EP1105582A1 - A reinforced earth system and its reinforcing grid - Google Patents
A reinforced earth system and its reinforcing gridInfo
- Publication number
- EP1105582A1 EP1105582A1 EP99936906A EP99936906A EP1105582A1 EP 1105582 A1 EP1105582 A1 EP 1105582A1 EP 99936906 A EP99936906 A EP 99936906A EP 99936906 A EP99936906 A EP 99936906A EP 1105582 A1 EP1105582 A1 EP 1105582A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- mesh
- bars
- wires
- unit according
- mesh unit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
- E02D29/0241—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being reinforced earth elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
- E04C5/02—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings of low bending resistance
- E04C5/04—Mats
Definitions
- the invention relates to a metal mesh unit to be embedded in a natural or artificial soil formation, e.g. a mass of earth, sand, or any other natural synthetic material, possibly under water, to be held therein essentially by abutment effects.
- a natural or artificial soil formation e.g. a mass of earth, sand, or any other natural synthetic material, possibly under water, to be held therein essentially by abutment effects.
- the mesh serves as reinforcing means for the soil formation and as anchor for soil retaining elements disposed in front of the formation.
- Mesh units are made of bars or wires that are crossed and welded together at their cross-points so as to make a mesh. Until now, it has been common practice to use mesh units originally designed for other applications, specifically grids as used for reinforcing concrete structures.
- the wires or bars of the mesh unit are welded together without using a filler metal (in order to avoid galvanic effects), so that the welds can withstand shear equal to 30% of the value which would break a wire of the mesh in tension.
- the wires or bars of the mesh need to be welded together with a degree of penetration of a wire or bar in another ire or bar at a cross-point that is such that the resistance of the mesh to corrosion is substantially uniform over time, i.e. that the rate at which wire or bar material in the mesh is consumed by the effects of corrosion is substantially the same at the location of a weld as at any other location of the mesh.
- the depth of penetration of a wire or bar in another wire or bar should be 8% to 30% of the sum of the diameters of the two wires or bars, and preferably 8% to 16% of said sum.
- the wires or bars of the mesh are generally of circular right section, however it is not impossible, for some special reason, to use wires or bars having a section of some other shape, in which case the term "diameter" as applied to a wire or a bar designates the diameter of a circular section having an area that is equal to the right sectional area of the wire or bar.
- the mesh is made up of parallel longitudinal wires or bars that are preferably uniformly spaced apart, and preferably of the same length, together with parallel transverse wires or bars that are preferably uniformly spaced apart and preferably of the same length, extending perpendicularly to the longitudinal wires or bars that they interconnect, and that are preferably of the same diameter.
- smooth wires or bars of steel having a high elastic limit are used, with a diameter of not less than 8 mm.
- the mesh generally comprises two to six longitudinal wires or bars that are spaced apart by 30 cm, for example.
- Figure 1 is a diagram of a mesh used for reinforcing a soil and for retaining a front plate of the soil (M) ;
- Figures 2 to 11 show ways in which a cross-shaped weld can be made between two meshes bars by electric welding, with a degree of penetration of one bar in the other that increases from one figure to the next, from a degree of 0% ( Figure 2) up to a degree of 100% ( Figure 11) ;
- Figure 12 is a graph in which the curves plot values that are a function of the degree of penetration.
- Figure 1 there is shown diagrammatically a mesh that is made up of crossed bars (1, 2) which hold a plate (P) on the front of a soil formation (M) .
- the figure does not show means for securing the mesh to the plate, such means not being characteristic of the invention and being capable of being constituted in any conventional manner.
- a plate is merely one example of an element that can be held on the front of a soil formation to retain the formation, where such elements can be selected from the group constituted by rigid plates, flexible films, sheets, nets, etc In each of Figures 2 to 10, there are shown in perspective:
- the area of the shape (7) is the area referred to above as the area of the projection of the outline of the indentation of a wire or bar in the other wire or bar at the cross-point between the two wires or bars.
- Figure 12 plots curves showing how the values of A (square points), of (P) (lozenge-shaped points), and of (C) (triangular points) , as taken from the above table, vary as a function of the degrees of penetration 1 to 10 which are plotted along the abscissa. For bars having a diameter of 10 mm, penetrations of 8%, 16%, 25%, and 30% correspond respectively to abscissa values (1, 6), (3, 2), (5) and (6).
- a degree of penetration of 16% corresponds to an area (A) close to the area of the right section of a bar, which area is 78 mm 2 .
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Pit Excavations, Shoring, Fill Or Stabilisation Of Slopes (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
Abstract
A retaining mesh unit to be embedded in a soil formation, the mesh being made of crossed metal wires or bars (1, 2) that are welded together at their cross-points without using a filler metal, the mesh being characterized in that the wires or bars of the mesh penetrate into each other at a cross-point with a degree of penetration such that the mesh presents substantially uniform resistance to corrosion over time. The invention is particularly applicable to soil formation retaining system.
Description
A REINFORCED EARTH SYSTEM AND ITS REINFORCING GRID
The invention relates to a metal mesh unit to be embedded in a natural or artificial soil formation, e.g. a mass of earth, sand, or any other natural synthetic material, possibly under water, to be held therein essentially by abutment effects.
The mesh serves as reinforcing means for the soil formation and as anchor for soil retaining elements disposed in front of the formation.
Mesh units are made of bars or wires that are crossed and welded together at their cross-points so as to make a mesh. Until now, it has been common practice to use mesh units originally designed for other applications, specifically grids as used for reinforcing concrete structures.
In that application, the wires or bars of the mesh unit are welded together without using a filler metal (in order to avoid galvanic effects), so that the welds can withstand shear equal to 30% of the value which would break a wire of the mesh in tension.
Unfortunately, the use of such a mesh in a soil gives rise to problems of longevity, particularly because of the risk of corrosion, and it is necessary to satisfy requirements that are not satisfied by welds designed for use in a concrete reinforcing grid.
It has thus been found necessary to define mesh units that are specially designed for application in a soil, particularly in a soil of earth.
According to the present invention, it has been found that the wires or bars of the mesh need to be welded together with a degree of penetration of a wire or bar in another ire or bar at a cross-point that is such that the resistance of the mesh to corrosion is substantially uniform over time, i.e. that the rate at
which wire or bar material in the mesh is consumed by the effects of corrosion is substantially the same at the location of a weld as at any other location of the mesh. According to a characteristic of the invention, when welding without a filler metal, the depth of penetration of a wire or bar in another wire or bar should be 8% to 30% of the sum of the diameters of the two wires or bars, and preferably 8% to 16% of said sum.
The area of the projection of the outline of the indentation of one wire or bar in the other at a cross- point, in a plane parallel to the axes of the two wires, then lies in the range 60% to 120% and preferably in the range 60% to 100% of the area of the right section of the smaller diameter wire or bar. The wires or bars of the mesh are generally of circular right section, however it is not impossible, for some special reason, to use wires or bars having a section of some other shape, in which case the term "diameter" as applied to a wire or a bar designates the diameter of a circular section having an area that is equal to the right sectional area of the wire or bar.
Preferably, but not essentially, the mesh is made up of parallel longitudinal wires or bars that are preferably uniformly spaced apart, and preferably of the same length, together with parallel transverse wires or bars that are preferably uniformly spaced apart and preferably of the same length, extending perpendicularly to the longitudinal wires or bars that they interconnect, and that are preferably of the same diameter. Preferably, smooth wires or bars of steel having a high elastic limit are used, with a diameter of not less than 8 mm.
In practice, the mesh generally comprises two to six longitudinal wires or bars that are spaced apart by 30 cm, for example.
The meshes can be placed in juxtaposed or successive strips, and the strips can optionally be interconnected.
The invention is explained in greater detail below with reference to the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which:
• Figure 1 is a diagram of a mesh used for reinforcing a soil and for retaining a front plate of the soil (M) ;
• Figures 2 to 11 show ways in which a cross-shaped weld can be made between two meshes bars by electric welding, with a degree of penetration of one bar in the other that increases from one figure to the next, from a degree of 0% (Figure 2) up to a degree of 100% (Figure 11) ; and
• Figure 12 is a graph in which the curves plot values that are a function of the degree of penetration. In Figure 1, there is shown diagrammatically a mesh that is made up of crossed bars (1, 2) which hold a plate (P) on the front of a soil formation (M) .
The figure does not show means for securing the mesh to the plate, such means not being characteristic of the invention and being capable of being constituted in any conventional manner.
For example, reference can be made to the devices described in the following publications: US 4 449 857, US 4 725 170, US 4 324 508. It should be observed that a plate is merely one example of an element that can be held on the front of a soil formation to retain the formation, where such elements can be selected from the group constituted by rigid plates, flexible films, sheets, nets, etc In each of Figures 2 to 10, there are shown in perspective:
• two crossed bars (1, 2) of the mesh;
• the three-dimensional shape (4) of the intersection between two bars, shown on the bar (1); • the three-dimensional shape (4) of the intersection between two bars, shown on the bar (2) ;
• the virtual cylinder (5) which would be generated by a generator line (6) moving parallel to itself, following the outlines of the shapes (3) and (4) ; and
• the shape (7) of the intersection of the virtual cylinder (5) and a plane (8) perpendicular to the axis of said cylinder.
The area of the shape (7) is the area referred to above as the area of the projection of the outline of the indentation of a wire or bar in the other wire or bar at the cross-point between the two wires or bars.
In the table below, for each of the degrees of penetration No. 1 to No. 10 corresponding to Figures 2 to 11, there is given the area (A) of the shape (7), the perimeter (P) of said shape, and the circumference (C) of the area of the warped shape (3 or 4) for bars having a diameter of 10 mm:
Figure 12 plots curves showing how the values of A (square points), of (P) (lozenge-shaped points), and of (C) (triangular points) , as taken from the above table, vary as a function of the degrees of penetration 1 to 10 which are plotted along the abscissa.
For bars having a diameter of 10 mm, penetrations of 8%, 16%, 25%, and 30% correspond respectively to abscissa values (1, 6), (3, 2), (5) and (6).
It can be seen that a degree of penetration of 16% (abscissa 3, 2) corresponds to an area (A) close to the area of the right section of a bar, which area is 78 mm2.
Claims
1/ A reinforcing mesh unit to be embedded in a soil formation, the mesh being made of crossed metal wires or bars (1, 2) that are welded together at their cross- points without using a filler metal, the mesh being characterized in that the wires or bars of the mesh penetrate into each other at a cross-point with a degree of penetration such that the mesh presents substantially uniform resistance to corrosion over time.
2/ A mesh unit according to claim 1, in which the depth of penetration of a wire or bar (1) in the other wire or bar (2) lies in the range 8% to 30%, preferably in the range 8% to 16% of the sum of the diameters of the two wires or bars.
3/ A mesh unit according to either preceding claim, constituted by longitudinal parallel wires or bars (1) and by transverse parallel wires or bars (2) that are perpendicular to the longitudinal wires or bars that they interconnect.
4/ A mesh unit according to claim 3, in which the longitudinal and transverse wires or bars (1, 2) have the same diameter.
5/ A mesh unit according to claim 3 or 4, having two to six longitudinal wires or bars (1) .
6/ A mesh unit according to any preceding claim, in which the wires or bars (1, 2) have a diameter of not less than 8 mm.
7/ A mesh unit according to any preceding claim, in which the wires or bars (1, 2) are smooth.
8/ A soil formation retaining system comprising at least one mesh unit according to any one of claims 1 to 7.
9/ A soil formation retaining system according to claim 8, having soil retaining elements applied to a face of the formation, which elements are fixed at one end of the said mesh.
10/ A soil formation retaining system according to claim 9, in which said elements are selected from the group comprising rigid plates, flexible films, sheets, and nets .
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9810061A FR2782100B1 (en) | 1998-08-05 | 1998-08-05 | MESH INTENDED TO BE MAINTAINED BY STOP IN A BORDER AND ITS APPLICATION TO A BORDER OF EARTH |
FR9810061 | 1998-08-05 | ||
PCT/IB1999/001440 WO2000008266A1 (en) | 1998-08-05 | 1999-08-03 | A reinforced earth system and its reinforcing grid |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1105582A1 true EP1105582A1 (en) | 2001-06-13 |
Family
ID=9529422
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99936906A Withdrawn EP1105582A1 (en) | 1998-08-05 | 1999-08-03 | A reinforced earth system and its reinforcing grid |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1105582A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU5187599A (en) |
FR (1) | FR2782100B1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL141246A0 (en) |
TW (1) | TW473579B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000008266A1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1709339A1 (en) * | 1962-12-01 | 1972-08-03 | Ferrotest Gmbh | Grid-like prefabricated reinforcement element for reinforced concrete components |
FR1437626A (en) * | 1965-03-25 | 1966-05-06 | Anchor reinforcement element for reinforced concrete reinforcement | |
US4324508A (en) * | 1980-01-09 | 1982-04-13 | Hilfiker Pipe Co. | Retaining and reinforcement system method and apparatus for earthen formations |
-
1998
- 1998-08-05 FR FR9810061A patent/FR2782100B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-08-03 IL IL14124699A patent/IL141246A0/en unknown
- 1999-08-03 AU AU51875/99A patent/AU5187599A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-08-03 WO PCT/IB1999/001440 patent/WO2000008266A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-08-03 EP EP99936906A patent/EP1105582A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-08-04 TW TW088113285A patent/TW473579B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO0008266A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TW473579B (en) | 2002-01-21 |
AU5187599A (en) | 2000-02-28 |
FR2782100B1 (en) | 2000-11-03 |
FR2782100A1 (en) | 2000-02-11 |
IL141246A0 (en) | 2002-03-10 |
WO2000008266A1 (en) | 2000-02-17 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
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PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
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17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20010305 |
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AK | Designated contracting states |
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AX | Request for extension of the european patent |
Free format text: AL;LT;LV;MK;RO;SI |
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17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20020703 |
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STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
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18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20021114 |