EP1131274A2 - Methods for producing chiral aldehydes - Google Patents
Methods for producing chiral aldehydesInfo
- Publication number
- EP1131274A2 EP1131274A2 EP99968786A EP99968786A EP1131274A2 EP 1131274 A2 EP1131274 A2 EP 1131274A2 EP 99968786 A EP99968786 A EP 99968786A EP 99968786 A EP99968786 A EP 99968786A EP 1131274 A2 EP1131274 A2 EP 1131274A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- bar
- reaction
- chiral
- carbon dioxide
- carried out
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000007037 hydroformylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical group CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 14
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetonate Chemical compound CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- -1 diphenylphosphino Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 3
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WWMQIJFJSHVMDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenoxycarbonylbenzoic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC=C WWMQIJFJSHVMDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-vinylpyridine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=N1 KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006519 CCH3 Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HEFNNWSXXWATRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ibuprofen Chemical compound CC(C)CC1=CC=C(C(C)C(O)=O)C=C1 HEFNNWSXXWATRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CMWTZPSULFXXJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naproxen Natural products C1=C(C(C)C(O)=O)C=CC2=CC(OC)=CC=C21 CMWTZPSULFXXJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021626 Tin(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HRJABHWZEQHPFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N [1-[2-(12,14-dioxa-13-phosphapentacyclo[13.8.0.02,11.03,8.018,23]tricosa-1(15),2(11),3,5,7,9,16,18,20,22-decaen-13-yloxy)naphthalen-1-yl]naphthalen-2-yl]-diphenylphosphane Chemical compound O1C=2C=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=2C(C2=CC=CC=C2C=C2)=C2OP1OC1=CC=C2C=CC=CC2=C1C(C1=CC=CC=C1C=C1)=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 HRJABHWZEQHPFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001371 alpha-amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000008206 alpha-amino acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003242 anti bacterial agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001760 anti-analgesic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003110 anti-inflammatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940088710 antibiotic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002246 antineoplastic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002512 chemotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002778 food additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013373 food additive Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001680 ibuprofen Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium hydroxide Inorganic materials [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960002009 naproxen Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CMWTZPSULFXXJA-VIFPVBQESA-N naproxen Chemical compound C1=C([C@H](C)C(O)=O)C=CC2=CC(OC)=CC=C21 CMWTZPSULFXXJA-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N norbornene Chemical compound C1[C@@H]2CC[C@H]1C=C2 JFNLZVQOOSMTJK-KNVOCYPGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-M pent-4-enoate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC=C HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003018 phosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011814 protection agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000011150 stannous chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AXZWODMDQAVCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L tin(II) chloride (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Sn+2] AXZWODMDQAVCJE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940088594 vitamin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamin Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910006400 μ-Cl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
- C07C45/49—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide
- C07C45/50—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide by oxo-reactions
- C07C45/505—Asymmetric hydroformylation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/54—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using solvents, e.g. supercritical solvents or ionic liquids
Definitions
- the present invention relates to processes for the preparation of chiral aldehydes by enantioselective hydroformylation of prochiral substrates with the aid of a catalyst consisting of a transition metal and a chiral phosphorus-containing ligand which contains aromatic rings which are substituted by perfluoroalkyl groups.
- Chiral aldehydes also provide access to ⁇ -amino acids, polyether-based antibiotics and macrocyclic antitumor agents.
- the most efficient catalyst system for enantioselective hydroformylation to date is based on a rhodium catalyst which contains the ligand (R) - 2- (diphenylphosphino) - 1, 1 '-binaphtol-2'-yl (S) - 1, 1' -binaphtol-2, 2'-diyl phosphite (R, S) -Binaphos (Topics in Catalysis 1997, 4, 175; EP 0 614 870 A3) and related ligands (EP 0 684 249 AI, EP 0 647 647 AI).
- the main disadvantages of the processes based on this catalyst system are, on the one hand, the limited regioselectivity for the formation of the desired branched isomer in the hydroformylation of vinyl aromatics (see Scheme 1).
- the regioselectivity with (R, S) -binaphos is, for example, 88%, and the 12% linear aldehyde is a worthless by-product which has to be separated and disposed of in a complex manner.
- these catalyst systems only work with the greatest efficiency if toxicologically and ecologically questionable solvents, such as. B. benzene can be used.
- Scheme 1 Reaction scheme for enantioselective hydroformylation using the example of vinyl aromatics. Table 1. Synthesis of chiral aldehydes by enantioselective hydroformylation.
- Compressed carbon dioxide in the liquid (liqC02) or supercritical state (SCCO2) is an interesting solvent for the implementation of catalytic reactions, because unlike conventional organic solvents it is toxicologically and ecologically harmless.
- the ligand (R, S) -binaphos cannot be used efficiently in compressed carbon dioxide, since the enantioselectivity drops drastically in the presence of compressed carbon dioxide (S. Kainz, W. Leitner, Catal. Lett., In press).
- the chiral ligand is a compound of the general formula 1
- the synthesis route for such a ligand is shown using the example of the ligand (R, S) -la (Scheme 2).
- the catalysts for the enantioselective hydroformylation can either be used in the form of isolated complex compounds which already contain the chiral ligands of the formula 1, or they are formed in situ from a ligand of the formula 1 and suitable metal-containing precursors.
- suitable metal-containing precursors A detailed description of possible catalyst systems can be found, for example, in Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2485.
- Compounds or salts of transition metals can be used as metal components in the present process. Catalysts based on the metals Fe, Co, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, particularly preferably Pt and Rh are preferred.
- the optimal molar ligand / metal ratio depends on the particular system, but should generally be between 1: 1 and 10: 1, preferably between 1: 1 and 4: 1 lie.
- Examples of such compounds can be found in the following group, without the choice of the compounds implying a limitation in the range of use: vinylaromatics (e.g. styrene and substituted styrene derivatives such as chlorobenzene, para- (isobutyl) sytrol or vinylnaphtol and its derivatives) , Vinylpyridine, acrylic acid and its derivatives (e.g.
- ⁇ -acetamidoacrylic acid esters vinyl acetate, vinyl phthalates, allyl acetate, indene, dihydro-2-pyridones, norbornene etc.
- the complete solubility of the substrates and the products during the entire reaction time is not necessary when carried out in compressed CO2 Prerequisite for an effective reaction process.
- the molar ratio of substrate to catalyst is mainly determined by economic considerations and represents one Compromise of catalyst costs and practically acceptable reaction rate. The optimal value can therefore vary widely depending on the substrate and catalyst. With the catalyst la / Rh substrate / catalyst ratios between 100: 1 and 100000: 1 are possible, preferably a ratio between 500: 1 and 10000: 1 is used.
- the gases H2 and CO can either be added separately or as a mixture to the reactor.
- the partial print /? the individual gases are in the range between 1 and 100 bar, preferably in the range between 5 and 50 bar.
- the reaction gases can be introduced before, after, or together with the CO2.
- the amount of CO2 is chosen so that the total pressure at the reaction temperature,? ° g e s. > In the range between 20 and 500 bar, preferably in the range between 50 and 350 bar.
- the reaction temperature can be varied within a wide range and is between -20 ° C and 100 ° C, preferably between 20 ° C and 60 ° C.
- Preferred solvents are, for example, pentane, hexane, toluene, benzene, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, methylene chloride, perfluorinated hydrocarbons or pefluorinated polyethers.
- the product When carried out in compressed carbon dioxide, the product can pass through the catalyst as described in DE 197 02 025 after the reaction Extraction are separated with CO2, the catalyst remaining in the reactor in active and selective form.
- the combination of reaction and extraction can be realized in batch, semi-batch or in continuous processes.
- CO2 (approx. 5-8 g) was filled in with a compressor and heated to the desired reaction temperature T, a pressure p ° ⁇ being established. After the reaction time t, the reactor was cooled to 0 ° C. and slowly let down. To isolate the reaction products, the contents of the reactor were either extracted using SCCO2 or the contents of the reactor were taken up in hexane or toluene, filtered through a little silica gel and the solvent was removed by distillation or in vacuo.
- Sales, regioselectivity in favor of Branched aldehyde and enantiomeric excess (ee) were determined by gas chromatography (HP 5890 with FID, column: Ivadex 7, injector temp .: 240 ° C, column temp .: 60-200 ° C; detector temp .: 300 ° C, carrier gas: H2).
- Enantioselective hydroformylation in other solvents (Ex. 1-2): The desired amount was added to a mixture of [ ⁇ (R, S) -la ⁇ Rh (acac)], (R, S) -la and styrene prepared as described above Given solvent. Synthesis gas was then injected to the pressure p m _ co and the solution was heated to the desired reaction temperature T while stirring. After the reaction time t, the reactor was cooled and let down. The reaction solutions were filtered through a little silica gel and the solvent removed in vacuo or by distillation. The analysis was carried out as described above.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to methods for producing chiral aldehydes by the enantioselective hydroformylation of prochiral substrates using a catalyst comprised of a transition metal and of a chiral ligand. The invention is characterized in that the chiral ligand is a compound of general formula (I), whereby the dashed rings R7-R10 are optional, and one or more of rings R1-R6 or R7-R10 are substituted with one or more substituents which can be selected independent of one another and which are of general formula(CH2)x(CF2)yF (x = 0-5; y = 1-12) or of branched isomers thereof. The invention particularly relates to the execution of said methods in compressed (liquid or supercritical) carbon dioxide used as a reaction medium.
Description
Verfahren zur Herstellung chiraler Aldehyde Process for the preparation of chiral aldehydes
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft Verfahren zur Herstellung chiraler Aldehyde durch enantioselektive Hydroformylierung prochiraler Substrate mit Hilfe eines Katalysators bestehend aus einem Übergangsmetall und einem chiralen phosphorhaltigen Liganden, der aromatische Ringe enthält, die mit Perfluoralkylgruppen substituiert sind.The present invention relates to processes for the preparation of chiral aldehydes by enantioselective hydroformylation of prochiral substrates with the aid of a catalyst consisting of a transition metal and a chiral phosphorus-containing ligand which contains aromatic rings which are substituted by perfluoroalkyl groups.
Die Anlagerung von Wasserstoff und Kohlenmonoxid an prochirale C=C Doppelbindungen unter Verwendung chiraler Katalysatoren (enantioselektive Hydroformylierung) ist eine effiziente Methode zur Synthese chiraler, nicht- racemischer Aldehyde (Cαtαlytic Asymmetrie Synthesis, Hrsg.: I. Ojima, VCH, Weinheim, 1993, pp. 273). Dieser Reaktionstyp hat insbesondere als möglicher Zugang zu chiralen Bausteinen für die Produktion von Aromastoffen, Kosmetika, Pflanzenschutzmitteln, Lebensmittelzusatzstoffen (z. B. Vitamine) und Pharmazeutika großes Interesse gefunden (Chirαlity 1991, 3, 355). Besonders erwähnt sei hier die Darstellung der entzündungshemmenden und schmerzstillenden Wirkstoffe Ibuprofen und Naproxen durch Oxidation der entsprechenden Aldehyde, welche mit Hilfe der enantioselektiven Hydroformylierung gewonnen werden können. Ferner bieten chirale Aldehyde Zugang zu α-Aminosäuren, Antibiotika auf Polyetherbasis und makrocyclischen Antitumorwirkstoffen.The addition of hydrogen and carbon monoxide to prochiral C = C double bonds using chiral catalysts (enantioselective hydroformylation) is an efficient method for the synthesis of chiral, non-racemic aldehydes (Cαtαlytic Asymmetry Synthesis, Ed .: I. Ojima, VCH, Weinheim, 1993, pp. 273). This type of reaction has attracted particular interest as a possible access to chiral building blocks for the production of flavorings, cosmetics, crop protection agents, food additives (e.g. vitamins) and pharmaceuticals (Chirαlity 1991, 3, 355). Particularly noteworthy here is the presentation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic active ingredients ibuprofen and naproxen by oxidation of the corresponding aldehydes, which can be obtained with the aid of enantioselective hydroformylation. Chiral aldehydes also provide access to α-amino acids, polyether-based antibiotics and macrocyclic antitumor agents.
Für eine effiziente enantioselektive Hydroformylierung sind folgende Kriterien erforderlich: 1. Hohe Aktivität des Katalysators; 2. Hohe Chemo- und Regioselektivität für die Bildung des gewünschten Aldehyds 3. Hohe Enantioselektivität zugunsten des gewünschten Enantiomers. Die heute bekannten Verfahren zur enantioselektiven Hydroformylierung verwenden Katalysatorsysteme, die ein Übergangsmetallzentrum in Gegenwart einer chiralen koordinierten Verbindung (Ligand) enthalten. Als Übergangsmetalle werden vor
allem Rhodium und Platin verwendet, doch auch andere Metalle inklusive Cobalt, Iridium oder Ruthenium zeigen katalytische Aktivität. Als Liganden haben sich vor allem chirale Phosphorverbindungen bewährt, wobei die Effizienz der Systeme stark von der Struktur der Liganden beeinflußt wird (Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2485).The following criteria are required for efficient enantioselective hydroformylation: 1. High activity of the catalyst; 2. High chemo and regioselectivity for the formation of the desired aldehyde. 3. High enantioselectivity in favor of the desired enantiomer. The processes known today for enantioselective hydroformylation use catalyst systems which contain a transition metal center in the presence of a chiral coordinated compound (ligand). As transition metals are before All rhodium and platinum used, but other metals including cobalt, iridium or ruthenium also show catalytic activity. Chiral phosphorus compounds in particular have proven themselves as ligands, the efficiency of the systems being strongly influenced by the structure of the ligands (Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2485).
Das bislang effizienteste Katalysatorsystem für die enantioselektive Hydroformylierung beruht auf einem Rhodiumkatalysator, der den Liganden (R)- 2-(diphenylphosphino)- 1 , 1 '-binaphtol-2'-yl (S)- 1 , 1 '-binaphtol-2,2'-diyl phosphit (R,S)-Binaphos (Topics in Catalysis 1997, 4, 175; EP 0 614 870 A3) und verwandte Liganden (EP 0 684 249 AI, EP 0 647 647 AI) enthält. Die Hauptnachteile der Verfahren, die auf diesem Katalysatorsystem beruhen, liegen zum einen in der limitierten Regioselektivität für die Bildung des gewünschten verzweigten Isomers in der Hydroformylierung von Vinylaromaten (siehe Schema 1). Die Regioselektivität mit (R,S)-Binaphos liegt beispielsweise bei 88%, und die 12% linearer Aldehyd stellen ein wertloses Nebenprodukt dar, das aufwendig abgetrennt und entsorgt werden muß. Zum anderen arbeiten diese Katalysatorsystemen nur dann mit größter Effizienz, wenn toxikologisch und ökologisch bedenkliche Lösungsgmittel, wie z. B. Benzol verwendet werden.The most efficient catalyst system for enantioselective hydroformylation to date is based on a rhodium catalyst which contains the ligand (R) - 2- (diphenylphosphino) - 1, 1 '-binaphtol-2'-yl (S) - 1, 1' -binaphtol-2, 2'-diyl phosphite (R, S) -Binaphos (Topics in Catalysis 1997, 4, 175; EP 0 614 870 A3) and related ligands (EP 0 684 249 AI, EP 0 647 647 AI). The main disadvantages of the processes based on this catalyst system are, on the one hand, the limited regioselectivity for the formation of the desired branched isomer in the hydroformylation of vinyl aromatics (see Scheme 1). The regioselectivity with (R, S) -binaphos is, for example, 88%, and the 12% linear aldehyde is a worthless by-product which has to be separated and disposed of in a complex manner. On the other hand, these catalyst systems only work with the greatest efficiency if toxicologically and ecologically questionable solvents, such as. B. benzene can be used.
(S) (R) verzweigter Aldehyd linearer Aldehyd chiral achiral(S) (R) branched aldehyde linear aldehyde chiral achiral
Schema 1: Reaktionsschema für die enantioselektive Hydroformylierung am Beispiel von Vinylaromaten.
Tabelle 1. Synthese chiraler Aldehyde durch enantioselektive Hydroformylierung.Scheme 1: Reaction scheme for enantioselective hydroformylation using the example of vinyl aromatics. Table 1. Synthesis of chiral aldehydes by enantioselective hydroformylation.
Ref: Datkn aus K. Nozaki et al., Topics in Catalysis 1997, 4, 175; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4413.
Ref: Datkn from K. Nozaki et al., Topics in Catalysis 1997, 4, 175; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4413.
Komprimiertes Kohlendioxid im flüssigen (liqC02) oder überkritischen Zustand (SCCO2) ist ein interessantes Lösungsmittel für die Durchführung katalytischer Reaktionen, da es im Gegensatz zu konventionellen organischen Lösungsmitteln toxikologisch und ökologisch unbedenklich ist. Ein Überblick über katalytische Reaktionen in scC02 findet sich in Science 1995, 269, 1065. LiqCθ2 ist bislang nur in wenigen Fällen als Reaktionsmedium eingesetzt worden, z.B. Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2562. Der Ligand (R,S)-Binaphos kann jedoch nicht in effizienter Weise in komprimiertem Kohlendioxid eingesetzt werden, da die Enantioselektivität in Gegenwart von komprimiertem Kohlendioxid drastisch absinkt (S. Kainz, W. Leitner, Catal. Lett., im Druck).Compressed carbon dioxide in the liquid (liqC02) or supercritical state (SCCO2) is an interesting solvent for the implementation of catalytic reactions, because unlike conventional organic solvents it is toxicologically and ecologically harmless. An overview of catalytic reactions in scC02 found in Science 1995, 269, 1065. LiqCθ2 i st been used as the reaction medium in only a few cases have been, for example, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 2562. However, the ligand (R, S) -binaphos cannot be used efficiently in compressed carbon dioxide, since the enantioselectivity drops drastically in the presence of compressed carbon dioxide (S. Kainz, W. Leitner, Catal. Lett., In press).
Die Verwendung von perfluorierten Alkylketten zur Erhöhung der Löslichkeit von Arylphosphorliganden in überkritischem Kohlendioxid und die Verwendung entsprechender achiraler Liganden in der rhodium-katalysierten Hydroformylierung in SCCO2 ist in der Offenlegungsschrift DE 197 02 025 AI beschrieben. Mit den dort beschriebenen Liganden wird allerdings eine erhöhte Regioselektivität zugunsten des linearen, achiralen Aldehyds gefunden. Die Verwendung • von SCCO2 ist dabei Voraussetzung für hohe Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten, HqCθ2 führt zu ineffizient langsamen Reaktionen (D. Koch, W. Leitner, J Am. Chem. Soc. im Druck).The use of perfluorinated alkyl chains to increase the solubility of arylphosphorus ligands in supercritical carbon dioxide and the use of corresponding achiral ligands in rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation in SCCO2 is described in published patent application DE 197 02 025 AI. However, with the ligands described there an increased regioselectivity in favor of the linear, achiral aldehyde is found. The use of • SCCO2 is a prerequisite for high reaction rates, HqCθ2 leads to inefficiently slow reactions (D. Koch, W. Leitner, J Am. Chem. Soc. In press).
Wir beschreiben nun ein neues Verfahren zur Herstellung chiraler Aldehyde durch enantioselektive Hydroformylierung prochiraler Substrate mit Hilfe eines Katalysators bestehend aus einem Übergangsmetall und einem chiralen Liganden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der chirale Liganden eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel 1 ist, wobei die gestrichelt gezeichneten Ringe R7-R10 optional sind und einer oder mehrere der Ringe R1-R6 oder R7-R10 mit einem oder mehreren unabhängig voneinander wählbaren Substituenten der allgemeinen Formel -(CH2)x(CF2)yF (x = 0-5; y = 1-12) oder deren verzweigten Isomeren
substituiert sind. Am Beispiel des Liganden (R,S)-la ist die Syntheseroute für einen solchen Liganden aufgezeigt (Schema 2).We now describe a new process for the preparation of chiral aldehydes by enantioselective hydroformylation of prochiral substrates with the aid of a catalyst consisting of a transition metal and a chiral ligand, characterized in that the chiral ligand is a compound of the general formula 1, the rings R7- R10 are optional and one or more of the rings R1-R6 or R7-R10 with one or more independently selectable substituents of the general formula - (CH2) x (CF2) yF (x = 0-5; y = 1-12) or their branched isomers are substituted. The synthesis route for such a ligand is shown using the example of the ligand (R, S) -la (Scheme 2).
Die Verwendung dieser Liganden führt überraschenderweise in der Hydroformylierung prochiraler Substrate zu einer höheren Regioselektivität zugunsten der verzweigten, chiralen Aldehyd-Isomere als eine Reaktionsführung mit entsprechend unsubstituierten Verbindungen, ohne daß jedoch die Enantioselektivität negativ beeinflußt wird. Gleichzeitig erlauben diese Substituenten die Durchführung genannter Verfahren in komprimiertem Kohlendioxid als Reaktionsmedium, wodurch die Verwendung toxischer oder ökologisch bedenklicher Lösungsmittel vermieden wird. Dabei kann die Hydroformylierung unerwarteterweise nicht nur in überkritischem CO2 (SCCO2), sondern auch in flüssigem CO2 (liqC02) durchgeführt werden, wodurch das Arbeiten bei niedrigeren Temperaturen und Drücke während der Reaktion möglich wird. Durch Ausnutzung der extraktiven Eigenschaften von CO2 lassen sich die Produkte und Katalysatoren effektiv und schonend trennen, wobei die Katalysatoren in aktiver Form zurückgewonnen werden.
The use of these ligands surprisingly leads to a higher regioselectivity in favor of the branched, chiral aldehyde isomers in the hydroformylation of prochiral substrates than a reaction with correspondingly unsubstituted compounds, but without the enantioselectivity being adversely affected. At the same time, these substituents allow the aforementioned processes to be carried out in compressed carbon dioxide as the reaction medium, thereby avoiding the use of toxic or ecologically questionable solvents. The hydroformylation can unexpectedly be carried out not only in supercritical CO2 (SCCO2) but also in liquid CO2 (liqC02), which makes it possible to work at lower temperatures and pressures during the reaction. By using the extractive properties of CO2, the products and catalysts can be separated effectively and gently, whereby the catalysts are recovered in an active form.
Et2 THF 78% H O/Li0H
Et2 THF 78% HO / Li0H
Schema 2: Syntheseroute für den chiralen Liganden la [Rf = (CH2)2(CF2)6F] als Beispiel für Liganden der allgemeinen Formel 1.
Scheme 2: Synthetic route for the chiral ligand la [Rf = (CH2) 2 (CF2) 6F] as an example for ligands of the general formula 1.
Die Katalysatoren für die enantioselektive Hydroformylierung können entweder in Form isolierter Komplexverbindungen eingesetzt werden, welche die chiralen Liganden der Formel 1 bereits enthalten, oder sie werden in situ aus einem Liganden der Formel 1 und geeigneten metallhaltigen Vorläufer gebildet. Eine detaillierte Beschreibung möglicher Katalysatorsysteme findet sich beispielsweise in Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2485. Als Metallkomponenten können im vorliegenden Verfahren Verbindungen oder Salze von Übergangsmetallen eingesetzt werden. Bevorzugt sind dabei Katalysatoren auf Basis der Metalle Fe, Co, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, besonders bevorzugt Pt und Rh. Besonders bevorzugte Metallkomponenten beinhalten beispielswiese RI1CI3 x nH2θ, [Rh2(OAc) ] (OAc = O(O)CCH3)], [(L)2Rh(μ-Cl)2Rh(L)2] (L = olefin, CO, PR3 etc), [(L) Rh(acac] (acac=acetylacetonat) oder [(L)2PtCl2J/SnCl2, ohne daß durch diese Aufzählung eine Beschränkung impliziert werden soll. Das optimale molare Verhältnis Ligand/Metall hängt vom jeweiligen System ab, sollte in der Regel jedoch zwischen 1:1 und 10:1, bevorzugt zwischen 1 :1 und 4:1 liegen.The catalysts for the enantioselective hydroformylation can either be used in the form of isolated complex compounds which already contain the chiral ligands of the formula 1, or they are formed in situ from a ligand of the formula 1 and suitable metal-containing precursors. A detailed description of possible catalyst systems can be found, for example, in Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2485. Compounds or salts of transition metals can be used as metal components in the present process. Catalysts based on the metals Fe, Co, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, particularly preferably Pt and Rh are preferred. Particularly preferred metal components include, for example, RI1CI3 x nH2θ, [Rh 2 (OAc)] (OAc = O (O) CCH3 )], [(L) 2 Rh (μ-Cl) 2 Rh (L) 2] (L = olefin, CO, PR3 etc), [(L) Rh (acac] (acac = acetylacetonate) or [(L) 2PtCl2J / SnCl2, but this list is not intended to imply any restriction.The optimal molar ligand / metal ratio depends on the particular system, but should generally be between 1: 1 and 10: 1, preferably between 1: 1 and 4: 1 lie.
Als Substrate für die enantioselektive Hydroformylierung unter Verwendung der Liganden der allgemeinen Formel 1 kommen alle Verbindungen in Frage, die eine prochirale C=C Doppelbindung mit entsprechender Reaktivität aufweisen. Beispiele für solche Verbindungen sind folgender Gruppe zu entnehmen, ohne daß durch die Auswahl der Verbindungen eine Einschränkung der Anwendungsbreite impliziert werden soll: Vinylaromaten (z. B. Styrol und substituierte Styrolderivate wie Chlorbenzol, para-(Isobutyl)sytrol oder Vinylnaphtol und seine Derivate), Vinylpyridin, Acrylsäure und ihre Derivate (z.B. α- Acetamidoacrylsäureester), Vinylacetat, Vinylphtalate, Allylacetat, Inden, Dihydro-2-pyridone, Norbornen u.v.a.m. Die vollständige Löslichkeit der Substrate und der Produkte während der gesamten Reaktionsdauer ist bei Durchführung in komprimiertem CO2 keine notwendige Voraussetzung für einen effektiven Reaktionsverlauf. Das molare Verhältnis von Substrat und Katalysator wird hauptsächlich durch wirtschaftliche Überlegungen bestimmt, und stellt einen
Kompromiß aus Katalysatorkosten und praktisch akzeptabler Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit dar. Der optimale Wert kann daher je nach Substrat und Katalysator in weiten Bereichen variieren. Mit dem Katalysator la/Rh sind Substrat/Katalysator- Verhältnisse zwischen 100:1 und 100000:1 möglich, bevorzugt wird ein Verhältnis zwischen 500:1 und 10000:1 verwendet.Suitable substrates for the enantioselective hydroformylation using the ligands of the general formula 1 are all compounds which have a prochiral C = C double bond with appropriate reactivity. Examples of such compounds can be found in the following group, without the choice of the compounds implying a limitation in the range of use: vinylaromatics (e.g. styrene and substituted styrene derivatives such as chlorobenzene, para- (isobutyl) sytrol or vinylnaphtol and its derivatives) , Vinylpyridine, acrylic acid and its derivatives (e.g. α-acetamidoacrylic acid esters), vinyl acetate, vinyl phthalates, allyl acetate, indene, dihydro-2-pyridones, norbornene etc. The complete solubility of the substrates and the products during the entire reaction time is not necessary when carried out in compressed CO2 Prerequisite for an effective reaction process. The molar ratio of substrate to catalyst is mainly determined by economic considerations and represents one Compromise of catalyst costs and practically acceptable reaction rate. The optimal value can therefore vary widely depending on the substrate and catalyst. With the catalyst la / Rh substrate / catalyst ratios between 100: 1 and 100000: 1 are possible, preferably a ratio between 500: 1 and 10000: 1 is used.
Die Gase H2 und CO können entweder getrennt oder als Gemisch dem Reaktor zugefügt werden. Der Partial druck/? der einzelnen Gase liegt im Bereich zwischen 1 und 100 bar, bevorzugt im Bereich zwischen 5 und 50 bar. Bei Durchführung in Kohlendioxid können die Reaktionsgase vor, nach, oder zusammen mit dem CO2 eingebracht werden. Die Menge an CO2 wird so gewählt, daß der Gesamtdruck bei Reaktionstemperatur, ?°ges.> ιm Bereich zwischen 20 und 500 bar, bevorzugt im Bereich zwischen 50 und 350 bar liegt. Die Reaktionstemperatur kann in weiten Bereichen variiert werden und liegt zwischen -20°C und 100°C, bevorzugt zwischen 20°C und 60°C. Bei Reaktionstemperaturen unterhalb der kritischen Temperatur von CO2 (Tc = 31 °C) liegt dabei immer eine flüssige CO2 Phase vor, wobei der Gesamtdruck PgQS_ bei < 31°C im bevorzugten Fall zwischen 50 und 150 bar liegen sollte. Bei Temperaturen oberhalb der kritischen Temperatur (R> 31°C) ist das Phasenverhalten von den eingesetzten Substraten und der Zusammensetzung der Reaktionsmischung abhängig und der Gesamtdruck p°gcS. sollte im bevorzugten Bereich zwischen 75 und 350 bar liegen. Die Durchführung ohne Kohlendioxid erfolgt entweder in Abwesenheit eines zusätzlichen Lösungsmittels oder unter Verwendung eines beliebigen organischen Lösungsmittels, welches die Reaktion nicht negativ beeinflußt. Bevorzugte Lösungsmittel sind zum Beispiel Pentan, Hexan, Toluol, Benzol, Diethylether, Tetrahydrofuran, Chloroform, Methylenchlorid, perfluorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe oder pefluorierte Polyether.The gases H2 and CO can either be added separately or as a mixture to the reactor. The partial print /? the individual gases are in the range between 1 and 100 bar, preferably in the range between 5 and 50 bar. When carried out in carbon dioxide, the reaction gases can be introduced before, after, or together with the CO2. The amount of CO2 is chosen so that the total pressure at the reaction temperature,? ° g e s. > In the range between 20 and 500 bar, preferably in the range between 50 and 350 bar. The reaction temperature can be varied within a wide range and is between -20 ° C and 100 ° C, preferably between 20 ° C and 60 ° C. At reaction temperatures below the critical temperature of CO2 (T c = 31 ° C) there is always a liquid CO2 phase, whereby the total pressure Pg QS _ at <31 ° C should preferably be between 50 and 150 bar. At temperatures above the critical temperature (R> 31 ° C) the phase behavior depends on the substrates used and the composition of the reaction mixture and the total pressure p ° gc S. should be in the preferred range between 75 and 350 bar. The process without carbon dioxide is carried out either in the absence of an additional solvent or using any organic solvent which does not adversely affect the reaction. Preferred solvents are, for example, pentane, hexane, toluene, benzene, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, methylene chloride, perfluorinated hydrocarbons or pefluorinated polyethers.
Bei Durchführung in komprimiertem Kohelndioxid kann nach erfolgter Reaktion das Produkt wie in DE 197 02 025 AI beschrieben vom Katalysator durch
Extraktion mit CO2 abgetrennt werden, wobei der Katalysator in aktiver und selektiver Form im Reaktor verbleibt. Die Kombination von Reaktion und Extraktion kann dabei in batch, semi-batch oder in kontinuierlichen Verfahren realisiert werden.When carried out in compressed carbon dioxide, the product can pass through the catalyst as described in DE 197 02 025 after the reaction Extraction are separated with CO2, the catalyst remaining in the reactor in active and selective form. The combination of reaction and extraction can be realized in batch, semi-batch or in continuous processes.
Experimentelle Beispiele:Experimental examples:
Repräsentative Ergebnisse die mit dem Liganden (R,S)-la erhalten wurden, sind in Tabelle 1 zusammengefaßt und den Vergleichswerten des bisherigen Verfahrens mit der unsubstituierten Stammverbindung ("Binaphos" = (R,S)- Binaphos) in konventionellen Lösungsmitteln gegenübergestellt (Daten aus K. Nozaki et al, Topics in Catalysis 1997, 4, 175; J Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4413).Representative results obtained with the ligand (R, S) -la are summarized in Table 1 and compared with the comparison values of the previous method with the unsubstituted parent compound ("Binaphos" = (R, S) - Binaphos) in conventional solvents (data from K. Nozaki et al, Topics in Catalysis 1997, 4, 175; J Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 4413).
Enantioselektive Hydroformylierung in komprimiertem Kohlendioxid (Bsp. 3-11): In einem mit Sichtfenstern, einem Manometer, je einem Thermofühler für Mantel- und Innentemperatur und zwei Ventilen ausgestatten Stahlautoklaven (V=l l.4 mL) wurde der Komplex [{(R,S)-la}Rh(acac)] (3.3 mg, 2 x l0~3 mmol) und soviel vom Liganden (R,S)-la vorgelegt, daß das gewünschte Verhältnis (R,S)- la/Rh erhalten wurde. Anschließend wurde die entsprechende Menge (ca. 0.2-0.5 mL) Substrat zugegeben (molares Verhältnis Substrat/Rhodium = S/Rh). Synthesegas (CO/H2=l:l) wurde bis zum Druck pm co bei Raumtemperatur aufgepreßt. Mit einem Kompressor wurde CO2 (ca 5-8 g) eingefüllt und auf die gewünschte Reaktionstemperatur T erhitzt, wobei sich ein Druck p°σes einstellte. Nach der Reaktionszeit t wurde der Reaktor auf 0°C gekühlt und langsam entspannt. Zur Isolierung der Reaktionsprodukte wurde der Reaktorinhalt entweder mittels SCCO2 extrahiert oder der Reaktorinhalt wurde in Hexan j-ider Toluol aufgenommen, über etwas Kieselgel filtriert und das Lösungsmittel durch Destillation oder im Vakuum entfernt. Umsatz, Regioselektivität zugunsten des
verzweigten Aldehyds und Enantiomerenüberschuß (ee) wurden mittels Gaschromatographie (HP 5890 mit FID, Säule: Ivadex 7, Injektortemp.: 240°C, Säulentemp.: 60-200°C; Detektortemp.: 300°C, Carriergas: H2) bestimmt.Enantioselective hydroformylation in compressed carbon dioxide (Ex. 3-11): In a steel autoclave (V = 11.4 mL) equipped with viewing windows, a pressure gauge, a thermocouple for jacket and inside temperature and two valves (V = 1.14 mL), the complex [{(R , S) -la} Rh (acac)] (3.3 mg, 2 x 10 ~ 3 mmol) and so much of the ligand (R, S) -la that the desired ratio (R, S) - la / Rh was obtained . The appropriate amount (approx. 0.2-0.5 mL) of substrate was then added (molar ratio substrate / rhodium = S / Rh). Synthesis gas (CO / H2 = 1: 1) was injected up to the pressure p m co at room temperature. CO2 (approx. 5-8 g) was filled in with a compressor and heated to the desired reaction temperature T, a pressure p ° σ being established. After the reaction time t, the reactor was cooled to 0 ° C. and slowly let down. To isolate the reaction products, the contents of the reactor were either extracted using SCCO2 or the contents of the reactor were taken up in hexane or toluene, filtered through a little silica gel and the solvent was removed by distillation or in vacuo. Sales, regioselectivity in favor of Branched aldehyde and enantiomeric excess (ee) were determined by gas chromatography (HP 5890 with FID, column: Ivadex 7, injector temp .: 240 ° C, column temp .: 60-200 ° C; detector temp .: 300 ° C, carrier gas: H2).
Enantioselektive Hydroformylierung in anderen Lösungsmitteln (Bsp. 1-2): Zu einer wie oben beschrieben hergestellten Mischung aus [{(R,S)-la}Rh(acac)], (R,S)-la und Styrol wurde die gewünschte Menge Lösungsmittel gegeben. Anschließend wurde Synthesegas bis zum Druck pm_co aufgepreßt und die Lösung unter Rühren auf die gewünschte Reaktionstemperatur T aufgeheizt. Nach Reaktionszeit t wurde der Reaktor abgekühlt und entspannt. Die Reaktionslösungen wurden über etwas Kieselgel filtriert und das Lösungsmittel im Vakuum oder durch Destillation entfernt. Die Analyse erfolgte wie oben beschrieben.
Enantioselective hydroformylation in other solvents (Ex. 1-2): The desired amount was added to a mixture of [{(R, S) -la} Rh (acac)], (R, S) -la and styrene prepared as described above Given solvent. Synthesis gas was then injected to the pressure p m _ co and the solution was heated to the desired reaction temperature T while stirring. After the reaction time t, the reactor was cooled and let down. The reaction solutions were filtered through a little silica gel and the solvent removed in vacuo or by distillation. The analysis was carried out as described above.
Claims
1. Verfahren zur Herstellung chiraler Aldehyde durch enantioselektive Hydroformylierung prochiraler Substrate mit Hilfe eines Katalysators bestehend aus einem Übergangsmetall und einem chiralen Liganden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der chirale Ligand eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel 1 ist, wobei die gestrichelt gezeichneten Ringe R7-R10 optional sind und einer oder mehrere der Ringe R1-R6 oder R7-R10 mit einem oder mehreren unabhängig voneinander wählbaren Substituenten der allgemeinen Formel -(CH2)x(CF2)yF (x = 0-5; y = 1-12) oder deren verzweigten Isomeren substituiert sind.1. Process for the preparation of chiral aldehydes by enantioselective hydroformylation of prochiral substrates with the aid of a catalyst consisting of a transition metal and a chiral ligand, characterized in that the chiral ligand is a compound of the general formula 1, the rings R7-R10 shown in broken lines being optional and one or more of the rings R1-R6 or R7-R10 with one or more independently selectable substituents of the general formula - (CH2) x (CF2) yF (x = 0-5; y = 1-12) or their branched isomers are substituted.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Übergangsmetall Fe, Co, Ir, Ru, Pt oder Rh ist.2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transition metal is Fe, Co, Ir, Ru, Pt or Rh.
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, wobei das Übergangsmetall Pt oder Rh ist. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the transition metal is Pt or Rh.
4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1-3, wobei das Verfahren bei Temperaturen zwischen T= -20°C bis 100°C durchgeführt wird.4. The method according to claim 1-3, wherein the method is carried out at temperatures between T = -20 ° C to 100 ° C.
5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4 bei Temperaturen T zwischen 20 °C und 60 °C.5. The method according to claim 4 at temperatures T between 20 ° C and 60 ° C.
6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1-5, wobei das Verfahren bei Partialdrücken von H2 im Bereich von ?(H2) = 1 bis 100 bar durchgeführt wird.6. The method according to claim 1-5, wherein the method is carried out at partial pressures of H 2 in the range of? (H2) = 1 to 100 bar.
7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 6 bei H2-Partialdrücken zwischen 5 und 50 bar.7. The method according to claim 6 at H 2 partial pressures between 5 and 50 bar.
8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1-7, wobei das Verfahren bei Partialdrücken von CO im Bereich von/?(CO) =1 - 100 bar durchgeführt wird.8. The method according to claim 1-7, wherein the method is carried out at partial pressures of CO in the range /? (CO) = 1 - 100 bar.
9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8 bei CO-Partialdrücken zwischen 5 und 50 bar.9. The method according to claim 8 at CO partial pressures between 5 and 50 bar.
10. Verfahren nach Amspruch 1-9, wobei kein zusätzliches Lösungsmittel verwendet wird.10. The method according to claim 1-9, wherein no additional solvent is used.
11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1-9, wobei ein organisches Lösungsmittel verwendet wird.11. The method according to claim 1-9, wherein an organic solvent is used.
12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 11, wobei das organische Lösungsmittel Pentan, Hexan, Toluol, Benzol, Diethylether, Tetrahydrofuran, Chloroform, Methylenchlorid, ein perfluorierter Kohlenwasserstoff oder ein perfluorierter Polyether ist.12. The method of claim 11, wherein the organic solvent is pentane, hexane, toluene, benzene, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, methylene chloride, a perfluorinated hydrocarbon or a perfluorinated polyether.
13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1-9, wobei komprimiertes Kohlendioxid als Reaktionsmedium verwendet wird.13. The method according to claim 1-9, wherein compressed carbon dioxide is used as the reaction medium.
14. Verfahren nach Anspuch 13, wobei soviel komprimiertes Kohlendioxid verwendet wird, daß der Gesamtdruck einen Wert zwischen ?°σes = 20 bar und/?°ges = 500 bar aufweist.14. The method according to claim 13, wherein so much compressed carbon dioxide is used that the total pressure has a value between? ° σ es = 20 bar and /? ° g es = 500 bar.
15. Verfahren nach Anspruch 14 bei Gesamtdrücken zwischen 50 und 350 bar. 15. The method according to claim 14 at total pressures between 50 and 350 bar.
16. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1-15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Trennung von Produkt und Katalysator mittels Extraktion mit überkritischem Kohlendioxid erfolgt.16. The method according to claim 1-15, characterized in that the separation of product and catalyst is carried out by means of extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide.
17. Verfahren nach Anspruch 16, wobei die Reaktion und Extraktion in einer batch- oder semibatch- Verfahrensweise kombiniert werden.17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the reaction and extraction are combined in a batch or semi-batch procedure.
18. Verfahren nach Anspruch 16, wobei die Reaktion und Extraktion in einem kontinuierlichen Verfahren kombiniert werden. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the reaction and extraction are combined in a continuous process.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE19853748 | 1998-11-21 | ||
DE19853748A DE19853748A1 (en) | 1998-11-21 | 1998-11-21 | Production of chiral aldehyde by enantioselective hydroformylation, useful e.g. as intermediate for pharmaceuticals, uses transition metal catalyst complex containing phosphine-phosphite ligand |
PCT/EP1999/008661 WO2000031010A2 (en) | 1998-11-21 | 1999-11-11 | Methods for producing chiral aldehydes |
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EP1131274A2 true EP1131274A2 (en) | 2001-09-12 |
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EP99968786A Withdrawn EP1131274A2 (en) | 1998-11-21 | 1999-11-11 | Methods for producing chiral aldehydes |
Country Status (6)
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US (1) | US6399834B1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1131274A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002530360A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2351397A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE19853748A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000031010A2 (en) |
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DE10049228A1 (en) * | 2000-09-28 | 2002-04-11 | Studiengesellschaft Kohle Mbh | Process for the separation of branched and linear aldenydes by selective extraction with compressed carbon dioxide |
DE10355066A1 (en) * | 2003-11-25 | 2005-06-23 | Basf Ag | Process for asymmetric synthesis |
DE102014209532A1 (en) * | 2014-05-20 | 2015-11-26 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | New monophosphite ligands with a tert-butyloxycarbonyl group |
WO2015176927A1 (en) * | 2014-05-20 | 2015-11-26 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | Method for reducing the chlorine content of organomonophosphites using two solutions |
DE102014209534A1 (en) * | 2014-05-20 | 2015-11-26 | Evonik Degussa Gmbh | New monophosphite ligands with a carbonate group |
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US5530150A (en) * | 1993-03-12 | 1996-06-25 | Takasago International Corporation | Phosphine compound, complex containing the phosphine compound as ligand, process for producing optically active aldehyde using the phosphine compound or the complex, and 4-[(R)-1'-formylethyl]azetidin-2-one derivatives |
EP0684249B1 (en) * | 1993-03-12 | 2003-02-19 | Takasago International Corporation | Phosphine compounds, complexes containing the phosphine compounds as ligands, and process for producing optically active aldehydes using the phosphine compounds or complexes |
DE19702025A1 (en) | 1997-01-23 | 1998-07-30 | Studiengesellschaft Kohle Mbh | Use of perfluoroalkyl-substituted phosphorus compounds as ligands for homogeneous catalysis in supercritical carbon dioxide |
-
1998
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1999
- 1999-11-11 JP JP2000583839A patent/JP2002530360A/en active Pending
- 1999-11-11 US US09/831,925 patent/US6399834B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-11-11 WO PCT/EP1999/008661 patent/WO2000031010A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-11-11 CA CA002351397A patent/CA2351397A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-11-11 EP EP99968786A patent/EP1131274A2/en not_active Withdrawn
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CA2351397A1 (en) | 2000-06-02 |
WO2000031010A3 (en) | 2000-11-02 |
DE19853748A1 (en) | 2000-05-25 |
WO2000031010A2 (en) | 2000-06-02 |
JP2002530360A (en) | 2002-09-17 |
US6399834B1 (en) | 2002-06-04 |
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