar for said liquid chill agent.
The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one superconductor is a high critical temperature superconductor ((HT) superconductor or HTS) selected from the group consisting of Y-Ba-Cu-O, YBa₂Cu₃O₇, YBa₂Cu₃O₁₀, Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O, Bi₂Sr₂CaCuO₆, Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O₈, Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀, Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O, Tl₂Ba₂Ca₂Cu₃O_x, (TlPb)(BaSr)₂Ca₂Cu₃O_x, Hg-Ba-Ca-Cu-O, La-Ba-Cu-O and La-Sr-Cu-O.
The process according to claim 1, wherein the at least one superconductor is a high critical temperature superconductor ((HT) superconductor or HTS) consisting of a single crystal or bicrystal, wherein said single crystal or bicrystal is in an as-cast or an anisotropic or a textured or a machined or an as-cast and anisotropic or an as-cast and textured and anisotropic and machined condition having a shape selected from the group consisting of a disc, a ring or a cube shape selected from the group consisting of a regular form, an irregular form, a rectangular form, a quadratic form and a triangle form.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising levitating and carrying a load on a track comprising at least one permanent magnet by using a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus having the at least one closed vessel and at least one aeropneumatic accumulator, wherein said partial chill gas mass is from time to time released from the at least one vessel into the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising levitating and carrying a load on a track comprising two separate permanent magnets arranged in parallel by using a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus having at least one aeropneumatic accumulator arranged between at least two oppositely arranged closed vessels each having at least one valve, wherein the at least two oppositely arranged closed vessels are designed to isolate a liquid chill agent of the at least one superconductor and a chill gas atmosphere coexisting with said liquid chill agent from said external atmosphere during said application.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising moving a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus into at least one direction by using at least one propulsion coil for a linear propulsion and at least one permanent magnet, wherein said linear propulsion comprises one or more of the following:

A. cooling said propulsion coil independently at a coil temperature designated as T₄.

B. insulating and/or cooling the at least one permanent magnet independently at a temperature designated as T₅.

C. cooling the at least one propulsion coil independently at a coil temperature designated as T₄, wherein the at least one propulsion coil is separated from the at least one permanent magnet.

D. cooling the at least one propulsion coil independently at a coil temperature designated as T₄, wherein said linear propulsion heats an electrically conducting part for operation of the superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus in a moving magnetic field of said propulsion coil, further transfering said convection enthalpy from said electrically conducting part to the at least one propulsion coil.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising emitting said radiation energy or said convection enthalpy into an external gas pressure P₃ of said external atmosphere,
wherein the external gas pressure comprises one or more of the following:

A. an overpressure > 1 atm accomodated by a closed chamber.

B. a vacuum pressure or underpressure < 1 atm accomodated by a vacuum chamber.

C. an atmosphere of controlled composition accomodated by a closed chamber.

D. a vacuum pressure or underpressure < 1 atm accomodated by a vacuum chamber, wherein said vaccum chamber is continuously being evacuated by an evacuating pump station having a pumping speed ranging from 10 to 40000 l/sec.

E. a vacuum pressure or underpressure < 1 atm comprising a partial storage atmosphere mass δdm₁ ^V(P_1(crit)) = δ(-(m^V ₁₍₁₎ - m^V _1(crit))) accomodated in a vacuum chamber or in a closed chamber , wherein said partial storage atmosphere mass is released from an aeropneumatic accumulator from time to time and being removed from said vacuum chamber or from said closed chamber by an evacuating pump station.

F. a vacuum pressure or underpressure < 1 atm accomodated by a vacuum chamber, wherein said vacuum chamber comprises at least one wall or at least one device comprising a mean height of a surface unevenness or surface asperity ranging from 0.1 to 4 micron.

G. a vacuum pressure or underpressure < 1 atm accomodated by a vacuum chamber, wherein said vacuum chamber comprises at least one wall or at least one device comprising a mean height of a surface unevenness or surface asperity ranging from 1 to 10 micron.

H. a temperature T₃ above a critical temperature T_c of a high T_c superconductor and above a temperature, T^L, of said chill agent.

I. a mass flow imparted by suction flow of an external pump system, wherein said mass flow suppresses electromagnetic radiation and/or heat convection.

J. a mass flow imparted by suction flow of an external pump system inside an insulating layer, wherein said mass flow suppresses electromagnetic radiation and/or heat convection.
The process according to claim 24, further comprising emitting a radiation energy from an emission surface of at least one independent wall toward the at least one closed vessel, wherein said emission surface is selected from the group consisting of a polished surface, a white surface, a metallic surface and a brilliant surface, further emitting said radiation energy over one or more of the following emission distances X₁ comprising said external gas pressure P₃:

A. X₁ between said emission surface of a chamber wall of a chamber accomodating the at least one closed vessel and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel.

B. X₁ between said emission surface of a support wall of a load support for carrying a load, wherein said load comprises a load temperature T₆, and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel, further keeping apart said emission surface from said vessel surface by an insulating material.

C. X₁ between said emission surface of a propulsion coil for a linear propulsion of a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel.

D. X₁ between said emission surface of a non-magnetic electrically conducting part of a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel, further keeping apart said emission surface from said vessel surface by an insulating material.

E. X₁ between said emission surface of a chamber wall of an external dewar surrounding the at least one closed vessel and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel, further keeping apart said emission surface from said vessel surface by an insulating material.

F. X₁ between said emission surface of at least one permanent magnet to the at least one closed vessel and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel.
The process according to claim 24, further comprising convecting a convection heat from a relatively warm surface of at least one independent wall toward the at least one closed vessel, wherein said warm surface comprises an insulating coating selected from the group consisting of a dewar, a polystrene coating, a polyurethane coating, a polyethylene coating and a rubber material, further convecting said convection heat over one or more of the following convection distances X₂ comprising said external gas pressure P₃:

A. X₂ between said relatively warm surface of a chamber wall of a chamber accomodating the at least one closed vessel and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel,

B. X₂ between said relatively warm surface of a load conveyed by a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus, wherein said load comprises a load temperature T₆, and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel, further keeping apart said relatively warm surface from said vessel surface by an insulating material.

C. X₂ between said relatively warm surface of a support wall of a load support for carrying a load, wherein said load comprises a load temperature T₆, and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel, further keeping apart said relatively warm surface from said vessel surface by an insulating material.

D. X₂ between said relatively warm surface of a propulsion coil for a linear propulsion of a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel.

E. X₂ between said relatively warm surface of a non-magnetic electrically conducting part of a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel, further keeping apart said relatively warm surface from said vessel surface by an insulating material.

F. X₂ between said relatively warm surface of a chamber wall of an external dewar surrounding the at least one closed vessel and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel, further keeping apart said relatively warm surface from said vessel surface by an insulating material.

G. X₂ between said relatively warm surface of at least one permanent magnet to the at least one closed vessel and a vessel surface of the at least one closed vessel.
The process according to claim 24, further comprising convecting a convection heat or emitting a radiation energy from a non-magnetic electrically conducting part of a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus to a cooled propulsion coil for linear propulsion, wherein an emitting surface or a relatively warm surface face of said non-magnetic electrically conducting part is selected from the group consisting of a black surface, a mat surface and a highly thermally conducting surface.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising carrying a load by employing a stationary temperature relationship T₆ > T₃ > T^L ₀, of the liquid agent, wherein T₆ is an independent load temperature of a load carried by a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus, T₃ is an external gas temperature of said external atmosphere and T^L ₀ is a liquid chill agent temperature of said liquid chill agent.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising carrying a load by employing a stationary temperature relationship T₃ > T₆ > T^L ₀, of the liquid agent, wherein T₆ is an independent load temperature of said load carried by a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus, T₃ is an external gas temperature of said external atmosphere and T^L ₀ is a liquid chill agent temperature of said liquid chill agent.
The process according to claim 28, further comprising carrying a load by employing one or more of the following stationary temperature relationships:

A. T₆>T₄>T₃>T^L ₀

B. T₆>T₃>T₄>T^L ₀ and

wherein T₄ is a coil temperature of a propulsion coil for linear propulsion of said superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus.
The process according to claim 30, further comprising carrying a load by employing one or more of the following stationary temperature relationships:

A. T₃>T₆>T₄>T^L ₀.

B. T₄>T₆>T₃>T^L ₀ and

wherein T₄ is a coil temperature of a propulsion coil for linear propulsion of said superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising carrying a conveyance load having a load weight Ω accomodated on a support, wherein said load weight Ω and a weight of the at least one closed vessel and the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator and the liquid chill agent and the chill gas atmosphere and said support and at least one storage gas atmosphere and at least one insulation and a non-magnetic electrically conducting part develope a gravitational force ranging from 0.1 N up to 40000 N per resulting superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus, further comprising carrying said load over at a carrying time ranging from 0.5 hours to 20 hours.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising carrying a conveyance load having a load weight Ω accomodated on a support, wherein said load weight Ω and a weight of the at least one closed vessel and the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator and the liquid chill agent and the chill gas atmosphere and said support and at least one storage gas atmosphere and at least one insulation a non-magnetic electrically conducting part develope a gravitational force ranging from 0.1 N up to 20000 N per resulting superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus, further comprising carrying said load over at a carrying time ranging from 1.0 hours to 40 hours.
The process according to claim 1, further comprising cooling the at least one superconductor by a liquid cooling agent selected from the group of liquid nitrogen, liquid argon, liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, liquid helium and liquid matter having a temperature below a critical temperature of a superconductor.
The process according to claim 34, further comprising a liquid cooling agent heat capacity per volume of the at least one superconductor and per the at least one closed vessel, c_p/V_S, wherein said liquid cooling agent comprises a heat capacity range in one or more of the following:

A. 0.1 JK^-1cm^-3 smaller or equal to (c_p/V_S) smaller or equal to k₁ ^*(c_p/V_S)_crit, wherein (c_p/V_S)_crit exceeds a critical weight W_crit of a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus above which said superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus stops to levitate or overcoming heat conduction from an external object, wherein k₁ is a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus constant depending on a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus design.

B. 0.1 JK^-1cm^-3 smaller or equal to (c_p/V_S) smaller or equal to k₂*(c_p/V_S)_crit, wherein (c_p/V_S)_crit exceeds a critical weight W_crit of a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus above which said superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus stops to levitate or overcoming heat conduction from an external object, wherein k₂ is a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus constant depending on a superconducting magnetic levitation apparatus size of a given design.

C. 0.1 JK^-1cm^-3 smaller or equal to (c_p/V_S) smaller or equal to 100 JK^-1cm^-3.

D. 1.0 JK^-1cm^-3 smaller or equal to (c_p/V_S) smaller or equal to 1000 JK^-1cm^-3.

E. 10 JK^-1cm^-3 smaller or equal to (c_p/V_S) smaller or equal to 10000 JK^-1cm^-3.
The process according to claim 34, wherein the at least one superconductor is a high critical temperature superconductor ((HT) superconductor or HTS) comprising a levitation force F_N in one or more of the following ranges:

A. 0.3 N/g smaller or equal to F_N smaller or equal to 0.8 N/g

B. 0.4 N/g smaller or equal to F_N smaller or equal to 1.1 N/g
The process according to claim 34, wherein the at least one superconductor is a high critical temperature superconductor ((HT) superconductor or HTS) comprise a specific density p in one or more of the following ranges:

A. 4.5 g/cm³ smaller or equal to ρ smaller or equal to 5.4 g/cm³

B. 5.05 g/cm³ smaller or equal to ρ smaller or equal to 5.8 g/cm³

C. 5.4 g/cm³ smaller or equal to ρ smaller or equal to 6.1 g/cm³

D. 5.5 g/cm³ smaller or equal to ρ smaller or equal to 6.3 g/cm³
An apparatus for carrying out the process according to claim 1,
wherein said apparatus comprises at least one closed vessel having at least one valve and at least one thermocouple and a least one dilatation and/or shrinking recording strip, wherein the at least one closed vessel is designed to isolate from an external atmosphere a liquid chill agent, at least one superconductor and a chill gas atmosphere coexisting with said liquid chill agent, further comprising at least one load support and at least one permanent magnet, wherein the at least one superconductor and the at least one permanent magnet are designed to levitate said apparatus and an additional load and wherein the at least one valve and the at least one dilation recording strip and the at least one thermocouple are designed to be operated by telecommunication for release of a partial chill gas mass from the at least one closed vessel, δdm₀ ^V, to an external atmosphere.
The apparatus according to claim 38,further comprising at least one aeropneumatic accumulator connected with the at least one closed vessel via the at least one valve to store a partial chill gas mass from the at least one closed vessel, δdm₀ ^V, and having a gas outlet valve for release of a storage gas atmosphere into an external atmosphere,.
The apparatus according to claim 39, wherein the at least one closed vessel or the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator is fabricated from a metal selected from the group consisting of a pure copper, a pure aluminium, a pure titanium, a pure tantalum, a pure silver, a brass, a forged vessel metal and a welded vessel metal.
The apparatus according to claim 39, wherein the at least one closed vessel or the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator is fabricated from an alloy selected from the group consisting of a stainless steel, a copper based alloy, an aluminium based alloy, a titanium based alloy, a silver based alloy, a fully rigid material, a forged vessel alloy and a welded vessel alloy.
The apparatus according to claim 39, wherein the at least one closed vessel or the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator is fabricated from an inflatable material selected from the group consisting of a polystrene, a polyurethane, a polyethylene, a rubber material and a pure metal.
The apparatus according to claim 38, further comprising at least one dewar accomodated by the at least on closed vessel or accomodating the at least one vessel.
The apparatus according to claim 38, wherein the at least one closed vessel is insulated by an insulating material selected from the group consisting of a polystrene coating, a polyurethane coating, a polyethylene coating, a nitrile, a butyl, a neopren, a natural rubber, an ethylene-propylene, a wool, a foam and a ceramic.
The apparatus according to claim 39, wherein the at least one closed vessel or the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator is fabricated by forging.
The apparatus according to claim 39, further comprising a welded structure, wherein structure is welded under a vacuum.
The apparatus according to claim 39, wherein the at least one closed vessel or the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator comprises a smooth external surface selected from the group consisting of a polished surface, a white surface, a metallic surface and a brilliant surface.
The apparatus according to claim 39, further comprising at least one propulsion coil for a linear propulsion of said apparatus, wherein the at least one vessel apparatus comprises one or more of the following:

A. a load support for a conveyance load separated from the at least one closed vessel by an unconventional insulation against heat conduction, wherein said unconventional insulation comprises at least one distance accomodating an insulating rigid material for keeping apart said load support from the at least one closed vessel and an empty space comprising an external atmosphere mean free path.

B. an unconventional insulation against heat conduction between the at least one closed vessel and the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator.

C. an unconventional insulation against heat conduction between the at least one closed vessel and a non-magnetic electrically conducting part for operation in a moving magnetic field of the at least one propulsion coil.

D. an unconventional insulation against heat conduction between the at least one closed vessel and the at least one permanent magnet for levitation of said apparatus.
The apparatus according to claim 48, further comprising an independent cooling system of both the at least one permanent magnet and the at least one propulsion coil.
The apparatus according to claim 48, further comprising at least one rotatable closed vessel mounted on a bearing which is fixed to a rotatable rod, wherein the rotatable rod serves as a pivot to rotate the at least one closed vessel in an inhomogeneous magnetic field to reduce flux creep in the at least one superconductor compared to a rigid closed vessel under identical conditions, wherein the rotable rod comprises at least one insulation against heat conduction and is accomodated by said load support.
The apparatus according to claim 48, further comprising a plurality of the at least one closed vessel, wherein said plurality comprises a thermally conducting joint between at least two laterally connected closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel.
The apparatus according to claim 48, further comprising a plurality of the at least one aeropneumatic accumulator laterally arranged in parallel, wherein said plurality is mounted between at least two oppositely arranged closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel.
The apparatus according to claim 52, wherein said plurality is arranged between at least two oppositely arranged rows comprising at least two adjacently arranged closed vessels of the at least one closed vessel, wherein said plurality comprises at least four adjacently in parallel arranged aeropneumatic accumulators.